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Bista S, Lechner WV, Anderson M, Kenne KN, Kenne DR. Cigarette and e-cigarette use as a function of psychological distress following COVID-19 related university campus closures. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2023; 49:239-248. [PMID: 36920934 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2171300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Individuals experienced increased social isolation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies have found social isolation and loneliness to be strongly associated with anxiety and depression, which have been associated with increased smoking and vaping rates among young adults, including college students.Objectives: To examine relationships between psychological distress and nicotine use within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey (n = 4634; 77.9% female) was used to collect nicotine use and psychological measures from students enrolled at a large Midwestern university. Timeline follow-back data were collected from students reporting current cigarette or electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use in the week before and immediately following the closure of campus due to the pandemic. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the interaction between nicotine use and psychological symptoms across the 2-week period.Results: Both cigarette (Rate ratio (RR) = 1.115, 95% CI = 1.061, 1.171, p < .0001) and e-cigarette (β = 0.258, 95% CI = 0.166, 0.351, p < .0001) use increased significantly following campus closure. Students experiencing higher levels of depression reported greater increases in e-cigarette use frequency over time as compared to students reporting fewer symptoms of depression (β = 0.018, 95% CI = 0.006, 0.030, p = .004).Conclusions: Increases in nicotine use were found immediately following the implementation of public health safety measures that closed most university campuses. Additional and/or increased stressors have potentially impacted young adults who are college students as a result of campus closures resulting from the pandemic, which may have contributed to further increases in nicotine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Bista
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - William V Lechner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Megan Anderson
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Kaylie N Kenne
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Deric R Kenne
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Browning KO, DeSarno MJ, Davis DR, Streck JM, Bergeria CL, Harfmann RF, Parker MA, Heil SH, Sigmon SC, Gaalema DE, Tidey JW, Lee DC, Tetreault HJ, Higgins ST. Relating individual differences in the reinforcing value of smoking and dependence severity to nicotine exposure levels in vulnerable populations. Prev Med 2022; 165:107312. [PMID: 36272516 PMCID: PMC9986960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is overrepresented in populations with psychiatric conditions and socioeconomic disadvantage. Greater understanding of the role of reinforcement and nicotine dependence in smoking among vulnerable populations may facilitate development of better targeted interventions to reduce smoking. Prior research demonstrated that individual differences in the reinforcing value of smoking and nicotine-dependence severity predicted total nicotine-exposure in vulnerable populations. The present study uses multivariate regression to address two aims: (1) Quantify the degree to which the reinforcing value of smoking, assessed using the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT), and dependence severity assessed using the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence and Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (B-WISDM) each account for individual differences in cotinine-plus-3'-hydroxycotinine (COT+3HC) levels. (2) Explore whether there is overlap in the variance accounted for by the CTP, FTND, and B-WISDM. Participants were 628 adults with co-morbid psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage who smoked daily. The CPT, FTND, and B-WISDM models accounted for 23.76%, 32.45%, and 29.61% of the variance in COT+3HC levels, respectively. Adding CPT to the FTND model failed to increase the variance accounted for and adding it to the B-WISDM model did so by only 1.2% demonstrating considerable overlap in the variance in nicotine exposure levels accounted for by these three instruments. These results provide new knowledge on the relationship between individual differences in the reinforcing value of smoking and nicotine-exposure levels and suggest differences in reinforcing value may underpin a considerable portion of the variance in nicotine exposure accounted for by dependence severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn O Browning
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Michael J DeSarno
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Danielle R Davis
- Yale University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Joanna M Streck
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Cecilia L Bergeria
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Roxanne F Harfmann
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Maria A Parker
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Sarah H Heil
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Stacey C Sigmon
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Diann E Gaalema
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Dustin C Lee
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Haley J Tetreault
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America.
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Çavdar Toraman M, Sarigedik E, Özçetin A. Evaluation of Psychological Resilience, Alexithymia, and Impulsivity Characteristics in Persons Who Attempted Suicide with Drugs. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022:302228221142092. [PMID: 36441644 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221142092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, it was aimed to research the connection between psychological resilience, alexithymia, depression, anxiety and impulsivity in patients who attempted suicide with drugs. METHODS The patient group (n = 66) who attempted suicide with drugs and the control group (n = 66) without any psychiatric diagnosis were examined in the study. Sociodemographic data form, Psychological Resilience Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) were used in the study. RESULTS It was found that PRS dedication and challenge are significantly higher in the control group (p = .039 and p = .003, respectively). When the undiagnosed group who attempted suicide were compared with the control group, it was observed that there is a significant difference between BIS-11 total and TAS total after bonferonni correction (respectively; p = .002; p = .001), while, there is no statistically significant difference in terms of PRS total score (p = .483). CONCLUSION It was observed that patients who attempted suicide with drugs had low levels of psychological resilience, high alexithymia levels. In the absence of an additional diagnosis of depression, psychological resilience did not differ in terms of suicide attempts. In the suicide group, those who did not receive any additional diagnosis were not more impulsive than those who were depressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enes Sarigedik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Adnan Özçetin
- Department of Psychiatry, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
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Tonkin SS, Colder C, Mahoney MC, Swan GE, Cinciripini P, Schnoll R, George TP, Tyndale RF, Hawk LW. Evaluating Treatment Mechanisms of Varenicline: Mediation by Affect and Craving. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1803-1810. [PMID: 35639828 PMCID: PMC9596996 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Negative reinforcement models posit that relapse to cigarette smoking is driven in part by changes in affect and craving during the quit attempt. Varenicline may aid cessation by attenuating these changes; however, this mediational pathway has not been formally evaluated in placebo-controlled trials. Thus, trajectories of negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), and craving were tested as mediators of the effect of varenicline on smoking cessation. AIMS AND METHODS Secondary data analysis was conducted on 828 adults assigned to either varenicline or placebo in a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation (NCT01314001). Self-reported NA, PA, and craving were assessed 1-week pre-quit, on the target quit day (TQD), and 1 and 4 weeks post-TQD. RESULTS Across time, NA peaked 1-week post-quit, PA did not change, and craving declined. Less steep rises in NA (indirect effect 95% CI: .01 to .30) and lower mean craving at 1-week post-quit (CI: .06 to .50) were mediators of the relationship between varenicline and higher cessation rates at the end of treatment. PA was associated with cessation but was not a significant mediator. CONCLUSIONS These results partially support the hypothesis that varenicline improves smoking cessation rates by attenuating changes in specific psychological processes and supported NA and craving as plausible treatment mechanisms of varenicline. IMPLICATIONS The present research provides the first evidence from a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial that varenicline's efficacy is due, in part, to post-quit attenuation of NA and craving. Reducing NA across the quit attempt and craving early into the attempt may be important treatment mechanisms for effective interventions. Furthermore, post-quit NA, PA, and craving were all associated with relapse and represent treatment targets for future intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Tonkin
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig Colder
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Martin C Mahoney
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gary E Swan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Paul Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tony P George
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Lee E, Moore SP, Trapl E, Fryer CS, Gunzler D, Sterling KL. Changes in Little Cigar and Cigarillo Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Nationally Representative Sample of Young Adult Users. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158933. [PMID: 35897303 PMCID: PMC9331994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the smoking behaviors of U.S. young adults ages 18-36 regarding little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Survey data were collected from a nationally representative sample of young adults between October and November 2020. Respondents who reported using LCCs with tobacco (CAI) and/or with marijuana (CAB) within the past 6 months prior to the survey (n = 399) were included in the study. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between their perceived risk of having COVID when smoking LCCs and pandemic-related behavioral changes in CAI and CAB use (e.g., worrying, quit attempts, smoking more, smoking less). Findings showed that users with a higher perceived risk of getting COVID-19 when smoking LCCs were more likely to endorse trying to quit CAI and CAB during the pandemic. Compared to the non-Hispanic White population, the non-Hispanic Black population were less likely to endorse smoking less CAI and trying to quit CAB during the pandemic. Dual users of CAI and CAB and females were more likely to endorse smoking more CAB compared to CAB-only users and males, respectively. Tailored cessation strategies are needed for dual users, non-Hispanic Black young adults, and young women. Raising awareness about the risks of LCC use can be an effective strategy for LCC smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Lee
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas Regional Campus, Dallas, TX 75207, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephanie Pike Moore
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.P.M.); (E.T.); (D.G.)
