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Merzah M, Natae S, Sándor J, Fiatal S. Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) of the Mesocorticolimbic System Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:109. [PMID: 38254998 PMCID: PMC10815084 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mesocorticolimbic (MCL) system is crucial in developing risky health behaviors which lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although there is some knowledge of the MCL system genes linked to CVDs and T2D, a comprehensive list is lacking, underscoring the significance of this review. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched intensively for articles related to the MCL system, single nucleotide variants (SNVs, formerly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs), CVDs, T2D, and associated risk factors. Included studies had to involve a genotype with at least one MCL system gene (with an identified SNV) for all participants and the analysis of its link to CVDs, T2D, or associated risk factors. The quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Q-Genie tool. The VEP and DAVID tools were used to annotate and interpret genetic variants and identify enriched pathways and gene ontology terms associated with the gene list. The review identified 77 articles that met the inclusion criteria. These articles provided information on 174 SNVs related to the MCL system that were linked to CVDs, T2D, or associated risk factors. The COMT gene was found to be significantly related to hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and drug abuse, with rs4680 being the most commonly reported variant. This systematic review found a strong association between the MCL system and the risk of developing CVDs and T2D, suggesting that identifying genetic variations related to this system could help with disease prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Merzah
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Shewaye Natae
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Sándor
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.)
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Fiatal
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.)
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Wheeler NB, Colella JA, Anderson RE, McFee KF, Flack KD. Late-stage Attentional Bias towards Food Cues Varies According to Weight Status. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2023; 11:3918. [PMID: 38031576 PMCID: PMC10686576 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v11i6.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The Current food environment has become increasingly obesogenic, with rates of obesity and related conditions continually rising. Advertisements for energy-dense foods are abundant and promote unhealthy eating behaviors by capitalizing on one's attentional bias towards food cues, a cognitive process resulting from the sensitization of highly reinforcing food. A heightened awareness towards food cues may promote overconsumption of energy-dense foods. The current study employed novel eye-tracking methodology to capture sustained, or late-stage, attentional bias towards food cues. Late-stage attentional bias is the aspect of attentional bias under conscious control and likely more prone to modification compared to initial/ early-stage attentional bias, which reflects automatic processes. The present study hypothesized late-stage attentional bias towards food cues is greater among individuals classified as overweight/obese than those classified as normal weight. Thirty (30) participants classified as overweight/obese (BMI ≥25) and 47 classified as normal weight (BMI <25) were assessed for late-stage attentional bias towards food cues, conceptualized as the percentage of time fixated on food cues when both food and neutral images were presented during a food-specific visual probe procedure task. Percentage of time fixated on food cues was 51.25 ± 1.27 (mean + SE) among individuals classified as overweight to obese while those classified as normal weight had a percent fixation of 47.26 ± 0.87 (P=0.03). In conclusion, individuals classified as overweight to obese have greater late-stage attentional bias towards food cues. This establishes an important factor influencing energy intake that may be modified in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B. Wheeler
- Department of Health and Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jordan A. Colella
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Robert E. Anderson
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kylie F. McFee
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Flack KD, Hays HM, Moreland J. The consequences of exercise-induced weight loss on food reinforcement. A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234692. [PMID: 32555624 PMCID: PMC7302707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity remains a primary threat to the health of most Americans, with over 66% considered overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or greater. A common treatment option many believe to be effective, and therefore turn to, is exercise. However, the amount of weight loss from exercise training is often disappointingly less than expected with greater amounts of exercise not always promoting greater weight loss. Increases in energy intake have been prescribed as the primary reason for this lack of weight loss success with exercise. Research has mostly focused on alterations in hormonal mediators of appetite (e.g.: ghrelin, peptide YY, GLP-1, pancreatic polypeptide, and leptin) that may increase hunger and/or reduce satiety to promote greater energy intake with exercise training. A less understood mechanism that may be working to increase energy intake with exercise is reward-driven feeding, a strong predictor of energy intake and weight status but rarely analyzed in the context of exercise. DESIGN Sedentary men and women (BMI: 25-35 kg/m2, N = 52) were