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Jiang D, Tse DCK, Gong X, Tsang VHL, Fung HH, Mann AS, Nakamura J, Tsai JL. Reducing discrepancies between actual and ideal affect across adulthood: the roles of activity flow conduciveness, pleasantness, and familiarity. Cogn Emot 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39021053 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2367782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Previous findings demonstrate that people often do not feel how they want to feel, supporting the distinction between "actual affect" and "ideal affect." But are there certain activities that reduce the discrepancy between actual and ideal affect? Based on flow theory and socioemotional selectivity theory, we examined whether the discrepancy between people's actual and ideal positive affect would be smaller during activities that were more conducive to flow (a state of intense absorption and concentration), pleasant, and familiar. In Study 1, U.S. participants aged 17-79 (N = 393) reported their ideal affect and how they felt during activities with varying degrees of challenges and skills. For both low-arousal positive affect (LAP) and high-arousal positive affect (HAP), participants reported smaller actual-ideal affect discrepancies during flow-conducive activities (when skills matched challenges). Study 2 was a 14-day experience sampling study, in which Hong Kong participants aged 18-83 (Nindividual = 109) reported their momentary actual and ideal affect, and how pleasant and familiar their activities were (Nexperience = 3,815). Greater activity familiarity was associated with smaller discrepancies in actual-ideal LAP, while greater activity pleasantness was associated with smaller discrepancies in actual-ideal HAP. These findings provide insights on the activities that help people achieve their ideal affect more easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jiang
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dwight C K Tse
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Xianmin Gong
- Stanley Ho Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vivian H L Tsang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- School of Arts and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Helene H Fung
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ajit S Mann
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Quality of Life Research Center, Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Jeanne L Tsai
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Kim H, Sasaki JY. Toward an explanation of cultural differences in subjective well-being: the role of positive emotion norms and positive illusions. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1356172. [PMID: 38966727 PMCID: PMC11222831 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1356172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The present research explores the role of positive emotion norms and positive illusions in explaining the higher subjective well-being observed among Europeans compared to East Asians in Canada. Specifically, we investigate the underlying psychological mechanisms contributing to the prevalence of positive self-views among individuals with European backgrounds, characterized by individualism, versus those with East Asian backgrounds, associated with collectivism. Our study compares Europeans and East Asians in Canada to determine whether cultural norms regarding positive emotions account for the elevated positive self-views and subjective well-being in Europeans. With a sample of 225 participants (112 Europeans and 113 East Asians), our findings reveal significant indirect effects of culture on subjective well-being through positive emotion norms and positive illusions. This study highlights that Europeans, compared to East Asians, believe it is more appropriate to experience and express positive emotions, and this norm influences their positive self-views, subsequently impacting subjective well-being. These findings offer valuable insights into how cultural factors shape subjective well-being across different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Kim
- Institute of Confucian Philosophy and Culture, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joni Y. Sasaki
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Tsai MH. The interpersonal effects of emotional expressions with both and single valences on work-related satisfaction: an examination of emotions and perceived openness as mediators. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:361-377. [PMID: 38156663 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2299981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTWork-related satisfaction has critical benefits. To predict work-related satisfaction, we investigated how a counterpart's expressions of emotional complexity (both positive and negative emotions), positive emotions, and negative emotions influenced a perceiver's work-related satisfaction during discussions over different work-relevant ideas. We conducted a three-wave coworker survey (N = 529) and an experiment with a confederate as a task partner (N = 378). The results consistently showed significant positive impacts of a counterpart's emotional complexity and positive emotion expressions on a perceiver's work-related satisfaction by enhancing the perceiver's positive emotions and evaluation of the counterpart's openness. Conversely, a counterpart's negative emotion expression significantly decreased a perceiver's work-related satisfaction by reducing perceived counterpart openness. We also did not find a perceiver's negative emotion as a significant mediator of the associations between the three emotional expressions and work-related satisfaction. Therefore, our investigation highlights similar positive effects of emotional complexity and positive emotion expressions and suggests that an expression of both positive and negative emotions promotes satisfaction by enhancing positive emotions and openness perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hong Tsai
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
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Jiang D, Li T, Fung HH. Negative interactions and marital satisfaction across adulthood: The moderating role of affect valuation. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2024. [PMID: 38491871 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Older adults report higher marital satisfaction than younger adults even after negative interactions. The current study examined affect valuation as a potential moderator to explain age-related differences in the relationship between negative interactions and marital satisfaction. We conducted a 14-day daily diary study among 66 heterosexual couples (132 participants) aged from 21 to 80 years. At both person and daily levels, we found that valuing negative affect weakened the negative association between negative interactions and marital satisfaction in husbands. The moderating effect of negative affect valuation was stronger in older than younger husbands at the person but not daily level. Valuing positive affect more was associated with a stronger negative association between negative interactions and marital satisfaction in husbands at the person but not daily level. Such effect was again stronger in older than younger husbands. No significant results were found in wives. These findings shed light on the importance of affect valuation in understanding age-related differences in marital dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jiang
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianyuan Li
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Helene H Fung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Fang J, Brown GTL, Hamilton R. Changes in Chinese students' academic emotions after examinations: Pride in success, shame in failure, and self-loathing in comparison. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 93:245-261. [PMID: 36239121 PMCID: PMC10091958 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several attempts have been made to examine students' academic emotions (AEs) in Western contexts, but less is known about how students' self-reported emotions vary over time. AIMS The study aimed to understand Chinese students' emotional responses to academic events and the impact of high-stakes testing on their AEs in the first year with a repeated-measures survey after the Semester 1 and Semester 2 mid-term examinations. SAMPLES 351 first-year university students completed both surveys in an elite Chinese university, where the top 10% of first-year students were assigned to an honours programme. METHODS Self-reported AEs survey responses were evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. Invariance testing between honours and ordinary students and between semesters was used to examine between-group differences across time. RESULTS A three-factor model of AEs (i.e., admired, shame, and self-loathing) was found in both semesters, with strong invariance between semesters. Mean scores between groups were equivalent and semester. However, self-loathing had the lowest mean (mean = 2.50; between mostly disagree and slightly agree), admired was at moderately agree (mean = 4.00), and shame was strongest at just over moderately agree (mean = 4.20). CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a three-factor structure of AEs and the stability of these emotions among highly successful Chinese learners. Despite being elite students, this sample of Chinese learners felt shame and pride in response to mid-term examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Fang
- Faculty of Education & Social Work, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gavin T L Brown
- Faculty of Education & Social Work, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Hamilton
- Faculty of Education & Social Work, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Choi JHS, O'Donnell CD, Phan VN, Coe CL, Miyamoto Y. Role of the valuation of nervousness in cortisol responses to psychosocial stress task and task performance in European American and East Asian students. Biol Psychol 2023; 177:108495. [PMID: 36634810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
How people perceive and value negative affective states is associated with physiological responses to stressful events and moderates the association between negative feelings and physiological and behavioral outcomes. However, previous studies on valuation of negative affective states have been conducted mostly in Western cultures. Different cultural backgrounds shape how people view negative emotions as well as how people attend to internal emotional states, which may change the effects of valuing negative emotions. The present study thus examined whether valuation of nervousness was associated with the magnitude and duration of cortisol responses to a standardized laboratory stressor and task performance in East Asian and European American students. Two hundred undergraduate students were recruited through a large pool of students taking psychology courses. They engaged in demanding speech and arithmetic tasks as part of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). European American participants who had a higher valuation of nervousness showed lower cortisol reactivity. Valuing nervousness was associated with better speech performance in students from both cultural backgrounds, and the strength of this association was moderated by cortisol level. Our findings call attention to the importance of considering whether negative emotions are viewed as beneficial or an impediment, as well as the cultural context when responding to demanding and threatening situations.
