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Argiris G, Stern Y, Lee S, Ryu H, Habeck C. Simple topological task-based functional connectivity features predict longitudinal behavioral change of fluid reasoning in the RANN cohort. Neuroimage 2023; 277:120237. [PMID: 37343735 PMCID: PMC10999229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent attention has been given to topological data analysis (TDA), and more specifically persistent homology (PH), to identify the underlying shape of brain network connectivity beyond simple edge pairings by computing connective components across different connectivity thresholds (see Sizemore et al., 2019). In the present study, we applied PH to task-based functional connectivity, computing 0-dimension Betti (B0) curves and calculating the area under these curves (AUC); AUC indicates how quickly a single connected component is formed across correlation filtration thresholds, with lower values interpreted as potentially analogous to lower whole-brain system segregation (e.g., Gracia-Tabuenca et al., 2020). One hundred sixty-three participants from the Reference Ability Neural Network (RANN) longitudinal lifespan cohort (age 20-80 years) were tested in-scanner at baseline and five-year follow-up on a battery of tests comprising four domains of cognition (i.e., Stern et al., 2014). We tested for 1.) age-related change in the AUC of the B0 curve over time, 2.) the predictive utility of AUC in accounting for longitudinal change in behavioral performance and 3.) compared system segregation to the PH approach. Results demonstrated longitudinal age-related decreases in AUC for Fluid Reasoning, with these decreases predicting longitudinal declines in cognition, even after controlling for demographic and brain integrity factors; moreover, change in AUC partially mediated the effect of age on change in cognitive performance. System segregation also significantly decreased with age in three of the four cognitive domains but did not predict change in cognition. These results argue for greater application of TDA to the study of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette Argiris
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, 3rd floor, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, 3rd floor, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Seonjoo Lee
- Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyunnam Ryu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, 3rd floor, New York, NY 10032, United States; Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christian Habeck
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, 3rd floor, New York, NY 10032, United States; Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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Wang DM, Xia LY, Zhou HX, Tian Y, Dai QL, Xiu MH, Chen DC, Wang L, Zhang XY. Smoking affects the association between cognitive impairment and P50 inhibition defects in patients with chronic schizophrenia: A case-control study. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 79:103391. [PMID: 36516649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smoking affects sensory gating, as assessed by the event related potential P50, which is evoked by auditory stimuli and is considered to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, few studies have compared sensory gating and cognitive performance between smoking and non-smoking SCZ patients in the Chinese Han population. METHODS We recruited two groups of Chinese subjects: 128 male chronic SCZ patients and 76 male healthy controls, measuring cognition with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and sensory gating with the P50 EEG components. Based on their smoking status, they were further divided into 4 subgroups: smoking SCZ patients, non-smoking SCZ patients, smoking healthy controls, and non-smoking healthy controls. We assessed psychopathological symptoms of the patients using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, SCZ patients had lower MCCB total score and scores of all 10 tests (all p < 0.05), while SCZ patients had higher S2 amplitudes and P50 ratios (both p < 0.05). When comparing smoking versus non-smoking SCZ patients, non-smokers had significantly better spatial span (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the S1 amplitude was negatively correlated with the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (BVMT-R) in smoking patients (p < 0.05), while the S1 latency was negatively correlated with spatial span in non-smoking patients (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our finding shows a difference in the relationship between sensory gated P50 and cognition in smoking and non-smoking SCZ patients, suggesting that nicotine may improve cognitive and P50 deficits in SCZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Yao Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Xia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Long Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Hong Xiu
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Chun Chen
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Kong Q, Currie N, Du K, Ruffman T. General cognitive decline does not account for older adults' worse emotion recognition and theory of mind. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6808. [PMID: 35473952 PMCID: PMC9043191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults have both worse general cognition and worse social cognition. A frequent suggestion is that worse social cognition is due to worse general cognition. However, previous studies have often provided contradictory evidence. The current study examined this issue with a more extensive battery of tasks for both forms of cognition. We gave 47 young and 40 older adults three tasks to assess general cognition (processing speed, working memory, fluid intelligence) and three tasks to assess their social cognition (emotion and theory-of-mind). Older adults did worse on all tasks and there were correlations between general and social cognition. Although working memory and fluid intelligence were unique predictors of performance on the Emotion Photos task and the Eyes task, Age Group was a unique predictor on all three social cognition tasks. Thus, there were relations between the two forms of cognition but older adults continued to do worse than young adults even after accounting for general cognition. We argue that this pattern of results is due to some overlap in brain areas mediating general and social cognition, but also independence, and with a differential rate of decline in brain areas dedicated to general cognition versus social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Kong
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Nicholas Currie
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kangning Du
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ted Ruffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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4
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Jiménez-Sánchez L, Hamilton OKL, Clancy U, Backhouse EV, Stewart CR, Stringer MS, Doubal FN, Wardlaw JM. Sex Differences in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:756887. [PMID: 34777227 PMCID: PMC8581736 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.756887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a common cause of stroke, mild cognitive impairment, dementia and physical impairments. Differences in SVD incidence or severity between males and females are unknown. We assessed sex differences in SVD by assessing the male-to-female ratio (M:F) of recruited participants and incidence of SVD, risk factor presence, distribution, and severity of SVD features. Methods: We assessed four recent systematic reviews on SVD and performed a supplementary search of MEDLINE to identify studies reporting M:F ratio in covert, stroke, or cognitive SVD presentations (registered protocol: CRD42020193995). We meta-analyzed differences in sex ratios across time, countries, SVD severity and presentations, age and risk factors for SVD. Results: Amongst 123 relevant studies (n = 36,910 participants) including 53 community-based, 67 hospital-based and three mixed studies published between 1989 and 2020, more males were recruited in hospital-based than in community-based studies [M:F = 1.16 (0.70) vs. M:F = 0.79 (0.35), respectively; p < 0.001]. More males had moderate to severe SVD [M:F = 1.08 (0.81) vs. M:F = 0.82 (0.47) in healthy to mild SVD; p < 0.001], and stroke presentations where M:F was 1.67 (0.53). M:F did not differ for recent (2015-2020) vs. pre-2015 publications, by geographical region, or age. There were insufficient sex-stratified data to explore M:F and risk factors for SVD. Conclusions: Our results highlight differences in male-to-female ratios in SVD severity and amongst those presenting with stroke that have important clinical and translational implications. Future SVD research should report participant demographics, risk factors and outcomes separately for males and females. Systematic Review Registration: [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42020193995].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Jiménez-Sánchez
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia K. L. Hamilton
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Dementia Research Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Una Clancy
- Edinburgh Dementia Research Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen V. Backhouse
- Edinburgh Dementia Research Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona R. Stewart
- Edinburgh Dementia Research Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Stringer
- Edinburgh Dementia Research Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus N. Doubal
- Edinburgh Dementia Research Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Edinburgh Dementia Research Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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5
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Hillary RF, Stevenson AJ, Cox SR, McCartney DL, Harris SE, Seeboth A, Higham J, Sproul D, Taylor AM, Redmond P, Corley J, Pattie A, Hernández MDCV, Muñoz-Maniega S, Bastin ME, Wardlaw JM, Horvath S, Ritchie CW, Spires-Jones TL, McIntosh AM, Evans KL, Deary IJ, Marioni RE. An epigenetic predictor of death captures multi-modal measures of brain health. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3806-3816. [PMID: 31796892 PMCID: PMC8550950 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals of the same chronological age exhibit disparate rates of biological ageing. Consequently, a number of methodologies have been proposed to determine biological age and primarily exploit variation at the level of DNA methylation (DNAm). A novel epigenetic clock, termed 'DNAm GrimAge' has outperformed its predecessors in predicting the risk of mortality as well as many age-related morbidities. However, the association between DNAm GrimAge and cognitive or neuroimaging phenotypes remains unknown. We explore these associations in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (n = 709, mean age 73 years). Higher DNAm GrimAge was strongly associated with all-cause mortality over the eighth decade (Hazard Ratio per standard deviation increase in GrimAge: 1.81, P < 2.0 × 10-16). Higher DNAm GrimAge was associated with lower age 11 IQ (β = -0.11), lower age 73 general cognitive ability (β = -0.18), decreased brain volume (β = -0.25) and increased brain white matter hyperintensities (β = 0.17). There was tentative evidence for a longitudinal association between DNAm GrimAge and cognitive decline from age 70 to 79. Sixty-nine of 137 health- and brain-related phenotypes tested were significantly associated with GrimAge. Adjusting all models for childhood intelligence attenuated to non-significance a small number of associations (12/69 associations; 6 of which were cognitive traits), but not the association with general cognitive ability (33.9% attenuation). Higher DNAm GrimAge associates with lower cognitive ability and brain vascular lesions in older age, independently of early-life cognitive ability. This epigenetic predictor of mortality associates with different measures of brain health and may aid in the prediction of age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hillary
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna J Stevenson
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel L McCartney
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anne Seeboth
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jon Higham
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Duncan Sproul
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adele M Taylor
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Redmond