randomized into parallel aerobic exercise training groups partaking in either two or six exercise sessions/week, or sedentary control for 12 weeks. METHODS The reinforcing value of food was measured by an operant responding progressive ratio schedule task (the behavioral choice task) to determine how much work participants were willing to perform for access to a healthy food option relative to a less healthy food option before and after the exercise intervention. Body composition and resting energy expenditure were assessed via DXA and indirect calorimetry, respectively, at baseline and post testing. RESULTS Changes in fat-free mass predicted the change in total amount of operant responding for food (healthy and unhealthy). There were no correlations between changes in the reinforcing value of one type of food (healthy vs unhealthy) to changes in body composition. CONCLUSION In support of previous work, reductions in fat-free mass resulting from an aerobic exercise intervention aimed at weight loss plays an important role in energy balance regulation by increasing operant responding for food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Harry M. Hays
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jack Moreland
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Flack K, Pankey C, Ufholz K, Johnson L, Roemmich JN. Genetic variations in the dopamine reward system influence exercise reinforcement and tolerance for exercise intensity. Behav Brain Res 2019; 375:112148. [PMID: 31404557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is a reinforcing behavior and finding exercise highly reinforcing is characteristic of habitual exercisers. Genotypes related to dopamine metabolism moderate the reinforcing value of behaviors, but genetic moderators of exercise reinforcement have not been established. PURPOSE Determine whether singular nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that moderate central reward pathways and pain neurotransmission are associated with exercise reinforcement, tolerance for exercise intensity, and usual physical activity. METHODS Adults (n = 178) were measured for the reinforcing value of exercise relative to sedentary activities (RRVexercise), minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and completed the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire. Genotyping of 23 SNPs known to influence central dopamine tone, pain, or physical activity was performed. ANOVA tested differences in RRVexercise, tolerance, and MVPA among genotype groups. Linear regression controlling for BMI, sex, and liking of exercise was used to further predict the association of genotype on RRVexercise, tolerance, and MVPA. RESULTS Having at least one copy of the G allele for the DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphism (rs1800497) conferred greater RRVexercise. Greater tolerance for exercise intensity was observed among those homozygous for the T allele for the CNR1 polymorphism (rs6454672), had at least one copy of the G allele for the GABRG3 polymorphism (rs8036270), or had at least one copy of the T allele for the LPR polymorphism (rs12405556). Homozygous individuals for the T allele at rs6454672 exhibited greater MVPA. CONCLUSION Similar to other reinforcing behaviors, there is a genetic contribution to exercise reinforcement, tolerance for exercise intensity, and MVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2ndAve N., Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Christopher Pankey
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2ndAve N., Grand Forks, ND, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV, USA
| | - Kelsey Ufholz
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2ndAve N., Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - LuAnn Johnson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2ndAve N., Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - James N Roemmich
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2ndAve N., Grand Forks, ND, USA
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O'Donnell S, Epstein LH. Smartphones are more reinforcing than food for students. Addict Behav 2019; 90:124-133. [PMID: 30390436 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
College students engage in high-frequency smartphone use, despite potential negative consequences. One way to conceptualize this behavior is to consider it a highly reinforcing activity. Comparing motivation for smartphones to a powerful primary reinforcer, such as food, can establish their relative reinforcing value. This study investigated whether smartphones were more reinforcing than food, as well as the relationships between smartphone reinforcement, texting use, and smartphone motives. Participants were 76 college students (50% female, Mage = 18.9, SD = 0.99) who had no access to food for three hours and to their smartphones for two hours. After this modest deprivation period, participants worked for time to use their smartphones and 100-cal portions of their favorite snack food concurrently, with the work to obtain portions of both commodities increasing. The amount of smartphone use earned during the task was manipulated across groups (20, 30, 60, 120 s) to establish what amount of smartphone use was needed to motivate responding. Additionally, reinforcing efficacy of smartphones and food using a hypothetical purchase task and motivations for smartphone use was collected. Smartphones were more reinforcing than food using either measurement methodology (p's < 0.001). Smartphone reinforcement predicted number of text messages, controlling for age, sex, and family income. Positive smartphone use motives were associated with reinforcing efficacy of smartphones. These data show that smartphones are potent reinforcers, and are more reinforcing than food given modest food deprivation. These methods provide one important reason why people may use smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara O'Donnell
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States.
