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Krefman AE, Stephen J, Carolan P, Sedaghat S, Mansolf M, Soumare A, Gross AL, Aiello AE, Singh-Manoux A, Ikram MA, Helmer C, Tzourio C, Satizabal C, Levine DA, Lloyd-Jones D, Briceño EM, Sorond FA, Wolters FJ, Himali J, Launer LJ, Zhao L, Haan M, Lopez OL, Debette S, Seshadri S, Judd SE, Hughes TM, Gudnason V, Scholtens D, Allen NB. Cohort Profile: Dementia Risk Prediction Project (DRPP). Int J Epidemiol 2024; 53:dyae012. [PMID: 38339864 PMCID: PMC10858348 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Krefman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Stephen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Padraig Carolan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sanaz Sedaghat
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maxwell Mansolf
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aïcha Soumare
- UMR1219 Bordeaux Population Health Center (Team VINTAGE), INSERM-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alden L Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Robert N Butler Columbia Aging Center and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paris, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Helmer
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, U1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, U1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudia Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cognitive Health Services Research Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily M Briceño
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Farzaneh A Sorond
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank J Wolters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, and Alzheimer Centre Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jayandra Himali
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Haan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- UMR1219 Bordeaux Population Health Center (Team VINTAGE), INSERM-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne E Judd
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Timothy M Hughes
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Denise Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Norrina B Allen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Pozzi FE, Remoli G, Tremolizzo L, Appollonio I, Ferrarese C, Cuffaro L. Brain Health and Cognition in Older Adults: Roadmap and Milestones towards the Implementation of Preventive Strategies. Brain Sci 2024; 14:55. [PMID: 38248270 PMCID: PMC10813413 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we delve into the evolving concept of brain health, as recognized by the WHO, focusing on its intersection with cognitive decline. We emphasize the imperative need for preventive strategies, particularly in older adults. We describe the target population that might benefit the most from risk-based approaches-namely, people with subjective cognitive decline. Additionally, we consider universal prevention in cognitively unimpaired middle-aged and older adults. Delving into multidomain personalized preventive strategies, we report on empirical evidence surrounding modifiable risk factors and interventions crucial in mitigating cognitive decline. Next, we highlight the emergence of brain health services (BHS). We explain their proposed role in risk assessment, risk communication, and tailored interventions to reduce the risk of dementia. Commenting on ongoing BHS pilot experiences, we present the inception and framework of our own BHS in Monza, Italy, outlining its operational structure and care pathways. We emphasize the need for global collaboration and intensified research efforts to address the intricate determinants of brain health and their potential impact on healthcare systems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Emanuele Pozzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20100 Milan, Italy; (G.R.); (L.T.); (I.A.); (C.F.); (L.C.)
- Neurology Department & Brain Health Service, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (Neuro-MI), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Remoli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20100 Milan, Italy; (G.R.); (L.T.); (I.A.); (C.F.); (L.C.)
- Neurology Department & Brain Health Service, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20100 Milan, Italy; (G.R.); (L.T.); (I.A.); (C.F.); (L.C.)
- Neurology Department & Brain Health Service, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (Neuro-MI), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ildebrando Appollonio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20100 Milan, Italy; (G.R.); (L.T.); (I.A.); (C.F.); (L.C.)
- Neurology Department & Brain Health Service, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (Neuro-MI), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20100 Milan, Italy; (G.R.); (L.T.); (I.A.); (C.F.); (L.C.)
- Neurology Department & Brain Health Service, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (Neuro-MI), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Cuffaro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20100 Milan, Italy; (G.R.); (L.T.); (I.A.); (C.F.); (L.C.)