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Fang B, Li D, Chen B, Huang J, Hou Y, Liu H. Perceived Support Protects Against Negative Affective Experiences of Momentary Solitude: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:2170-2181. [PMID: 35678188 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Momentary solitude (the objective state of being alone) has a strong association with negative affective experiences in older people, but little is known about how the role of social relationship characteristics on relationship between momentary solitude and affect. We examined the momentary association between momentary solitude and negative affect (NA), and whether such association was moderated by the structural and functional aspects of social relationships. METHODS A sample of 153 late-middle-aged and older adults were recruited and provided a total of 6,742 ecological momentary assessment surveys, of which momentary solitudes were reported for 1,885 (28%) surveys. Hierarchical linear model was used to examine how social networks and social support moderated the association of momentary solitude with NA experiences. RESULTS The association of momentary solitude with NA experiences was significant among middle-aged and older adults (b = 0.025, SE = 0.008, p < .01). Family networks had the main effect on NA. Perceived social support buffered against increased NA in momentary solitude: Individuals with a higher level of perceived support reported fewer increases in NA during momentary solitude than those perceiving a lower level of support. DISCUSSION Momentary solitude was experienced less negatively for middle-aged and older persons embedded in a context of higher levels of perceived social support. Practitioners need to pay more attention to the promotion of social resources when delivering programs to improve the subjective well-being of late-middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boye Fang
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Danyu Li
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Beizhuo Chen
- Department of Sociology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- Department of Sociology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyan Hou
- Department of Sociology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Sociology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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James SH, Berglund A, Chang WC, Strauss GP. Discrepancies between ideal and actual affect in schizophrenia: Implications for understanding negative symptoms. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 155:313-319. [PMID: 36174366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia is a core symptom of schizophrenia (SZ). However, psychological mechanisms underlying anhedonia are unclear, making it difficult to develop personalized psychosocial treatments. The current study explored the novel hypothesis that anhedonia is driven by discrepancies between ideal and actual affect (i.e., how positive or negative someone wants to feel compared to how they do feel), which impact the frequency of recreational, goal-directed, and social behaviors. Participants included 32 outpatients with SZ and 29 healthy controls (CN) who completed the Affect Valuation Index and measures of negative symptom severity. Results indicated that individuals with SZ displayed greater positive and negative emotion discrepancy scores than CN, suggesting that they strongly desire to feel more positive and less negative in the future than they actually do. Additionally, greater ideal relative to actual positive and negative affect was associated with greater severity of anhedonia, avolition, and asociality. The discrepancy between ideal and actual affective states may be demotivating, leading individuals with SZ to develop dysfunctional beliefs after repeated experiences of failing to achieve their desired emotional goal state. These findings suggest that ideal affect may be a novel psychological mechanism underlying negative symptoms that could be targeted in psychosocial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney H James
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alysia Berglund
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wing Chung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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Wu Q, Zhao J, Zhao G, Li X, Du H, Chi P. Affective Profiles and Psychosocial Adjustment among Chinese Adolescents and Adults with Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Person-Centered Approach. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 23:3909-3927. [PMID: 36217552 PMCID: PMC9533975 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Two studies were conducted to explore the patterns of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) while considering collectivist cultural specificity (dialecticism) and to examine the associations of affective profiles with psychosocial adjustment. METHODS We used two Chinese samples, one comprising adults with adverse childhood experiences (N = 488) and one comprising ordinary adolescents (N = 635). The participants completed scales on PA, NA, and psychosocial adjustment, including mental health problems (depressive symptoms, anxiety), personal strengths (self-esteem, gratitude, resilience), and life satisfaction. RESULTS Three profiles were identified through latent profile analysis: well-adjusted (high PA, low NA), low affective (low PA, low NA), and moderate affective (moderate PA, moderate NA). Participants in the well-adjusted profile had the fewest mental health problems (depressive symptoms, anxiety) and scored highest on personal strengths (self-esteem, gratitude, resilience) and life satisfaction. Participants in the low affective profile had fewer mental health problems than those in the moderate affective profile. CONCLUSION Individual differences and cultural variations should be considered when exploring affective profiles. Future interventions aimed at promoting affective well-being should accommodate dialecticism and individual differences in the target population. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10902-022-00566-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglu Wu
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Guoxiang Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC US
| | - Hongfei Du
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Peilian Chi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Ji LJ, Imtiaz F, Su Y, Zhang Z, Bowie AC, Chang B. Culture, Aging, Self-Continuity, and Life Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 23:3843-3864. [PMID: 36187718 PMCID: PMC9514170 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present work examines how culture and age interact to influence self-continuity and life satisfaction. Specifically, we compared Canadian and Chinese young (17-26 years old) and older adults (60-88 years old) in their sense of self-continuity and life satisfaction (N = 424). Consistent with past research, older adults reported greater self-continuity compared to their young counterparts, while cross-cultural comparisons showed that young Chinese reported greater self-continuity than young Canadians. In terms of life satisfaction, older adults again scored higher than younger adults, while cross-cultural comparisons indicated that, this time, young Canadians reported higher life satisfaction than young Chinese. Although the data were cross-sectional, indirect effects analyses showed that self-continuity mediated the effect of age on life satisfaction in both cultural groups, with the indirect effect stronger among Canadians than among Chinese. These findings highlight the importance of considering culture and age when examining psychological outcomes, and the potential of self-continuity as a mechanism to enhance overall life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Ji
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Faizan Imtiaz
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD USA
| | - Yanjie Su
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexa C. Bowie
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Baorui Chang
- Department of Psychology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
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11
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Yap S, Ji L, Chan YPM, Zhang Z. Cultural differences in self and affect through drawings of personal experiences. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhui Yap
- Department of Psychology Queen’s University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Li‐Jun Ji
- Department of Psychology Queen’s University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | | | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University Beijing China
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12
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Moore MM, Martin EA. Taking Stock and Moving Forward: A Personalized Perspective on Mixed Emotions. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1258-1275. [PMID: 35559728 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211054785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on mixed emotions is flourishing but fractured. Several psychological subfields are working in parallel and separately from other disciplines also studying mixed emotions, which has led to a disorganized literature. In this article, we provide an overview of the literature on mixed emotions and discuss factors contributing to the lack of integration within and between fields. We present an organizing framework for the literature of mixed emotions on the basis of two distinct goals: solving the bipolar-bivariate debate and understanding the subjective experience of mixed emotions. We also present a personalized perspective that can be used when studying the subjective experience of mixed emotions. We emphasize the importance of assessing both state and trait emotions (e.g., momentary emotions, general levels of affect) alongside state and trait context (e.g., physical location, culture). We discuss three methodological approaches that we believe will be valuable in building a new mixed-emotions literature-inductive research methods, idiographic models of emotional experiences, and empirical assessment of emotion-eliciting contexts. We include recommendations throughout on applying these methods to research on mixed emotions, and we conclude with avenues for future interdisciplinary research. We hope that this perspective will foster research that results in the organized accumulation of knowledge about mixed emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody M Moore
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University
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13
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Oh VYS, Tong EMW. Specificity in the Study of Mixed Emotions: A Theoretical Framework. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 26:283-314. [PMID: 35383513 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221083398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on mixed emotions is yet to consider emotion-specificity, the idea that same-valenced emotions have distinctive characteristics and functions. We review two decades of research on mixed emotions, focusing on evidence for the occurrence of mixed emotions and the effects of mixed emotions on downstream outcomes. We then propose a novel theoretical framework of mixed-emotion-specificity with three foundational tenets: (a) Mixed emotions are distinguishable from single-valenced emotions and other mixed emotions based on their emotion-appraisal relationships; (b) Mixed emotions can further be characterized by four patterns that describe relationships between simultaneous appraisals or appraisals that are unique to mixed emotions; and (c) Carryover effects occur only on outcomes that are associated with the appraisal characteristics of mixed emotion. We outline how mixed-emotion-specific effects can be predicted based on the appraisal tendency framework. Temporal dynamics, the application of mixed-emotion-specificity to individual difference research, methodological issues, and future directions are also discussed.