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
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Faith MS, Epstein LH. Healthy Homes and Obesogenic Genes in Young Children: Rigorous Behavioral Theory and Measurement and the Detection of Gene-Environment Interactions. JAMA Pediatr 2018; 172:1121-1122. [PMID: 30285036 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myles S Faith
- Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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Kral TVE, Moore RH, Chittams J, Jones E, O'Malley L, Fisher JO. Identifying behavioral phenotypes for childhood obesity. Appetite 2018; 127:87-96. [PMID: 29709528 PMCID: PMC5994376 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Existing programs which aim to prevent and treat childhood obesity often do not take into account individual variation and the underlying mechanisms that impact child eating behavior. Individual differences in children's appetitive traits have been shown to appear as early as during infancy and become more pronounced as children grow older and become more exposed to the obesogenic food environment. Differences in genetic predispositions interacting with factors in children's early environment account in part for individual differences in appetitive traits. It is very likely that obesogenic eating phenotypes manifest themselves before the onset of childhood obesity. If so, identifying these phenotypes early is expected to move primary prevention strategies in a new direction and holds great potential to significantly enhance our ability to prevent childhood obesity. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the role of behavioral phenotyping as an innovative approach for the development of more personalized obesity prevention and treatment interventions that are tailored to children's individual predispositions. We describe several examples of appetitive traits which have been linked to overeating and excess weight gain in children and thus may represent modifiable risk factors for future interventions. The review concludes with a comprehensive synthesis of opportunities for future human ingestive behavior research on identifying behavioral phenotypes for childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja V E Kral
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Reneé H Moore
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesse Chittams
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer O Fisher
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lai CQ, Smith CE, Parnell LD, Lee YC, Corella D, Hopkins P, Hidalgo BA, Aslibekyan S, Province MA, Absher D, Arnett DK, Tucker KL, Ordovas JM. Epigenomics and metabolomics reveal the mechanism of the APOA2-saturated fat intake interaction affecting obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:188-200. [PMID: 29901700 PMCID: PMC6454512 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The putative functional variant -265T>C (rs5082) within the APOA2 promoter has shown consistent interactions with saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake to influence the risk of obesity. Objective The aim of this study was to implement an integrative approach to characterize the molecular basis of this interaction. Design We conducted an epigenome-wide scan on 80 participants carrying either the rs5082 CC or TT genotypes and consuming either a low-SFA (<22 g/d) or high-SFA diet (≥22 g/d), matched for age, sex, BMI, and diabetes status in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS). We then validated the findings in selected participants in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) Study (n = 379) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (n = 243). Transcription and metabolomics analyses were conducted to determine the relation between epigenetic status, APOA2 mRNA expression, and blood metabolites. Results In the BPRHS, we identified methylation site cg04436964 as exhibiting significant differences between CC and TT participants consuming a high-SFA diet, but not among those consuming low-SFA. Similar results were observed in the GOLDN Study and the FHS. Additionally, in the FHS, cg04436964 methylation was negatively correlated with APOA2 expression in the blood of participants consuming a high-SFA diet. Furthermore, when consuming a high-SFA diet, CC carriers had lower APOA2 expression than those with the TT genotype. Lastly, metabolomic analysis identified 4 pathways as overrepresented by metabolite differences between CC and TT genotypes with high-SFA intake, including tryptophan and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) pathways. Interestingly, these pathways were linked to rs5082-specific cg04436964 methylation differences in high-SFA consumers. Conclusions The epigenetic status of the APOA2 regulatory region is associated with SFA intake and APOA2 -265T>C genotype, promoting an APOA2 expression difference between APOA2 genotypes on a high-SFA diet, and modulating BCAA and tryptophan metabolic pathways. These findings identify potential mechanisms by which this highly reproducible gene-diet interaction influences obesity risk, and contribute new insights to ongoing investigations of the relation between SFA and human health. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03452787.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qiang Lai
- USDA Agricultural Research Service,Address correspondence to C-QL (e-mail )
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Dolores Corella
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia and CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul Hopkins
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Bertha A Hidalgo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Devin Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL