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janie Corley
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison Pattie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Del C Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz-Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Craig W Ritchie
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathryn L Evans
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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6
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Bao C, He C, Shu B, Meng T, Cai Q, Li B, Wu G, Wu B, Li H. Aerobic exercise training decreases cognitive impairment caused by demyelination by regulating ROCK signaling pathway in aging mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 168:52-62. [PMID: 33358939 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have discovered a strong link between physical exercise and the prevention of neuro-degenerative symptoms, especially in elderly subjects, nonetheless, the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that aerobic exercise training may have a protective effect on myelin sheath in aged mice by regulating the ROCK signal pathway, which is considered as a crucial mechanism for decreasing apoptosis and promoting regeneration. Briefly, C57/BL aged mice underwent an exercise training (5 days/week, lasting 6 weeks). Memory and cognitive impairment were examined using Novel object recognition (NOR) test and Morris water maze test (MWM). Demyelination was explored using Luxol fast blue staining and transmission electron microscopy in the corpus callosum (CC), and the expression of ROCK and apoptotic protein were analyzed via western blot. We demonstrated the impairment of memory and cognitive and the decrease of myelin sheath thickness in aged mice. In addition, severe demyelination was observed in aged mice, accompanied with increased expression of RhoA, ROCK, ATF3, and Caspase 3, and reduced expression of MBP, Olig2, and NG2. Aerobic exercise training improved behavioral functions, increased the expression of MBP and myelin sheath thickness, reduced apoptosis and promoted myelination. To sum up, our data indicate that aerobic exercise training protects demyelination from aging-related white matter injury, which is associated with the up-regulation of ROCK signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncha Bao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University - Town Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of Military Joint and Force Management, Army Training Base for Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiyan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Baichuan Li
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Guangyan Wu
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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7
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Roseborough AD, Langdon KD, Hammond R, Cipriano LE, Pasternak SH, Whitehead SN, Khan AR. Post-mortem 7 Tesla MRI detection of white matter hyperintensities: A multidisciplinary voxel-wise comparison of imaging and histological correlates. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 27:102340. [PMID: 32679554 PMCID: PMC7364158 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) occur in normal aging and across diagnostic categories of neurodegeneration. Ultra-high field imaging (UHF) MRI machines offer the potential to improve our understanding of WMH. Post-mortem imaging using UHF magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful way of assessing WMH, however, the responsiveness of UHF-MRI to pathological changes within the white matter has not been characterized. In this study we report post-mortem MRI sequences of white matter hyperintensities in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Seven Tesla post-mortem MRI reliably detected periventricular WMH using both FLAIR and T2 sequences and reflects underlying pathology of myelin and axon density despite prolonged fixation time. Co-registration of histological images to MRI allowed for direct voxel- wise comparison of imaging findings and pathological changes. Myelin content and cerebrovascular pathology were the most significant predictors of MRI white matter intensity as revealed by linear mixed models. Future work investigating the utility of UHF- MRI in studying cell-specific changes within WMH is required to better understand radio-pathologic correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austyn D Roseborough
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristopher D Langdon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Hammond
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren E Cipriano
- Ivey Business School and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen H Pasternak
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn N Whitehead
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ali R Khan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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8
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McKetton L, Venkatraghavan L, Rosen C, Mandell DM, Sam K, Sobczyk O, Poublanc J, Gray E, Crawley A, Duffin J, Fisher JA, Mikulis DJ. Improved White Matter Cerebrovascular Reactivity after Revascularization in Patients with Steno-Occlusive Disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 40:45-50. [PMID: 30573457 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE One feature that patients with steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disease have in common is the presence of white matter (WM) lesions on MRI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of direct surgical revascularization on impaired WM cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with steno-occlusive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 35 patients with steno-occlusive disease, Moyamoya disease (n = 24), Moyamoya syndrome (n = 3), atherosclerosis (n = 6), vasculitis (n = 1), and idiopathic stenosis (n = 1), who underwent unilateral brain revascularization using a direct superficial temporal artery-to-MCA bypass (19 women; mean age, 45.8 ± 16.5 years). WM cerebrovascular reactivity was measured preoperatively and postoperatively using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MR imaging during iso-oxic hypercapnic changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide and was expressed as %Δ BOLD MR signal intensity per millimeter end-tidal partial pressure of CO2. RESULTS WM cerebrovascular reactivity significantly improved after direct unilateral superficial temporal artery-to-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass in the revascularized hemisphere in the MCA territory (mean ± SD, -0.0005 ± 0.053 to 0.053 ± 0.046 %BOLD/mm Hg; P < .0001) and in the anterior cerebral artery territory (mean, 0.0015 ± 0.059 to 0.021 ± 0.052 %BOLD/mm Hg; P = .005). There was no difference in WM cerebrovascular reactivity in the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery territory nor in the vascular territories of the nonrevascularized hemisphere (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Cerebral revascularization surgery is an effective treatment for reversing preoperative cerebrovascular reactivity deficits in WM. In addition, direct-STA-MCA bypass may prevent recurrence of preoperative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McKetton
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging (L.M., C.R., D.M.M., K.S., O.S., J.P., E.G., A.C., D.J.M.)
| | - L Venkatraghavan
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management (L.V., J.A.F.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Rosen
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging (L.M., C.R., D.M.M., K.S., O.S., J.P., E.G., A.C., D.J.M.)
| | - D M Mandell
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging (L.M., C.R., D.M.M., K.S., O.S., J.P., E.G., A.C., D.J.M.)
| | - K Sam
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging (L.M., C.R., D.M.M., K.S., O.S., J.P., E.G., A.C., D.J.M.).,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (K.S.), John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - O Sobczyk
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging (L.M., C.R., D.M.M., K.S., O.S., J.P., E.G., A.C., D.J.M.)
| | - J Poublanc
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging (L.M., C.R., D.M.M., K.S., O.S., J.P., E.G., A.C., D.J.M.)
| | - E Gray
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging (L.M., C.R., D.M.M., K.S., O.S., J.P., E.G., A.C., D.J.M.)
| | - A Crawley
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging (L.M., C.R., D.M.M., K.S., O.S., J.P., E.G., A.C., D.J.M.)
| | - J Duffin
- Department of Physiology (J.D., J.A.F.).,Institute of Medical Sciences (J.D., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A Fisher
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management (L.V., J.A.F.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology (J.D., J.A.F.).,Institute of Medical Sciences (J.D., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D J Mikulis
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging (L.M., C.R., D.M.M., K.S., O.S., J.P., E.G., A.C., D.J.M.) .,Institute of Medical Sciences (J.D., J.A.F., D.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Anstey KJ, Dear K, Christensen H, Jorm AF. Biomarkers, Health, Lifestyle, and Demographic Variables as Correlates of Reaction Time Performance in Early, Middle, and Late Adulthood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:5-21. [PMID: 15881288 DOI: 10.1080/02724980443000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify demographic, health, and biomarker correlates of reaction time performance and to determine whether biomarkers explained age differences in reaction time performance. The sample comprised three representative cohorts aged 20–24, 40–44, and 60–64 years, including a total of 7,485 participants. Reaction time measures of intraindividual variability and latency were used. The measure of intraindividual variability used was independent of mean reaction time. Older adults were more variable than younger adults in choice reaction time performance but not simple reaction time performance. The most important correlates of reaction time performance after gender and education were biological markers such as forced expiratory volume at one second, grip strength, and vision. Few measures of physical or mental health or lifestyle were associated with poorer performance on reaction time measures. Biomarkers explained the majority of age-related variance in simple reaction time and a large proportion of variance in choice reaction time. We conclude that for the ages studied, biomarkers are more important than health factors for explaining age differences in reaction time performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarin J Anstey
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia.
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10
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Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: a key mechanism leading to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Closing the translational gap between rodent models and human vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2451-2468. [PMID: 28963120 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that vascular risk factors contribute to neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment and dementia. While there is considerable overlap between features of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), it appears that cerebral hypoperfusion is the common underlying pathophysiological mechanism which is a major contributor to cognitive decline and degenerative processes leading to dementia. Sustained cerebral hypoperfusion is suggested to be the cause of white matter attenuation, a key feature common to both AD and dementia associated with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). White matter changes increase the risk for stroke, dementia and disability. A major gap has been the lack of mechanistic insights into the evolution and progress of VCID. However, this gap is closing with the recent refinement of rodent models which replicate chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. In this review, we discuss the relevance and advantages of these models in elucidating the pathogenesis of VCID and explore the interplay between hypoperfusion and the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein, as it relates to AD. We use examples of our recent investigations to illustrate the utility of the model in preclinical testing of candidate drugs and lifestyle factors. We propose that the use of such models is necessary for tackling the urgently needed translational gap from preclinical models to clinical treatments.