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Ge F, Park J, Pietromonaco PR. How You Talk About It Matters: Cultural Variation in Communication Directness in Romantic Relationships. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221088934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Communication plays an integral role in shaping romantic relationship quality. Yet, little is known about whether people from different cultural backgrounds communicate differently in their romantic relationships. Here, we addressed this issue by examining (a) whether the extent to which individuals communicate directly or indirectly in their romantic relationships varies by culture, (b) what mechanism underlies these cultural differences, and (c) how the fit between culture and communication style contributes to expected relationship satisfaction. Three key findings emerged across three studies (total N = 1,193). First, Chinese preferred indirect (vs. direct) communication more than European Americans, and this effect was more strongly pronounced in positively (vs. negatively) valenced situations (Studies 1–3). Second, interdependent (vs. independent) self-construal mediated the cultural difference in indirect communication both in positive and negative situations (Study 3). Finally, both cultural groups anticipated greater relationship satisfaction when they imagined their partner using the culturally preferred mode of communication—that is, indirect communication for Chinese and direct communication for European Americans (Study 3). These findings advance theory on culture and romantic relationship processes by demonstrating cultural differences in preferred communication styles across different situational contexts, identifying self-construal differences underlying these preferred communication styles, and highlighting the importance of congruence between culture and communication style for the quality of relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ge
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
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15
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Giannakopoulou O, Lin K, Meng X, Su MH, Kuo PH, Peterson RE, Awasthi S, Moscati A, Coleman JRI, Bass N, Millwood IY, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chen HC, Lu ML, Huang MC, Chen CH, Stahl EA, Loos RJF, Mullins N, Ursano RJ, Kessler RC, Stein MB, Sen S, Scott LJ, Burmeister M, Fang Y, Tyrrell J, Jiang Y, Tian C, McIntosh AM, Ripke S, Dunn EC, Kendler KS, Walters RG, Lewis CM, Kuchenbaecker K. The Genetic Architecture of Depression in Individuals of East Asian Ancestry: A Genome-Wide Association Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78:1258-1269. [PMID: 34586374 PMCID: PMC8482304 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Importance Most previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of depression have used data from individuals of European descent. This limits the understanding of the underlying biology of depression and raises questions about the transferability of findings between populations. Objective To investigate the genetics of depression among individuals of East Asian and European descent living in different geographic locations, and with different outcome definitions for depression. Design, Setting, and Participants Genome-wide association analyses followed by meta-analysis, which included data from 9 cohort and case-control data sets comprising individuals with depression and control individuals of East Asian descent. This study was conducted between January 2019 and May 2021. Exposures Associations of genetic variants with depression risk were assessed using generalized linear mixed models and logistic regression. The results were combined across studies using fixed-effects meta-analyses. These were subsequently also meta-analyzed with the largest published GWAS for depression among individuals of European descent. Additional meta-analyses were carried out separately by outcome definition (clinical depression vs symptom-based depression) and region (East Asian countries vs Western countries) for East Asian ancestry cohorts. Main Outcomes and Measures Depression status was defined based on health records and self-report questionnaires. Results There were a total of 194 548 study participants (approximate mean age, 51.3 years; 62.8% women). Participants included 15 771 individuals with depression and 178 777 control individuals of East Asian descent. Five novel associations were identified, including 1 in the meta-analysis for broad depression among those of East Asian descent: rs4656484 (β = -0.018, SE = 0.003, P = 4.43x10-8) at 1q24.1. Another locus at 7p21.2 was associated in a meta-analysis restricted to geographically East Asian studies (β = 0.028, SE = 0.005, P = 6.48x10-9 for rs10240457). The lead variants of these 2 novel loci were not associated with depression risk in European ancestry cohorts (β = -0.003, SE = 0.005, P = .53 for rs4656484 and β = -0.005, SE = 0.004, P = .28 for rs10240457). Only 11% of depression loci previously identified in individuals of European descent reached nominal significance levels in the individuals of East Asian descent. The transancestry genetic correlation between cohorts of East Asian and European descent for clinical depression was r = 0.413 (SE = 0.159). Clinical depression risk was negatively genetically correlated with body mass index in individuals of East Asian descent (r = -0.212, SE = 0.084), contrary to findings for individuals of European descent. Conclusions and Relevance These results support caution against generalizing findings about depression risk factors across populations and highlight the need to increase the ancestral and geographic diversity of samples with consistent phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Giannakopoulou
- Division of Psychiatry, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- Division of Psychiatry, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mei-Hsin Su
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Roseann E. Peterson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arden Moscati
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan R. I. Coleman
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iona Y. Millwood
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yiping Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hsi-Chung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eli A. Stahl
- The Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Niamh Mullins
- The Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robert J. Ursano
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Srijan Sen
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yu Fang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jess Tyrrell
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, The RILD Building, RD&E Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Erin C. Dunn
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Robin G. Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karoline Kuchenbaecker
- Division of Psychiatry, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Kirchner-Häusler A, Boiger M, Uchida Y, Higuchi Y, Uchida A, Mesquita B. Relatively Happy: The Role of the Positive-to-Negative Affect Ratio in Japanese and Belgian Couples. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221211051016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Satisfied couples in European-American cultural contexts experience higher ratios of positive to negative affect during interactions than their less satisfied counterparts. The current research tests the possibility that this finding is culture-bound. It compares proportions of positive to negative affect during couple interactions in two different cultural contexts: Belgium and Japan. Whereas Belgian relationship goals (e.g., mutual affirmation and self-esteem) call for the experience of positive affect, Japanese relationship goals (e.g., harmony and self-adjustment) call for the avoidance of negative affect. We propose that these differences result in different affect ratios in close relationships. To test this idea, we tracked positive and negative feelings during couple interactions. Fifty-eight Belgian and 80 Japanese romantic couples took part in a lab interaction study, in which they discussed a topic of disagreement. Using a video-mediated recall, participants rated their positive and negative feelings during the interaction; relationship satisfaction was assessed before the interaction. As expected, Belgian couples’ positive-to-negative affect ratios were more positive than those of Japanese couples. Furthermore, in both cultures relationship satisfaction was positively associated with more positive affect ratios, but this effect was significantly stronger for Belgian than Japanese couples. Finally, mediation analyses showed that higher affect ratios were achieved in culturally different and meaningful ways: satisfied Belgian couples showed higher ratios primarily through higher levels of positive feelings, whereas satisfied Japanese couples showed higher ratios primarily through lower levels of negative feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoko Higuchi