| | - Donna K Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA,IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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de Lauzon-Guillain B, Clifton EA, Day FR, Clément K, Brage S, Forouhi NG, Griffin SJ, Koudou YA, Pelloux V, Wareham NJ, Charles MA, Heude B, Ong KK. Mediation and modification of genetic susceptibility to obesity by eating behaviors. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:996-1004. [PMID: 28814400 PMCID: PMC6186415 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.157396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many genetic variants show highly robust associations with body mass index (BMI). However, the mechanisms through which genetic susceptibility to obesity operates are not well understood. Potentially modifiable mechanisms, including eating behaviors, are of particular interest to public health.Objective: Here we explore whether eating behaviors mediate or modify genetic susceptibility to obesity.Design: Genetic risk scores for BMI (BMI-GRSs) were calculated for 3515 and 2154 adults in the Fenland and EDEN (Etude des déterminants pré et postnatals de la santé et du développement de l'enfant) population-based cohort studies, respectively. The eating behaviors-emotional eating, uncontrolled eating, and cognitive restraint-were measured through the use of a validated questionnaire. The mediating effect of each eating behavior on the association between the BMI-GRS and measured BMI was assessed by using the Sobel test. In addition, we tested for interactions between each eating behavior and the BMI-GRS on BMI.Results: The association between the BMI-GRS and BMI was mediated by both emotional eating (EDEN: P-Sobel = 0.01; Fenland: P-Sobel = 0.02) and uncontrolled eating (EDEN: P-Sobel = 0.04; Fenland: P-Sobel = 0.0006) in both sexes combined. Cognitive restraint did not mediate this association (P-Sobel > 0.10), except among EDEN women (P-Sobel = 0.0009). Cognitive restraint modified the relation between the BMI-GRS and BMI among men (EDEN: P-interaction = 0.0001; Fenland: P-interaction = 0.04) and Fenland women (P-interaction = 0.0004). By tertiles of cognitive restraint, the association between the BMI-GRS and BMI was strongest in the lowest tertile of cognitive restraint, and weakest in the highest tertile.Conclusions: Genetic susceptibility to obesity was partially mediated by the "appetitive" eating behavior traits (uncontrolled and emotional eating) and, in 3 of the 4 population groups studied, was modified by cognitive restraint. High levels of cognitive control over eating appear to attenuate the genetic susceptibility to obesity. Future research into interventions designed to support restraint may help to protect genetically susceptible individuals from weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain
- Early Origin of Child Health and Development (ORCHAD) Team 6, Center of Research in Epidemiology and UMR 1153 Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, and
| | - Karine Clément
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
- NutriOmics Team 6, UMRS 1166, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France; and
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, and
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, and
| | - Simon J Griffin
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, and
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Akoli Koudou
- Early Origin of Child Health and Development (ORCHAD) Team 6, Center of Research in Epidemiology and UMR 1153 Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Véronique Pelloux
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
- NutriOmics Team 6, UMRS 1166, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France; and
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Aline Charles
- Early Origin of Child Health and Development (ORCHAD) Team 6, Center of Research in Epidemiology and UMR 1153 Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Early Origin of Child Health and Development (ORCHAD) Team 6, Center of Research in Epidemiology and UMR 1153 Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, and
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Stojek MMK, MacKillop J. Relative reinforcing value of food and delayed reward discounting in obesity and disordered eating: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 55:1-11. [PMID: 28478269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the food choice decision-making may help identify those at higher risk for excess weight gain and dysregulated eating patterns. This paper systematically reviews the literature related to eating behavior and behavioral economic constructs of relative reinforcing value of food (RRVfood) and delayed reward discounting (DRD). RRVfood characterizes how valuable energy-dense food is to the individual, and DRD characterizes preferences for smaller immediate rewards over larger future rewards, an index of impulsivity. Literature search on PubMed was conducted using combination of terms that involve behavioral economics and dysregulated eating in youth and adults. Forty-seven articles were reviewed. There is consistent evidence that obese youth and adults exhibit higher RRVfood. There is a need for more research on the role of RRVfood in eating disorders, as an insufficient number of studies exist to draw meaningful conclusions. There is accumulating evidence that obese individuals have higher DRD but the study of moderators of this relationship is crucial. Only a small number of studies have been conducted on DRD and binge eating, and no clear conclusions can be made currently. Approximately half of existing studies suggest lower DRD in individuals with anorexia nervosa. Research implications and treatment application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M K Stojek
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Dalle Molle R, Fatemi H, Dagher A, Levitan RD, Silveira PP, Dubé L. Gene and environment interaction: Is the differential susceptibility hypothesis relevant for obesity? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 73:326-339. [PMID: 28024828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The differential susceptibility model states that a given genetic variant is associated with an increased risk of pathology in negative environments but greater than average resilience in enriched ones. While this theory was first implemented in psychiatric-genetic research, it may also help us to unravel the complex ways that genes and environments interact to influence feeding behavior and obesity. We reviewed evidence on gene vs. environment interactions that influence obesity development, aiming to support the applicability of the differential susceptibility model for this condition, and propose that various environmental "layers" relevant for human development should be considered when bearing the differential susceptibility model in mind. Mother-child relationship, socioeconomic status and individual's response are important modifiers of BMI and food intake when interacting with gene variants, "for better and for worse". While only a few studies to date have investigated obesity outcomes using this approach, we propose that the differential susceptibility hypothesis is in fact highly applicable to the study of genetic and environmental influences on feeding behavior and obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Dalle Molle