| | - Erika Trapl
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.P.M.); (E.T.); (D.G.)
| | - Craig S. Fryer
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Douglas Gunzler
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.P.M.); (E.T.); (D.G.)
| | - Kymberle L. Sterling
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas Regional Campus, Dallas, TX 75207, USA;
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Piper ME, Baker TB, Zwaga D, Bolt DM, Kobinsky K, Jorenby DE. Understanding contexts of smoking and vaping among dual users: analysis of ecological momentary assessment data. Addiction 2022; 117:1416-1426. [PMID: 34791744 PMCID: PMC9940410 DOI: 10.1111/add.15747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To understand dual users' cigarette and e-cigarette use patterns, including the contexts in which they vape versus smoke and to understand how environmental and internal contexts and smoking patterns differ between dual users and exclusive smokers. DESIGN Longitudinal observational trial. SETTING Research center in Wisconsin, USA. PARTICIPANTS Adult dual users (n = 162) and adults who exclusively smoked (n = 143), with no plans to quit smoking or vaping in the next 30 days. MEASUREMENTS Participants carried smartphones for 2 weeks at baseline to record each use event for the two products and report on the context of their product use. The percentage of mornings where participants vaped first versus smoked were used to compute e-cigarette dependence. FINDINGS Hierarchical linear regression models with random slopes and intercepts examined the within- and between-subject effects of context on the likelihood of vaping (versus smoking); significant fixed effects were tested for moderation by e-cigarette dependence. Dual users reported significantly more puffs/cigarette [mean = 13.1, standard deviation (SD) = 10.2] than puffs/vape event (mean = 11.7, SD = 11.5; P = 0.01). E-cigarette dependence moderated the influence of social cues (t-ratio = 2.4, P = 0.02) and smoking restrictions (t-ratio = 3.1, P = 0.003) on the likelihood of vaping versus smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 2.30, P = 0.02]. Context was more related to which product was used in those of low versus higher e-cigarette dependence. Reports of strong cravings to smoke and positive expectancies for cigarettes were associated with a reduced likelihood of vaping, whereas strong cravings to vape and positive vaping expectancies were related to increased likelihood of vaping. CONCLUSIONS Among dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes with no motivation to quit, vaping appears to be related to internal cues and more highly linked with social contexts and smoking restrictions (i.e. under stronger external stimulus control) among those with low to moderate e-cigarette dependence compared with high e-cigarette dependence. These findings illustrate the importance of contextual factors in tobacco product use among dual users with the influence of context being reduced at high levels of e-cigarette dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Piper
- University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Megan E. Piper, Ph.D., Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711; Tel: 608-265-5472; Fax: 608-265-3102;
| | - Timothy B. Baker
- University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Deejay Zwaga
- University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Daniel M. Bolt
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kate Kobinsky
- University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Douglas E. Jorenby
- University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Londoño T, Moore JR, Guerra ZC, Heydarian NM, Castro Y. The contribution of positive affect and loneliness on readiness and self-efficacy to quit smoking among Spanish-speaking Mexican American smokers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:110-119. [PMID: 34932409 PMCID: PMC10763704 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2021.1998513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing research on affective and interpersonal determinants of smoking cessation largely under-represents minority smokers, such as Latinos. OBJECTIVE The current study examined associations between affective and interpersonal factors with intermediary smoking cessation variables among Mexican-American smokers (N = 290; 60% male). METHODS Measures of positive and negative affect, social support, and loneliness were each examined for associations with measures of motivational readiness to quit smoking, and smoking abstinence self-efficacy. Significant predictors were entered into models simultaneously to examine their unique associations. Covariates included gender, age, and educational attainment. RESULTS Negative affect (b = .68, SE b = .14, p < .001) and loneliness (b = .20, SE b = .09, p < .05) were independently associated with motivation. Negative affect (b = .20, SE b = .06, p < .01) and positive affect (b = .34 SE b = .07, p < .001) were independently associated with self-efficacy. In the final models, only negative affect was associated with motivation (b = .68, SE b = .17, p < .001); whereas negative (b = .17, SE b = .06, p < .01) and positive (b = . 32, SE b = .07, p < .001) affect were associated with self-efficacy. CONCLUSION Results highlight the importance of resilience factors (e.g., positive affect) among Mexican-American smokers. Cessation interventions regularly target negative affect among smokers; additional focus on positive affect in cessation interventions with this population may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Londoño
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John R Moore
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zully C Guerra
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Yessenia Castro
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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Chen C, Zhang KZ, Gong X, Lee MK, Wang YY. Preventing relapse to information technology addiction through weakening reinforcement: A self-regulation perspective. INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2021.103485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Learning from and Leveraging Multi-Level Changes in Responses to the COVID 19 Pandemic to Facilitate Breast Cancer Prevention Efforts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136999. [PMID: 34208878 PMCID: PMC8297333 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has had multilevel effects on non-COVID-19 health and health care, including deferral of routine cancer prevention and screening and delays in surgical and other procedures. Health and health care use has also been affected by pandemic-related loss of employer-based health insurance, food and housing disruptions, and heightened stress, sleep disruptions and social isolation. These disruptions are projected to contribute to excess non-COVID-19 deaths over the coming decades. At the same time municipalities, health systems and individuals are making changes in response to the pandemic, including modifications in the environmental to promote health, implementation of telehealth platforms, and shifts towards greater self-care and using remote platforms to maintain social connections. We used a multi-level biopsychosocial model to examine the available literature on the relationship between COVID-19-related changes and breast cancer prevention to identify current gaps in knowledge and identify potential opportunities for future research. We found that COVID-19 has impacted several aspects of social and economic life, through a variety of mechanisms, including unemployment, changes in health care delivery, changes in eating and activity, and changes in mental health. Some of these changes should be reduced, while others should be explored and enhanced.