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11
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Midlife level and 15-year changes in general cognitive ability in a sample of men: The role of education, early adult ability, BMI, and pulse pressure. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Backhouse EV, McHutchison CA, Cvoro V, Shenkin SD, Wardlaw JM. Early life risk factors for cerebrovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2017; 88:976-984. [PMID: 28188307 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) causes subclinical brain vascular lesions detected using neuroimaging and childhood factors may increase later CVD risk. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE, and meta-analyzed all available evidence on childhood (premorbid) IQ, socioeconomic status (SES), education, and subclinical CVD in later life. Overall odds ratios (OR), mean difference or correlation, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects methods. RESULTS We identified 30 relevant studies (n = 22,890). Lower childhood IQ and lower childhood SES were associated with more white matter hyperintensities (WMH) (IQ: n = 1,512, r = -0.07, 95% CI -0.12 to -0.02, p = 0.007; SES: n = 243, deep WMH r = -0.18, periventricular WMH r = -0.146). Fewer years of education were associated with several CVD markers (n = 15,439, OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31, p = 0.003). No studies assessed early life factors combined. CONCLUSIONS Childhood IQ, SES, and education are associated with increased risk of CVD on neuroimaging in later life. Further studies are required to provide further evidence and thereby inform policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Backhouse
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E.V.B., C.A.M., V.C., J.M.W.), Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (C.A.M., V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (S.D.S.), University of Edinburgh; and Scottish Imaging Network (V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE), UK
| | - Caroline A McHutchison
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E.V.B., C.A.M., V.C., J.M.W.), Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (C.A.M., V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (S.D.S.), University of Edinburgh; and Scottish Imaging Network (V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE), UK
| | - Vera Cvoro
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E.V.B., C.A.M., V.C., J.M.W.), Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (C.A.M., V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (S.D.S.), University of Edinburgh; and Scottish Imaging Network (V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE), UK
| | - Susan D Shenkin
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E.V.B., C.A.M., V.C., J.M.W.), Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (C.A.M., V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (S.D.S.), University of Edinburgh; and Scottish Imaging Network (V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE), UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (E.V.B., C.A.M., V.C., J.M.W.), Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (C.A.M., V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (S.D.S.), University of Edinburgh; and Scottish Imaging Network (V.C., S.D.S., J.M.W.), A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE), UK.
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13
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Rolstad S, Abé C, Olsson E, Eckerström C, Landén M. Cognitive reserve lessens the burden of white matter lesions on executive functions in bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2016; 46:3095-3104. [PMID: 27534695 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) hypothesizes that intellectually stimulating activities provide resilience against brain pathology/disease. Whereas brain abnormalities and cognitive impairment are frequently reported in bipolar disorder (BD), it is unknown whether the impact of brain alterations can be lessened by higher CR in BD. METHOD We tested if higher CR would reduce the influence of total volumes of deep white matter hypointensities (WMH), ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and prefrontal cortex on memory, executive, and attention/speed functions in patients with BD (n = 75). Linear regression models with interaction terms for CR and brain volumes were applied to directly test if CR reduces the influence of brain pathology on cognitive domains. RESULTS CR reduced the influence of total volumes of deep WMH (β = -0.38, Q = 0.003) and ventricular CSF (β = -41, Q = 006) on executive functions. CONCLUSIONS The interactions between CR and total volumes of deep WMH/ventricular CSF appear to account for executive functioning in BD. The results suggest that the concept of CR is applicable in BD. Higher reserve capacity in BD alters the relationship between brain pathology and clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rolstad
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University,Gothenburg,Sweden
| | - C Abé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Osher Center, Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - E Olsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University,Gothenburg,Sweden
| | - C Eckerström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University,Gothenburg,Sweden
| | - M Landén
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University,Gothenburg,Sweden
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14
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Cox SR, Dickie DA, Ritchie SJ, Karama S, Pattie A, Royle NA, Corley J, Aribisala BS, Valdés Hernández M, Muñoz Maniega S, Starr JM, Bastin ME, Evans AC, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Associations between education and brain structure at age 73 years, adjusted for age 11 IQ. Neurology 2016; 87:1820-1826. [PMID: 27664981 PMCID: PMC5089529 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate how associations between education and brain structure in older age were affected by adjusting for IQ measured at age 11. Methods: We analyzed years of full-time education and measures from an MRI brain scan at age 73 in 617 community-dwelling adults born in 1936. In addition to average and vertex-wise cortical thickness, we measured total brain atrophy and white matter tract fractional anisotropy. Associations between brain structure and education were tested, covarying for sex and vascular health; a second model also covaried for age 11 IQ. Results: The significant relationship between education and average cortical thickness (β = 0.124, p = 0.004) was reduced by 23% when age 11 IQ was included (β = 0.096, p = 0.041). Initial associations between longer education and greater vertex-wise cortical thickness were significant in bilateral temporal, medial-frontal, parietal, sensory, and motor cortices. Accounting for childhood intelligence reduced the number of significant vertices by >90%; only bilateral anterior temporal associations remained. Neither education nor age 11 IQ was significantly associated with total brain atrophy or tract-averaged fractional anisotropy. Conclusions: The association between years of education and brain structure ≈60 years later was restricted to cortical thickness in this sample; however, the previously reported associations between longer education and a thicker cortex are likely to be overestimates in terms of both magnitude and distribution. This finding has implications for understanding, and possibly ameliorating, life-course brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Cox
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - David Alexander Dickie
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Stuart J Ritchie
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sherif Karama
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Alison Pattie
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Natalie A Royle
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Janie Corley
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Maria Valdés Hernández
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - John M Starr
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Mark E Bastin
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Alan C Evans
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ian J Deary
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., J.M.S., M.E.B., J.M.W., I.J.D.), Department of Psychology (S.R.C., S.J.R., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D.,N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.), University of Edinburgh; Scottish Imaging Network (S.R.C., D.A.D., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.K., A.C.E.), McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Psychiatry (S.K.), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Computer Science (B.S.A.), Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
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15
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Zhang XY, Tan YL, Chen DC, Tan SP, Yang FD, Zunta-Soares GB, Soares JC. Effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol use on neurocognition and BDNF levels in a Chinese population. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:435-45. [PMID: 26518023 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have examined the potential interactive effect of both smoking and drinking on cognition. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in cognition. This is the first study to examine the neurocognitive consequences of cigarette smoking combined with chronic alcohol consumption and their relationship to serum BDNF levels in a Chinese Han population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 191 healthy male subjects, including 47 isolated smokers, 31 isolated chronic alcohol users, 58 combined smokers and chronic alcohol users, and 55 non-smokers and non-alcohol users. We then compared the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS) scores and serum BDNF levels in these four groups. RESULTS When compared to the non-smoking + non-alcohol-using group, the smoking group performed worse on immediate memory, attention, language, and RBANS total score. There were no significant differences in the RBANS scores between the alcohol-using group and non-smoking + non-alcohol-using group, or between the smoking group and smoking + alcohol-using group. We did not find an association between BDNF and smoking or drinking status or between BDNF and cognitive performance. In the smoking group, there was a significant correlation between BDNF and carbon monoxide concentration, and between BDNF and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) total score. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that smoking is associated with cognitive decline, but not with BDNF levels in a normal population. However, smoking severity is positively associated with BDNF levels. Concomitant alcohol use does not worsen the cognitive decline caused by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang Zhang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders (UTCEMD), Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Building, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| | - Yun-Long Tan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Chun Chen
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ping Tan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-De Yang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Giovana B Zunta-Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Backhouse EV, McHutchison CA, Cvoro V, Shenkin SD, Wardlaw JM. Early Life Risk Factors for Stroke and Cognitive Impairment. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-015-0051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Maniega SM, Valdés Hernández MC, Clayden JD, Royle NA, Murray C, Morris Z, Aribisala BS, Gow AJ, Starr JM, Bastin ME, Deary IJ, Wardlaw JM. White matter hyperintensities and normal-appearing white matter integrity in the aging brain. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:909-18. [PMID: 25457555 PMCID: PMC4321830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin are a common finding in brain magnetic resonance imaging of older individuals and contribute to cognitive and functional decline. It is unknown how WMH form, although white matter degeneration is characterized pathologically by demyelination, axonal loss, and rarefaction, often attributed to ischemia. Changes within normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in subjects with WMH have also been reported but have not yet been fully characterized. Here, we describe the in vivo imaging signatures of both NAWM and WMH in a large group of community-dwelling older people of similar age using biomarkers derived from magnetic resonance imaging that collectively reflect white matter integrity, myelination, and brain water content. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) were significantly lower, whereas mean diffusivity (MD) and longitudinal relaxation time (T1) were significantly higher, in WMH than NAWM (p < 0.0001), with MD providing the largest difference between NAWM and WMH. Receiver operating characteristic analysis on each biomarker showed that MD differentiated best between NAWM and WMH, identifying 94.6% of the lesions using a threshold of 0.747 × 10−9 m2s−1 (area under curve, 0.982; 95% CI, 0.975–0.989). Furthermore, the level of deterioration of NAWM was strongly associated with the severity of WMH, with MD and T1 increasing and FA and MTR decreasing in NAWM with increasing WMH score, a relationship that was sustained regardless of distance from the WMH. These multimodal imaging data indicate that WMH have reduced structural integrity compared with surrounding NAWM, and MD provides the best discriminator between the 2 tissue classes even within the mild range of WMH severity, whereas FA, MTR, and T1 only start reflecting significant changes in tissue microstructure as WMH become more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria C Valdés Hernández