- Neurology Department & Brain Health Service, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (Neuro-MI), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Downer B, Milani S, Grasso S, Lucas FL, Mehta N. Dual-Language Use and Cognitive Function Among Mexican Americans Aged 65 and Older. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:1105-1115. [PMID: 38759004 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Better English proficiency and higher frequency of using English among non-native speakers are associated with lower dementia risk. Objective We investigated if Mexican American older adults who use English and Spanish to a more similar degree demonstrate better cognitive function than those who use one language more than the other. Methods We used data from waves one (1992/93) to eight (2012/13) of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly. At baseline, participants were asked what language they usually use across communicative contexts. We based dual language on participants' use of Spanish and English within and across contexts. We categorized participants as low (n = 1,145), medium (n = 717), and high (n = 702) dual-language users. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the association between dual-language use, baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, and change in MMSE. Results Participants in the medium and high dual-language use categories scored 1.91 points and 3.03 points higher at wave one compared to the low dual-language use category. Adjusting for education reduced the association between dual-language use and baseline MMSE (medium B = 0.99 SE = 0.19 p < 0.01; high B = 1.41 SE = 0.21 p < 0.01). The association between dual-language use and decline in the MMSE was not statistically significant. Conclusions Greater dual-language use was associated with higher MMSE scores but not change in MMSE scores among Mexican Americans aged 65 and older. Future work should characterize bilingualism with greater nuance and use more rigorous cognitive measures to identify the components of the bilingual experience that may benefit the cognitive functioning of older adult bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Downer
- Department of Population Health and Health Disparities, School of Public and Population Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sadaf Milani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public and Population Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Grasso
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Neil Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public and Population Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Ramos‐Henderson M, Soto‐Añari M, Herrera‐Pino J, Porto MF, Camargo L, Hesse H, Ferrel‐Ortega † R, Quispe‐Ayala C, García de la Cadena C, Mendoza‐Ruvalcaba N, Caldichoury N, Castellanos C, Varón C, Aguilar D, Antezana R, Martinez J, Román N, Boza C, Ducassou A, Saldías C, López N. Factors associated with cognitive impairment in Latin American older adults: A cross-sectional observational study of COVID-19 confinement. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12427. [PMID: 37063389 PMCID: PMC10102893 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of COVID-19 confinement have been severe, especially in older adults. Therefore, we analyzed the factors associated with cognitive impairment (CI) in Latin America (LA). METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional observational study with a total of 5245 older adults from 10 countries in LA. Measurement We used the Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) and the Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia (AD8) scale. RESULTS We found that age, depressive symptomatology, bone fractures, being widowed, having a family member with dementia, and unemployment were associated with an increased risk of CI. In contrast, higher education, hypertension with continuous treatment, quarantine, and keeping stimulating cognitive and physical activities were associated with a lower probability of CI. No significant association was found between suffering from diabetes or being retired and CI. DISCUSSION It is essential to conduct follow-up studies on these factors, considering their relationship with CI and the duration of confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ramos‐Henderson
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Gerontología Aplicada (CIGAP)Facultad de SaludUniversidad Santo TomásAntofagastaChile
| | - Marcio Soto‐Añari
- Departamento de PsicologíaUniversidad Católica San PabloArequipaPerú
| | | | - María F. Porto
- Neuroscience AreaL'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of CognitionDevelopment and Educational PsychologyUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Loida Camargo
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento Médico, Grupo de investigación Neurociencia y Salud GlobalUniversidad de CartagenaCartagena de IndiasColombia
| | - Heike Hesse
- Observatorio COVID‐19Universidad Tecnológica CentroamericanaTegucigalpaHonduras
| | - Robert Ferrel‐Ortega †
- Programa de PsicologíaFacultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad MagdalenaSanta MartaColombia
| | - Cesar Quispe‐Ayala
- Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias PolíticasUniversidad Nacional de HuancavelicaHuancavelicaPerú
| | - Claudia García de la Cadena
- Departamento de NeuropsicologíaFacultad de Ciencias SocialesUniversidad del Valle de GuatemalaGuatemala CityGuatema
| | - Neyda Mendoza‐Ruvalcaba
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud Enfermedad como Proceso IndividualUniversidad de GuadalajaraCutonalaMéxico
| | | | - Cesar Castellanos