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The Effect of Breathing Exercise on Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms, Cigarette Cravings, and Affect. J Addict Nurs 2021; 31:269-275. [PMID: 33264199 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single bout of controlled deep breathing and a "three-part breathing" exercise on nicotine withdrawal symptoms, cigarette cravings, and affect. A secondary aim was to determine whether autonomic nervous system activity mediates these effects. Twenty-four participants attended one practical session followed by three intervention sessions on 3 separate days: control condition, controlled deep breathing, and three-part breathing. Participants were asked to abstain from smoking for 15 hours before intervention. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms, cigarette cravings, affect, and heart rate variability were assessed preintervention and again on four occasions postintervention: immediately postintervention and every 10 minutes on three more occasions. Results revealed that the three-part breathing exercise resulted in lower negative affect scores relative to control condition and controlled deep breathing immediately after postintervention (p < .05). In addition, high-frequency heart rate variability score was significantly reduced throughout the 30-minute session.
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Jao NC, Levin ED, Simon MA, Hitsman B. Differences in Cognitive Task Performance, Reinforcement Enhancement, and Nicotine Dependence Between Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1902-1910. [PMID: 34086950 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menthol has been shown to target similar brain regions and neural receptors as nicotine, yet the association between menthol cigarette use and cognitive performance remains unknown. AIMS AND METHODS This study examined differences in cognitive task performance between menthol (MS) and nonmenthol (NMS) cigarette smokers after acute cigarette consumption. Sixty white and black and/or African American, nonabstinent, MS (n = 30) and NMS (n = 30) were assessed presmoking and postsmoking their preferred cigarette on four computerized tasks: Continuous Performance Task (CPT; alerting attention), N-Back Task (working memory), Finger Tapping Task (motor control), and Apple Picker Task (reinforcement enhancement). Self-reported nicotine dependence and objective smoking topography measures were also compared between groups. RESULTS Initial unadjusted analyses showed a significant effect of cigarette type × time on CPT speed (p = .042), where MS improved while NMS group worsened in CPT speed after smoking. After controlling for baseline cigarette craving and cigarette nicotine levels, the effect of cigarette type × time for all cognitive outcomes was statistically nonsignificant (ps > .05). However, there remained a significant effect of cigarette type, where MS versus NMS had poorer CPT (p = .046) and N-Back Task accuracy (p = .006) but faster N-Back speed (p = .039). There were no statistically significant differences between groups on reinforcement enhancement, nicotine dependence, or smoking behavior outcomes (ps > .05). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypotheses, results did not find a significant effect of cigarette type on the change in cognitive performance after acute smoking in nonabstinent smokers. Further studies are needed to clarify the specific pharmacological effects of nicotine and menthol on cognitive functioning. IMPLICATIONS The current study is the first to compare the potential enhancement of cognitive task performance after acute cigarette smoking between satiated menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers. Study results suggest that acute menthol cigarette use may not enhance cognitive function above and beyond nonmenthol cigarettes to increase dependence among menthol smokers. However, the contribution of other psychological factors (eg, craving, mood) and cigarette characteristics (eg, nicotine content) may be involved in cognitive function enhancement to perpetuate dependence and smoking persistence for menthol smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Jao
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, and Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Melissa A Simon
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preventive Medicine, and Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Hitsman
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Medical Social Sciences, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic first started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and affected the whole world. In our country, new measures to be taken were announced after the first case was seen on March 11, 2020. In this study, patients who admitted to the smoking cessation clinic in 2018 and followed up by phone, regarding smoking cessation status in 2019 were questioned for their smoking cessation status after the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. In this descriptive study, the patients who applied to the smoking cessation outpatient clinic in 2018 were questioned regarding their smoking cessation status after 1 year and after the pandemic. It was investigated whether coronapandemia had an effect on smoking cessation. The data were evaluated by using SPSS 22 software. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 357 individuals with a median of Fagerström score of 7.0 were included in the study. Seventy-one (19.9%) of the subjects used nicotine tape, 268 (75.1%) used varenicline, and 18 (5.0%) used both. When the success of those who quit smoking before pandemic and those who quit smoking after pandemic were compared, a statistically significant relationship was found (p < 0.001). In our study, the rate of smoking cessation after 1 year was 23.7%, and the most common side effects were psychiatric complaints, whereas the rate of smoking cessation during the pandemic period was 31.1%. In order to increase the rate of smoking cessation, which is an important public health problem, more counseling should be provided, during the pandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Kayhan Tetik
- Department of Family Medicine, Inonu University Medical Faculty, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | - Servet Taş
- Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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Drach RD, Orloff NC, Hormes JM. The emotion regulatory function of online social networking: Preliminary experimental evidence. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106559. [PMID: 32768792 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Correlational research suggests that emotion regulation deficits, which are known risk factors for substance addictions, may also play a role in the development of problem behaviors such as excessive or maladaptive use of social networking sites (SNS). This study sought to experimentally assess the hypothesized emotion regulatory function of SNS use. 139 undergraduates (53.2% female) were randomized to view brief movie clips known to reliably induce positive (37.4%), negative (29.5%), or neutral mood (33.1%) and then to browse a SNS (46.8%) or control website (53.2%). Mood and subjective urge to access SNS and the Internet were assessed before and after viewing the movie clips and browsing the websites. Participants meeting criteria for "moderate" levels of disordered SNS use self-reported significantly greater deficits in emotion regulation (p = .02, ηp2 = 0.14). Increases in positive and negative affect following the mood induction were associated with a decrease in subjective urge to access SNS (r = -0.22, p = .02, r = -0.28, p = .002, respectively). Time spent browsing SNS resulted in significantly greater increases in self-reported positive affect, compared to the control website (p = .001, ηp2 = 0.09). We replicate previous findings of greater emotion regulation deficits in individuals endorsing problematic SNS use. Increased positive and negative affect resulted in decreased urge to access SNS, suggesting that social networking may primarily serve to counter low-arousal emotions like boredom. Data provide initial experimental evidence to support the hypothesized emotion regulatory function of SNS, with SNS exposure resulting in increased positive affect. Findings suggest that interventions targeting problematic SNS use should incorporate strategies for improved emotion regulation.
