1
|
Wang Y, Miguel C, Ciharova M, Amarnath A, Lin J, Zhao R, Toffolo MBJ, Struijs SY, de Wit LM, Cuijpers P. The effectiveness of psychological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published over last 30 years. Psychol Med 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39238197 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous studies have examined the effects of psychological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), their overall effectiveness remains unclear. We aimed to estimate their overall effect by combining all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing psychological treatments to control groups for OCD. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of 48 RCTs with 55 comparisons published between 1992 and 1 January 2023. The primary outcome was OCD symptom severity, with Hedges' g calculated at post-treatment and follow-up. Random-effects models were employed for all analyses, and the risk of bias was assessed. RESULTS In general, psychological treatments demonstrated a significantly large effect (g = -1.14; 95% CI [-1.31 to -0.97]; I2 = 72.23%) on reducing OCD symptom severity post-treatment, this finding remained consistent across measures and after excluding outliers, but lost significance in the sensitivity analysis for only studies with low risk of bias. Type of treatment, control group and treatment format were associated with treatment effects. Moreover, more severe baseline OCD symptom severity predicted higher degree of treatment efficacy. No significant differences were observed in dropout rates between the treatment and control groups. Treatment effects lost significance at 3-6 and 6-12 month follow-ups. 87% of RCTs were rated at high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS Psychological treatments are effective in reducing OCD symptom severity. However, caution should be exercised when interpreting these results due to the high heterogeneity and risk of bias across RCTs. Future studies with more rigorous methodology are required, as well as studies examining their long-term effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Miguel
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marketa Ciharova
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arpana Amarnath
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Lin
- The Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke B J Toffolo
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sascha Y Struijs
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonore M de Wit
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Babeș-Bolyai University, International Institute for Psychotherapy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Falkenstein MJ, Kelley KN, Martin HS, Kuckertz JM, Coppersmith D, Bezahler A, Narine K, Beard C, Webb CA. Multi-method assessment of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among patients in treatment for OCD and related disorders. Psychiatry Res 2024; 333:115740. [PMID: 38237537 PMCID: PMC10922745 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) are associated with increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), yet research characterizing suicidality in OCRDs remains limited. A major challenge in assessing STBs is the reliance on explicit self-report. This study utilized multi-method assessment to examine changes in both implicit and explicit STBs in 31 adults receiving partial/residential treatment for OCRDs. Assessments were administered at admission and weekly during treatment. Approximately three-quarters of participants reported lifetime suicidal thoughts, with 16 % reporting a prior suicide attempt. OCD severity was significantly correlated with lifetime suicidal thoughts, and was significantly higher for those with lifetime suicidal thoughts and prior attempts compared to those without. Implicit biases towards death were not associated with OCD severity, and did not predict explicitly endorsed STBs. This is the first study to measure both explicit and implicit STBs in adults with OCRDs. Limitations included small sample size and lack of racial/ethnic diversity. Given the majority had recent suicidal thoughts and one in six had a prior attempt, we emphasize the importance of STB assessment in OCD treatment settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha J Falkenstein
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States.
| | - Kara N Kelley
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, United States
| | - Heather S Martin
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, United States
| | - Jennie M Kuckertz
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | | | - Andreas Bezahler
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, United States
| | - Kevin Narine
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, United States
| | - Courtney Beard
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Christian A Webb
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smárason O, Boedeker PJ, Guzick AG, Tendler A, Sheth SA, Goodman WK, Storch EA. Depressive symptoms during deep transcranial magnetic stimulation or sham treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:466-472. [PMID: 37852581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that depressive symptoms tend to improve concurrently with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms during cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), despite depression not being the primary target of intervention. Studies examining the temporal or mediational relationships of OCD and depressive symptoms have indicated a bidirectional relationship, as prior levels of OCD symptoms influenced subsequent levels of depression, and vice versa. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) has recently emerged as a treatment option for OCD. Whether dTMS affects depression symptoms similarly to CBT remains to be examined. METHODS The current study employed a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to examine the relationship of OCD and depression symptoms in 94 treatment refractory patients, undergoing dTMS or sham treatment. RESULTS Both OCD and depression symptoms improved significantly. However, a stable, cross-lagged relationship between the variables was not supported. Changes in one symptom domain could not be used to predict the other. LIMITATIONS The present study was conducted in a treatment refractory population, meaning the present findings may not generalize to treatment naïve patients or those with less severe OCD symptoms. It is unclear whether the study was sufficiently powered to detect the effects of interest, and this concern also meant that examining the dTMS and sham groups independently was not feasible. CONCLUSIONS When treating OCD with dTMS, depression symptoms appear likely to diminish but should be monitored throughout, and additional interventions applied if needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orri Smárason
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Peter J Boedeker
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew G Guzick
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aron Tendler
- BrainsWay Ltd., 19 Hartum St., Jerusalem 9777518, Israel
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wayne K Goodman
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric A Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Riddle DB, Guzick A, Minhajuddin A, Smárason O, Armstrong GM, Slater H, Mayes TL, Goodman LC, Baughn DL, Martin SL, Wakefield SM, Blader J, Brown R, Goodman WK, Trivedi MH, Storch EA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in youth and young adults with depression: Clinical characteristics of comorbid presentations. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2023; 38:100820. [PMID: 37521713 PMCID: PMC10373162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders are highly comorbid, and each contribute to significant functional impairment for affected youth. Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed youth have been associated with greater depressive symptom severity and impairment, but the impact of comorbid OCD in this population remains unclear. Accordingly, the present study examined the differential clinical characteristics of youth with depression and comorbid OCD relative to age/gender matched depressed youth with no such comorbidity and to those with depression and a comorbid (non-OCD) anxiety disorder. A sample of 797 youth and young adults ages 8-20 years who met diagnostic criteria for depression alone, depression with co-occurring OCD or any anxiety disorder were included in the present study. Rates of comorbid anxiety and OCD were very high (60.5% and 15.5%, respectively). Relative to youth with only depression, depressed youth with comorbid OCD or anxiety had greater severity of depression, suicidality, and overall impairment in social, physical, and emotional functioning. These results highlight the contribution of OCD or anxiety comorbidity in more complex clinical presentations for depressed youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Riddle
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Guzick
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abu Minhajuddin
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Orri Smárason
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Armstrong
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Holli Slater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Taryn L Mayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lynnel C Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Denise L Baughn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sarah M Wakefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Blader
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wayne K Goodman
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eric A Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spencer SD, Stiede JT, Wiese AD, Guzick AG, Cervin M, McKay D, Storch EA. Things that make you go Hmm: Myths and misconceptions within cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2023; 37:100805. [PMID: 37193037 PMCID: PMC10168610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The past four decades have yielded a robust body of evidence supporting the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as a gold-standard treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) across the lifespan. Exposure and response prevention (E/RP) has been identified as a key component of this approach. Despite robust research support for CBT with E/RP, several myths and misconceptions continue to proliferate in both research and practice settings. Such myths and misconceptions are concerning, as they lack empirical basis, may hinder widespread dissemination and implementation of CBT for OCD, and run contrary to the practice of evidence-based psychological medicine. Focusing on the importance of promoting evidence-based practice and generative clinical science, the present review article synthesizes relevant research within the field of treatments for OCD to address the following myths / misconceptions: (a) uncertainty exists concerning the evidence base supporting CBT for OCD, (b) E/RP attrition and dropout rates are unacceptably high due to excessive risk and perceived patient intolerability, and (c) alternative treatments for OCD need to be expeditiously developed due to major limitations of E/RP. Recommendations for future research and clinical dissemination and implementation to further advance a generative clinical science of OCD treatment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Spencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan T. Stiede