- Kyoto University, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Santos D, Requero B, Martín-Fernández M. Individual differences in thinking style and dealing with contradiction: The mediating role of mixed emotions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257864. [PMID: 34559841 PMCID: PMC8462706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research examined how individuals’ thinking style (holistic vs. analytic) is associated with the way they deal with contradictory information and whether experiencing mixed emotions can mediate this relationship. Participants first completed the thinking style measure and then were exposed to two contradictory pieces of information (Studies 1 and 2). In study 2, we also measured the experience of mixed emotions to test the mediating role of this variable. Across two studies, we found that individuals with a holistic thinking style were more able to reconcile contradictory information compared to individuals with an analytic thinking style. Study 2 showed that the relationship between thinking style and dealing with contradiction was mediated by the experience of mixed emotions. This research extends previous findings on confrontation of contradiction and mixed emotions by using an individual-differences rather than a cultural-differences approach, and establishes mixed emotions as a plausible mediating variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Santos
- IE School of Human Sciences and Technology, IE University, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Blanca Requero
- Psychology Department, Universidad Villanueva, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Pong LHE, Cheung R, Yu CKC. Predicting therapeutic alliance with client characteristics and expectations in Hong Kong. ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/21507686.2021.1960575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lek Hon Edmond Pong
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Raysen Cheung
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Calvin Kai-Ching Yu
- Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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19
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Kitayama S, Yu Q, King AP, Yoon C, Liberzon I. The gray matter volume of the temporoparietal junction varies across cultures: a moderating role of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4). Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:193-202. [PMID: 32300802 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior work shows that compared to European Americans, East Asians show an enhanced propensity to take the perspective of another person. In the current work, we tested whether this cultural difference might be reflected in the gray matter (GM) volume of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), a brain region selectively implicated in perspective taking and mentalizing. We also explored whether the cultural difference in the TPJ GM volume might be moderated by dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) exon 3 variable-number tandem repeat polymorphism. Structural magnetic resonance imaging of 66 European Americans and 66 East Asian-born Asians were subjected to voxel-based morphometry. It was observed that the GM volume of the right TPJ was greater among East Asians than among European Americans. Moreover, this cultural difference was significantly more pronounced among carriers of the 7- or 2-repeat allele of DRD4 than among the non-carriers of these alleles. Our findings contribute to the growing evidence that culture can shape the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qinggang Yu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anthony P King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carolyn Yoon
- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
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20
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Hanniball KB, Viljoen JL, Shaffer CS, Bhatt G, Tweed R, Aknin LB, Gagnon N, Douglas KS, Dooley S. The Role of Life Satisfaction in Predicting Youth Violence and Offending: A Prospective Examination. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:5501-5529. [PMID: 30317908 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518805103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Life satisfaction in adolescence has been shown to protect against numerous negative outcomes (e.g., substance use, sexual risk-taking), but limited work has directly explored the relationship between life satisfaction and youth violence and offending. As such, we conducted a prospective assessment to explore this relationship among community (n = 334) and at-risk youth (n = 99). Findings suggest life satisfaction is significantly associated with decreased offending and violence within both samples and adds incremental value above established risk factors in predicting violent and total offending among community youth. Furthermore, moderation analyses indicate that the protective value of life satisfaction is greater for youth with high callous-unemotional traits. Mediation analyses suggest that youth who are unsatisfied with their lives may seek out substance use, in turn elevating risk of offending. Together, these findings indicate that efforts to improve overall life satisfaction may help prevent adolescent offending. However, future research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodi L Viljoen
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Gira Bhatt
- Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roger Tweed
- Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lara B Aknin
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathalie Gagnon
- Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Stephen Dooley
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Zhang M, Zhu B, Yuan C, Zhao C, Wang J, Ruan Q, Han C, Bao Z, Chen J, Arceneaux KV, Wielen RV, Siegle GJ. Are need for affect and cognition culture dependent? Implications for global public health campaigns: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:693. [PMID: 33836715 PMCID: PMC8034077 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cultural differences in affective and cognitive intrinsic motivation could pose challenges for global public health campaigns, which use cognitive or affective goals to evoke desired attitudes and proactive health-promoting actions. This study aimed to identify cross-cultural differences in affective and cognitive intrinsic motivation and discuss the potential value of this information for public health promotion. Methods A cross-sectional survey using cross-culturally validated need for affect (NFA) and need for cognition (NFC) scales was carried out among 1166 Chinese participants, and the results were compared with published data from 980 American participants. Additionally, we assessed a highly prevalent symbolic geriatric health condition, hearing loss, in 500 Chinese community-dwelling seniors. The Chinese NFA scale was developed following the translation-back translation procedure, and the psychometric evaluation was performed by applying confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), correlation analysis and multigroup invariance test. MANOVA and Hedge’s g statistic were employed to compare the NFA and NFC levels between individuals from different countries and between Chinese seniors with and without hearing loss. The relation of early hearing intervention intention to NFA and NFC was also explored in the Chinese sample. Results A basic two-factor model of NFA adequately fit the sample data from Chinese and American cultures. The questionnaire demonstrated reasonable invariance of the factor structure and factor loadings across the groups. Those in the primary Chinese sample had lower NFA and NFC than their American peers. This difference held in the senior sample. Moreover, Chinese seniors with hearing loss had even lower NFA and NFC than those without hearing loss. Their early hearing intervention intention was low but was associated with intrinsic motivation. Conclusions The Need for Affect (NFA) construct may be generalized beyond its Western origins. There was a general lack of affective and cognitive intrinsic motivation in Chinese individuals, particularly in seniors with hearing loss, compared with their American peers. These differences point to a potential challenge in framing effective messages for some cultures in the geriatric public health domain. Ideally, recognizing and understanding this challenge will inspire the consideration of novel persuasive strategies for these audiences. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10689-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 221 West Yan'an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Zhu
- Jiuting Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, Songjiang District, China
| | - Chunlan Yuan
- Jiuting Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, Songjiang District, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaofeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 221 West Yan'an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwei Ruan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 221 West Yan'an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 221 West Yan'an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 221 West Yan'an Road, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 221 West Yan'an Road, Shanghai, China.