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Kittaneh AA, Sidhu NK, Tackett AP, Lechner WV. Effects of Negative Emotion on Abstinence Induced Change in Urge to Vape and Measures of Vaping Dependence. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:768-776. [PMID: 33706646 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1892143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Negative emotion and craving to smoke are established factors driving the maintenance of combustible cigarette use and dependence. The current study aimed to examine whether these findings extend to e-cigarette use. Toward that aim, change in vaping urge following abstinence was examined as a function of negative emotion. Additionally, a mediation model which previously demonstrated relationships between negative emotion, craving, and combustible cigarette dependence was tested in e-cigarette users. METHOD Daily e-cigarette users (N = 32, Mage = 21 years, SDage = 7 years; 78% white) completed a battery of psychological, behavioral, and smoking-related measures in a human laboratory setting. Using their personal devices, participants completed a 5-minute ad-libitum vaping session, a baseline measure of vaping urge, followed by a 2-hour observed abstinence period and a final assessment of vaping urge. RESULTS Multivariate regression and two mediation models were utilized to examine factors associated with vaping dependence. The results of these models indicated that negative affect predicted vaping urge following observed abstinence. The relationship between negative affect and measures of vaping dependence and habit, respectively, were significantly mediated by changes in urge during the abstinence period. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results indicate that psychological constructs underlying vaping dependence are similar to those previously found to be associated with combustible cigarette dependence. Further research examining whether these constructs, namely negative affect and change in urge following abstinence, will be important variables to target for vaping cessation treatments is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Kittaneh
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Natasha K Sidhu
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Alayna P Tackett
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William V Lechner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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15
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Klemperer EM, West JC, Peasley-Miklus C, Villanti AC. Change in Tobacco and Electronic Cigarette Use and Motivation to Quit in Response to COVID-19. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1662-1663. [PMID: 32343816 PMCID: PMC7197523 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias M Klemperer
- Vermont Center on Behavior & Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Julia C West
- Vermont Center on Behavior & Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Catherine Peasley-Miklus
- Vermont Center on Behavior & Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Vermont Center on Behavior & Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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16
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Robinson JD, Kypriotakis G, Al'absi M, Denlinger-Apte RL, Drobes DJ, Leischow SJ, McClernon FJ, Pacek LR, Severson HH, Smith TT, Donny EC, Luo X, Jensen JA, Strayer LG, Cinciripini PM, Hatsukami DK. Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes Disrupt the Feedback Loop of Affective States and Smoking Behavior. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1294-1300. [PMID: 31701153 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking to reduce negative affect has been identified as a key motivational feature of tobacco use. Our recent work suggests that smoking very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes reduces the relationship between negative affect and smoking behavior over a 6-week period. Here, we sought to extend our findings by evaluating whether a gradual or immediate approach to switching to VLNC cigarettes led to a differential reduction in the relationship between affect and smoking behavior over a longer (20-week) period. AIMS AND METHODS Participants (n = 1250) were adult smokers from 10 US sites randomized to one of three groups: gradual nicotine reduction (15.5, 11.7, 5.2, 2.4, and 0.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco [mg/g]), immediate nicotine reduction (0.4 mg/g), or standard nicotine content cigarettes (15.5 mg/g; control), for 20 weeks. We examined whether the relationship between affect-both negative and positive-and cigarettes per day differed as a function of reduction group. RESULTS We found that both negative and positive affect were associated with cigarette consumption in the control group, but not in the gradual or immediate reduction groups across the 20 weeks of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our results extend previous findings that switching to VLNC cigarettes disrupts the relationship between affect and cigarette consumption by showing that either gradually or immediately reducing cigarette nicotine content achieves this disruption. These findings provide further evidence that switching to VLNC cigarettes reduces nicotine-related reinforcement of cigarette smoking. IMPLICATIONS These findings support the notion that switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes reduces the association between affect and smoking behavior, and that either a gradual or immediate nicotine reduction approach achieves this reduction. This provides further evidence that switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes weakens reinforcement mechanisms associated with nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George Kypriotakis
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mustafa Al'absi
- Department of Family Medicine and BioBehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Rachel L Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - David J Drobes
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Scott J Leischow
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Tracy T Smith
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joni A Jensen
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lori G Strayer
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Garey L, Kauffman BY, Manning KF, Taha SA, Schmidt NB, Neighbors C, Zvolensky MJ. The Effect of Positive and Negative Affect on Early Treatment Milestones in the Context of Integrated Smoking Treatment. J Addict Med 2020; 13:47-54. [PMID: 30067553 PMCID: PMC6349496 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Efforts have been made to develop effective, integrated smoking-cessation treatments for individuals with greater difficulty quitting, including individuals with elevated anxiety sensitivity (AS). Despite initial evidence for the efficacy of these treatments, little is understood about pretreatment predictors of early treatment milestones, including treatment initiation and response. Positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA) are unique mood traits that may be related to early treatment milestones. Indeed, PA and NA are related to smoking and mood outcomes generally. Yet, it is presently unknown if pretreatment PA or NA predict early treatment milestones within the context of an integrated smoking-cessation treatment. The current study sought to evaluate the independent effect of PA and NA on early treatment milestones within the context of an integrated smoking-AS treatment protocol. Smoking and AS outcomes were evaluated independently. Participants included 288 (50% female; Mage = 38.66, SD = 13.67) treatment-seeking adult daily cigarette users. Results indicated that higher pretreatment NA was associated with an increased likelihood of early dropout versus responding to treatment across both outcomes (smoking: odds ratio [OR] 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88-0.99; AS: OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.98). Pretreatment PA did not significantly differentiate any of the groups. Overall, the present study serves as an initial investigation of the role of pretreatment NA in identifying those at greatest risk for dropping out of treatment (cf. responding to treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, United States
| | | | - Kara F. Manning
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, United States
| | - Samar A. Taha
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, United States
| | - Norman B. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Clayton Neighbors
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, United States
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, United States
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
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18