- Dirección ejecutivaInstituto Dominicano para el Estudio de la Salud Integral y la Psicología Aplicada (IDESIP)Santo DomingoRepública Dominicana
| | - Claudia Varón
- Dirección ejecutivaFundación Acción Familiar Alzheimer Colombia‐AFACOLBogotáColombia
| | - Dolores Aguilar
- Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias PolíticasUniversidad Nacional de HuancavelicaHuancavelicaPerú
| | - Regulo Antezana
- Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias PolíticasUniversidad Nacional de HuancavelicaHuancavelicaPerú
| | - Juan Martinez
- Departmet of EducationUniversidad Ana G. MéndezSan JuanPuerto Rico
| | - Norbel Román
- Centro de Investigación en Hematología y Trastornos AfinesUniversidad de Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
| | - Carolina Boza
- Centro de Investigación en Hematología y Trastornos AfinesUniversidad de Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
| | - Alejandro Ducassou
- Vicerrectoría Regional y Escuela de PsicologiaFaculta de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Mayor‐TemucoTemucoChile
| | - Carol Saldías
- Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad San SebastiánValdiviaChile
| | - Norman López
- Departamento de Ciencias SocialesUniversidad de La CostaBarranquillaColombia
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Yu Y, Su J, Jerrett M, Paul KC, Lee E, Shih IF, Haan M, Ritz B. Air pollution and traffic noise interact to affect cognitive health in older Mexican Americans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107810. [PMID: 36870315 PMCID: PMC11121505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both air pollution and noise exposures have separately been shown to affect cognitive impairment. Here, we examine how air pollution and noise exposures interact to influence the development of incident dementia or cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND). METHODS We used 1,612 Mexican American participants from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging conducted from 1998 to 2007. Air pollution (nitrogen dioxides, particulate matter, ozone) and noise exposure levels were modeled with a land-use regression and via the SoundPLAN software package implemented with the Traffic Noise Model applied to the greater Sacramento area, respectively. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated the hazard of incident dementia or CIND from air pollution exposure at the residence up to 5-years prior to diagnosis for the members of each risk set at event time. Further, we investigated whether noise exposure modified the association between air pollution exposure and dementia or CIND. RESULTS In total, 104 incident dementia and 159 incident dementia/CIND cases were identified during the 10 years of follow-up. For each ∼2 µg/m3 increase in time-varying 1- and 5-year average PM2.5 exposure, the hazard of dementia increased 33% (HR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.76). The hazard ratios for NO2-related dementia/CIND and PM2.5-related dementia were stronger in high-noise (≥65 dB) exposed than low-noise (<65 dB) exposed participants. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that PM2.5 and NO2 air pollution adversely affect cognition in elderly Mexican Americans. Our findings also suggest that air pollutants may interact with traffic-related noise exposure to affect cognitive function in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Center for Health Policy Research, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jason Su
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eunice Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, California, USA
| | - I-Fan Shih
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary Haan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Vásquez PM, Tarraf W, Chai A, Doza A, Sotres-Alvarez D, Diaz KM, Zlatar ZZ, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallo LC, Estrella ML, Vásquez E, Evenson KR, Khambaty T, Thyagarajan B, Singer RH, Schneiderman N, Daviglus ML, González HM. Accelerometer-Measured Latent Physical Activity Profiles and Neurocognition Among Middle-Aged and Older Hispanic/Latino Adults in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:e263-e278. [PMID: 36219450 PMCID: PMC9799203 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Derive latent profiles of accelerometry-measured moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for Hispanic/Latino adults, examine associations between latent MVPA profiles and neurocognition, and describe profiles via self-reported MVPA. METHODS Complex survey design methods were applied to cross-sectional data from 7,672 adults ages 45-74 years in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL; 2008-2011). MVPA was measured via hip-worn accelerometers. Latent profile analysis was applied to derive latent MVPA profiles (minutes/day of week). Neurocognition was assessed with the Brief-Spanish English Verbal Learning Test (B-SEVLT) Sum, B-SEVLT Recall, Controlled Oral Word Association Test (word fluency), and Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) test. All tests were z-scored, and a global neurocognition score was generated by averaging across scores. Survey linear regression models were used to examine associations between latent MVPA profiles and neurocognitive measures. Self-reported MVPA domains were estimated (occupational, transportation, and recreational) for each latent profile. RESULTS Four latent MVPA profiles from the overall adult target population (18-74 years) were derived and putatively labeled: No MVPA, low, moderate, and high. Only the high MVPA profile (compared to moderate) was associated with lower global neurocognition. Sensitivity analyses using latent MVPA profiles with only participants aged 45-74 years showed similar profiles, but no associations between latent MVPA profiles and neurocognition. The occupational MVPA domain led in all latent MVPA profiles. DISCUSSION We found no consistent evidence to link accelerometry-measured MVPA profiles to neurocognitive function. Research to better characterize the role of high occupational MVPA in relation to neurocognition among Hispanic/Latino adults are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla M Vásquez