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew D. Wiese
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew G. Guzick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matti Cervin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund Sweden
| | - Dean McKay
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eric A. Storch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Belli GM, Law C, Mancebo M, Eisen J, Rasmussen S, Boisseau CL. Directionality of change in obsessive compulsive disorder and depression over six years of prospective follow-up. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 157:162-167. [PMID: 36470197 PMCID: PMC9898122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is often comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) yet little is known about the directionality of the association between OCD and depression symptoms. We aim to investigate the effect OCD symptoms has on depression symptoms and vice versa over an extended period of time. This is one of the first longitudinal studies to evaluate the relationship between OCD and depression in a large clinical sample. Participants (n = 324) were treatment-seeking adults with a primary diagnosis of OCD. OCD and depression symptoms were assessed annually over the six-year follow-up period. Random intercepts cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) were conducted to compare unidirectional and bidirectional models over time. The best-fitting and most parsimonious model included paths with OCD symptoms predicting depression symptoms, but not vice versa. OCD symptom severity in a given year predicted next year depression severity. However, depression severity did not predict next-year OCD symptom severity in this sample. Our results suggest that depression severity may be secondary to OCD symptoms and treating OCD should be prioritized over treating depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Belli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clara Law
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Mancebo
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jane Eisen
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Steven Rasmussen
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christina L Boisseau
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Assessing response, remission, and treatment resistance in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without tic disorders: results from a multicenter study. CNS Spectr 2022; 27:747-753. [PMID: 34528504 DOI: 10.1017/s109285292100081x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highlighting the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorder (TD), two highly disabling, comorbid, and difficult-to-treat conditions, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) acknowledged a new "tic-related" specifier for OCD, ie, obsessive-compulsive tic-related disorder (OCTD). As patients with OCTD may frequently show poor treatment response, the aim of this multicenter study was to investigate rates and clinical correlates of response, remission, and treatment resistance in a large multicenter sample of OCD patients with versus without tics. METHODS A sample of 398 patients with a DSM-5 diagnosis of OCD with and without comorbid TD was assessed from 10 different psychiatric departments across Italy. For the purpose of the study, treatment response profiles in the whole sample were analyzed comparing the rates of response, remission, and treatment-resistance as well as related clinical features. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify possible factors associated with treatment response. RESULTS The remission group was associated with later ages of onset of TD and OCD. Moreover, significantly higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities, TD, and lifetime suicidal ideation and attempts emerged in the treatment-resistant group, with larger degrees of perceived worsened quality of life and family involvement. CONCLUSIONS Although remission was associated with later ages of OCD and TD onset, specific clinical factors, such as early onset and presence of psychiatric comorbidities and concomitant TD, predicted a worse treatment response with a significant impairment in quality of life for both patients and their caregivers, suggesting a worse profile of treatment response for patients with OCTD.
Collapse
|
8
|
Canavan R. Recognition rates, treatment recommendations and stigma attributions for clients presenting with taboo intrusive thoughts: A vignette‐based survey of psychotherapists. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Réamonn Canavan
- Dublin Business School Dublin 2 Ireland
- Mind and Body Works Galway Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article describes the phenomenology and clinical presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a common but underdiagnosed psychiatric disorder. Guidance for effectively identifying obsessive-compulsive symptoms is provided, and treatment options, including psychotherapy, pharmacologic management, and neuromodulation approaches for treatment-resistant OCD, are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS OCD affects 2% to 3% of adults worldwide and is associated with substantial individual disability and societal costs. Lack of recognition of common OCD symptom types, in addition to shame and fear of stigma on the part of patients, has created an average delay in diagnosis by almost 10 years and a delay in effective treatment (ie, a treatment gap) of nearly 2 years. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), specifically a form of CBT that includes a type of behavioral intervention called exposure and response prevention, remains the most effective form of treatment for OCD. If CBT is not effective or not available, pharmacologic treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or clomipramine, a nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, can also be of benefit. Neuromodulation approaches such as deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation are rapidly emerging as effective treatments for OCD, particularly for patients who have not experienced an adequate response to psychotherapy or pharmacologic management. SUMMARY OCD affects more than one in every 50 adults in the United States but is recognized and adequately treated in fewer than half of those affected. Early intervention and appropriate treatment can substantially reduce OCD symptom severity, improve quality of life, and minimize the functional disability associated with this chronic and often debilitating illness.
Collapse
|
10
|
Metacognitions and Obsessive Beliefs in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: A Study of Within- and Between-Person Effects on Long-Term Outcome. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Cooper SE, Dunsmoor JE. Fear conditioning and extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:75-94. [PMID: 34314751 PMCID: PMC8429207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments using fear conditioning and extinction protocols help lay the groundwork for designing, testing, and optimizing innovative treatments for anxiety-related disorders. Yet, there is limited basic research on fear conditioning and extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This is surprising because exposure-based treatments based on associative learning principles are among the most popular and effective treatment options for OCD. Here, we systematically review and critically assess existing aversive conditioning and extinction studies of OCD. Across 12 studies, there was moderate evidence that OCD is associated with abnormal acquisition of conditioned responses that differ from comparison groups. There was relatively stronger evidence of OCD's association with impaired extinction processes. This included multiple studies finding elevated conditioned responses during extinction learning and poorer threat/safety discrimination during recall, although a minority of studies yielded results inconsistent with this conclusion. Overall, the conditioning model holds value for OCD research, but more work is necessary to clarify emerging patterns of results and increase clinical translational utility to the level seen in other anxiety-related disorders. We detail limitations in the literature and suggest next steps, including modeling OCD with more complex conditioning methodology (e.g., semantic/conceptual generalization, avoidance) and improving individual-differences assessment with dimensional techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bürkle JJ, Fendel JC, Schmidt S. Mindfulness-based and acceptance-based programmes in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050329. [PMID: 34172553 PMCID: PMC8237723 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention is the recommended standard for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, a high proportion of patients refuse this treatment, do not respond or relapse shortly after treatment. Growing evidence suggests that mindfulness-based and acceptance-based programmes (MABPs) are an effective option for the treatment of OCD. This systematic review and meta-analysis will examine the effectiveness of MABPs in treating OCD. We also aimed to explore potential moderators of the programmes' effectiveness. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will systematically search MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, PSYINDEX, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (no language restrictions) for studies that evaluate the effect of MABPs on patients with OCD. We will conduct backward and forward citation searches of included studies and relevant reviews and contact corresponding authors. The primary outcome will be pre-post intervention change in symptom severity. A secondary outcome will be change in depressive symptoms. Two reviewers will independently screen the records, extract the data and rate the methodological quality of the studies. We will include both controlled and uncontrolled trials. Randomised controlled trials will be meta-analysed, separately assessing between-group effects. A second meta-analysis will assess the within-group effect of all eligible studies. We will explore moderators and sources of heterogeneity such as the specific programme, study design, changes in depressive symptoms, hours of guided treatment, control condition and prior therapy (eg, CBT) using metaregression and subgroup analyses. We will perform sensitivity analyses using follow-up data. A narrative synthesis will also be pursued. We will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to assess the quality of the evidence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Caspar Fendel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garey L, Wirtz MR, Labbe AK, Zvolensky MJ, Smits JAJ, Giordano TP, Rosenfield D, Robbins GK, Levy DE, McKetchnie SM, Bell T, O'Cleirigh C. Evaluation of an integrated treatment to address smoking cessation and anxiety/depressive symptoms among people living with HIV: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 106:106420. [PMID: 33933667 PMCID: PMC10080995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions that target anxiety/depressive symptoms in the context of smoking treatment have shown promise irrespective of psychiatric diagnosis. Yet, these tailored treatments are largely absent for persons who smoke and are living with HIV (SLWH). OBJECTIVE To evaluate a novel, smoking cessation intervention that addresses anxiety/depression and HIV-related health (QUIT) against a time-matched control (TMC) and a standard of care (SOC) condition. METHODS SLWH (N = 180) will be recruited and enrolled from 3 medical clinics in Boston, MA, and Houston, TX. The trial will consist of a baseline assessment, a 10-week intervention/assessment period, and follow-up assessments, accounting for a total study duration of approximately 8 months. All participants will complete a baseline visit and a pre-randomization standardized psychoeducation visit, and will then be randomized to one of three conditions: QUIT, TMC, or SOC. QUIT and TMC will consist of nine 60-min, cognitive behavioral therapy-based, individual weekly counseling sessions using standard smoking cessation counseling; additionally, QUIT will target anxiety and depressive symptoms by addressing underlying mechanisms related to mood and quit difficulty. SOC participants will complete weekly self-report surveys for nine weeks. All participants will be encouraged to quit at Session 7 and will be offered nicotine replacement therapy to help. CONCLUSIONS QUIT is designed to improve smoking cessation in SLWH by addressing anxiety and depression and HIV-related health issues. If successful, the QUIT intervention would be ready for implementation and dissemination into "real-world" behavioral health and social service settings consistent with the four objectives outlined in NIDA's Strategic Plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Megan R Wirtz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Allison K Labbe
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jasper A J Smits
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Thomas P Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Gregory K Robbins
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Douglas E Levy
- Mongan Institute Health Policy Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Samantha M McKetchnie
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tanisha Bell
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thompson BL, Twohig MP, Luoma JB. Psychological Flexibility as Shared Process of Change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Exposure and Response Prevention for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Single Case Design Study. Behav Ther 2021; 52:286-297. [PMID: 33622500 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in psychological flexibility were tracked in a combined protocol of exposure and response prevention (ERP) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for adults with OCD to assess if changes in psychological flexibility processes were unique to ACT intervention (e.g., not impacted by ERP). Using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design, four participants received sessions of ERP and ACT while data was collected on psychological flexibility processes of change and OCD symptom severity. Results indicate treatment response for three of four participants based on OCD scores. Contrary to predictions, data suggest both ERP and ACT have positive effects on psychological flexibility. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to recent research on ACT and ERP for OCD. This study also illustrates a type of research design that can be accomplished in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason B Luoma
- Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research, & Training Center
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ferreira S, Pêgo JM, Morgado P. A Systematic Review of Behavioral, Physiological, and Neurobiological Cognitive Regulation Alterations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E797. [PMID: 33138023 PMCID: PMC7692269 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by cognitive regulation deficits. However, the current literature has focused on executive functioning and emotional response impairments in this disorder. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the behavioral, physiological, and neurobiological alterations in cognitive regulation in obsessive-compulsive patients using the PubMed database. Most of the studies included explored behavioral (distress, arousal, and frequency of intrusive thoughts) and neurobiological measures (brain activity and functional connectivity) using affective cognitive regulation paradigms. Our results pointed to the advantageous use of reappraisal and acceptance strategies in contrast to suppression to reduce distress and frequency of intrusive thoughts. Moreover, we observed alterations in frontoparietal network activity during cognitive regulation. Our conclusions are limited by the inclusion of underpowered studies with treated patients. Nonetheless, our findings support the OCD impairments in cognitive regulation of emotion and might help to improve current guidelines for cognitive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.F.); (J.M.P.)
- ICVS-3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Pêgo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.F.); (J.M.P.)
- ICVS-3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.F.); (J.M.P.)
- ICVS-3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center-Braga (2CA), 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bakhshaie J, Geller DA, Wilhelm S, McGuire JF, Small BJ, Cepeda SL, Schneider SC, Murphy TK, Porth R, Storch EA. Temporal precedence of the change in obsessive-compulsive symptoms and change in depressive symptoms during exposure and response prevention for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorders. Behav Res Ther 2020; 133:103697. [PMID: 32822898 PMCID: PMC9547150 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the temporal precedence of change in obsessive-compulsive symptoms and change in depressive symptoms during the course of an Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) for pediatric OCD. Participants included 142 children and adolescents (7-17 years; mean age = 12.39, SD = 2.92; 51.40% female; 60.40% Non-Hispanic White) with a primary or co-primary diagnosis of OCD who received ERP in a two-site randomized controlled trial on d-cycloserine augmentation of CBT for pediatric OCD. Participants completed clinician-administered assessments of OC symptoms (Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale) and depressive symptoms (Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised) from baseline to post-treatment follow-up. Lagged mediational analyses did not yield evidence in support of a mediating role for the change in OC symptoms in the effect of ERP on the change in depressive symptoms. In contrast, change in depressive symptoms mediated the effect of ERP treatment on the subsequent change in OC symptoms (95% confidence interval for indirect effect = -0.04 to -0.001), though the effect size was small. Controlling for the prior levels of the depressive symptoms this indirect effect became non-significant. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings for the youth with OCD and comorbid depression are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Bakhshaie
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd, Suite 400, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Daniel A Geller
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Harvard University Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Harvard University Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joseph F McGuire
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Brent J Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Sandra L Cepeda
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd, Suite 400, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sophie C Schneider
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd, Suite 400, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tanya K Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, 2 Tampa General Cir, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, 3515 E Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA; Johns Hopkins Medicine All Children's Hospital, 501 6th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Rachel Porth
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Eric A Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd, Suite 400, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kart A, Yucens B. Personality Beliefs in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: How Are They Related to Symptom Severity? Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:822-828. [PMID: 32750759 PMCID: PMC7449831 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and personality disorders (PDs) is frequent but there are conflicting findings about which PDs are the most common. This study aimed to investigate the personality beliefs that exist on a more pathological level among OCD patients, to explore the association between personality beliefs and OCD severity, and to clarify the mediator effect of depression in this relationship. METHODS 202 OCD patients and 76 healthy controls with similar sociodemographic features were included in the study. The Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form was administered to both groups. The Yale-Brown Obsessions and Compulsions Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were administered only to the clinical sample. RESULTS The dependent, histrionic, paranoid, borderline, and avoidant personality subscale scores were significantly higher in the OCD group than in the control group. There was an association only between OCD severity and narcissistic personality beliefs, also depression mediated the relationship between narcissistic personality and OCD severity. CONCLUSION Some personality beliefs at a pathological level are more common among OCD patients. Personality beliefs, as well as depression, should be routinely assessed, as they may affect OCD severity, help-seeking behavior, and response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Kart
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Mental and Nervous Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bengu Yucens