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Hajar Fatemi
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Douglas Institute, Perry Pavilion, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Laurette Dubé
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada
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12
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Martin-Gronert MS, Stocker CJ, Wargent ET, Cripps RL, Garfield AS, Jovanovic Z, D'Agostino G, Yeo GSH, Cawthorne MA, Arch JRS, Heisler LK, Ozanne SE. 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors as hypothalamic targets of developmental programming in male rats. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:401-12. [PMID: 26769798 PMCID: PMC4852506 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although obesity is a global epidemic, the physiological mechanisms involved are not well understood. Recent advances reveal that susceptibility to obesity can be programmed by maternal and neonatal nutrition. Specifically, a maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy causes decreased intrauterine growth, rapid postnatal catch-up growth and an increased risk for diet-induced obesity. Given that the synthesis of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is nutritionally regulated and 5-HT is a trophic factor, we hypothesised that maternal diet influences fetal 5-HT exposure, which then influences development of the central appetite network and the subsequent efficacy of 5-HT to control energy balance in later life. Consistent with our hypothesis, pregnant rats fed a low-protein diet exhibited elevated serum levels of 5-HT, which was also evident in the placenta and fetal brains at embryonic day 16.5. This increase was associated with reduced levels of 5-HT2CR, the primary 5-HT receptor influencing appetite, in the fetal, neonatal and adult hypothalamus. As expected, a reduction of 5-HT2CR was associated with impaired sensitivity to 5-HT-mediated appetite suppression in adulthood. 5-HT primarily achieves effects on appetite by 5-HT2CR stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). We show that 5-HT2ARs are also anatomically positioned to influence the activity of ARC POMC neurons and that mRNA encoding 5-HT2AR is increased in the hypothalamus ofin uterogrowth-restricted offspring that underwent rapid postnatal catch-up growth. Furthermore, these animals at 3 months of age are more sensitive to appetite suppression induced by 5-HT2AR agonists. These findings not only reveal a 5-HT-mediated mechanism underlying the programming of susceptibility to obesity, but also provide a promising means to correct it, by treatment with a 5-HT2AR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata S Martin-Gronert
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claire J Stocker
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Edward T Wargent
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Roselle L Cripps
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Zorica Jovanovic
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Giles S H Yeo
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael A Cawthorne
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Jonathan R S Arch
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Lora K Heisler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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13
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Faith MS, Pietrobelli A. Babies with big appetites: do genes influence infant food reward? Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:421-2. [PMID: 25733623 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.106211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myles S Faith
- From the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (MSF); the Pediatric Unit, Verona University Medical School, Verona, Italy (AP); and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (AP).
| | - Angelo Pietrobelli
- From the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (MSF); the Pediatric Unit, Verona University Medical School, Verona, Italy (AP); and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (AP)
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14
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Kral TVE, Hetherington MM. Variability in children's eating response to portion size. A biobehavioral perspective. Appetite 2014; 88:5-10. [PMID: 25305465 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The portion size of foods and beverages offered at meals has been shown to significantly affect human food intake. While portion size effects appear to be fairly robust across studies in adults, findings from studies in children are generally more variable and do not reliably predict a significant portion size effect. Eating behaviors are still forming at a young age and individual differences in children's response to portion size will depend upon genetic predisposition interacting with the child's environment. The aim of this review is to present and discuss evidence that innate controls of appetite and eating, which involve genes that encode key hormones and neuropeptides implicated in processes of satiety and satiation, may differentially affect meal size. We also present evidence that children's response to portion size is learned and this is in turn shaped by upbringing, the early family and home environment. The review will conclude with a conceptual model that illustrates how biological and environmental factors may interact to shape child eating traits including a behavioral susceptibility to overeating when large portion sizes are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja V E Kral