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Institute of Gerontology and Department of Healthcare Services, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Albert Chai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adit Doza
- Institute of Gerontology and Department of Healthcare Services, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniela Sotres-Alvarez
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith M Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zvinka Z Zlatar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ramon A Durazo-Arvizu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mayra L Estrella
- Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Vásquez
- School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tasneem Khambaty
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard H Singer
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Neil Schneiderman
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hector M González
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Rodriguez MJ, Burke S, Padron D, Duarte A, Rosselli M, Grieg-Custo M, Grudzien A, Loewenstein DA, Duara R. Associations Between Country where Education is Obtained and Cognitive Functioning Among South American and Caribbean Older Adults Living in the U.S. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2022; 37:257-274. [PMID: 36251109 PMCID: PMC10161283 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-022-09456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of AD among Hispanics calls for a need for examining factors that affect cognitive functioning and risk of AD among Hispanic older adults. The current study examined cognitive functioning among older Hispanic adults living in the U.S. from two Hispanic regions, South America and the Caribbean, in relation to the country where education was obtained. Participants (n = 139) were stratified into groups based on Hispanic education region and diagnostic categories: cognitively normal and amnestic MCI (aMCI). Results of Pearson correlations showed that among Hispanic Americans in general, there were significant positive correlations between the country of education to performance on measures of episodic, verbal, and word list tests. When examined separately by region and diagnosis, only cognitively normal (CN) South Americans showed significant relationships between country of education and cognitive functioning in these areas. Results of general linear models controlling for education identified differences in neuropsychological performance between groups with the CN groups demonstrating better performance than the aMCI groups within each region. Overall, it was evident that relationships between years of education obtained outside of the U.S. and cognitive functioning were not similar among individuals from these two disparate Spanish speaking regions. This is the first study to examine the country where education was obtained among individuals from countries located in different regions with different cultures that may influence their education and cognitive development throughout life. Findings contribute to the cross-cultural neuropsychological literature in understanding factors that are unique to Hispanic older adults at risk for developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam J Rodriguez
- Department of Health and Wellness Design, Indiana University-Bloomington, School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Shanna Burke
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Andres Duarte
- Department of Psychology, Albizu University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Monica Rosselli
- Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Maria Grieg-Custo
- Mt. Sinai Medical Center, Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Adrienne Grudzien
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David A Loewenstein
- Department of Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami and Center on Aging, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ranjan Duara
- Mt. Sinai Medical Center, Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Miami Beach, FL, USA
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Lamar M, Tarraf W, Wu B, Perreira KM, Lipton RB, Khambaty T, Cai J, Llabre MM, Gallo LC, Daviglus ML, González HM. The Spanish-English bilingual experience and cognitive change in Hispanics/Latinos from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 19:10.1002/alz.12703. [PMID: 35768881 PMCID: PMC9797616 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies suggest bilingualism may delay behavioral manifestations of adverse cognitive aging including Alzheimer's dementia. METHODS Three thousand nine hundred sixty-three participants (unweighted mean population age ≈56 years) at Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos baseline (2008-2011) self-reported their and their parents' birth outside the United States, Spanish as their first language, and used Spanish for baseline and comparable cognitive testing 7 years later (2015-2018). Spanish/English language proficiency and patterns of use were self-rated from 1 = only Spanish to 4 = English > Spanish. Cognitive testing included test-specific and global composite score(s) of verbal learning, memory, word fluency, and Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS). Survey linear regression models examined associations between baseline bilingualism scores and cognition. RESULTS Higher second-language (English) proficiency and use were associated with higher global cognition, fluency, and DSS at follow-up and better than predicted change in fluency. DISCUSSION The bilingual experience was more consistently related to 7-year level versus change in cognition for Hispanics/Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