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fang A, Steketee G, Keshaviah A, Didie E, Phillips KA, Wilhelm S. Mechanisms of Change in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020; 44:596-610. [PMID: 38031584 PMCID: PMC10686577 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is highly efficacious for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), not all patients benefit, and mechanisms underlying response remain unknown. In this first report of the mechanisms underlying improvement with CBT for BDD, we examined whether cognitive (maladaptive beliefs, perfectionism, schemas) and behavioral (checking, grooming, avoidance behaviors) changes mediate the effect of CBT on BDD symptom reduction. Forty-five participants with BDD who enrolled in a CBT for BDD treatment development study were included in two sets of analyses: (1) between-subject mediation of the effect of 12 weeks of CBT versus waitlist, and (2) within-subject mediation of longitudinal change in BDD symptom severity during 24 weeks of CBT. No significant mediators emerged in the between-subject analysis. Checking, grooming, avoidance behaviors, and maladaptive beliefs mediated within-subject improvements over time. Findings suggest that BDD symptom reduction occurs through the very mechanisms that have been hypothesized to maintain BDD in CBT models. Targeting certain cognitive (beliefs about appearance) and behavioral (checking, grooming, and avoidance behaviors) mechanisms in future treatment trials may enhance symptom improvement during CBT. National Clinical Trials Registration Identifier # NCT00106223.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gail Steketee
- School of Social Work, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Didie
- Butler Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Katharine A. Phillips
- Butler Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Falkenstein MJ, Schreck M, Potluri S, Nota JA, Kelley KN, Beard C, Elias JA. Longitudinal Relations of Obsessive Beliefs, Obsessions, and Compulsions During Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
20
|
Tibi L, van Oppen P, van Balkom AJLM, Eikelenboom M, Emmelkamp PMG, Anholt GE. Predictors of treatment outcome in OCD: An interpersonal perspective. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 68:102153. [PMID: 31704634 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although effective treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are increasingly available, a considerable percentage of patients fails to respond or relapses. Predictors associated with improved outcome of OCD were identified. However, information on interpersonal determinants is lacking. This study investigated the contribution of attachment style and expressed emotion to the outcome of exposure and response prevention (ERP), while accounting for previously documented intrapersonal (i.e., symptom severity and personality pathology) predictors. Using logistic regression analyses and multi-level modeling, we examined predictors of treatment completion and outcome among 118 adult OCD patients who entered ERP. We assessed outcome at post treatment, and at four and 13 months from treatment completion. OCD baseline severity and fearful attachment style emerged as the main moderators of treatment outcome. Severe and fearfully attached patients were more likely to dropout prematurely. The improvement of fearful clients was attenuated throughout treatment and follow-up compared to non-fearful clients. However, their symptom worsening at the long-term was also mitigated. Severe OCD patients had a more rapid symptom reduction during treatment and at follow-up, compared to less severe clients. The findings suggest that both baseline OCD severity and fearful attachment style play a role in the long-term outcome of ERP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Tibi
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Patricia van Oppen
- Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton J L M van Balkom
- Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Merijn Eikelenboom
- Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M G Emmelkamp
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gideon E Anholt
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ong CW, Graves K, Berry MS, Odum AL, Twohig MP. Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Are Associated With Increased Delay Discounting in a Novel Hand-Washing Task. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 19:136-149. [PMID: 31552288 DOI: 10.1037/bar0000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting is a theoretical framework for assessing impulsivity characterized by a tendency to choose SSRs over LLRs. Despite the potential therapeutic value of targeting impulsive choice in the context of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, little research has been done to examine the link between the 2. In the present study, we examined the role of impulsivity in OC symptoms using a monetary and novel hand-washing delay-discounting task. Participants completed both delay-discounting procedures, as well as the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R; Foa et al.,2002). Participants who showed steeper delay discounting in the monetary discounting task also tended to discount steeply in the washing task. In addition, participants showed significantly more delay discounting in the washing than in the monetary task, suggesting contextual control over impulsive behavior. Further, participants with washing compulsions demonstrated greater delay discounting on the washing task than those without washing compulsions. Higher scores on the Washing subscale of the OCI-R uniquely predicted delay discounting in the washing task at a level of marginal significance. Our findings suggest that impulsivity may be implicated in OC symptoms, and indicate the need for a more precise conceptualization of the relationship between impulsivity and compulsivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meredith S Berry
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Amy L Odum
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Meng FQ, Han HY, Luo J, Liu J, Liu ZR, Tang Y, Hou X, Wei J, Shi LL, Tang MN, Yan YP, Huang YQ, Sun J, Li ZJ. Efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy with medication for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A multicentre randomised controlled trial in China. J Affect Disord 2019; 253:184-192. [PMID: 31108379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analyses support the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in Western cultures. However, there are no adequately powered multicentre studies in China. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of treatment with CBT combined with medication and medication alone in OCD patients in China. METHODS OCD patients (N = 167) were recruited from outpatient clinics at three large tertiary psychiatric hospitals and one general hospital in China. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either CBT combined with medication (n = 92) or medication alone (n = 75) for a 24-week treatment period. Participants' symptoms and social functioning were assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Clinical Global Impression Scale for Severity (CGI-S) at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks, and the effectiveness of the two treatments compared using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS At 24 weeks, both groups showed large within-group effects in all measures. Significantly more patients receiving combined therapy than medication alone had a decrease in symptom severity of at least 35% (based on Y-BOCS total score). The CGI-S and GAF scores decreased in both groups, and significant differences were found between the groups. LIMITATIONS Study limitations included lack of consideration of medication types and dosages, and the absence of a CBT-only arm. CONCLUSIONS CBT combined with medication may be effective in alleviating symptoms and social functioning impairment associated with OCD, and is more effective than medication alone in China, particularly for the treatment of compulsive behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Qiang Meng
- The Department of Clinical Psychology & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ying Han
- The Department of Clinical Psychology & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Luo
- The Department of Clinical Psychology & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Department of Clinical Psychology & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Rui Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Hou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Shi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Mou-Ni Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou 510370, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ping Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Qin Huang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Queensland, Q4222 Australia.
| | - Zhan-Jiang Li
- The Department of Clinical Psychology & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Ankang Hutong Deshengmen, WaiXicheng District, 100088 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wolters LH, Prins PJM, Garst GJA, Hogendoorn SM, Boer F, Vervoort L, de Haan E. Mediating Mechanisms in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Childhood OCD: The Role of Dysfunctional Beliefs. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:173-185. [PMID: 30032391 PMCID: PMC6428795 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reframing cognitions is assumed to play an important role in treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, there hardly is any empirical support for this assumption, especially for children. The aim of this study was to examine if changing dysfunctional beliefs is a mediating mechanism of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for childhood OCD. Fifty-eight children (8-18 years) with OCD received CBT. Dysfunctional beliefs (OBQ-CV) and OCD severity (CY-BOCS) were measured pre-treatment, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and at 16-week follow-up. Results showed that OCD severity and dysfunctional beliefs decreased during CBT. Changes in severity predicted changes in beliefs within the same time interval. Our results did not support the hypothesis that changing dysfunctional beliefs mediates treatment effect. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings and shed more light on the role of explicit and implicit cognitions in treatment for childhood OCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L H Wolters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P J M Prins
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J A Garst
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S M Hogendoorn
- Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Boer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Vervoort
- Department of developmental, personality and social psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E de Haan
- Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Approach bias retraining to augment smoking cessation: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 14:100340. [PMID: 30899837 PMCID: PMC6406622 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy users and addicted individuals have shown to develop an approach action tendency - or approach bias - toward stimuli related to the substance of interest. Emerging evidence points to approach bias retraining (ABR) as an effective aid for the treatment of addictive behaviors. The current study seeks to extend this work by testing, in a pilot study, whether standard smoking cessation treatment involving cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and nicotine replacement therapy can be augmented by ABR. To this end, we will randomly assign 100 adult smokers to either ABR-augmented treatment or placebo-augmented treatment and compare the two conditions on short-term and long-term abstinence rates. The hope is that the findings of this study can inform treatment development for adult smokers.