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Natalie A Royle
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine Murray
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zoe Morris
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alan J Gow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Panizzon MS, Vuoksimaa E, Spoon KM, Jacobson KC, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Xian H, Vasilopoulos T, Kremen WS. Genetic and Environmental Influences of General Cognitive Ability: Is g a valid latent construct? INTELLIGENCE 2014; 43:65-76. [PMID: 24791031 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite an extensive literature, the "g" construct remains a point of debate. Different models explaining the observed relationships among cognitive tests make distinct assumptions about the role of g in relation to those tests and specific cognitive domains. Surprisingly, these different models and their corresponding assumptions are rarely tested against one another. In addition to the comparison of distinct models, a multivariate application of the twin design offers a unique opportunity to test whether there is support for g as a latent construct with its own genetic and environmental influences, or whether the relationships among cognitive tests are instead driven by independent genetic and environmental factors. Here we tested multiple distinct models of the relationships among cognitive tests utilizing data from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA), a study of middle-aged male twins. Results indicated that a hierarchical (higher-order) model with a latent g phenotype, as well as specific cognitive domains, was best supported by the data. The latent g factor was highly heritable (86%), and accounted for most, but not all, of the genetic effects in specific cognitive domains and elementary cognitive tests. By directly testing multiple competing models of the relationships among cognitive tests in a genetically-informative design, we are able to provide stronger support than in prior studies for g being a valid latent construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA ; Center for Behavioral Genomics Twin Research Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA ; Center for Behavioral Genomics Twin Research Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA ; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kelly M Spoon
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA ; Center for Behavioral Genomics Twin Research Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hong Xian
- Research Service, St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO ; Department of Biostatistics, St. Louis University School of Public Health, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA ; Center for Behavioral Genomics Twin Research Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA ; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA
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19
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Sargento-Freitas J, Felix-Morais R, Ribeiro J, Gouveia A, Nunes C, Duque C, Madaleno J, Silva F, Machado C, Cordeiro G, Cunha L. Different locations but common associations in subcortical hypodensities of presumed vascular origin: cross-sectional study on clinical and neurosonologic correlates. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:24. [PMID: 24495346 PMCID: PMC3917903 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcortical hypodensities of presumed vascular etiology (SHPVO) are a clinical, radiological and neuropathological syndrome with a still largely unexplained pathophysiology. Parallel to the clinical heterogeneity, there is also recognised cerebral topographical diversity with undetermined etiological implications. Our aim is to assess clinical and neurosonological predictors of SHPVO according to their location. METHODS Cross sectional analysis of consecutive patients that underwent neurosonologic evaluation and head CT within one month, during a one year period. We excluded patients with absent temporal sonographic window, any pathology with a possible confounding effect on cerebral arterial pulsatility, atrial fibrillation and other etiologies of white matter diseases. The mean pulsatility index (PI) of both middle cerebral arteries was measured in the middle third of the M1 segment; intima media thickness was evaluated in the far wall of both common carotid arteries. SHPVO were rated by analysis of head CT in deep white matter (DWMH), periventricular white matter (PVWMH) and basal ganglia (BGH). We conducted a multivariate ordinal logistic regression model including all clinical, demographic and ultrasonographic characteristics to determine independent associations with SHPVO. RESULTS We included 439 patients, mean age 63.47 (SD: 14.94) years, 294 (67.0%) male. The independent predictors of SHPVO were age (OR = 1.067, 95% CI: 1.047-1.088, p < 0.001 for DWMH; OR = 1.068, 95% CI: 1.049-1.088, p < 0.001 for PVWMH; OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.071, p < 0.001 for BGH), hypertension (OR = 1.909, 95% CI: 1.222-2.981, p = 0.004 for DWMH; OR = 1.907, 95% CI: 1.238-2.938, p = 0.003 for PVWMH; OR = 1.775, 95% CI: 1.109-2.843, p = 0.017 for BGH) and PI (OR = 17.994, 95% CI: 6.875-47.1, p < 0.001 for DWMH; OR = 5.739, 95%CI: 2.288-14.397, p < 0.001 for PVWMH; OR = 11.844, 95% CI: 4.486-31.268, p < 0.001 for BGH) for all locations of SHPVO. CONCLUSIONS Age, hypertension and intracranial pulsatility are the main independent predictors of SHPVO across different topographic involvement and irrespective of extracranial atherosclerotic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sargento-Freitas
- Neurosonology Laboratory, Coimbra University and Hospital Centre, Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal.
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20
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Johnson NF, Kim C, Gold BT. Socioeconomic status is positively correlated with frontal white matter integrity in aging. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2045-56. [PMID: 23160736 PMCID: PMC3825008 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important reserve variable which has been shown to benefit the aging brain's macrostructure. However, it remains unknown whether SES affects age-related changes in the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure. Here, we used diffusion tensor imaging to explore the relationship between SES and three components of the diffusion tensor [fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity (DR)]. Participants were 40 (16 male) cognitively normal young adults (mean age = 33.3 years, SD = 4.27) and 44 (19 male) cognitively normal community dwelling seniors (mean age = 66.2 years, SD = 7.5). Age-related FA declines were observed across a large portion of the WM skeleton. However, seniors with high SES showed lower age-related WM integrity declines in three frontal tracts: the right anterior corona radiata and bilateral portions of WM underlying the superior frontal gyri (SFG-WM). Positive SES-FA correlations were primarily driven by negative DR-SES correlations, suggesting that SES may buffer age-related declines in myelin. The functional significance of high SES in these frontal tracts was demonstrated through positive correlations with working memory performance. Possible mechanisms through which SES may attenuate the effects of age on frontal WM integrity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan F. Johnson
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA
| | - Chobok Kim
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA
- />Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
| | - Brian T. Gold
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA
- />Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
- />Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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21
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Booth T, Bastin ME, Penke L, Maniega SM, Murray C, Royle NA, Gow AJ, Corley J, Henderson RD, Hernández MDCV, Starr JM, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Brain white matter tract integrity and cognitive abilities in community-dwelling older people: the Lothian Birth Cohort, 1936. Neuropsychology 2013; 27:595-607. [PMID: 23937481 PMCID: PMC3780714 DOI: 10.1037/a0033354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study investigates associations between brain white matter tract integrity and cognitive abilities in community-dwelling older people (N = 655). We explored two potential confounds of white matter tract−cognition associations in later life: (a) whether the associations between tracts and specific cognitive abilities are accounted for by general cognitive ability (g); and (b) how the presence of atrophy and white matter lesions affect these associations. Method: Tract integrity was determined using quantitative diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography (tract-averaged fractional anisotropy [FA]). Using confirmatory factor analysis, we compared first-order and bifactor models to investigate whether specific tract-ability associations were accounted for by g. Results: Significant associations were found between g and FA in bilateral anterior thalamic radiations (r range: .16−.18, p < .01), uncinate (r range: .19−.26, p < .001), arcuate fasciculi (r range: .11−.12, p < .05), and the splenium of corpus callosum (r = .14, p < .01). After controlling for g within the bifactor model, some significant specific cognitive domain associations remained. Results also suggest that the primary effects of controlling for whole brain integrity were on g associations, not specific abilities. Conclusion: Results suggest that g accounts for most of, but not all, the tract−cognition associations in the current data. When controlling for age-related overall brain structural changes, only minor attenuations of the tract−cognition associations were found, and these were primarily with g. In totality, the results highlight the importance of controlling for g when investigating associations between specific cognitive abilities and neuropsychology variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Booth
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh
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22
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Valdés Hernández MDC, Booth T, Murray C, Gow AJ, Penke L, Morris Z, Maniega SM, Royle NA, Aribisala BS, Bastin ME, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Wardlaw JM. Brain white matter damage in aging and cognitive ability in youth and older age. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2740-7. [PMID: 23850341 PMCID: PMC3898072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH) reflect accumulating white matter damage with aging and impair cognition. The role of childhood intelligence is rarely considered in associations between cognitive impairment and WMH. We studied community-dwelling older people all born in 1936, in whom IQ had been assessed at age 11 years. We assessed medical histories, current cognitive ability and quantified WMH on MR imaging. Among 634 participants, mean age 72.7 (SD 0.7), age 11 IQ was the strongest predictor of late life cognitive ability. After accounting for age 11 IQ, greater WMH load was significantly associated with lower late life general cognitive ability (β = −0.14, p < 0.01) and processing speed (β = −0.19, p < 0.001). WMH were also associated independently with lower age 11 IQ (β = −0.08, p < 0.05) and hypertension. In conclusion, having more WMH is significantly associated with lower cognitive ability, after accounting for prior ability, age 11IQ. Early-life IQ also influenced WMH in later life. Determining how lower IQ in youth leads to increasing brain damage with aging is important for future successful cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del C Valdés Hernández
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Age-related changes of gene expression in the neocortex: preliminary data on RNA-Seq of the transcriptome in three functionally distinct cortical areas. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 24:1427-42. [PMID: 23062308 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The study of gene expression (i.e., the study of the transcriptome) in different cells and tissues allows us to understand the molecular mechanisms of their differentiation, development and functioning. In this article, we describe some studies of gene-expression profiling for the purposes of understanding developmental (age-related) changes in the brain using different technologies (e.g., DNA-Microarray) and the new and increasingly popular RNA-Seq. We focus on advancements in studies of gene expression in the human brain, which have provided data on the structure and age-related variability of the transcriptome in the brain. We present data on RNA-Seq of the transcriptome in three distinct areas of the neocortex from different ages: mature and elderly individuals. We report that most age-related transcriptional changes affect cellular signaling systems, and, as a result, the transmission of nerve impulses. In general, the results demonstrate the high potential of RNA-Seq for the study of distinctive features of gene expression among cortical areas and the changes in expression through normal and atypical development of the central nervous system.