- Institute for Minority Health Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Institute of Gerontology and Department of Healthcare Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Benson Wu
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Richard B. Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Epidemiology and Population Health, and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Maria M Llabre
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Linda C. Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Martha L. Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Hector M. González
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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9
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Yu Y, Jerrett M, Paul KC, Su J, Shih IF, Wu J, Lee E, Inoue K, Haan M, Ritz B. Ozone Exposure, Outdoor Physical Activity, and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in the SALSA Cohort of Older Mexican Americans. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:97004. [PMID: 34494856 PMCID: PMC8425281 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is a leading contributor to the global burden of morbidity and mortality. Ozone (O3) exposure has previously been linked to diabetes. OBJECTIVE We studied the impact of O3 exposure on incident diabetes risk in elderly Mexican Americans and investigated whether outdoor physical activity modifies the association. METHODS We selected 1,090 Mexican American participants from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging conducted from 1998 to 2007. Ambient O3 exposure levels were modeled with a land-use regression built with saturation monitoring data collected at 49 sites across the Sacramento metropolitan area. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated the risk of developing incident diabetes based on average O3 exposure modeled for 5-y prior to incident diabetes diagnosis or last follow-up. Further, we estimated outdoor leisure-time physical activity at baseline and investigated whether higher vs. lower levels modified the association between O3 exposure and diabetes. RESULTS In total, 186 incident diabetes cases were identified during 10-y follow-up. Higher levels of physical activity were negatively associated with incident diabetes [hazard ratio (HR)=0.64 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.95)]. The estimated HRs for incident diabetes was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.28) per 10-ppb increment of 5-y average O3 exposure; also, this association was stronger among those physically active outdoors [HR=1.52 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.90)], and close to null for those reporting lower levels of outdoor activity [HR=1.04 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.20), pinteraction=0.01]. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ambient O3 exposure contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes, particularly among those with higher levels of leisure-time outdoor physical activity. Policies and strategies are needed to reduce O3 exposure to guarantee that the health benefits of physical activity are not diminished by higher levels of O3 pollution in susceptible populations such as older Hispanics. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8620.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kimberly C. Paul
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jason Su
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - I-Fan Shih
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Eunice Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kosuke Inoue
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary Haan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Ramos-Henderson M, Ledezma-Dámes A, López N, Machado Goyano Mac Kay AP. Executive functions and functional impairment in Latin seniors suffering from depression. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2021; 28:543-558. [PMID: 32715938 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1796915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Functional impairment (FI) relates to the condition of executive functions (EFs). While EFs become affected by age and educational level (EL). Seniors suffering from depression (SSDs) on the other hand show EF-related deficiencies; however, there is hardly any literature available regarding their relationship with FI in Latin SSDs, who usually have low ELs. OBJECTIVE To verify the relationship between EFs and FI in SSDs of Latin origins, by controlling the effects associated with age and educational level. METHODOLOGY Cross-sectional study, of cases and controls, conducted on a nonprobability sample, made up of 102 self-sufficient SSDs and 142 control subjects over age 50, monolinguals of Latin origin (Chileans), all assessed by means of a battery of assessments such as: Geriatric Depression Scale, Addenbrook's Cognitive Assessment III, Trail making Tests A and B, STROOP word-color test, and semantic and phonological verbal fluency tests. A domain of composite EFs was established with standardized Chilean population scores, where age and educational levels were controlled. A simple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between EFs and FI in SSDs. RESULTS Upon controlling age and educational levels, EFs explained an FI variance of 3.9% in SSDs; depression explained an EF variance of 3.2%, and 3.7% of FI. CONCLUSION The results of the present study highlight the importance of a timely intervention when it comes to geriatric depression, considering the negative effect it has over the executive functions and the functionality of seniors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ramos-Henderson