Collapse
|
25
|
Laposa JM, Hawley LL, Grimm KJ, Katz DE, Rector NA. What Drives OCD Symptom Change During CBT Treatment? Temporal Relationships Among Obsessions and Compulsions. Behav Ther 2019; 50:87-100. [PMID: 30661569 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, less is known about how obsessions and compulsions change during treatment, either in tandem, sequentially, or independently. The current study used latent difference score analysis to show path-analytic dynamic modeling of OCD symptom change during CBT. Four competing models of the temporal relationship between obsessions and compulsions were examined: no coupling (obsessions and compulsions are not dynamically related), goal directed (obsessions lead to subsequent changes in compulsions), habit driven (compulsions lead to subsequent changes in obsessions), and reciprocal. Treatment seeking participants (N = 84) with a principal diagnosis of OCD completed 12 weeks of CBT group therapy and completed measures assessing obsession and compulsion severity at pretreatment, Sessions 4 and 8, and end of treatment. Bivariate results supported the goal directed traditional CBT model, where obsession scores are temporally associated with subsequent changes in compulsion scores. These results have implications for theoretical and treatment modelling of obsessions and compulsions in OCD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Laposa
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; University of Toronto.
| | - Lance L Hawley
- Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto; University of Toronto
| | | | - Danielle E Katz
- Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto
| | - Neil A Rector
- Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto; University of Toronto
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by distressing thoughts and repetitive behaviors that are interfering, time-consuming, and difficult to control. Although OCD was once thought to be untreatable, the last few decades have seen great success in reducing symptoms with exposure and response prevention (ERP), which is now considered to be the first-line psychotherapy for the disorder. Despite these significant therapeutic advances, there remain a number of challenges in treating OCD. In this review, we will describe the theoretical underpinnings and elements of ERP, examine the evidence for its effectiveness, and discuss new directions for enhancing it as a therapy for OCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne M Hezel
- Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Blair Simpson
- Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Changes in posttraumatic stress symptoms, cognitions, and depression during treatment of traumatized youth. Behav Res Ther 2018; 111:119-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Zvolensky MJ, Rosenfield D, Garey L, Kauffman BY, Langdon KJ, Powers MB, Otto MW, Davis ML, Marcus BH, Church TS, Frierson GM, Hopkins LB, Paulus DJ, Baird SO, Smits JAJ. Does exercise aid smoking cessation through reductions in anxiety sensitivity and dysphoria? Health Psychol 2018; 37:647-657. [PMID: 29708388 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research shows that high anxiety sensitivity (AS) and dysphoria are related to poor smoking cessation outcomes. Engaging in exercise may contribute to improvement in smoking cessation outcomes through reductions in AS and dysphoria. In the current study, we examined whether exercise can aid smoking cessation through reductions in AS and dysphoria. METHOD Participants were sedentary and low activity adult daily smokers (N = 136) with elevated AS who participated in a randomized controlled trial comparing smoking cessation treatment (ST) plus an exercise intervention (ST + EX) to ST plus wellness education (ST + CTRL). Self-reported smoking status was assessed in-person weekly from baseline through week 16 (end of-treatment; EOT), at week 22 (4 months postquit day), and at week 30 (6 months postquit day), and verified biochemically. RESULTS Results indicated that both AS and dysphoria at 6-month follow-up were significantly lower in the ST + EX group compared to the ST + CTRL group (controlling for baseline levels). Moreover, reductions in AS and dysphoria emerged as independent mechanisms of action explaining success in quitting. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings offer clinically significant evidence suggesting that vigorous-intensity exercise can effectively engage affective constructs in the context of smoking cessation. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston
| | | | | | - Mark B Powers
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | | | | | - Bess H Marcus
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California at San Diego
| | - Timothy S Church
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cabedo E, Carrió C, Belloch A. Stability of Treatment Gains 10 Years After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: a Study in Routine Clinical Practice. Int J Cogn Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-018-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
30
|
Wheaton MG, Gershkovich M, Gallagher T, Foa EB, Simpson HB. Behavioral avoidance predicts treatment outcome with exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:256-263. [PMID: 29394511 PMCID: PMC6945296 DOI: 10.1002/da.22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) display behavioral avoidance related to their obsessional thoughts and compulsive behaviors. However, how these avoidance behaviors impact treatment outcomes with exposure and response prevention (EX/RP) remains unclear. We examined pretreatment avoidance behaviors as predictors of EX/RP outcomes. METHODS Data came from a randomized controlled trial of augmentation strategies for inadequate response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors comparing EX/RP (N = 40), risperidone (N = 40), and placebo (N = 20). Baseline avoidance was rated with the avoidance item from the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). Primary analyses examined avoidance behaviors as predictors of EX/RP outcomes. To test specificity, we explored whether avoidance also related to outcomes among patients receiving risperidone and placebo. RESULTS More than half (69%) of the full sample had moderate or severe avoidance behaviors at baseline. In EX/RP, controlling for baseline severity, pretreatment avoidance predicted posttreatment YBOCS symptoms (β = 0.45, P < .01). Avoidant individuals were less likely to achieve remission with EX/RP (odds ratio = 0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] range 0.01-0.28, P = .001). Baseline avoidance was also associated with degree of patient adherence to between-session EX/RP assignments, which mediated the relationship between baseline avoidance and EX/RP outcomes (P < .05). Baseline avoidance did not predict outcomes or wellness among patients receiving risperidone or placebo. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that avoidance behaviors are an important clinical factor in EX/RP outcomes and indicate that assessing avoidance may provide an efficient method for predicting EX/RP outcomes. Avoidance may be particularly relevant in EX/RP as compared to medication treatment, though future replication of these initial results is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Wheaton
- Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Gershkovich
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Edna B. Foa
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H. Blair Simpson
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fergus TA, Latendresse SJ, Wu KD. Factor Structure and Further Validation of the 20-Item Short Form of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire. Assessment 2017; 26:984-1000. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117745988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 44-item version of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) put forward by the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group remains the most widely used version of the OBQ, despite research casting doubt on its factorial validity and the existence of a short form (i.e., OBQ-20). In a large sample of undergraduate students ( n = 1,210), a bifactor model of the OBQ-20, consisting of a general factor and four specific factors (threat, responsibility, importance/control of thoughts, perfectionism/certainty), was supported as the best-fitting model. None of the examined OBQ-44 models provided adequate fit. The bifactor model of the OBQ-20 was retained in two independent samples ( n = 1,342 community adults, n = 319 undergraduate students). The incremental validity of the specific factors of the OBQ-20 beyond the general factor was evidenced across multiple criterion indices, including obsessive–compulsive symptom measures and reactions to a thought-induction task. Results further support use of the OBQ-20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin D. Wu
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Reid AM, Garner LE, Van Kirk N, Gironda C, Krompinger JW, Brennan BP, Mathes BM, Monaghan SC, Tifft ED, André MC, Cattie J, Crosby JM, Elias JA. How willing are you? Willingness as a predictor of change during treatment of adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:1057-1064. [PMID: 28715850 DOI: 10.1002/da.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is an effective treatment for individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), yet a substantial number of individuals with OCD do not fully respond to this intervention. Based on emerging experimental and clinical research on acceptance, this study sought to explore whether willingness to experience unpleasant thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations during ERP was associated with improved treatment response. METHODS Two hundred eighty-eight adults with OCD receiving residential ERP provided self-rated willingness and other exposure-related variables during each daily coached ERP session. Obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptom severity was assessed every week. Multilevel modeling was used to study the impact of willingness on treatment outcome during the first 6 weeks of residential care. RESULTS Data indicated that individuals with higher willingness during ERP reported faster symptom reduction during residential treatment, even when controlling for length of stay, psychopharmacological intervention, depression, adherence, and rituals performed during ERP. These results appear to have both statistical and clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS Willingness to fully experience unpleasant and unwanted thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations during exposures appears to be a marker of successful exposure therapy in adults with OCD. Future research should examine how willingness may enhance extinction learning during ERP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Reid
- OCD Institute for Children and Adolescents, McLean Hospital, Middleborough, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauryn E Garner