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Impairment of executive cognitive control in type 2 diabetes, and its effects on health-related behavior and use of health services. J Behav Med 2013; 37:414-22. [PMID: 23430355 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-013-9499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether, among persons with type 2 diabetes: (1) impaired executive cognitive functioning (ECF) is more common than among people without diabetes; (2) ECF is associated with the capacity to engage in instrumental health-related behaviors; and (3) worse ECF is associated with increased health services utilization. A population-based sample of 1,063 older people was interviewed regarding medical history and health services utilization; participants were administered the Mini Mental State Exam and the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale, a measure of ECF. Participants with diabetes performed more poorly on cognitive measures than those without diabetes. Among those with diabetes, lower ECF was associated with more outpatient care and with ever having been in a nursing home. Impaired behavioral self-regulation may affect the capacity to engage in behaviors that could improve clinical status, resulting in greater health services use. The findings suggest the possibility of a positive feedback loop, with ECF deficits adversely affecting adherence, in turn leading to greater cognitive impairment-an issue for future research.
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Domínguez-Sánchez FJ, Lasa-Aristu A, Goñi-Imízcoz M. Intelligence Impairment, Personality Features and Psychopathology Disturbances in a Family Affected with CADASIL. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 14:936-43. [DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a small-vessel disease of the brain that is characterized by headache, recurring lacunar strokes, mood changes and progressive cognitive deterioration. The disease is transmitted with an autosomal dominant pattern and usually starts during midadulthood (at 30–50 years of age). Cognitive deficits in patients with CADASIL develop slowly. The dementia causes frontal-like symptoms and it typically develops after a history of recurrent stroke. We describe three patients from one Spanish family affected by this disease. All three cases underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological examination, and were monitored for seven years. The results obtained in this study describe a) a significant loss of the intelligence quotient (IQ) and noticeable damage to abstract ability (g factor), b) mood and psychopathological disturbances (major depression and dysthymia), and c) a personality with neurotic features.
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Murray AD, Staff RT, McNeil CJ, Salarirad S, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Whalley LJ. Brain lesions, hypertension and cognitive ageing in the 1921 and 1936 Aberdeen birth cohorts. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:451-459. [PMID: 21424787 PMCID: PMC3312630 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to model the relative effects of positive (childhood intelligence) and negative (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived white matter hyperintensities (WMH)) predictors of late-life intelligence in two well-characterised normal cohorts aged 68 and 78 and to measure the influence of hypertension on WMH and lifelong cognitive change. The Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947 tested the intelligence of almost all school children at age 11. One hundred and one participants born in 1921 and 233 participants born in 1936 had brain MRI, with measurement of WMH using Scheltens' scale, and tests of late-life fluid intelligence. Structural equation models of the effect of childhood intelligence and brain WMH on the general intelligence factor 'g' in late life in the two samples were constructed using AMOS 18. Similar models were constructed to test the effect of hypertension on WMH and lifelong cognitive change. Fluid intelligence scores were lower and WMH scores were higher in the older samples. Hypertensive participants in both samples had more WMH than normotensive participants. The positive influence of childhood intelligence on 'g' was greater in the younger sample. The negative effect of WMH on 'g' was linear and greater in the older sample due to greater WMH burden. The negative effect of hypertension on lifelong cognitive ageing was all mediated via MRI-derived brain WMH. The positive relationship between childhood and late-life intelligence decreases with age. The negative relationship between WMH and late-life intelligence is linear and increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D. Murray
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, Lilian Sutton Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Roger T. Staff
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
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Wardlaw JM, Bastin ME, Valdés Hernández MC, Maniega SM, Royle NA, Morris Z, Clayden JD, Sandeman EM, Eadie E, Murray C, Starr JM, Deary IJ. Brain aging, cognition in youth and old age and vascular disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: rationale, design and methodology of the imaging protocol. Int J Stroke 2012; 6:547-59. [PMID: 22111801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE As the population of the world ages, age-related cognitive decline is becoming an ever-increasing problem. However, the changes in brain structure that accompany normal aging, and the role they play in cognitive decline, remain to be fully elucidated. AIMS This study aims to characterize changes in brain structure in old age, and to investigate relationships between brain aging and cognitive decline using the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Here, we report the rationale, design and methodology of the brain and neurovascular imaging protocol developed to study this cohort. DESIGN An observational, longitudinal study of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936, which comprises 1091 relatively healthy individuals now in their 70s and living in the Edinburgh area. They are surviving participants of the Scottish Mental Survey 1947, which involved a test of general intelligence taken at age 11 years. At age 70 years, the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 undertook detailed cognitive, medical and genetic testing, and provided social, family, nutritional, quality of life and physical activity information. At mean age 73 years they underwent detailed brain MRI and neurovascular ultrasound imaging, repeat cognitive and other testing. The MRI protocol is designed to provide qualitative and quantitative measures of gray and white matter atrophy, severity and location of white matter lesions, enlarged perivascular spaces, brain mineral deposits, microbleeds and integrity of major white matter tracts. The neurovascular ultrasound imaging provides velocity, stenosis and intima-media thickness measurements of the carotid and vertebral arteries. STUDY This valuable imaging dataset will be used to determine which changes in brain structural parameters have the largest effects on cognitive aging. Analysis will include multimodal image analysis and multivariate techniques, such as factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Especially valuable is the ability within this sample to examine the influence that early life intelligence has on brain structural parameters in old age, and the role of genetic, vascular, educational and lifestyle factors. OUTCOMES Final outcomes include associations between early and late life cognition and integrity of key white matter tracts, volume of gray and white matter, myelination, brain water content, and visible abnormalities such as white matter lesions and mineral deposits; and influences of vascular risk factors, diet, environment, social metrics, education and genetics on healthy brain aging. It is intended that this information will help to inform and develop strategies for successful cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Murray AD, Staff RT, McNeil CJ, Salarirad S, Ahearn TS, Mustafa N, Whalley LJ. The balance between cognitive reserve and brain imaging biomarkers of cerebrovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. Brain 2011; 134:3687-96. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Axon-glial disruption: the link between vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease? Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:881-5. [PMID: 21787317 DOI: 10.1042/bst0390881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular risk factors play a critical role in the development of cognitive decline and AD (Alzheimer's disease), during aging, and often result in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. The neurobiological link between hypoperfusion and cognitive decline is not yet defined, but is proposed to involve damage to the brain's white matter. In a newly developed mouse model, hypoperfusion, in isolation, produces a slowly developing and diffuse damage to myelinated axons, which is widespread in the brain, and is associated with a selective impairment in working memory. Cerebral hypoperfusion, an early event in AD, has also been shown to be associated with white matter damage and notably an accumulation of amyloid. The present review highlights some of the published data linking white matter disruption to aging and AD as a result of vascular dysfunction. A model is proposed by which chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, as a result of vascular factors, results in both the generation and accumulation of amyloid and injury to white matter integrity, resulting in cognitive impairment. The generation of amyloid and accumulation in the vasculature may act to perpetuate further vascular dysfunction and accelerate white matter pathology, and as a consequence grey matter pathology and cognitive decline.