- Department of Behavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing and Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Scheid JL, Carr KA, Lin H, Fletcher KD, Sucheston L, Singh PK, Salis R, Erbe RW, Faith MS, Allison DB, Epstein LH. FTO polymorphisms moderate the association of food reinforcement with energy intake. Physiol Behav 2014; 132:51-6. [PMID: 24768648 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Food reinforcement (RRVfood) is related to increased energy intake, cross-sectionally related to obesity, and prospectively related to weight gain. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is related to elevated body mass index and increased energy intake. The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether any of 68 FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or a FTO risk score moderate the association between food reinforcement and energy or macronutrient intake. Energy and macronutrient intake was measured using a laboratory ad libitum snack food consumption task in 237 adults of varying BMI. Controlling for BMI, the relative reinforcing value of reading (RRVreading) and proportion of African ancestry, RRVfood predicted 14.2% of the variance in energy intake, as well as predicted carbohydrate, fat, protein and sugar intake. In individual analyses, six FTO SNPs (rs12921970, rs9936768, rs12446047, rs7199716, rs8049933 and rs11076022, spanning approximately 251kbp) moderated the relationship between RRVfood and energy intake to predict an additional 4.9-7.4% of variance in energy intake. We created an FTO risk score based on 5 FTO SNPs (rs9939609, rs8050136, rs3751812, rs1421085, and rs1121980) that are related to BMI in multiple studies. The FTO risk score did not increase variance accounted for beyond individual FTO SNPs. rs12921970 and rs12446047 served as moderators of the relationship between RRVfood and carbohydrate, fat, protein, and sugar intake. This study shows for the first time that the relationship between RRVfood and energy intake is moderated by FTO SNPs. Research is needed to understand how these processes interact to predict energy and macronutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Scheid
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Katelyn A Carr
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Henry Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Kelly D Fletcher
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Lara Sucheston
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, United States
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, United States
| | - Robbert Salis
- Department of Pediatrics, Niagara Falls Memorial Hospital, United States
| | - Richard W Erbe
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States
| | - Myles S Faith
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - David B Allison
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, United States
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States.
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16
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Differential influence of the 5-HTTLPR genotype, neuroticism and real-life acute stress exposure on appetite and energy intake. Appetite 2014; 77:83-93. [PMID: 24630938 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stress or negative mood often promotes energy intake and overeating. Since the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is found to mediate stress vulnerability as well as to influence energy intake, this gene may also influence the negative effects of stress exposure on overeating. Moreover, since stress proneness also reflects cognitive stress vulnerability - as often defined by trait neuroticism - this may additionally predispose for stress-induced overeating. In the present study it was investigated whether the 5-HTTLPR genotype interacted with neuroticism on changes in mood, appetite and energy intake following exposure to a real-life academic examination stressor. In a balanced-experimental design, homozygous S-allele and L-allele carriers (N = 94) with the lowest and highest neuroticism scores were selected from a large database of 5-HTTLPR genotyped students. Mood, appetite and energy intake were measured before and after a 2-hour academic examination and compared with a control day. Examination influenced appetite for particular sweet snacks differently depending on 5-HTTLPR genotype and neuroticism. S/S compared with L/L subjects reported greater examination stress, and this was accompanied by a more profound post-stress increase in appetite for sweet snacks. Data also revealed a 5-HTTLPR genotype by trait neuroticism interaction on energy intake, regardless of examination. These results consolidate previous assumptions of 5-HTTLPR involvement in stress vulnerability and suggest 5-HTTLPR and neuroticism may influence stress-induced overeating depending on the type of food available. These findings furthermore link previous findings of increased risk for weight gain in S/S-allele carriers, particularly with high scores on trait neuroticism, to increased energy intake.
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17
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Herring MP, Sailors MH, Bray MS. Genetic factors in exercise adoption, adherence and obesity. Obes Rev 2014; 15:29-39. [PMID: 24034448 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise play critical roles in energy balance. While many interventions targeted at increasing physical activity have demonstrated efficacy in promoting weight loss or maintenance in the short term, long term adherence to such programmes is not frequently observed. Numerous factors have been examined for their ability to predict and/or influence physical activity and exercise adherence. Although physical activity has been demonstrated to have a strong genetic component in both animals and humans, few studies have examined the association between genetic variation and exercise adherence. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the non-genetic and genetic predictors of physical activity and adherence to exercise. In addition, we report the results of analysis of 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms in six candidate genes examined for association to exercise adherence, duration, intensity and total exercise dose in young adults from the Training Interventions and Genetics of Exercise Response (TIGER) Study. Based on both animal and human research, neural signalling and pleasure/reward systems in the brain may drive in large part the propensity to be physically active and to adhere to an exercise programme. Adherence/compliance research in other fields may inform future investigation of the genetics of exercise adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Herring
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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