- Office of Clinical Assessment and Research, OCD Institute, McLean Hospital, Middleborough, MA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Van Kirk
- Office of Clinical Assessment and Research, OCD Institute, McLean Hospital, Middleborough, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jason W Krompinger
- Office of Clinical Assessment and Research, OCD Institute, McLean Hospital, Middleborough, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian P Brennan
- Office of Clinical Assessment and Research, OCD Institute, McLean Hospital, Middleborough, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany M Mathes
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, MA, USA
| | - Sadie Cole Monaghan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Behavioral Health Partial Program, McLean Hospital, Middleborough, MA, USA
| | - Eric D Tifft
- Office of Clinical Assessment and Research, OCD Institute, McLean Hospital, Middleborough, MA, USA
| | - Marie-Christine André
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordan Cattie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesse M Crosby
- Office of Clinical Assessment and Research, OCD Institute, McLean Hospital, Middleborough, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason A Elias
- Office of Clinical Assessment and Research, OCD Institute, McLean Hospital, Middleborough, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Levy HC, Worden BL, Gilliam CM, D'Urso C, Steketee G, Frost RO, Tolin DF. Changes in Saving Cognitions Mediate Hoarding Symptom Change in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Hoarding Disorder. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2017; 14:112-118. [PMID: 29170732 PMCID: PMC5695719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically-supported treatment for hoarding disorder (HD). However, meta-analytic studies suggest that CBT is only modestly effective, and a significant number of individuals with HD remain symptomatic following treatment. To inform the development of more effective and targeted treatments, it will be important to clarify the mechanisms of treatment response in CBT for HD. To this end, the current study examined whether change in maladaptive saving beliefs mediated symptom change in CBT for HD. Sixty-two patients with primary HD completed measures of maladaptive saving cognitions and hoarding severity at pre-, mid-, and post-CBT. Results showed that change in saving cognitions mediated change in all three domains of HD symptoms (i.e., acquiring, difficulty discarding, and excessive clutter), suggesting that cognitive change may be a mechanism of treatment response in CBT. The findings indicate that cognitive change may have an impact on treatment outcomes, and are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioral theory of HD and potential ways in which to enhance belief change in treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Levy
- Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106 USA
| | - Blaise L Worden
- Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106 USA
| | - Christina M Gilliam
- Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106 USA
| | - Christine D'Urso
- Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106 USA
| | - Gail Steketee
- Boston University School of Social Work 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Randy O Frost
- Department of Psychology, Smith College 10 Elm Street, Northampton, MA 01063 USA
| | - David F Tolin
- Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Modifying Obsessive-Compulsive Beliefs about Controlling One’s Thoughts. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-017-9603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
35
|
Hezel DM, McNally RJ. A Theoretical review of cognitive biases and deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol Psychol 2016; 121:221-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Lorenzo-Luaces L, Keefe JR, DeRubeis RJ. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Nature and Relation to Non-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Behav Ther 2016; 47:785-803. [PMID: 27993333 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of Beck's cognitive theory of emotional disorders, and their treatment with psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral approaches have become the most extensively researched psychological treatment for a wide variety of disorders. Despite this, the relative contribution of cognitive to behavioral approaches to treatment are poorly understood and the mechanistic role of cognitive change in therapy is widely debated. We critically review this literature, focusing on the mechanistic role of cognitive change across cognitive and behavioral therapies for depressive and anxiety disorders.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rickelt J, Viechtbauer W, Lieverse R, Overbeek T, van Balkom AJ, van Oppen P, van den Heuvel OA, Marcelis M, Eikelenboom M, Tibi L, Schruers KR. The relation between depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from a large, naturalistic follow-up study. J Affect Disord 2016; 203:241-247. [PMID: 27310102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the frequent occurrence of depressive symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), little is known about the reciprocal influence between depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the course of the disease. The aim of the present study is to investigate the longitudinal relationship between obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms in OCD patients. METHOD We used the baseline and 1-year follow-up data of the Netherlands Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Association (NOCDA) study. In 276 patients with a lifetime diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms were assessed at baseline and at one-year follow-up with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptom (Y-BOCS) scale. Relations were investigated using a cross-lagged panel design. RESULTS The association between the severity of depressive symptoms at baseline and obsessive-compulsive symptoms at follow-up was significant (β=0.244, p<0.001), while the association between the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms at baseline and depressive symptoms at follow-up was not (β=0.097, p=0.060). Replication of the analyses in subgroups with and without current comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and subgroups with different sequence of onset (primary versus secondary MDD) revealed the same results. LIMITATIONS There may be other factors, which affect both depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms that were not assessed in the present study. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates a relation between depressive symptoms and the course of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD patients, irrespective of a current diagnosis of MDD and the sequence of onset of OCD and MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Rickelt
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Wolfgang Viechtbauer
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ritsaert Lieverse
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thea Overbeek
- Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J van Balkom
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center (Vumc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+, VU University Medical Center (Vumc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia van Oppen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center (Vumc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+, VU University Medical Center (Vumc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center (Vumc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VUmc, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), VU/VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn Eikelenboom
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center (Vumc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+, VU University Medical Center (Vumc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lee Tibi
- Psychology Department, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Koen Rj Schruers
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Health Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Su YJ, Carpenter JK, Zandberg LJ, Simpson HB, Foa EB. Cognitive Mediation of Symptom Change in Exposure and Response Prevention for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Behav Ther 2016; 47:474-86. [PMID: 27423164 PMCID: PMC5142828 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined cognitive mediators of symptom change during exposure and response prevention (EX/RP) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Based on cognitive models of OCD, obsessive beliefs were hypothesized as a mediator of symptom change. Participants were 70 patients with primary OCD receiving EX/RP either as part of a randomized controlled trial (n=38) or in open treatment following nonresponse to risperidone or placebo in the same trial (n=32). Blinded evaluations of OCD severity and self-report assessments of three domains of obsessive beliefs (i.e., responsibility/threat of harm, importance/control of thoughts, and perfectionism/intolerance of uncertainty) were administered during acute (Weeks 0, 4 and 8) and maintenance treatment (Weeks 12 and 24). Study hypotheses were examined using cross-lagged multilevel modeling. Contrary to predictions, the obsessive beliefs domains investigated did not mediate subsequent OCD symptom reduction. In addition, OCD symptoms did not significantly mediate subsequent change in obsessive beliefs. The present study did not find evidence of cognitive mediation during EX/RP for OCD, highlighting the need to investigate other plausible mediators of symptom improvement.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ong CW, Clyde JW, Bluett EJ, Levin ME, Twohig MP. Dropout rates in exposure with response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: What do the data really say? J Anxiety Disord 2016; 40:8-17. [PMID: 27061971 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this review were to: 1) determine the attrition rates for exposure with response prevention (ERP) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 2) compare them to those in other treatments for OCD, and 3) identify predictors of ERP attrition. A systematic literature search of randomized controlled trials for ERP for OCD yielded 21 studies, representing 1400 participants. Attrition data were extracted for individual treatment conditions. The weighted mean dropout rate for ERP was 14.7% (95% CI [11.4%, 18.4%]). This figure was not statistically different from that of comparison conditions (e.g., cognitive therapy; OR=0.67-2.22, all ps>0.15). Only two studies reported refusal rates for ERP (weighted mean=4.0%; 95% CI [0.7%, 9.2%]), which precluded calculation of a reliable refusal rate for ERP. Based on these figures, we estimated an overall attrition rate of 18.7% for ERP. Treatment experience, therapist qualification, and number of treatment sessions did not significantly predict dropout rate. Our review indicates that ERP may have treatment dropout rates similar to other treatments for OCD.