| | | | - Ryan Vander Wielen
- Department of Political Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Greg J Siegle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Ji LJ, An S. Cultural Differences in People’s Responses to Accidents. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2020.1750198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Ji
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sieun An
- Department of Psychology, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
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23
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Kyeong Y, Cheung RYM, Cheung CS. The role of family expressiveness in American and Chinese adolescents' emotional experiences. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yena Kyeong
- Department of Psychology University of California Riverside CA USA
| | - Rebecca Y. M. Cheung
- Department of Early Childhood Education The Education University of Hong Kong Taipo Hong Kong
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24
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Zheng X, Wang R, Hoekstra AY, Krol MS, Zhang Y, Guo K, Sanwal M, Sun Z, Zhu J, Zhang J, Lounsbury A, Pan X, Guan D, Hertwich EG, Wang C. Consideration of culture is vital if we are to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Improvement in quality of life and psychological well-being associated with a culturally based psychosocial intervention for Chinese American breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:4565-4573. [PMID: 33481114 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate improvements in quality of life and psychological well-being among Chinese American breast cancer survivors who participated in a pilot community education and peer-mentor support program. METHODS One hundred and twenty-nine Chinese American breast cancer survivors who recently completed treatment participated in eight cohorts of the program, Joy Luck Academy, which included weekly education and peer-mentor support sessions. The education sessions covered topics designed to help participants adjust to new life after breast cancer treatment. The peer-mentor support component was designed to provide social support. Quality of life and psychological well-being (e.g., depressive symptoms, anxiety, and low- and high-arousal positive and negative affect) were assessed at baseline and immediately after the intervention. RESULTS Paired samples t tests indicated improvements in quality of life, low- and high-arousal positive affect, and reductions in depressive symptoms, anxiety, and low-arousal negative affect. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a psychosocial group intervention may improve quality of life and psychological well-being among Chinese American breast cancer survivors. Our intervention has the potential to be applied to other ethnic-minority cancer survivors. Future randomized controlled trials are warranted.
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26
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Song SY, Curtis AM, Aragón OR. Anger and Sadness Expressions Situated in Both Positive and Negative Contexts: An Investigation in South Korea and the United States. Front Psychol 2021; 11:579509. [PMID: 33519596 PMCID: PMC7838562 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A formidable challenge to the research of non-verbal behavior can be in the assumptions that we sometimes make, and the subsequent questions that arise from those assumptions. In this article, we proceed with an investigation that would have been precluded by the assumption of a 1:1 correspondence between facial expressions and discrete emotional experiences. We investigated two expressions that in the normative sense are considered negative expressions. One expression, "anger" could be described as clenched fists, furrowed brows, tense jaws and lips, the showing of teeth, and flared nostrils, and the other "sadness" could be described as downward turned mouths, tears, drooping eyes, and wrinkled foreheads. Here, we investigated the prevalence, understanding, and use of these expressions in both positive and negative contexts in South Korea and the United States. We found evidence in both cultures, that anger and sadness displays are used to express positive emotions, a notion relevant to Dimorphous Theory. Moreover, we found that anger and sadness expressions communicated appetitive feelings of wanting to "go!" and consummatory feelings of wanting to "pause," respectively. There were moderations of our effects consistent with past work in Affect Valuation Theory and Display Rule Theory. We discuss our findings, their theoretical relevance, and how the assumptions that are made can narrow the questions that we ask in the field on non-verbal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Youngok Song
- Department of Marketing, Wilbur O. and Ann Powers College of Business, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- School of Marketing and International Business, Spears School of Business, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Alexandria M. Curtis
- Department of Marketing, Wilbur O. and Ann Powers College of Business, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Oriana R. Aragón
- Department of Marketing, Wilbur O. and Ann Powers College of Business, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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27
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Clobert M, Sims TL, Yoo J, Miyamoto Y, Markus HR, Karasawa M, Levine CS. Feeling excited or taking a bath: Do distinct pathways underlie the positive affect-health link in the U.S. and Japan? Emotion 2020; 20:164-178. [PMID: 30676038 PMCID: PMC6656630 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Feeling good is linked to better health in Western contexts. Recent studies show, however, that the affect-health link is not consistent across cultures. We suggest two reasons for such inconsistency. The first follows from research showing that North American (vs. East Asian) cultures tend to value high arousal positive (HAP) states, for example, excited, more than low arousal positive (LAP) states, for example, calm. The second is one we propose for the first time. Positive affective experience is manifest in internal feelings but also in affective practices, such as taking a bath (a highly valued affective experience in Japan) or a fitness workout (a highly valued affective experience in the United States). We hypothesized that the HAP feelings/practices-health link would be stronger in the United States versus Japan, and the LAP feelings/practices-health link would be stronger in Japan versus the United States. Using survey samples from the United States (N = 640) and Japan (N = 382), we examined how health outcomes are shaped by positive affective feelings and practices varying in arousal. In a first set of analyses, HAP feelings predicted better physical and biological health in the United States but not in Japan. No cultural differences were consistently found for the effect of LAP feelings on health. In addition, engaging in HAP practices predicted better physical and biological health in the United States whereas engaging in LAP practices predicted better physical health in Japan but not in the United States. These findings suggest that the pathways underlying the culture-health link are culturally variable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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28
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Yang J, Zheng Y. Links Between Perceptions of Successes, Problems and Health Outcomes Among Adult Chinese Children: The Mediating Role of Perceptions of Parents' Feelings and Intergenerational Relationships. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2551. [PMID: 31803102 PMCID: PMC6872502 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have focused on adult children's successes and problems and implications for their own well-being, but few studies have paid attention to their implications for adult children's health outcomes. In the present study, we tested the links between perceptions of successes, problems, and their own health outcomes, as well as the mediating role of perceptions of parents' feelings and intergenerational relationships. Adult children (n = 314; age 18-59) completed surveys on perceptions of successes (compared with counterparts, speculated how parents rate their successes, and compared with same-gender parent); problems (self's, father's, and mother's); parents' feelings (positive and negative); intergenerational relationships (intergenerational ambivalence and instrumental solidarity); and health outcomes [subjective well-being (SWB), psychological distress (PD), and self-rated health (SRH)]. Path analysis was conducted, a bootstrapped test was used. Results showed that perceptions of successes compared with counterparts were positively correlated with SWB and SRH; perceptions of successes compared with counterparts and perceptions of successes compared with same-gender parent were positively correlated with SWB and SRH via parents' positive feelings; perceptions of successes that speculated how parents rate their successes and perceptions of successes compared with same-gender parent were negatively correlated with PD via parents' negative feelings. Self's problems were negatively correlated with SWB via direct ambivalence (DA), and were positively correlated with PD via parents' negative feelings and DA, while mother's problems were positively correlated with PD via parents' negative feelings. There were no significant correlations between father's problems and adult children's health outcomes. This study underscores the importance of considering perceptions of parents' feelings and DA in understanding the mechanisms of an individual's mental health in family systems. This study sheds lights on considering an individual's health in family systems and cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Gasper K, Spencer LA, Hu D. Does Neutral Affect Exist? How Challenging Three Beliefs About Neutral Affect Can Advance Affective Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2476. [PMID: 31787911 PMCID: PMC6856204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers interested in affect have often questioned the existence of neutral affective states. In this paper, we review and challenge three beliefs that researchers might hold about neutral affect. These beliefs are: (1) it is not possible to feel neutral because people are always feeling something, (2) neutrality is not an affective state because affect must be positively or negatively valenced, and (3) neutral affect is unimportant because it does not influence cognition or behavior. We review the reasons these beliefs might exist and provide empirical evidence that questions them. Specifically, we argue that neutral affect is a felt experience that provides important valence-relevant information, which influences cognition and behavior. By dispelling these beliefs about neutral affect, we hope to shine a light on the assumptions that researchers hold about the nature of affect and to provide novel theoretical and methodological perspectives that help advance our understanding of the affective landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gasper
