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Walker DT, Bills KL, Motley RO. Physical and Mental Health Outcomes of Black Emerging Adults with Community Violence Exposure: An Integrative Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1769-1779. [PMID: 37609870 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231194055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Community violence exposure (CVE) and its health impact is a public health crisis. Violent crime has steadily increased over recent years and has disproportionately affected Black communities. Emerging adulthood (18-29 years old) is a vulnerable period of development and Black emerging adults may be at increased risk for negative physical and mental health consequences from CVE. This integrative review was conducted to evaluate available evidence on health outcomes in Black emerging adults exposed to CVE. This review appraised published studies (2012-2022) addressing physical and mental health outcomes of Black emerging adults with CVE. Articles were identified using structured search terms in several databases (CINAHL, PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science), a gray literature search, and citation mining. A total of 177 studies were identified for screening and 19 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The majority of studies found a significant positive association between CVE and adverse mental (n = 12) and physical (n = 7) health outcomes. CVE appears to have both mental and physical health consequences for Black emerging adults. Given that violent crime disproportionately increased in Black communities and Black people are more likely to develop chronic health conditions at younger ages, more work is needed to elucidate the relationship between CVE and health outcomes.
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Pahl K, Williams SZ, Capasso A, Lewis CF, Lekas HM. A longitudinal pathway from ethnic-racial discrimination to sexual risk behaviors among Black women and Latinas: Ethnic-racial identity exploration as a protective factor. Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:115061. [PMID: 35637046 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black women and Latinas in their thirties continue to be at risk for HIV transmission via heterosexual intercourse. METHODS Informed by the Theory of Gender and Power, this study investigated a longitudinal path model linking experiences of ethnic-racial discrimination in late adolescence to sexual risk behaviors in adulthood among 492 Black women and Latinas. We also tested whether ethnic-racial identity exploration served as a resilience asset protecting women against the psychological impact of ethnic-racial discrimination. Survey data from female participants in the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study, which has followed a cohort of New York City Black and Latinx youth since 1990, were analyzed. Data for this analysis were collected at four time points when participants were on average 19, 24, 29, and 32 years of age. Structural equation modeling was used to examine a hypothesized pathway from earlier ethnic-racial discrimination to later sexual risk behaviors and the protective role of ethnic-racial identity exploration. RESULTS Results confirmed that ethnic-racial discrimination in late adolescence was linked with sexual risk behaviors in the early thirties via increased levels of affective distress in emerging adulthood, experiences of victimization in young adulthood, and substance use in the early thirties among women low in ethnic-racial identity exploration. We also found that ethnic-racial identity served as a resilience asset, as the association between discrimination in late adolescence and affective distress in emerging adulthood was not significant among women with higher levels of ethnic-racial identity exploration. CONCLUSIONS The results provide important preliminary evidence that ethnic-racial identity exploration may serve as a resilience asset among Black women and Latinas confronting racial discrimination. Further, we suggest that ethnic-racial identity exploration may constitute an important facet of critical consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Pahl
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.
| | - Sharifa Z Williams
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Ariadna Capasso
- NYU School of Global Public Health, New York University, 708 Broadway, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Crystal Fuller Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Helen Maria Lekas
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
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Tamargo R, Moschenross D, Clark T, Novoa K, Gopalan P. C-L Case Conference: Psychiatric Evaluation and Management Following Gunshot Injury. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry 2022; 63:426-433. [PMID: 35301160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaclp.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of a 23-year-old female presenting to CL Psychiatry after admission for multiple gunshot wounds. Top experts in the CL field provide guidance for this commonly encountered clinical case based on their experience and a review of the available literature. Key teaching topics include risk factors for gun violence victimization, assessment of psychiatric diagnoses associated with gunshot injury, and management challenges including access to psychiatric care. Specifically, we highlight the high prevalence of trauma-related disorders, substance use disorders, and functional impairment after gunshot injury. We also provide practical guidance on issues of lethality assessment, trauma-informed care, psychiatric management, and community resources that support recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tamargo
- Psychiatry Consultation-Liaison Service, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Darcy Moschenross
- Psychiatry Consultation-Liaison Service, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tiffany Clark
- Psychiatry Consultation-Liaison Service, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Priya Gopalan