Collapse
|
40
|
Vyskocilova J, Prasko J, Sipek J. Cognitive behavioral therapy in pharmacoresistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:625-39. [PMID: 27042074 PMCID: PMC4798215 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine whether patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) resistant to drug therapy may improve their condition using intensive, systematic cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) lasting for 6 weeks, and whether it is possible to predict the therapeutic effect using demographic, clinical, and selected psychological characteristics at baseline. METHODS Sixty-six OCD patients were included in the study, of which 57 completed the program. The diagnosis was confirmed using the structured Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Patients were rated using the objective and subjective forms of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, objective and subjective forms of the Clinical Global Impression, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Dissociative Experiences Scale, 20-item Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire, and the Sheehan Disability Scale before their treatment, and with subjective Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, objective and subjective Clinical Global Impression, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory at the end of the treatment. Patients were treated with antidepressants and daily intensive group CBT for the 6-week period. RESULTS During the 6-week intensive CBT program in combination with pharmacotherapy, there was a significant improvement in patients suffering from OCD resistant to drug treatment. There were statistically significantly decrease in the scores assessing the severity of OCD symptoms, anxiety, and depressive feelings. A lower treatment effect was achieved specifically in patients who 1) showed fewer OCD themes in symptomatology, 2) showed a higher level of somatoform dissociation, 3) had poor insight, and 4) had a higher initial level of overall severity of the disorder. Remission of the disorder was more likely in patients who had 1) good insight, 2) a lower initial level of anxiety, and 3) no comorbid depressive disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vyskocilova
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prasko
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sipek
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to provide an update on current psychological treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). CONCLUSIONS Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), incorporating exposure and response prevention, remains the non-pharmacological treatment of choice for OCD. Recent developments highlight the importance of family involvement in adult OCD treatment, and the use of alternative 'third-wave' interventions. Internet-delivered CBT may provide an opportunity to overcome barriers to effective treatment, such as distance and lack of trained clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocco D Crino
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wheaton MG, Schwartz MR, Pascucci O, Simpson HB. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Outcomes for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Exposure and Response Prevention. Psychiatr Ann 2015. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20150602-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
43
|
Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 227:104-13. [PMID: 25937054 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which encompasses exposure with response prevention (ERP) and cognitive therapy (CT), has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the samples studied (reflecting the heterogeneity of OCD), the interventions examined (reflecting the heterogeneity of CBT), and the definitions of treatment response vary considerably across studies. This review examined the meta-analyses conducted on ERP and cognitive therapy (CT) for OCD. Also examined was the available research on long-term outcome associated with ERP and CT. The available research indicates that ERP is the first line evidence based psychotherapeutic treatment for OCD and that concurrent administration of cognitive therapy that targets specific symptom-related difficulties characteristic of OCD may improve tolerance of distress, symptom-related dysfunctional beliefs, adherence to treatment, and reduce drop out. Recommendations are provided for treatment delivery for OCD in general practice and other service delivery settings. The literature suggests that ERP and CT may be delivered in a wide range of clinical settings. Although the data are not extensive, the available research suggests that treatment gains following ERP are durable. Suggestions for future research to refine therapeutic outcome are also considered.
Collapse
|
44
|
Changes in negative cognitions mediate PTSD symptom reductions during client-centered therapy and prolonged exposure for adolescents. Behav Res Ther 2015; 68:64-9. [PMID: 25812826 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether changes in negative trauma-related cognitions play an important role in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression during prolonged exposure therapy for adolescents (PE-A). METHOD Secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial comparing PE-A with client-centered therapy (CCT) for PTSD. Participants were 61 adolescent female sexual assault survivors ages 13-18 who received 8-14 weekly sessions of PE-A or CCT at a community rape crisis center. PTSD severity was assessed at baseline, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-months post-treatment. Participants also completed self-report measures of negative posttraumatic cognitions and depressive symptoms at the same assessment points. RESULTS Cross lag panel mediation analyses showed that change in negative trauma-related cognitions mediated change in PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms whereas change in PTSD and depressive symptoms did not mediate change in negative cognitions. CONCLUSION Our findings support EPT and suggest that change in negative trauma-related cognitions is a mechanism of both PE-A and CCT.