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Lechner WV, L Gunn R, Minto A, Philip NS, Brown RA, Uebelacker LA, Price LH, Abrantes AM. Effects of Negative Affect, Urge to Smoke, and Working Memory Performance (n-back) on Nicotine Dependence. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:1177-1183. [PMID: 29185837 PMCID: PMC7376498 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1400569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three key domains including negative emotionality, incentive salience, and executive function form the core functional elements of addictive behaviors. Variables related to these broader domains have been studied extensively in relation to one another; however, no studies to date, have examined models including variables from all three domains, in relation to nicotine dependence. METHOD Smokers (N = 117), 65.8% female, 78% white, mean age of 44.4 (SD = 10.8), enrolled in a smoking cessation program completed measures of negative affect (a component of negative emotionality), urge to smoke (incentive salience), and working memory (WM; a core executive function), during a baseline assessment period prior to initiating treatment. RESULTS Negative affect was associated with greater urge to smoke, and this elevated urge to smoke was associated with higher levels of nicotine dependence. Further, a significant moderated mediation indicated that WM moderated the relationship between increased urge to smoke and nicotine dependence. For those with low to average WM, urge to smoke was significantly related to nicotine dependence; however, for those with higher WM (+1 SD), urge to smoke stemming from negative affect was not associated with nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first reported relationship between negative affect, urge to smoke, WM, and nicotine dependence. Although preliminary, results indicate that WM may moderate the relationship between urge to smoke associated with negative affect and nicotine dependence. Treatments targeting WM may be particularly useful for individuals with average to low WM who experience urge to smoke related to negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V Lechner
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio , USA.,b Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Rachel L Gunn
- b Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Alexia Minto
- c Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Noah S Philip
- d Butler Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,e Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology , Providence VA Medical Center , Providence, Rhode Island , USA
| | | | - Lisa A Uebelacker
- c Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,d Butler Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Lawrence H Price
- c Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,d Butler Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Ana M Abrantes
- c Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,d Butler Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
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19
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Robinson JD, Kypriotakis G, Karam-Hage M, Green CE, Hatsukami DK, Cinciripini PM, Donny EC. Cigarette Nicotine Content as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 19:1080-1086. [PMID: 28371900 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Research suggests a strong association between negative affect (NA) and smoking. However, little is known about the association between NA and smoking among individuals who switch to reduced-nicotine cigarettes. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which cigarette nicotine content moderates the relationship between NA and smoking over time. Methods Seven hundred and seventeen participants, 237 in the normal nicotine content (NNC; 15.8 mg/g and usual brand) cigarette group and 480 in the very low nicotine content (VLNC; 2.4 mg/g nicotine or less) cigarette group, participated in a randomized trial that examined the effects of cigarette nicotine content on smoking behavior over 6 weeks. We used parallel process latent growth curve modeling to estimate the relationship between changes in NA and changes in the numbers of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), from baseline to 6 weeks, as a function of cigarette nicotine content. Results The relationship between NA and investigational CPD reduced over time for those in the VLNC group, but not for those in the NNC group. There was no significant relationship between change in PA and CPD over time for either cigarette group. Conclusions Smoking VLNC cigarettes disrupts the relationship between smoking and negative affect, which may help reduce nicotine dependence. Implications This study suggests that the association between NA and smoking behavior is reduced over time among those that smoked reduced-nicotine content cigarettes. This provides additional evidence that smoking reduced-nicotine content cigarettes may help reduce nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George Kypriotakis
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Maher Karam-Hage
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Charles E Green
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | | | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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20
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Minami H, Frank BE, Bold KW, McCarthy DE. Ecological momentary analysis of the relations among stressful events, affective reactivity, and smoking among smokers with high versus low depressive symptoms during a quit attempt. Addiction 2018; 113:299-312. [PMID: 28779527 PMCID: PMC5760357 DOI: 10.1111/add.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess whether individuals trying to quit smoking who have high depressive symptoms (HD), compared with low depressive symptoms (LD): (1) report more frequent stressful events (SEs), (2) are more likely to smoke after SEs, (3) experience greater acute or persistent changes in affect after an SE, and (4) are at greater risk of smoking following affective changes. DESIGN Smoking cessation data were analyzed using multi-level path modeling to examine the moderating effects of depressive symptoms on relations among SEs, subsequent affect, and smoking. SETTING An academic research center in Central New Jersey, USA. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-one adult treatment-seeking daily smokers recruited from 2010 to 2012. MEASUREMENTS Baseline depressive symptoms [HD: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) ≥ 16 versus LD: CES-D < 16]; and real-time ecological momentary assessment (EMA) reports of SEs, affect, and smoking assessed during 21 days post-quit. FINDINGS Multi-level models indicated that HD smokers were more likely than LD smokers to report stressful events [odds ratio (OR) = 2.323, P = 0.009], but had similar post-stress acute affective changes (negative affect: b = -0.117, P = 0.137, positive affect: b = 0.020, P = 0.805). Only HD smokers reported increased negative affect (NA) (b = 0.199, P = 0.030) and decreased positive affect (PA) up to 12 hours later (b = -0.217, P = 0.021), and greater lapse risk up to 24 hours after an SE (OR = 3.213, P = 0.017). The persistence of elevated NA and suppressed PA was partially explained by increased odds of subsequent SEs among HD smokers. However, the heightened stress-lapse association over 24 hours found in HD smokers was not fully explained by sustained aversive affect or subsequent SEs. CONCLUSIONS Depressed and non-depressed smokers trying to quit appear to experience similar acute affective changes following stress: however, depressed smokers experience higher rates of exposure to stress, longer-lasting post-stress affective disturbance and greater risk of smoking lapse 12-24 hours after a stressful event than non-depressed smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Minami
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020,Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1293,Fordham University, Department of Psychology, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458,Corresponding Author: Haruka Minami, Ph.D. Fordham University, Department of Psychology, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, , Phone: +7188173885
| | - Brandon E. Frank
- Fordham University, Department of Psychology, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458
| | - Krysten W. Bold
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020,Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1293,Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 34 Park Street CMHC, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Danielle E. McCarthy
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020,Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1293,Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
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21
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Yuan M, Guo X, Li X, Chen X, Wang C, Li Y. The moderating role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy on smoking craving: An ecological momentary assessment study. Psych J 2017; 7:5-12. [PMID: 29171689 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Emotion is presumed as a major reason for smoking, but this hypothesis needs support from data with high ecological validity. Regulatory emotional self-efficacy (RESE) is key for emotion regulation, therefore RESE is likely to moderate the relationship between emotional states and smoking. The present study used the ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to record the levels of pleasure, arousal, and smoking craving in 33 male current smokers' daily lives, and examined the moderating effect of RESE in the prediction relationship between emotion and craving. The results showed that either end of the pleasure dimension, namely the high positive or high negative affect, predicted higher smoking craving. A similar pattern was also discovered in the arousal dimension, in which either of the activation and deactivation ends predicted higher smoking craving. Moreover, the prediction of negative affect on smoking craving was weakened by higher RESE, especially by the higher self-efficacy in managing negative emotions. In conclusion, smoking craving is closely related with immediate emotional states, and RESE reveals promising value in the reduction of smoking behavior. We discuss the possibility of expanding the RESE frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xucheng Guo
