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Beatton T, Chan HF, Dulleck U, Ristl A, Schaffner M, Torgler B. Positive affect and heart rate variability: a dynamic analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7004. [PMID: 38523154 PMCID: PMC10961327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional survey methods can provide noisy data arising from recall, memory and other biases. Technological advances (particularly in neuroscience) are opening new ways of monitoring physiological processes through non-intrusive means. Such dense continuous data provide new and fruitful avenues for complementing self-reported data with a better understanding of human dynamics and human interactions. In this study, we use a survey to collect positive affect (feelings) data from more than 300 individuals over a period of 24 h, and at the same time, map their core activities (5000 recorded activities in total) with measurements of their heart rate variability (HRV). Our results indicate a robust correlation between the HRV measurements and self-reported affect. By drawing on the neuroscience and wellbeing literature we show that dynamic HRV results are what we expect for positive affect, particularly when performing activities like sleep, travel, work, exercise and eating. This research provides new insights into how to collect HRV data, model and interpret it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Beatton
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Behavioural Insights for Technology Adoption (BITA), Queensland, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ho Fai Chan
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Behavioural Insights for Technology Adoption (BITA), Queensland, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Uwe Dulleck
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Center for Economic Studies, CESifo Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Markus Schaffner
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Benno Torgler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- CREMA-Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Südstrasse 11, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Behavioural Insights for Technology Adoption (BITA), Queensland, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.
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Klaiber P, Hill PL, Almeida DM, DeLongis A, Sin NL. Positive event diversity: Relationship with personality and well-being. J Pers 2024:10.1111/jopy.12917. [PMID: 38279657 PMCID: PMC11282174 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examining the personality and well-being correlates of positive event diversity. BACKGROUND Past research has highlighted that personality traits are linked to the frequency of daily positive events. This study is the first to examine positive event diversity, the extent to which positive events are spread across multiple types of positive life domains, as well as its personality and well-being correlates. METHOD We conducted parallel analyses of three daily diary datasets (Ns = 1919, 744, and 1392) that included evening assessment of daily positive events and affective well-being. The Big Five personality traits were assessed in baseline surveys. RESULTS Positive Event Diversity was related to higher person-mean daily positive affect but not negative affect. Higher Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness, and lower Neuroticism were correlated with more positive event diversity. These associations became nonsignificant when controlling for positive event frequency. Positive event frequency moderated the link between positive event diversity and person-mean affect, such that higher positive event diversity was associated with higher negative and lower positive affect for people who experienced more frequent positive events. CONCLUSIONS No consistent evidence was found for personality as a moderator of the positive event diversity-well-being link across the three studies. Further, the well-being implications of positive event diversity may be better understood when interpreting them alongside indexes of positive event frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Klaiber
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University
| | - Patrick L. Hill
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University
| | - David M. Almeida
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Anita DeLongis
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - Nancy L. Sin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
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Hoemann K, Gendron M, Crittenden AN, Mangola SM, Endeko ES, Dussault È, Barrett LF, Mesquita B. What We Can Learn About Emotion by Talking With the Hadza. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024; 19:173-200. [PMID: 37428509 PMCID: PMC10776822 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231178555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are often thought of as internal mental states centering on individuals' subjective feelings and evaluations. This understanding is consistent with studies of emotion narratives, or the descriptions people give for experienced events that they regard as emotions. Yet these studies, and contemporary psychology more generally, often rely on observations of educated Europeans and European Americans, constraining psychological theory and methods. In this article, we present observations from an inductive, qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with the Hadza, a community of small-scale hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, and juxtapose them with a set of interviews conducted with Americans from North Carolina. Although North Carolina event descriptions largely conformed to the assumptions of eurocentric psychological theory, Hadza descriptions foregrounded action and bodily sensations, the physical environment, immediate needs, and the experiences of social others. These observations suggest that subjective feelings and internal mental states may not be the organizing principle of emotion the world around. Qualitative analysis of emotion narratives from outside of a U.S. (and western) cultural context has the potential to uncover additional diversity in meaning-making, offering a descriptive foundation on which to build a more robust and inclusive science of emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