Collapse
|
45
|
Zandberg LJ, Zang Y, McLean CP, Yeh R, Simpson HB, Foa EB. Change in obsessive-compulsive symptoms mediates subsequent change in depressive symptoms during exposure and response prevention. Behav Res Ther 2015; 68:76-81. [PMID: 25824533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examines the temporal relationship between changes in obsessive-compulsive symptoms and changes in depressive symptoms during exposure and response prevention (EX/RP) therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHOD Participants were 40 adults (53% female) who received EX/RP in a randomized controlled trial comparing serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) augmentation strategies. Participants completed clinician-administered assessments of OCD (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale) and depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) every four weeks from baseline to 32-week follow-up. RESULTS Lagged multilevel mediational analyses indicated that change in OCD symptoms accounted for 65% of subsequent change in depressive symptoms. In contrast, change in depressive symptoms only partially mediated subsequent change in OCD symptoms, accounting for 20% of the variance in outcome. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that reductions in co-morbid depressive symptoms during EX/RP for OCD are largely driven by reductions in obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Zandberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yinyin Zang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carmen P McLean
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Helen Blair Simpson
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edna B Foa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
McKay D, Sookman D, Neziroglu F, Wilhelm S, Stein DJ, Kyrios M, Matthews K, Veale D. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:236-46. [PMID: 25613661 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which encompasses exposure with response prevention (ERP) and cognitive therapy, has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the samples studied (reflecting the heterogeneity of OCD), the interventions examined (reflecting the heterogeneity of CBT), and the definitions of treatment response vary considerably across studies. This review examined the meta-analyses conducted on ERP and cognitive therapy (CT) for OCD. Also examined was the available research on long-term outcome associated with ERP and CT. The available research indicates that ERP is the first line evidence based psychotherapeutic treatment for OCD and that concurrent administration of cognitive therapy that targets specific symptom-related difficulties characteristic of OCD may improve tolerance of distress, symptom-related dysfunctional beliefs, adherence to treatment, and reduce drop out. Recommendations are provided for treatment delivery for OCD in general practice and other service delivery settings. The literature suggests that ERP and CT may be delivered in a wide range of clinical settings. Although the data are not extensive, the available research suggests that treatment gains following ERP are durable. Suggestions for future research to refine therapeutic outcome are also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Harvard University & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - David Veale
- NIHR Specialist Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Skarphedinsson G, Weidle B, Thomsen PH, Dahl K, Torp NC, Nissen JB, Melin KH, Hybel K, Valderhaug R, Wentzel-Larsen T, Compton SN, Ivarsson T. Continued cognitive-behavior therapy versus sertraline for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder that were non-responders to cognitive-behavior therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:591-602. [PMID: 25239489 PMCID: PMC4419185 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Expert guidelines recommend cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) as a first-line treatment in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the addition of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors when CBT is not effective. However, the recommendations for CBT non-responders are not supported by empirical data. Our objective was to investigate the effectiveness of sertraline (SRT) versus continued CBT in children and adolescents that did not respond to an initial course of CBT. Randomized controlled trial conducted in five sites in Denmark, Sweden and Norway, 54 children and adolescents, age 7-17 years, with DSM-IV primary OCD were randomized to SRT or continued CBT for 16 weeks. These participants had been classified as non-responders to CBT following 14 weekly sessions. Primary outcomes were the CY-BOCS total score and clinical response (CY-BOCS <16). The study was a part of the Nordic Long-Term OCD Treatment Study (NordLOTS). Intent-to-treat sample included 50 participants, mean age 14.0 (SD = 2.7) and 48 (n = 24) males. Twenty-one of 28 participants (75%) completed continued CBT and 15 of 22 participants (69.2%) completed SRT. Planned pairwise comparison of the CY-BOCS total score did not reveal a significant difference between the treatments (p = .351), the response rate was 50.0% in the CBT group and 45.4% in the SRT group. The multivariate χ (2) test suggested that there were no statistically significant differences between groups (p = .727). Within-group effect sizes were large and significant across both treatments. These large within-group effect sizes suggest that continued treatment for CBT non-responders is beneficial. However, there was no significant between-group differences in SRT or continued CBT at post-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gudmundur Skarphedinsson
- Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Gullhaugveien 1-3, 0484, Oslo, Norway,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wilhelm S, Berman NC, Keshaviah A, Schwartz RA, Steketee G. Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: role of maladaptive beliefs and schemas. Behav Res Ther 2014; 65:5-10. [PMID: 25544403 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify mechanisms of change in individuals with moderately severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) receiving cognitive therapy (CT). Thirty-six adults with OCD received CT over 24 weeks. At weeks 0, 4/6, 12, 16/18, and 24, independent evaluators assessed OCD severity, along with obsessive beliefs and maladaptive schemas. To examine mechanisms of change, we utilized a time-varying lagged regression model with a random intercept and slope. Results indicated that perfectionism and certainty obsessive beliefs and maladaptive schemas related to dependency and incompetence significantly mediated (improved) treatment response. In conclusion, cognitive changes in perfectionism/certainty beliefs and maladaptive schemas related to dependency/incompetence precede behavioral symptom reduction for OCD patients. Targeting these mechanisms in future OCD treatment trials will emphasize the most relevant processes and facilitate maximum improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wilhelm
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 0214, United States.
| | - Noah C Berman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 0214, United States
| | - Aparna Keshaviah
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 0214, United States
| | - Rachel A Schwartz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 0214, United States
| | - Gail Steketee
- Boston University School of Social Work, 264Bay State Rd., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Andersson E, Ljótsson B, Hedman E, Hesser H, Enander J, Kaldo V, Andersson G, Lindefors N, Rück C. Testing the Mediating Effects of Obsessive Beliefs in Internet-Based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Psychol Psychother 2014; 22:722-32. [PMID: 25418575 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although cognitive interventions for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been tested in randomized trials, there are few trials that have tested the specific mechanisms of cognitive interventions, i.e. how they achieve their effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mediating effects of a short cognitive intervention in the treatment of OCD and used data from a recently conducted randomized controlled trial where 101 participants were allocated to either Internet-based CBT (ICBT) or to a control condition. Obsessive beliefs were measured at pre-treatment, at the time they had received the cognitive intervention, and also at post-treatment. Weekly OCD symptoms were measured throughout the 10 weeks of treatment. We hypothesized that (1) the ICBT group would have greater reductions in obsessive beliefs (controlling for change in OCD symptoms) after completing the cognitive intervention, and that (2) this reduction would, in turn, predict greater OCD symptom reduction throughout the rest of the treatment period. Contrary to our expectations, the longitudinal mediation analysis indicated that (1) being randomized to ICBT actually increased the degree of obsessive beliefs after receiving the cognitive intervention at weeks 1-3, and (2) increase in obsessive beliefs predicted better outcome later in treatment. However, when repeating the analysis using cross-sectional data at post-treatment, the results were in line with the initial hypotheses. Results were replicated when the control condition received ICBT. We conclude that, although obsessive beliefs were significantly reduced at post-treatment for the ICBT group, early increase rather than decrease in obsessive beliefs predicted favourable outcome. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE This study investigated the impact of cognitive interventions on obsessive beliefs for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results showed that a sudden increase in obsessive beliefs is not an indicator of worse treatment response. On the contrary, it is more likely that the patient is better off when having this sudden increase. Clinicians should not be alarmed if the patient has a sudden increase in obsessive beliefs, but we do recommend the clinician to investigate the reasons for this further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brjánn Ljótsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Hedman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Hesser
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jesper Enander
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktor Kaldo
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nils Lindefors
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Rück
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Clerkin EM, Magee JC, Parsons EM. Evaluating Change in Beliefs About the Importance/Control of Thoughts as a Mediator of CBM-I and Responses to an ICT Stressor. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2014; 3:311-318. [PMID: 25414811 PMCID: PMC4233429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated an adaptation of a Cognitive Bias Modification-Interpretation (CBM-I) procedure designed to shift interpretations of intrusive thoughts related to beliefs about the Importance and Control of Thoughts (ICT). Individuals high in the ICT belief domain were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (a) a positive (n = 38) condition in which scenarios about intrusive thoughts were repeatedly paired with benign interpretations; or (b) a control (n = 39) condition in which scenarios about intrusive thoughts were paired with 50% benign and 50% threatening interpretations. Further, participants engaged in an ICT stressor task. Structural equation modeling with bias-corrected bootstrapping was used to examine the effects of training on ICT-relevant interpretations, beliefs, and ICT stressor responding. As predicted, individuals in a positive (vs. control) training condition reported decreases in ICT-relevant interpretations and beliefs. Further, there was a small, statistically significant indirect (i.e., mediated) effect of training on measures of ICT stressor responding, which occurred via decreases in ICT-relevant beliefs. In sum, results indicate that training was effective in influencing interpretations and beliefs tied to Importance/Control of Thoughts and that there may be clinical utility to shifting this belief domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua C Magee
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | | |
Collapse
|