- School of Public Administration, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Educational Correction Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Pierce J, Zhdanova L, Lucas T. Positive and negative affectivity, stress, and well-being in African-Americans: Initial demonstration of a polynomial regression and response surface methodology approach. Psychol Health 2017; 33:445-464. [PMID: 28870108 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1368510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The extent to which positive (PA) and negative (NA) affect conjointly impact well-being is not yet well understood. Additionally, research investigating the role of affectivity in maintaining well-being among ethnic and racial minorities is scant. The current research demonstrates how polynomial regression and response surface methodology (PR and RSM) may be used to better understand how PA and NA jointly influence stress and well-being. DESIGN In Study 1, 291 African-American undergraduates (Mage = 22.91, SD = 6.91; 67% female) completed measures of affectivity and psychological well-being. In Study 2, a community sample of 117 African-Americans (Mage = 31.87, SD = 13.83; 69% female) completed affectivity measures and a laboratory-based social stressor task to assess links between affectivity and salivary cortisol reactivity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Study 1 included life satisfaction, perceived stress and self-reported depressive symptoms. Study 2 included salivary cortisol reactivity. RESULTS Across both studies, PA ascendency (i.e. high PA combined with low NA) was associated with better well-being, while NA ascendancy (i.e. high NA combined with low PA) was associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION PR and RSM may provide new insight into the conjoint influence of PA and NA on health and well-being. We discuss potential implications for affectivity research, including race-related explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pierce
- a Department of Psychology , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | | | - Todd Lucas
- a Department of Psychology , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.,c Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.,d Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
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23
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Garey L, Manning K, Jardin C, Leventhal AM, Stone M, Raines AM, Pang RD, Neighbors C, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Smoking Consequences Questionnaire: A reevaluation of the psychometric properties across two independent samples of smokers. Psychol Assess 2017; 30:678-692. [PMID: 28782978 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug use outcome expectancies are a central construct to psychosocial theories of addictive disorders. In tobacco literature, the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (SCQ; Brandon & Baker, 1991) is a tool used to assess this construct. Despite its common use, the SCQ has received little psychometric evaluation. In the current report, samples from 2 studies were used to examine the assumed SCQ structure, develop a novel truncated scale, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the novel scale. In Study 1, the 4-factor SCQ structure was examined using data from 343 (32.4% female; Mage = 43.7; SD = 10.8) adult nontreatment-seeking smokers. Results from Study 1 indicated that the 4-factor SCQ structure did not adequately explain covariance between items. Instead, results provided evidence for a 5-factor structure that tapped into outcome expectancies related to (a) immediate negative consequences (IC), (b) long-term negative consequences (LTC), (c) sensory satisfaction (SS), (d) negative affect reduction, and (e) appetite-weight control (AW). In Study 2, the 5-factor structure of the SCQ was confirmed and the construct validity was evaluated in 582 (48.2% female; Mage = 36.9; SD = 13.5) treatment-seeking adult smokers. Study 2 found evidence for measurement invariance across sex and overtime of the 5-factor structure as well as substantial construct validity. Results from 2 independent samples challenge the traditional 4-factor model of the SCQ, and instead, provide evidence for a novel 5-factor SCQ structure with strong validity and reliability. Alternate scoring algorithms for the SCQ, including a 5-subscale scheme, warrant consideration to ensure optimal measurement precision and construct differentiation. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam M Leventhal
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California
| | - Matthew Stone
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California
| | | | - Raina D Pang
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California
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24
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Garey L, Jardin C, Kauffman BY, Sharp C, Neighbors C, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Psychometric evaluation of the Barriers to Cessation Scale. Psychol Assess 2017; 29:844-856. [PMID: 27736128 PMCID: PMC5311030 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Barriers to Cessation Scale (BCS; Macnee & Talsma, 1995a) was developed to assess global and specific perceived barriers that may interfere with the quit process. Although the BCS is widely used in the literature, little scientific work has been devoted to examining the psychometric properties of the measure. Thus, the present study sought to address this gap by evaluating the BCS in a sample of 497 treatment-seeking smokers. The current study examined the factor structure of the BCS, measurement invariance of the BCS subscales across sex and over 2 time points, and evaluated construct validity. Results indicated that the BCS was best modeled by a higher order factor structure wherein the originally proposed 3-factor solution (Addiction, External, and Internal) constituted the lower order and a global factor constituted the higher order factor. The higher order BCS structure demonstrated partial measurement invariance across sex and full measurement invariance from baseline to quit day among treatment seeking smokers. Additionally, expected relations were observed between the BCS subscales and similar and divergent constructs, and predictive validity was partially supported. The current findings provide novel empirical evidence that the BCS is a reliable measure of perceived barriers to smoking cessation across multiple domains and is related to several affective and smoking processes the may interfere with the process of quitting. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston
| | | | | | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston
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Bottorff JL, Oliffe JL, Sarbit G, Caperchione C, Clark M, Anand A, Howay K. Assessing the feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of an integrated approach to smoking cessation for new and expectant fathers: The Dads in Gear study protocol. Contemp Clin Trials 2017; 54:77-83. [PMID: 28088514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence related to the effects of tobacco exposure in pregnancy and on infant and child health have focused on women's smoking cessation. Less often addressed is men's smoking, which when continued in fatherhood, reduces the chances of female partners' cessation and can negatively impact children's health as well as men's health. Dads in Gear (DIG) is an innovative program designed specifically for new fathers who want to reduce and quit smoking that includes three components: smoking cessation, fathering, and physical activity. The over-arching purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of the DIG program and provide estimates of program efficacy. The purpose of this article is to describe the rationale and protocol for evaluating the DIG program's feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness. METHODS Using a prospective, non-comparative design, the DIG program will be implemented and evaluated in six communities. The program will be offered by trained facilitators to fathers who currently smoke and want to quit. The RE-AIM framework will guide the evaluation. Open-ended questions in participant surveys, and semi-structured interviews and weekly telephone de-briefs with facilitators will provide data for a process evaluation. Estimates of effectiveness include smoking behavior, fathering and physical activity measures at baseline, end of program, and 3-month follow up. CONCLUSION The DIG program could support positive changes with respect to smoking cessation, physical activity and overall health for men. These effects could also promote family health. The program might also provide an effective model for engaging men in other health behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Bottorff
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 223, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - John L Oliffe
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201-2211 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Gayl Sarbit
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 223, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada.
| | - Cristina Caperchione
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 360, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada.
| | - Marianne Clark
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 223, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada.
| | - Anima Anand
- The Bridge Youth and Family Services, #8-2604 Enterprise Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1X 7Y5, Canada.
| | - Kym Howay
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 223, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada.