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Lauren A Spencer
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Danfei Hu
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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30
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Jiang D, Fung HH, Lay JC, Ashe MC, Graf P, Hoppmann CA. Everyday solitude, affective experiences, and well-being in old age: the role of culture versus immigration. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:1095-1104. [PMID: 30621431 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1479836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Being alone is often equated with loneliness. Yet, recent findings suggest that the objective state of being alone (i.e. solitude) can have both positive and negative connotations. The present research aimed to examine (1) affective experience in daily solitude; and (2) the association between everyday affect in solitude and well-being. We examined the distinct roles of culture and immigration in moderating these associations. Method: Using up to 35 daily life assessments of momentary affect, solitude, and emotional well-being in two samples (Canada and China), the study compared older adults who aged in place (local Caucasians in Vancouver , Canada and local Hong Kong Chinese in Hong Kong, China) and older adults of different cultural heritages who immigrated to Canada (immigrated Caucasians and immigrated East Asians). Results: We found that older adults of East Asian heritage experienced more positive and less negative affect when alone than did Caucasians. Reporting positive affect in solitude was more positively associated with well-being in older adults who had immigrated to Canada as compared to those who had aged in place. Conclusions:These findings speak to the unique effects of culture and immigration on the affective correlates of solitude and their associations with well-being in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jiang
- a Department of Special Education and Counselling , Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,f Integrated Centre for Wellbeing (I-WELL) , Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong.,g China Centre for Psychosocial Health , Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Helene H Fung
- b Department of Psychology , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jennifer C Lay
- b Department of Psychology , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Maureen C Ashe
- d Centre for Hip Health and Mobility , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.,e Department of Family Practice , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Peter Graf
- c Department of Psychology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Christiane A Hoppmann
- c Department of Psychology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.,d Centre for Hip Health and Mobility , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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31
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Lawley KA, Willett ZZ, Scollon CN, Lehman BJ. Did you really need to ask? Cultural variation in emotional responses to providing solicited social support. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219478. [PMID: 31299054 PMCID: PMC6625699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most prior research on culture and the dynamics of social support has focused on the emotional outcomes for social support recipients. Though an existing body of research has identified cross-cultural differences in the emotional correlates of receiving different types of social support, researchers have seldom examined possible cultural differences in the experience of social support providers. This study used the Day Reconstruction Method to examine cultural differences in the emotional correlates of the provision of solicited and unsolicited and emotional and informational social support in the daily lives of Singaporean (n = 79) and American (n = 88) participants. Singaporean participants reported providing more social support overall. Regardless of culture, participants reported more positive emotion (affection, happiness) and less negative emotion (anger, anxiety) when they provided emotional social support. Also, multilevel modeling analyses revealed a 3-way interaction between culture, social support provision, and social support solicitation, indicating cultural differences in negative emotional responses to providing solicited social support. Specifically, results suggest that attempts to provide more solicited social support were associated with more negative emotions in the U.S. In contrast, provider negative emotions were highest in Singapore when the provider did not meet the recipient’s request for support. Patterns of cultural differences in social support provision are dissimilar to—rather than simply mirroring—those found in published research on social support receipt, highlighting the importance of studying social support provision as a distinct phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall A. Lawley
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zachary Z. Willett
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christie N. Scollon
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Lehman
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Li LY, Fung CK, Moore MM, Martin EA. Differential emotional abnormalities among schizotypy clusters. Schizophr Res 2019; 208:285-292. [PMID: 30733171 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypy, a multidimensional personality organization that reflects liability to develop schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, has been associated with a number of emotional abnormalities. Yet, the exact nature of any emotional abnormalities in schizotypy is relatively unclear. Using an ethnically diverse nonclinical sample (N = 2637), the present study identified homogenous clusters of individuals based on positive and negative schizotypy dimensions and explored three interrelated domains of emotion traits closely tied to functional outcomes and quality of life: affective experience, emotional awareness, and meta-level emotions. Consistent with prior research, four schizotypy clusters were obtained: low ("nonschizotypic"), high positive, high negative, and mixed (high positive and high negative). Regarding emotion correlates of schizotypy clusters, the mixed cluster was found to be the most deviant on almost all emotion traits (e.g., heightened trait negative affect, diminished emotional clarity), suggesting that the effects of positive and negative schizotypy are additive. In addition, positive and negative schizotypy clusters were associated with differential abnormalities, with the negative cluster presenting a wider range of, and more severe, impairments compared to the low cluster (e.g., reduced trait positive affect and reduced attention to positive emotion). The current study highlights the heterogeneity in emotional traits among schizotypy dimensions and the importance of studying the mixed schizotypy in terms of emotional dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Yanqing Li
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christie K Fung
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Melody M Moore
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Martin
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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33
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Swerdlow BA, Pearlstein JG, Johnson SL. Multivariate associations of ideal affect with clinical symptoms. Emotion 2019; 19:617-628. [PMID: 29939058 PMCID: PMC6771288 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has indicated that ideal affect (i.e., the affective states that people value and would ideally like to experience) may be relevant to mental health outcomes. Studies to date, however, have not used comprehensive multivariate models that account for covariation among facets of ideal affect and incorporate multiple clinical outcomes. In the present studies, we used structural equation modeling to examine the multivariate effects of ideal affect on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse in 2 moderately large samples of undergraduates (N = 293 and N = 146). Exploratory results of Study 1 indicated that valuation of high arousal positive affective states was significantly associated with lower depression symptoms but higher anxiety and alcohol abuse symptoms and that valuation of high arousal negative states was specifically associated with greater anxiety symptoms. These results were shown to be structurally invariant across samples and ethnicities in Study 2, which also found that ideal-actual affect discrepancies were significantly associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. These findings support and extend the hypothesis that ideal affect is implicated in clinical outcomes by highlighting the importance of jointly considering multiple facets of ideal and actual affect as they relate to a range of clinical syndromes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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34
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Joo M, Terzino KA, Cross SE, Yamaguchi N, Ohbuchi KI. How Does Culture Shape Conceptions of Forgiveness? Evidence From Japan and the United States. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022119845502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Theories of culture, cognition, and social relations suggest there may be differences in conceptions of forgiveness between the members of East Asian and Western cultures, but few researchers have examined this issue. This article builds on previous research on prototypes of forgiveness in the United States to address the question “What is forgiveness?” in Japan. In Studies 1a and 1b, we investigated Japanese conceptions of forgiveness. Study 2 demonstrated that forgiveness features that U.S. and Japanese participants generated are meaningfully different. Compared with Americans, Japanese participants focused more on aspects related to relationship harmony; they seemed to emphasize an adjustment motive and decisional forgiveness. They also put less emphasis on emotional forgiveness and attention to individuals in comparison with Americans. Our results suggest that the high value placed on relationship maintenance in Japan leads to different understandings of forgiveness. Inclusion of culturally diverse conceptions into the definition of forgiveness aids further understanding of forgiveness, which, in turn, enhances the development and application of existing theories.