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Sasaki N, Watanabe K, Imamura K, Nishi D, Karasawa M, Kan C, Ryff CD, Kawakami N. Japanese version of the 42-item psychological well-being scale (PWBS-42): a validation study. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:75. [PMID: 32690082 PMCID: PMC7370465 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the internal consistency, structural validity, and convergent/known-group validity of the Japanese version of the 42-item Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS-42). METHODS The PWBS-42 includes six 7-item subscales designed to measure the following dimensions of eudaimonic psychological well-being: 1) autonomy, 2) environmental mastery, 3) personal growth, 4) positive relations with others, 5) purpose in life, and 6) self-acceptance. A questionnaire was administered to 2102 community residents in Tokyo aged 30 or over as a part of the Midlife in Japan (MIDJA) survey, in 2008. The internal consistency reliability was tested using Cronbach's α. Structural validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent validity was evaluated by calculating correlations of the Japanese PWBS-42 subscales with life satisfaction, negative affect, negative adjectives, positive affect, positive adjectives, self-esteem, and perceived stress scales. RESULTS Data from 1027 respondents (505 males and 522 females) were analyzed (valid response rate = 56.2%). Cronbach's α values ranged from 0.70 to 0.78 for five of the subscales, while that for purpose in life was lower (0.57). EFA yielded a five-factor structure: The first two factors consisted of negative and positive items mostly from the environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance subscales. The third, fourth, and fifth factors consisted mostly of items from the positive relations with others, autonomy, and personal growth subscales, respectively. As hypothesized, the scores for life satisfaction, negative and positive affect/adjectives, self-esteem and perceived stress were significantly correlated with all subscales of the Japanese PWBS-42. CONCLUSION The subscales of the Japanese version of the PWBS-42 showed accep. levels of reliability and support for convergent validity in the Japanese population. The factor structure was slightly different from the theoretical 6-factor model: items of three subscales (environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance) loaded together on two factors. This finding may be interpreted in light of the interdependent self construal found in Japan in which these three components could be closely linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsu Sasaki
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kotaro Imamura
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishi
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mayumi Karasawa
- Department of Communication, Tokyo Women's Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiemi Kan
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Carol Diane Ryff
- Department of Psychology/Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Komase Y, Watanabe K, Sasaki N, Kawakami N. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Gratitude at Work Scale (GAWS). J Occup Health 2020; 62:e12185. [PMID: 33342013 PMCID: PMC7750024 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Workplace gratitude is important for improving work-related outcomes and individual well-being. Although the gratitude at work scale (GAWS) was developed in the United States, it has not been corroborated in Asian countries with interdependent cultures. This study aimed to develop and validate the GAWS among Japanese workers. METHOD Japanese workers completed online surveys at baseline (N = 206) and 2 weeks later (N = 103). The Japanese GAWS was developed according to the international guidelines. We measured (a) trait gratitude as comparison for the criterion-related validity, (b) work-related outcomes/factors (eg, work engagement), and (c) well-being (eg, eudemonic well-being at work) as comparisons for convergent validity. Cronbach's alpha, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), and measurement errors were calculated to assess reliability; measurement validity was evaluated by correlational analyses and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). RESULTS A total of 206 and 93 workers were included for baseline and follow-up analyses, respectively. Cronbach's alpha and ICCs of the Japanese GAWS ranged from 0.81 to 0.91. CFA showed that the 2-factor model (ie, gratitude for (a) a supportive work environment and (b) meaningful work) demonstrated a good fit (χ2 (34) = 67.58, CFI = 0.967, TLI = 0.956, RMSEA = 0.069, SRMR = 0.037), similar to the original version. As we had hypothesized, overall GAWS and the two domains were significantly correlated with trait gratitude, work-related outcomes/factors, and well-being. CONCLUSIONS The Japanese GAWS demonstrated good reliability and validity. Future research should explore mechanisms related to workplace gratitude and further intervention studies among workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Komase
- Department of Mental HealthGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Chiyoda‐kuJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Mental HealthGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoJapan
| | - Natsu Sasaki
- Department of Mental HealthGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoJapan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental HealthGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoJapan
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Yoo J, Ryff CD. Longitudinal Profiles of Psychological Well-Being and Health: Findings From Japan. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2746. [PMID: 31920803 PMCID: PMC6914807 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported relationships between psychological well-being and physical health in Western cultural contexts. However, longitudinal associations between well-being and health have not been examined in other cultures where different values and beliefs about well-being exist. This paper examined whether longitudinal profiles of well-being predict prospective health among Japanese adults. Data came from 654 people who completed two waves of the Midlife in Japan (MIDJA) Study collected 4-5 years apart. Health outcomes were assessed with subjective health, chronic conditions, physical symptoms, and functional health. The results showed that persistently high well-being predicted better health over time. High-arousal positive affect, which is relatively less valued in Japanese culture, was also associated with better health. The findings add cross-cultural evidence to the cross-time link between well-being and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Yoo
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Carol D Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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