- Psychiatry Consultation-Liaison Service, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Abdul-Adil J, Suárez LM. The Urban Youth Trauma Center: A Trauma-Informed Continuum for Addressing Community Violence Among Youth. Community Ment Health J 2022; 58:334-342. [PMID: 33870469 PMCID: PMC8053560 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-021-00827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary community violence has escalated into a national public health crisis with urban youth, particularly ethnic minorities, suffering disproportionate negative impacts. The Urban Youth Trauma Center (UYTC) promotes a trauma-informed continuum of prevention-to-intervention services that combines community-based and clinic-based manualized protocols designed to reduce and prevent community violence for youth and families. Based on a socio-ecological model, UYTC has the main goals of addressing community violence and related traumatic stress as well as co-occurring conditions of substance abuse and disruptive behavior problems in urban youth by: (1) raising public awareness; (2) disseminating specialized trauma-informed training; and (3) mobilizing service system coalitions. UYTC employs this evidence-based yet flexible structure for disseminating, implementing, and evaluating trauma-informed training as a means of contributing to the reduction and prevention of community violence for low-income urban minority youth and families who bear the biggest burden of this current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleel Abdul-Adil
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Mail Code 747, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | - Liza M Suárez
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Mail Code 747, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
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Reyes ME, Rossi JS, Thomas ED, C Goldstein S, Weiss NH. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Misuse Among Black Emerging Adults: The Influence of Social Support. J Dual Diagn 2022; 18:42-51. [PMID: 34970948 PMCID: PMC9128832 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2021.2017221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Black emerging adults are significantly impacted by substance misuse. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with heightened substance misuse among Black emerging adults. However, limited research has identified protective factors that may influence the strength of the relation between PTSD and substance misuse in this population. Addressing this important limitation, the present study examined the potential moderating role of perceived social support in the association between PTSD symptoms and substance (i.e., alcohol and drug) misuse. Methods: Participants were 182 trauma-exposed Black emerging adults (M age = 20.50; 71.3% women) who completed self-report measures assessing PTSD symptoms, alcohol and drug misuse, and perceived social support. Results: PTSD symptoms were significantly and positively correlated with both alcohol and drug misuse. Moderation analyses indicated that positive relations between PTSD symptoms and both alcohol and drug misuse were only significant among Black emerging adults with lower (but not higher) levels of perceived social support. Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential utility of addressing social support in the assessment and treatment of substance misuse in trauma-exposed Black emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda E Reyes
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Joseph S Rossi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Emmanuel D Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Silvi C Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Semenza DC, Testa A, Turanovic JJ. Trajectories of violent victimization over the life course: Implications for mental and physical health. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2021; 50:100436. [PMID: 36661291 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2021.100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Violent victimization experiences correspond to an array of negative consequences including poorer mental and physical health. Drawing on life course theories of stress proliferation and well-being, we use four waves of data from the Add Health study to identify pathways of violent victimization from adolescence through young adulthood using group-based trajectory modeling. We then assess the influence of victimization trajectory membership on a range of subsequent health outcomes including depression, PTSD, clinical and subclinical symptoms, and self-rated health. Our results show those with increasing experiences of victimization in young adulthood are at greatest risk for poor health outcomes. Notably, trajectories marked by violent victimization limited in adolescence are not associated with any indicators of poor health. Black individuals and males are at particular risk for membership in victimization trajectories with the greatest risk for future negative health outcomes. Our findings demonstrate that violent victimization occurs via heterogeneous patterns over the life course with significant consequences for well-being and broader health disparities among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University - Camden, United States.
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, United States
| | - Jillian J Turanovic
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, United States
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Testa A, Semenza DC, Jackson DB. Violent victimisation trajectories from adolescence through adulthood: consequences for sleep problems. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 76:140-145. [PMID: 34353868 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-217356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violent victimisation is a stressful experience that has been linked with sleep problems among children, adolescents and adults. However, prior research has not assessed how victimisation trajectories across different stages of the life-course correspond to sleep outcomes. The present study assesses how trajectories of violent victimisation from adolescence to middle adulthood correspond to sleep behaviours in adulthood. METHODS Data are from fives waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N=6015). Semi-parametric group-based trajectory modelling was used to estimate violent victimisation trajectories from adolescence to middle adulthood. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between sleep quantity and quality across violent victimisation trajectories. RESULTS The findings demonstrate that the relationship between violent victimisation and sleep in adulthood is not consistent across all victimisation trajectories. Rather, sleep quality and quantity are the worst among those who persistently experience violent victimisation from adolescence through adulthood. CONCLUSION Persistent exposure to violence can be a particularly damaging experience with consequences for sleep quantity and quality. Establishing interventions that reduce violent victimisation across the life-course and promote positive sleep behaviours among those with a history of victimisation are important public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University Camden, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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