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Kim J, Stavrositu C. Feelings on Facebook and their correlates with psychological well-being: The moderating role of culture. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hornsey MJ, Bain PG, Harris EA, Lebedeva N, Kashima ES, Guan Y, González R, Chen SX, Blumen S. How Much Is Enough in a Perfect World? Cultural Variation in Ideal Levels of Happiness, Pleasure, Freedom, Health, Self-Esteem, Longevity, and Intelligence. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:1393-1404. [PMID: 29889603 DOI: 10.1177/0956797618768058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The maximization principle-that people aspire to the highest possible level of something good if all practical constraints are removed-is a common yet untested assumption about human nature. We predict that in holistic cultures-where contradiction, change, and context are emphasized-ideal states of being for the self will be more moderate than in other cultures. In two studies ( Ns = 2,392 and 6,239), we asked this question: If participants could choose their ideal level of happiness, pleasure, freedom, health, self-esteem, longevity, and intelligence, what level would they choose? Consistent with predictions, results showed that maximization was less pronounced in holistic cultures; members of holistic cultures aspired to less happiness, pleasure, freedom, health, self-esteem, longevity, and IQ than did members of other cultures. In contrast, no differences emerged on ideals for society. The studies show that the maximization principle is not a universal aspect of human nature and that there are predictable cultural differences in people's notions of perfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul G Bain
- 2 Department of Psychology, University of Bath
| | | | | | - Emiko S Kashima
- 4 School of Psychological and Public Health, La Trobe University
| | | | - Roberto González
- 6 Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | | | - Sheyla Blumen
- 8 Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
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38
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Tompson SH, Huff ST, Yoon C, King A, Liberzon I, Kitayama S. The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) modulates cultural variation in emotional experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-018-0063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Abstract
There is growing evidence that inflammatory responses may help to explain how emotions get "under the skin" to influence disease susceptibility. Moving beyond examination of individuals' average level of emotion, this study examined how the breadth and relative abundance of emotions that individuals experience-emodiversity-is related to systemic inflammation. Using diary data from 175 adults aged 40 to 65 who provided end-of-day reports of their positive and negative emotions over 30 days, we found that greater diversity in day-to-day positive emotions was associated with lower circulating levels of inflammation (indicated by IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen), independent of mean levels of positive and negative emotions, body mass index, anti-inflammatory medications, medical conditions, personality, and demographics. No significant associations were observed between global or negative emodiversity and inflammation. These findings highlight the unique role daily positive emotions play in biological health. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Lizbeth Benson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Alex Zautra
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University
| | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin
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40
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Sims T, Koopmann-Holm B, Young H, Jiang D, Fung H, Tsai JL. Asian Americans respond less favorably to excitement (vs. calm)-focused physicians compared to European Americans. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 24:1-14. [PMID: 28714709 PMCID: PMC5771974 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite being considered a "model minority," Asian Americans report worse health care encounters than do European Americans. This may be due to affective mismatches between Asian American patients and their European American physicians. We predicted that because Asian Americans value excitement (vs. calm) less than European Americans, they will respond less favorably to excitement-focused (vs. calm) physicians. METHOD In Study 1, 198 European American, Chinese American, and Hong Kong Chinese community adults read a medical scenario and indicated their preference for an excitement-focused versus calm-focused physician. In Study 2, 81 European American and Asian American community college students listened to recommendations made by an excitement-focused or calm-focused physician in a video, and later attempted to recall the recommendations. In Study 3, 101 European American and Asian American middle-aged and older adults had multiple online encounters with an excitement-focused or calm-focused physician and then evaluated their physicians' trustworthiness, competence, and knowledge. RESULTS As predicted, Hong Kong Chinese preferred excitement-focused physicians less than European Americans, with Chinese Americans falling in the middle (Study 1). Similarly, Asian Americans remembered health information delivered by an excitement-focused physician less well than did European Americans (Study 2). Finally, Asian Americans evaluated an excitement-focused physician less positively than did European Americans (Study 3). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that while physicians who promote and emphasize excitement states may be effective with European Americans, they may be less so with Asian Americans and other ethnic minorities who value different affective states. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sims
- Stanford University, Department of Psychology
| | | | - Henry Young
- Stanford University, Department of Psychology
| | - Da Jiang
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Psychology
- Australian National University, Centre for Research on Ageing, Health, and Wellbeing
| | - Helene Fung
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Psychology
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41
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De Vaus J, Hornsey MJ, Kuppens P, Bastian B. Exploring the East-West Divide in Prevalence of Affective Disorder: A Case for Cultural Differences in Coping With Negative Emotion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2017; 22:285-304. [PMID: 29034806 DOI: 10.1177/1088868317736222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lifetime rates of clinical depression and anxiety in the West tend to be approximately 4 to 10 times greater than rates in Asia. In this review, we explore one possible reason for this cross-cultural difference, that Asian cultures think differently about emotion than do Western cultures and that these different systems of thought help explain why negative affect does not escalate into clinical disorder at the same rate. We review research from multiple disciplines-including cross-cultural psychology, social cognition, clinical psychology, and psychiatry-to make the case that the Eastern holistic principles of contradiction (each experience is associated with its opposite), change (the world exists in a state of constant flux), and context (the interconnectedness of all things) fundamentally shape people's experience of emotions in different cultures. We then review evidence for how these cultural differences influence how successfully people use common emotion regulation strategies such as rumination and suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brock Bastian
- 4 University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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42
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Tsai JL. Ideal affect in daily life: implications for affective experience, health, and social behavior. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 17:118-128. [PMID: 28950957 PMCID: PMC5659332 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, researchers have increasingly demonstrated that ideal affect-the affective states that people value and ideally want to feel-shapes different aspects of daily life. Here I briefly review Affect Valuation Theory (AVT), which integrates ideal affect into existing models of affect and emotion by identifying the causes and consequences of variation in ideal affect. I then describe recent research that applies AVT to the valuation of negative states as well as more complex states, examines how ideal affect shapes momentary affective experience, suggests that ideal affect has both direct and indirect effects on health, and illustrates that people's ideal affect shapes how they judge and respond to others. Finally, I discuss the implications of cultural and individual differences in ideal affect for clinical, educational, work, and leisure settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne L Tsai
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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43
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Yoo J, Miyamoto Y, Rigotti A, Ryff CD. Linking Positive Affect to Blood Lipids: A Cultural Perspective. Psychol Sci 2017; 28:1468-1477. [PMID: 28817363 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617713309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher levels of positive affect have been associated with better physical health. While positive affect is seen as highly desirable among Westerners, East Asians tend to deemphasize positive affect. Using large probability samples of Japanese and U.S. adult populations, the present study examined the relations of positive affect with serum lipid profiles, known to be strongly predictive of risk for cardiovascular disease, and tested whether their associations depend on cultural contexts. As predicted, positive affect was associated with healthier lipid profiles for Americans but not for Japanese. Further analyses showed that this cultural moderation was mediated by body mass index. This study highlights the role of culture in the link between positive emotions and key biological risk factors of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Yoo