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Tarren JR, Bartlett SE. Alcohol and nicotine interactions: pre-clinical models of dependence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 43:146-154. [PMID: 27740856 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1197232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While the co-morbidity of alcohol (ethanol) and tobacco (nicotine) dependence is well described, the processes that underpin this strong connection are still under debate. With the increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), it is now becoming more important to look to the neurobiological mechanisms involving alcohol and nicotine interactions to effectively treat a new generation of co-dependent individuals. Researchers have already recognized that the neuropathology produced by the combination of nicotine and ethanol is likely to produce an addictive nature very different to that of either one alone, and are employing a mixture of pre-clinical techniques to establish and investigate every stage in the development of both nicotine and ethanol-seeking behaviors. While it is agreed that multiple pathways orchestrate the complex reward profile of alcohol and nicotine co-addiction, several lines of evidence suggest the convergent site of action is within the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). A whole host of strategies are currently being employed to discover and unravel previously unknown or ill understood neurobiological processes in the brain, contributing greatly toward the development of novel pharmacotherapies with the aim of improving patient outcomes. This review intends to shed some light on the most influential and most recent pre-clinical work that is leading the charge in modeling this complicated relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine R Tarren
- a Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Woolloongabba , QLD , Australia
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- a Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Woolloongabba , QLD , Australia
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Tidey JW, Pacek LR, Koopmeiners JS, Vandrey R, Nardone N, Drobes DJ, Benowitz NL, Dermody SS, Lemieux A, Denlinger RL, Cassidy R, al'Absi M, Hatsukami DK, Donny EC. Effects of 6-Week Use of Reduced-Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With and Without Elevated Depressive Symptoms. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 19:59-67. [PMID: 27613885 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FDA recently acquired regulatory authority over tobacco products, leading to renewed interest in whether reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes would reduce tobacco dependence in the United States. Given the association between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking, it is important to consider whether smokers with elevated depressive symptoms experience unique benefits or negative consequences of nicotine reduction. METHODS In this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial that examined the effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content over a 6-week period in non-treatment-seeking smokers, we used linear regression to examine whether baseline depressive symptom severity (scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]) moderated the effects of reduced-nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes, relative to normal-nicotine content (NNC) cigarettes, on smoking rates, depressive symptom severity, and related subjective and physiological measures. RESULTS Of the 717 participants included in this analysis, 109 (15.2%) had CES-D scores ≥ 16, indicative of possible clinical depression. Relative to NNC cigarettes, RNC cigarettes reduced smoking rates, nicotine dependence, and cigarette craving, and these effects were not significantly moderated by baseline CES-D score. A significant interaction between baseline CES-D score and cigarette condition on week 6 CES-D score was observed (p < .05); among those with CES-D scores ≥ 16 at baseline, those assigned to RNC cigarettes had lower week 6 CES-D scores than those assigned to NNC cigarettes. Among those in the lowest nicotine content conditions, biochemically confirmed compliance with the RNC cigarettes was associated with an increase in CES-D score for those with baseline CES-D scores < 16 and no change in CES-D score for those with baseline CES-D scores ≥ 16. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide initial evidence that a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes may reduce smoking, without worsening depressive symptoms, among smokers with elevated depressive symptoms. IMPLICATIONS This secondary analysis of a recent clinical trial examined whether depressive symptom severity moderated the effects of reduced-nicotine cigarettes on smoking and depressive symptoms. Results indicate that, regardless of baseline depressive symptoms, participants randomized to reduced-nicotine cigarettes had lower smoking rates, nicotine intake, nicotine dependence, and craving at week 6 post-randomization than those assigned to normal-nicotine cigarettes. In participants with higher baseline depressive symptoms, those assigned to reduced-nicotine cigarettes had lower week 6 depressive symptoms than those assigned to normal-nicotine cigarettes. These results suggest that a nicotine reduction policy could have beneficial effects for smokers, regardless of depressive symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI;
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Natalie Nardone
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David J Drobes
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sarah S Dermody
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrine Lemieux
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School-Duluth, Duluth, MN
| | | | - Rachel Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School-Duluth, Duluth, MN
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Johnson AL, McLeish AC. The indirect effect of emotion dysregulation in terms of negative affect and smoking-related cognitive processes. Addict Behav 2016; 53:187-92. [PMID: 26562677 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although negative affect is associated with a number of smoking-related cognitive processes, the mechanisms underlying these associations have yet to be examined. The current study sought to examine the indirect effect of emotion regulation difficulties in terms of the association between negative affect and smoking-related cognitive processes (internal barriers to cessation, negative affect reduction smoking motives, negative affect reduction smoking outcome expectancies). METHOD Participants were 126 daily cigarette smokers (70.4% male, Mage=36.5years, SD=13.0; 69.8% Caucasian) who smoked an average of 18.5 (SD=8.7) cigarettes per day and reported moderate nicotine dependence. RESULTS Formal mediation analyses were conducted using PROCESS to examine the indirect effect of negative affect on internal barriers to cessation and negative affect reduction smoking motives and outcome expectancies through emotion regulation difficulties. After accounting for the effects of gender, daily smoking rate, and anxiety sensitivity, negative affect was indirectly related to internal barriers to cessation and negative affect reduction smoking motives through emotion regulation difficulties. There was no significant indirect effect for negative affect reduction smoking outcome expectancies. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that greater negative affect is associated with a desire to smoke to reduce this negative affect and perceptions that quitting smoking will be difficult due to negative emotions because of greater difficulties managing these negative emotions. Thus, emotion regulation difficulties may be an important target for smoking cessation interventions.