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Salarirad S, Staff RT, Fox HC, Deary IJ, Whalley L, Murray AD. Childhood intelligence and brain white matter hyperintensities predict fluid intelligence age 78-81 years: a 1921 Aberdeen birth cohort study. Age Ageing 2011; 40:562-7. [PMID: 21749994 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afr065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to evaluate the role of childhood intelligence and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in the prediction of the trajectory of fluid intelligence in healthy old people from age 78 to 81. DESIGN observational follow-up study from 1999 to 2002. SETTING a university teaching hospital in Aberdeen, UK. PARTICIPANTS a total of 106 volunteers born in 1921, with childhood intelligence records at 11, recruited 1997-98 to a follow-up study. MEASUREMENTS participants underwent brain MRI in 1999-2000, to obtain measurements of brain WMH using Scheltens' scale and a test of fluid intelligence (Raven's Progressive Matrices) on three occasions between 1999 and 2002. RESULTS in a latent growth model, we found a significant association between childhood intelligence and the intercept, but not the slope, of fluid cognitive ability in late adulthood. Similarly, baseline WMH score was associated with the intercept of late life cognitive ability, but not the slope. Age at imaging was associated with slope but not intercept. There was no significant association between sex and intercept or slope of late life cognitive ability. CONCLUSIONS results suggest that brain MRI measures of WMH (attributed to cerebrovascular disease) and childhood intelligence significantly contribute to late life fluid cognitive ability but not to the trajectory of age-related change in fluid intelligence. We also show that age is associated with the cognitive trajectory from 78 to 81 years, even within our narrow age range sample. This may be a consequence of the recruitment pattern, with those having greater WMH burden, and who subsequently declined, being recruited later in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Salarirad
- Biomedical Imaging Centre/Radiology, University of Aberdeen, Lilian Sutton Building Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | | | - Helen C. Fox
- Mental Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alison D. Murray
- Biomedical Imaging Centre/Radiology, University of Aberdeen, Lilian Sutton Building Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Whalley LJ, Murray AD, Staff RT, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Fox HC, Lemmon H, Duthie SJ, Collins AR, Crawford JR. How the 1932 and 1947 mental surveys of Aberdeen schoolchildren provide a framework to explore the childhood origins of late onset disease and disability. Maturitas 2011; 69:365-72. [PMID: 21700406 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the discovery and development of the Aberdeen 1921 and 1936 birth cohort studies. STUDY DESIGN The Aberdeen birth cohort studies were started in 1998 when the Scottish Mental Survey archives of the Scottish Council for Research in Education were re-discovered and permissions granted to follow-up survivors born in 1921 or 1936 and then aged about 77 or 64 years and who had entered (or were about to enter) the age of greatest risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sources of attrition from the study, exposures to childhood adversity, nutritional, genetic and life style factors of possible relevance to extent of age-related cognitive decline and the timing of onset of dementia. RESULTS By 2010, the feasibility of following up more than 75% of Scottish Mental Survey survivors living in the Aberdeen area without dementia was well-established, dementia ascertainment to age about 88 years was completed in the 1921 birth cohort and was underway in the 1936 born cohort. CONCLUSION These databases are available to other bone fide research groups wishing to test specific hypotheses that may either replicate their own findings or make best use of the data collected in the Aberdeen studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Whalley
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Wardlaw JM. Differing risk factors and outcomes in ischemic stroke subtypes: focus on lacunar stroke. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lacunar stroke has been a recognized stroke subtype for many years but its pathophysiology remains unknown, so prevention and treatment are suboptimal. Most lacunar strokes result from an intrinsic cerebral small vessel disease, probably part of a systemic disorder. Hypertension, diabetes and other vascular risk factors (but not atrial fibrillation and ipsilateral carotid stenosis) are equally common in lacunar as in large artery atherothromboembolic stroke, which, together with other factors, suggests that the patient’s response to vascular risk factors, not the vascular risk factors per se, determines whether they develop small vessel or large artery stroke. Inflammation and endothelial failure are probably involved in the pathogenesis of lacunar stroke, but their role needs to be clarified. The cerebral venules as well as arterioles are abnormal in this condition. The disorder may not be primarily ischemic; instead, arteriolar thrombosis may be a late-stage phenomenon secondary to chronic arteriolar wall damage resulting from leakage of plasma components across the BBB. Accurate diagnosis of lacunar stroke, avoiding risk factor-based classifications, is required to underpin future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Edinburgh, SINAPSE Collaboration, c/o Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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Coltman R, Spain A, Tsenkina Y, Fowler JH, Smith J, Scullion G, Allerhand M, Scott F, Kalaria RN, Ihara M, Daumas S, Deary IJ, Wood E, McCulloch J, Horsburgh K. Selective white matter pathology induces a specific impairment in spatial working memory. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:2324.e7-12. [PMID: 20961660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the white matter is critical in regulating efficient neuronal communication and maintaining cognitive function. Damage to brain white matter putatively contributes to age-related cognitive decline. There is a growing interest in animal models from which the mechanistic basis of white matter pathology in aging can be elucidated but to date there has been a lack of systematic behavior and pathology in the same mice. Anatomically widespread, diffuse white matter damage was induced, in 3 different cohorts of C57Bl/6J mice, by chronic hypoperfusion produced by bilateral carotid stenosis. A comprehensive assessment of spatial memory (spatial reference learning and memory; cohort 1) and serial spatial learning and memory (cohort 2) using the water maze, and spatial working memory (cohort 3) using the 8-arm radial arm maze, was conducted. In parallel, a systematic assessment of white matter components (myelin, axon, glia) was conducted using immunohistochemical markers (myelin-associated glycoprotein [MAG], degraded myelin basic protein [dMBP], anti-amyloid precursor protein [APP], anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule [Iba-1]). Ischemic neuronal perikarya damage, assessed using histology (hematoxylin and eosin; H&E), was absent in all shams but was present in some hypoperfused mice (2/11 in cohort 1, 4/14 in cohort 2, and 17/24 in cohort 3). All animals with neuronal perikaryal damage were excluded from further study. Diffuse white matter damage occurred, throughout the brain, in all hypoperfused mice in each cohort and was essentially absent in sham-operated controls. There was a selective impairment in spatial working memory, with all other measures of spatial memory remaining intact, in hypoperfused mice with selective white matter damage. The results demonstrate that diffuse white matter pathology, in the absence of gray matter damage, induces a selective impairment of spatial working memory. This highlights the importance of assessing parallel pathology and behavior in the same mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Coltman
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Szerlip N, Rutter C, Ram N, Yovino S, Kwok Y, Maggio W, Regine WF. Factors impacting volumetric white matter changes following whole brain radiation therapy. J Neurooncol 2010; 103:111-9. [PMID: 20725847 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is one of the most effective modalities for treatment of brain metastases. With increasing cancer control there is growing concern regarding the long-term effects of treatment. These effects are seen as white matter change (WMC) on brain MRI. Severity of WMC is implicated in cognitive and functional decline in many patient groups. Our objective was to identify clinical factors associated with greater accumulation of WMC following WBRT. Through retrospective review of serial MRIs obtained from 30 patients surviving greater than 1 year after WBRT, treated at a single institution between 2002 and 2007, we calculated volumetric WMC over time using segmentation software. Changes related to tumor, secondary effects, surgery or radiosurgery were excluded. Factors that influenced the rate of WMC accumulation were identified through multivariate analysis. Following WBRT, patients accumulated WMC at an average rate of 0.07% of total brain volume per month. In multivariate analyses, greater rates of accumulation were independently associated with older age (β = 0.004, p < .0001), poor levels of glycemic control (β = 0.048, p < .0001) and hypertension diagnosis (β = 0.084, p < .0001). Long-term survivors of cancer allow assessment of late effects of treatment modalities. Radiation injury appears to be related to a steady rate of white matter damage over time, as indicated by progressive accumulation of WMC. Our results suggest that rate of WMC accumulation is enhanced by parameters such as hyperglycemia and hypertension. This has significant clinical impact by clearly identifying hyperglycemia, steroid-induced hyperglycemia, and other vascular risk factors as targets for intervention to decrease WMC in patients receiving WBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Szerlip