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Yuri Miyamoto
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- 2 School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
| | - Carol D Ryff
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,3 Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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44
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Handron C, Kirby TA, Wang J, Matskewich HE, Cheryan S. Unexpected Gains: Being Overweight Buffers Asian Americans From Prejudice Against Foreigners. Psychol Sci 2017; 28:1214-1227. [PMID: 28746011 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617720912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Can being overweight, a factor that commonly leads to stigmatization, ironically buffer some people from race-based assumptions about who is American? In 10 studies, participants were shown portraits that were edited to make the photographed person appear either overweight (body mass index, or BMI > 25) or normal weight (BMI < 25). A meta-analysis of these studies revealed that overweight Asian individuals were perceived as significantly more American than normal-weight versions of the same people, whereas this was not true for White, Black, or Latino individuals. A second meta-analysis showed that overweight Asian men were perceived as less likely to be in the United States without documentation than their normal-weight counterparts. A final study demonstrated that weight stereotypes about presumed countries of origin shape who is considered American. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that perceptions of nationality are malleable and that perceived race and body shape interact to inform these judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teri A Kirby
- 2 Department of Psychology, University of Exeter
| | | | | | - Sapna Cheryan
- 4 Department of Psychology, University of Washington
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45
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Jang SK, Park SC, Choi KH, Yi JS, Park JK, Lee JS, Lee SH. Validation of the Korean Version of the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:413-419. [PMID: 28845167 PMCID: PMC5561398 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.4.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) has recently been developed to improve measurement of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. We performed a multi-center study to validate the Korean version of the CAINS (CAINS-K) and explore potential cultural variation. METHODS One hundred eighty schizophrenia patients diverse in demographic and illness profile were recruited from four centers in Korea. Along with the CAINS-K, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), a self-report measure of behavioral inhibition and activation (BIS/BAS) and neurocognitive tasks were administered to verify external validities. RESULTS The CAINS-K showed high internal-consistency (0.92) and inter-rater reliability (0.77). Exploratory Factor Analysis replicated a two-factor structure of the original scale including motivation/pleasure and expression deficits dimensions. Korean patients tended to report lower pleasure compared to American patients in the prior study. The CAINS-K showed an adequate convergent validity with the SANS, negative symptoms of the BPRS, and BAS. A divergent validity was supported as the CAINS-K showed zero or only weak correlations with other symptoms of the BPRS, depression from the CDSS, and neurocognitive tasks. CONCLUSION The CAINS-K demonstrated high internal consistency and adequate external validities, and is expected to promote studies on negative symptoms in Korean patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Kyeong Jang
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Cheol Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine and Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Hong Choi
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seo Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Kyu Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Daegu University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Suk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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46
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Chim L, Hogan CL, Fung HHH, Tsai JL. Valuing calm enhances enjoyment of calming (vs. exciting) amusement park rides and exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28650189 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Do people derive more enjoyment from activities that match how they ideally want to feel (their "ideal affect")? Affect valuation theory (AVT) predicts that they do; however, no study has directly examined whether this is the case. Therefore, the authors conducted 4 studies that examined whether valuing calm and other low arousal positive states (LAP) increased enjoyment of calming (vs. exciting) activities. In Study 1, the more participants valued LAP, the more enjoyment they recalled during calming (vs. exciting) episodes from their lives. In Studies 2-3, the more participants valued LAP, the more enjoyment they experienced during calming (vs. exciting) amusement park rides, both in the United States and Hong Kong. To assess causality, in Study 4, participants were randomly assigned to either a "value LAP" or control condition and then engaged in either low or high intensity exercise. Participants in the value LAP condition who engaged in low intensity exercise reported greater enjoyment than those who engaged in high intensity exercise; these differences did not emerge in the control condition. People's trait levels of experienced LAP ("actual LAP") were not related to their enjoyment of calming (vs. exciting) activities. Together, these findings provide evidence that people derive more enjoyment from activities that match their ideal affect. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for AVT as well as interventions aimed at enhancing well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record
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49
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Ong AD, Zautra AJ, Finan PH. Inter- and Intra-Individual Variation in Emotional Complexity: Methodological Considerations and Theoretical Implications. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017; 15:22-26. [PMID: 29130059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The degree of relationship between positive and negative emotional states or emotional complexity is a topic of ongoing methodological and theoretical debate. At issue is whether positive and negative emotions are opposite ends of a bipolar continuum or independent dimensions in a bivariate distribution with little degree of overlap. In this review, we summarize a body of work suggesting that the distinction between positive and negative emotions varies both between and within individuals over time as a function of cognition and changes in informational demands, a perspective called the Dynamic Model of Affect (DMA). In addition to providing a unifying theoretical model that specifies the conditions under which both bivariate and bipolar models of affect may be valid, the DMA offers an integrative, multidimensional affective framework through which models of resilience and stress adaptation may be articulated. Future work should continue to explore the contextual factors, especially those that have relevance for the complexity of information processing, as potential moderators of the dynamic interplay between positive and negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University.,Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | | | - Patrick H Finan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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An S, Ji LJ, Marks M, Zhang Z. Two Sides of Emotion: Exploring Positivity and Negativity in Six Basic Emotions across Cultures. Front Psychol 2017; 8:610. [PMID: 28473791 PMCID: PMC5397534 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We employ a novel paradigm to test whether six basic emotions (sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise, and happiness; Ekman, 1992) contain both negativity and positivity, as opposed to consisting of a single continuum between negative and positive. We examined the perceived negativity and positivity of these emotions in terms of their affective and cognitive components among Korean, Chinese, Canadian, and American students. Assessing each emotion at the cognitive and affective levels cross-culturally provides a fairly comprehensive picture of the positivity and negativity of emotions. Affective components were rated as more divergent than cognitive components. Cross-culturally, Americans and Canadians gave higher valence ratings to the salient valence of each emotion, and lower ratings to the non-salient valence of an emotion, compared to Chinese and Koreans. The results suggest that emotions encompass both positivity and negativity, and there were cross-cultural differences in reported emotions. This paradigm complements existing emotion theories, building on past research and allowing for more parsimonious explanations of cross-cultural research on emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieun An
- Department of Psychology, Ashoka UniversitySonepat, India.,Department of Psychology, Queen's University,Kingston, ON, Canada.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Ji
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University,Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Marks
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University,Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
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