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Leventhal AM, Trujillo M, Ameringer KJ, Tidey JW, Sussman S, Kahler CW. Anhedonia and the relative reward value of drug and nondrug reinforcers in cigarette smokers. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 123:375-86. [PMID: 24886011 DOI: 10.1037/a0036384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia-a psychopathologic trait indicative of diminished interest, pleasure, and enjoyment-has been linked to use of and addiction to several substances, including tobacco. We hypothesized that anhedonic drug users develop an imbalance in the relative reward value of drug versus nondrug reinforcers, which could maintain drug use behavior. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether anhedonia predicted the tendency to choose an immediate drug reward (i.e., smoking) over a less immediate nondrug reward (i.e., money) in a laboratory study of non-treatment-seeking adult cigarette smokers. Participants (N = 275, ≥10 cigarettes/day) attended a baseline visit that involved anhedonia assessment followed by 2 counterbalanced experimental visits: (a) after 16-hr smoking abstinence and (b) nonabstinent. At both experimental visits, participants completed self-report measures of mood state followed by a behavioral smoking task, which measured 2 aspects of the relative reward value of smoking versus money: (1) latency to initiate smoking when delaying smoking was monetarily rewarded and (2) willingness to purchase individual cigarettes. Results indicated that higher anhedonia predicted quicker smoking initiation and more cigarettes purchased. These relations were partially mediated by low positive and high negative mood states assessed immediately prior to the smoking task. Abstinence amplified the extent to which anhedonia predicted cigarette consumption among those who responded to the abstinence manipulation, but not the entire sample. Anhedonia may bias motivation toward smoking over alternative reinforcers, perhaps by giving rise to poor acute mood states. An imbalance in the reward value assigned to drug versus nondrug reinforcers may link anhedonia-related psychopathology to drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Michael Trujillo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Katherine J Ameringer
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
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Reid HH, Ledgerwood DM. Depressive symptoms affect changes in nicotine withdrawal and smoking urges throughout smoking cessation treatment: Preliminary results. ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY 2015; 24:48-53. [PMID: 27547173 PMCID: PMC4988686 DOI: 10.3109/16066359.2015.1060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who report more depressive symptoms consistently demonstrate higher rates of nicotine dependence and less successful smoking cessation than do individuals who report fewer depressive symptoms. Nicotine withdrawal and smoking urges are two potential factors that may account for the differences observed between these two groups. This study assessed whether elevated depression symptoms among nicotine dependent smokers are associated with changes in withdrawal and urges to smoke when undergoing smoking cessation treatment. METHOD Data on 81 nicotine dependent smokers were collected as part of a smoking cessation randomized trial that compared standard and contingency management treatment across one baseline week and four treatment weeks. Linear mixed model analyses were conducted with high and low depression scores predicting changes in withdrawal and urge ratings from a baseline week and four treatment weeks. RESULTS Participants with elevated depression symptoms reported more intense nicotine withdrawal and smoking urges throughout treatment. Further, participants with greater depressive symptoms exhibited an increase in smoking urges at the start of treatment, compared with a gradual decline in urges among participants with fewer depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Smokers with elevated depressive symptoms experience significantly elevated discomfort during smoking cessation efforts in the form of increased withdrawal and craving. This discomfort has the potential to make quitting smoking more difficult. Clinical Trial Identifier: NCT00865254.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly H. Reid
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David M. Ledgerwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Ciccolo JT, Williams DM, Dunsiger SI, Whitworth JW, McCullough AK, Bock BB, Marcus BH, Myerson M. Efficacy of Resistance Training as an Aid to Smoking Cessation: Rationale and Design of the Strength To Quit Study. Ment Health Phys Act 2014; 7:95-103. [PMID: 25157265 PMCID: PMC4141705 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent declines in the rates of cigarette smoking, smoking remains prevalent among individuals with lower income, less education, and those with mental illness or HIV. Exercise is promoted as an aid to smoking cessation; however, the evidence for this recommendation is equivocal. To date, the majority of studies have only examined aerobic exercise; there is a poor understanding of the mechanisms of action; and there is an under-representation of male smokers. The goal of this trial is to produce new data that will help to address each of these gaps. A total of 206 male and female smokers will receive a brief smoking cessation education session prior to being randomized into a 12-week Resistance Training (RT) or Wellness Contact Control group. Both groups will have the option of using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and both will meet on-site twice per week during the 12-week program (24 total sessions). Follow-up assessments will occur at the end of the 12-weeks (3-month), and at a 6-month and 12-month (post-randomization) visit. Participants will not receive any additional smoking cessation treatment during follow-up; however, the RT group will receive a 9-month membership to a fitness center to encourage continued resistance training as a way to maintain cessation, and attendance will be tracked. The primary outcome is salivary-cotinine-verified 7-Day Point Prevalence Abstinence (PPA) at the 3-month assessment, and at the 6 and 12-month follow-ups. Secondary outcomes include effects of resistance training on nicotine withdrawal symptoms, indicators of mental health, and markers of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Ciccolo
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David M. Williams
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, School of Public Health, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 167 Point Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Shira I. Dunsiger
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, School of Public Health, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, 167 Point Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - James W. Whitworth
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Aston K. McCullough
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Beth B. Bock
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, 167 Point Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 167 Point Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Bess H. Marcus
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, U.C. San Diego Health Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, 0628, La Jolla, CA. 92093, USA
| | - Merle Myerson
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Mount Sinai St. Luke’s and Roosevelt Hospital, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025, USA
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Leventhal AM, Piper ME, Japuntich SJ, Baker TB, Cook JW. Anhedonia, depressed mood, and smoking cessation outcome. J Consult Clin Psychol 2013; 82:122-9. [PMID: 24219183 DOI: 10.1037/a0035046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the relation between lifetime depression and smoking cessation outcome has been well studied, the proposition that different symptomatic expressions of depression exert disparate predictive effects on risk of smoking cessation failure has largely gone uninvestigated. This study analyzed the individual contributions of depression's 2 hallmark affective symptoms, anhedonia (i.e., diminished interest in normally enjoyable activities) and depressed mood (i.e., elevated sadness), to the prediction of smoking cessation outcome. METHOD Participants were adult daily smokers (N = 1,469; mean age = 45 years, 58% female, 84% White) enrolled in a smoking cessation treatment study. Lifetime history of anhedonia and depressed mood were classified via structured interview prior to quit day. Seven-day point prevalence smoking abstinence was assessed at 8 weeks and 6 months postquit. RESULTS When examined separately, both lifetime anhedonia, OR (95% CI) = 1.42 (1.16, 1.73), p = .004, and depressed mood, OR (95% CI) = 1.35 (1.11, 1.63), p = .002, predicted increased odds of relapse. These relations remained after adjusting for covariates, including lifetime depressive disorder, which did not predict outcome. After controlling for the covariation between lifetime anhedonia and depressed mood, anhedonia predicted cessation outcome, OR (95% CI) = 1.31 (1.05, 1.62), p = .02, while depressed mood did not (p = .19). Symptom duration (>2 weeks), treatment, and substance use disorder did not modify relations of lifetime anhedonia and depressed mood with cessation outcome. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that (1) symptoms of affective disturbance capture depression-relevant risk of cessation failure, which is not adequately demarcated by the lifetime depressive disorder diagnosis, and (2) anhedonia is a more sensitive index of this affective disturbance than depressed mood per se. Clinical attention to anhedonia may facilitate smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Megan E Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | | | - Timothy B Baker
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Jessica W Cook
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
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