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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White matter lesion segmentation based on feature joint occurrence probability and random field theory from magnetic resonance (MR) images. Pattern Recognit Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2010.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bastin ME, Muñoz Maniega S, Ferguson KJ, Brown LJ, Wardlaw JM, MacLullich AMJ, Clayden JD. Quantifying the effects of normal ageing on white matter structure using unsupervised tract shape modelling. Neuroimage 2010; 51:1-10. [PMID: 20171285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative tractography may provide insights into regional heterogeneity of changes in white matter structure in normal ageing. Here we examine how brain atrophy and white matter lesions affect correlations between tract shape, tract integrity and age in a range of frontal and non-frontal tracts in 90 non-demented subjects aged over 65 years using an enhanced version of probabilistic neighbourhood tractography. This novel method for automatic single seed point placement employs unsupervised learning and streamline selection to provide reliable and accurate tract segmentation, whilst also indicating how the shape of an individual tract compares to that of a predefined reference tract. There were significant negative correlations between tract shape similarity to reference tracts derived from a young brain white matter atlas and age in genu and splenium of corpus callosum. Controlling for intracranial and lateral ventricle volume, the latter of which increased significantly with age, attenuated these correlations by 40% and 84%, respectively, indicating that this age-related change in callosal tract topology is significantly mediated by global atrophy and ventricular enlargement. In accordance with the "frontal ageing" hypothesis, there was a significant positive correlation between mean diffusivity (D) and age, and a significant negative correlation between fractional anisotropy (FA) and age in corpus callosum genu; correlations not seen in splenium. Significant positive correlations were also observed between D and age in bilateral cingulum cingulate gyri, uncinate fasciculi and right corticospinal tract. This pattern of correlations was not, however, reproduced when those subjects with significant white matter lesion load were analyzed separately from those without. These data therefore suggest that brain atrophy and white matter lesions play a significant role in driving regional patterns of age-related changes in white matter tract shape and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Bastin
- Medical and Radiological Sciences (Medical Physics), University of Edinburgh, and Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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38
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Deary IJ, Penke L, Johnson W. The neuroscience of human intelligence differences. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:201-11. [PMID: 20145623 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience is contributing to an understanding of the biological bases of human intelligence differences. This work is principally being conducted along two empirical fronts: genetics--quantitative and molecular--and brain imaging. Quantitative genetic studies have established that there are additive genetic contributions to different aspects of cognitive ability--especially general intelligence--and how they change through the lifespan. Molecular genetic studies have yet to identify reliably reproducible contributions from individual genes. Structural and functional brain-imaging studies have identified differences in brain pathways, especially parieto-frontal pathways, that contribute to intelligence differences. There is also evidence that brain efficiency correlates positively with intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Brickman AM, Siedlecki KL, Muraskin J, Manly JJ, Luchsinger JA, Yeung LK, Brown TR, DeCarli C, Stern Y. White matter hyperintensities and cognition: testing the reserve hypothesis. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1588-98. [PMID: 19926168 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White matter hyperintensities (WMH), visualized on T2-weighted MRI, are thought to reflect small-vessel vascular disease. Much like other markers of brain disease, the association between WMH and cognition is imperfect. The concept of reserve may account for this imperfect relationship. The purpose of this study was to test the reserve hypothesis in the association between WMH severity and cognition. We hypothesized that individuals with higher amounts of reserve would be able to tolerate greater amounts of pathology than those with lower reserve. METHODS Neurologically healthy older adults (n=717) from a community-based study received structural MRI, neuropsychological assessment, and evaluation of reserve. WMH volume was quantified algorithmically. We derived latent constructs representing four neuropsychological domains, a measure of cognitive reserve, and a measure of brain reserve. Measures of cognitive and brain reserve consisted of psychosocial (e.g., education) and anthropometric (e.g., craniometry) variables, respectively. RESULTS Increased WMH volume was associated with poorer cognition and higher cognitive and brain reserve were associated with better cognition. Controlling for speed/executive function or for language function, those with higher estimates of cognitive reserve had significantly greater degrees of WMH volume, particularly among women. Controlling for cognitive functioning across all domains, individuals with higher estimates of brain reserve had significantly greater WMH volume. CONCLUSIONS For any given level of cognitive function, those with higher reserve had more pathology in the form of WMH, suggesting that they are better able to cope with pathology than those with lower reserve. Both brain reserve and cognitive reserve appear to mitigate the impact of pathology on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
As a marker of generalized atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has implications not only for the affected lower extremity but also to overall cardiovascular health. It confers an increased risk of non-fatal and fatal vascular events which increases with the severity of the disease. Patient-based studies have shown that individuals with advanced PAD tend to perform poorly on cognitive tests compared to controls. In population studies, PAD is associated with an increased cognitive decline independently of previous cerebrovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors. A low ankle-brachial index (ABI) may be an early predictor of cognitive decline and of potential value in identifying individuals at increased risk of cognitive impairment. In patients with PAD, secondary preventive measures directed at decreasing the long-term systemic vascular complications may also be important to the preservation of cognitive health. However, evidence suggests that PAD patients may be undertreated with regard to atherosclerotic risk factors, as demonstrated by an undue emphasis on symptom relief rather than essential risk factor reduction. More research needs to be carried out to determine the predictors of cognitive function in PAD patients, whether subtle cognitive disturbances are related to activities of daily living, including medical treatment compliance, and whether neuroprotective strategies and atherosclerotic risk factor control positively influence cognitive function in these high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorri B Rafnsson
- Public Health Sciences Section, School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Schiavone F, Charlton RA, Barrick TR, Morris RG, Markus HS. Imaging age-related cognitive decline: A comparison of diffusion tensor and magnetization transfer MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 29:23-30. [PMID: 19097099 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine which MR technique was the most sensitive to age-related white matter damage. We compared both diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetization transfer (MT) maps to determine which technique correlated most strongly with cognitive function in a middle-aged and elderly community population. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all, 64 healthy subjects (aged 50-90) underwent MRI and neuropsychology. Histograms were generated for white matter mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), and MT ratio (MTR). White matter hyperintensity volume (WMH) and brain volume were also determined. Composite neuropsychological scores were derived for 4 cognitive domains (executive function, working memory, episodic memory, and information processing speed). RESULTS All MRI parameters correlated with age (FA r = 0.726, P < 0.001; MD r = -0.619 P < 0.001, MTR r = -0.566, P < 0.001, WMH r = 0.511, P < 0.001). All MRI parameters correlated with cognition, but DTI, and particularly FA, correlated most strongly. Adding DTI parameters explained more variance in cognition than WMH alone; the increase was greatest with FA, which alone explained 45%, 33%, and 25% of the variance in cognition for information processing speed, episodic memory, and executive function, respectively. CONCLUSION DTI appears the most sensitive imaging parameter to determine age-related white matter damage. The stronger relationship with FA suggests that axonal damage is important in age-related cognitive decline.
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Baune BT, Roesler A, Knecht S, Berger K. Single and combined effects of cerebral white matter lesions and lacunar infarctions on cognitive function in an elderly population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64:118-24. [PMID: 19164275 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gln004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is to investigate the association between single and combined vascular brain changes (white matter lesions [WMLs], lacunar infarctions) and the cognitive domains of memory, processing speed, and motor function in the elderly adults. METHODS In a sample of 268 participants aged 65-83 years of the MEMO (Memory and Morbidity in Augsburg Elderly) population-based study in Augsburg, Germany, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and a detailed neuropsychological test battery applied. Analysis of covariance determined the effects of vascular brain changes on domains of cognitive functioning. RESULTS Strong associations of large WMLs and of MRI-defined lacunar infarction with three different domains of cognitive function even after adjustment for age, gender, and education were found. The combined occurrence of both lesions affected about one in 10 participants and was associated with a strong decrease in cognitive function in all domains. The difference between the groups with only one lesion type (either large WMLs or MRI-defined infarction) and participants affected by both was significant in the domains of processing speed and memory, even after adjustment for important confounders such as age, gender, education, and comorbidities. The effects of both lesion types on cognitive function were not more than additive. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that both large WMLs and MRI-defined lacunar infarction contribute to impairments in different cognitive domains. The results suggest that their combined occurrence is associated with stronger reductions in cognitive function than each of the two brain lesion types alone.
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Baune BT. The puzzle of predicting the impact of brain infarcts on cognitive impairment in the aging brain. Stroke 2009; 40:667-9. [PMID: 19131649 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.534230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bastin ME, Clayden JD, Pattie A, Gerrish IF, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Diffusion tensor and magnetization transfer MRI measurements of periventricular white matter hyperintensities in old age. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:125-36. [PMID: 17624630 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Regions of diffuse periventricular white matter hyperintensities (PVWMH) are a common finding on T(2)-weighted MRI scans of older subjects, but their aetiology remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize differences in water diffusion and magnetization transfer MRI parameters between macroscopically normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and PVWMH in a cohort of normal older subjects. Forty-two non-demented 83-year olds underwent structural, diffusion tensor and magnetization transfer MRI. Mean diffusivity (<D>), fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (lambda(ax)) and radial (lambda(rad)) diffusivity, and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) were measured in both NAWM and PVWMH in frontal and parieto-occipital white matter, and centrum semiovale. For all three regions, PVWMH had greater <D>, lambda(ax) and lambda(rad) than NAWM, while FA and MTR were significantly reduced compared with normal tissue (p<<0.01). For PVWMH, MTR was significantly correlated (Spearman's rho in the range -0.93 to 0.70; p<0.01) with <D>, FA, lambda(ax) and lambda(rad) in all three regions. Conversely, for NAWM, the only significant correlation between MTR and a water diffusion parameter was for lambda(rad) in parieto-occipital white matter (rho=-0.40; p<0.05), with all other correlations close to the rho=0 level. These data indicate that in normal white matter, characterized by structurally coherent cell membranes, the degree of water molecule diffusion and myelination are held within relatively tight limits. However, within PVWMH, MTR correlates strongly with water diffusion parameters probably because of the pathologically associated neuronal loss, demyelination and gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Bastin
- Medical and Radiological Sciences (Medical Physics), School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Insel KC, Reminger SL, Hsiao CP. White matter hyperintensities and medication adherence. Biol Res Nurs 2008; 10:121-7. [PMID: 18829595 DOI: 10.1177/1099800408322216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are associated with hypertension, age, and cognitive function, but the association between WMH and medication adherence has not been examined. The intent of this investigation was to consider the potential implications of hypertension-related brain morphological changes on medication adherence and thereby improve understanding of the self-management consequences of hypertension. The associations between WMH, blood pressure, age, cognitive function (specifically assessments of prefrontal function), and medication adherence were examined in 16 middle-aged and older adults self-managing at least one prescribed antihypertensive agent. Magnetic resonance imaging using an axial fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence was used to assess the presence of WMH. Cognitive assessments included measures of executive function, working memory, attention, and immediate recall. Adherence was monitored for 8 weeks using electronic medication monitoring. More WMH were associated with poorer adherence (rs = -.25) and with higher systolic blood pressure (rs = .46), although these relationships were not statistically significant. WMH were associated with cognitive assessments in the expected direction including Digit Span Backward (rs = -.53, p < .05). Adherence was associated with immediate memory (rs = .54, p < .05) and inversely associated with failure to maintain set on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; rs = -.61, p < .05). These findings provide preliminary evidence for the association between WMH, assessments of prefrontal function, and medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Insel
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Waiter GD, Fox HC, Murray AD, Starr JM, Staff RT, Bourne VJ, Whalley LJ, Deary IJ. Is retaining the youthful functional anatomy underlying speed of information processing a signature of successful cognitive ageing? An event-related fMRI study of inspection time performance. Neuroimage 2008; 41:581-95. [PMID: 18395472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that individual differences in cognitive ageing might in part be based on the relative preservation of speed of information processing. However, the biological foundations of processing speed are not understood. Here we compared two groups of non-demented older people who had relatively similar IQs at age 11 but differed markedly in non-verbal reasoning ability at age 70: 'cognitive sustainers' (n=25), and 'cognitive decliners' (n=15). Using an event-related fMRI design, we studied the BOLD response while they performed an inspection time task. Inspection time is a two-alternative forced choice, backward masking test of the speed of the early stages of visual information processing. Inspection time has a well-established, significant association with higher cognitive abilities. The group of cognitive sustainers showed a pattern of BOLD activation-deactivation in response to inspection time stimulus duration differences that was similar to a healthy young sample [Deary, I.J., Simonotto, E., Meyer, M., Marshall, A., Marshall, I., Goddard, N., Watdlaw, J.M., 2004a. The functional anatomy of inspection time: an event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage 22, 1466-1479]. The group of cognitive decliners lacked these clear neural networks. The relative preservation of complex reasoning skills in old age may be associated with the preservation of the neural networks that underpin fundamental information processing in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Waiter
- Department of Radiology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK
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Ruffman T, Henry JD, Livingstone V, Phillips LH. A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:863-81. [PMID: 18276008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis of 28 data sets (N=705 older adults, N=962 younger adults) examined age differences in emotion recognition across four modalities: faces, voices, bodies/contexts, and matching of faces to voices. The results indicate that older adults have increased difficulty recognising at least some of the basic emotions (anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness) in each modality, with some emotions (anger and sadness) and some modalities (face-voice matching) creating particular difficulties. The predominant pattern across all emotions and modalities was of age-related decline with the exception that there was a trend for older adults to be better than young adults at recognising disgusted facial expressions. These age-related changes are examined in the context of three theoretical perspectives-positivity effects, general cognitive decline, and more specific neuropsychological change in the social brain. We argue that the pattern of age-related change observed is most consistent with a neuropsychological model of adult aging stemming from changes in frontal and temporal volume, and/or changes in neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Ruffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Deary IJ, Gow AJ, Taylor MD, Corley J, Brett C, Wilson V, Campbell H, Whalley LJ, Visscher PM, Porteous DJ, Starr JM. The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: a study to examine influences on cognitive ageing from age 11 to age 70 and beyond. BMC Geriatr 2007; 7:28. [PMID: 18053258 PMCID: PMC2222601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive ageing is a major burden for society and a major influence in lowering people's independence and quality of life. It is the most feared aspect of ageing. There are large individual differences in age-related cognitive changes. Seeking the determinants of cognitive ageing is a research priority. A limitation of many studies is the lack of a sufficiently long period between cognitive assessments to examine determinants. Here, the aim is to examine influences on cognitive ageing between childhood and old age. METHODS/DESIGN The study is designed as a follow-up cohort study. The participants comprise surviving members of the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947 (SMS1947; N = 70,805) who reside in the Edinburgh area (Lothian) of Scotland. The SMS1947 applied a valid test of general intelligence to all children born in 1936 and attending Scottish schools in June 1947. A total of 1091 participants make up the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. They undertook: a medical interview and examination; physical fitness testing; extensive cognitive testing (reasoning, memory, speed of information processing, and executive function); personality, quality of life and other psycho-social questionnaires; and a food frequency questionnaire. They have taken the same mental ability test (the Moray House Test No. 12) at age 11 and age 70. They provided blood samples for DNA extraction and testing and other biomarker analyses. Here we describe the background and aims of the study, the recruitment procedures and details of numbers tested, and the details of all examinations. DISCUSSION The principal strength of this cohort is the rarely captured phenotype of lifetime cognitive change. There is additional rich information to examine the determinants of individual differences in this lifetime cognitive change. This protocol report is important in alerting other researchers to the data available in the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Alan J Gow
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Michelle D Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Janie Corley
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Caroline Brett
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Valerie Wilson
- Scottish Council for Research in Education, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Public Health and Primary Care Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Peter M Visscher
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David J Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Kruggel F, Paul JS, Gertz HJ. Texture-based segmentation of diffuse lesions of the brain's white matter. Neuroimage 2007; 39:987-96. [PMID: 18006334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse lesions of the white matter of the human brain are common pathological findings in magnetic resonance images of elderly subjects. These lesions are typically caused by small vessel diseases (e.g., due to hypertension, diabetes), and related to cognitive decline. Because these lesions are inhomogeneous, unsharp, and faint, but show an intensity pattern that is different from the adjacent healthy tissue, a segmentation based on texture properties is proposed here. This method was successfully applied to a set of 116 image data sets of elderly subjects. Quantitative measures for the lesion load are derived that compare well with results from experts that visually rated lesions on a semiquantitative scale. Texture-based segmentation can be considered as a general method for lesion segmentation, and an outline for adapting this method to similar problems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frithjof Kruggel
- 204 Rockwell Engineering Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2755, USA.
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A genetic association analysis of cognitive ability and cognitive ageing using 325 markers for 109 genes associated with oxidative stress or cognition. BMC Genet 2007; 8:43. [PMID: 17601350 PMCID: PMC1933580 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-pathological cognitive ageing is a distressing condition affecting an increasing number of people in our 'ageing society'. Oxidative stress is hypothesised to have a major role in cellular ageing, including brain ageing. Results Associations between cognitive ageing and 325 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), located in 109 genes implicated in oxidative stress and/or cognition, were examined in a unique cohort of relatively healthy older people, on whom we have cognitive ability scores at ages 11 and 79 years (LBC1921). SNPs showing a significant positive association were then genotyped in a second cohort for whom we have cognitive ability scores at the ages of 11 and 64 years (ABC1936). An intronic SNP in the APP gene (rs2830102) was significantly associated with cognitive ageing in both LBC1921 and a combined LBC1921/ABC1936 analysis (p < 0.01), but not in ABC1936 alone. Conclusion This study suggests a possible role for APP in normal cognitive ageing, in addition to its role in Alzheimer's disease.
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