- Centro De Investigación E Innovación En Gerontología Aplicada (CIGAP), Facultad De Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás , Antofagasta, Chile
- Escuela De Psicología, Facultad De Ciencias Sociales Y De La Comunicación, Universidad Santo Tomás , Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrés Ledezma-Dámes
- Centro De Investigación E Innovación En Gerontología Aplicada (CIGAP), Facultad De Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás , Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Norman López
- Departamento De Ciencias Sociales, Universidad De La Costa , Barranquilla, Colombia
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11
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George KM, Gilsanz P, Peterson RL, Barnes LL, DeCarli CS, Mayeda ER, Mungas DM, Whitmer RA. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescence, Young Adulthood, and Midlife on Late-Life Cognition: Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1692-1698. [PMID: 34387334 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midlife cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) increase risk of dementia. Black Americans experience an elevated prevalence of CVRFs and dementia. However, little is known of how CVRFs prior to midlife affect late-life cognition. We examined CVRFs in adolescence, young adulthood, and midlife with late-life cognition in the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR). METHOD STAR assesses cognitive aging among 764 Black Americans aged ≥50 (mean age = 69; SD = 9; range = 53-95). Participants' body mass index, blood pressure, glucose, and total cholesterol were collected during Multiphasic Health Checkups (MHC; 1964-1985). At STAR baseline (2018-2019), executive function, verbal episodic memory, and semantic memory were measured using the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales. Linear regression models examined associations between CVRFs and cognition adjusting for demographics and years since MHC. RESULTS At MHC, 36% of participants had 1 CVRF and 26% had ≥2. Twenty-two percent of participants were adolescents (age 12-20), 62% young adults (age 21-34), and 16% midlife adults (age 35-56). Overweight/obesity was not associated with cognition. Hypertension was associated with worse executive function (β [95% CI]: -0.14 [-0.28, -0.0003]) and verbal episodic memory (β [95% CI]: -0.22 [-0.37, -0.07]) compared to normotension. Diabetes was associated with worse executive function (β [95% CI]: -0.43 [-0.83, -0.03]). Having ≥2 CVRFs (vs 0) was associated with worse executive function (β [95% CI]: -0.19 [-0.34, -0.03]) and verbal episodic memory (β [95% CI]: -0.25 [-0.41, -0.08]). Adolescents with hypertension had lower late-life executive function compared to normotensive adolescents (β [95% CI]: -0.39 [-0.67, -0.11]). Young adulthood hypertension (β [95% CI]: -0.29 [-0.49, -0.09]) and midlife hyperlipidemia (β [95% CI]: -0.386 [-0.70, -0.02]) were associated with lower verbal episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS Among Black Americans, life-course CVRFs were associated with poorer executive function and verbal episodic memory emphasizing the importance of cardiovascular health on the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M George
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA
| | - Paola Gilsanz
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Rachel L Peterson
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles S DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rose Mayeda
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dan M Mungas
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA
| | - Rachel A Whitmer
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA.,Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA
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12
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Briceño EM, Mehdipanah R, Gonzales XF, Heeringa SG, Levine DA, Langa KM, Zahs D, Garcia N, Longoria R, Morgenstern LB. Bilingualism, assessment language, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:1971-1981. [PMID: 33963535 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Assessment of cognition in linguistically diverse aging populations is a growing need. Bilingualism may complicate cognitive measurement precision, and bilingualism may vary across Hispanic/Latinx sub-populations. We examined the association among bilingualism, assessment language, and cognitive screening performance in a primarily non-immigrant Mexican American community. DESIGN Prospective, community-based cohort study: The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC)-Cognitive study. SETTING Nueces County, Texas. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling Mexican Americans age 65+, recruited door-to-door using a two-stage area probability sampling procedure. MEASUREMENTS Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); self-reported bilingualism scale. Participants were classified as monolingual, Spanish dominant bilingual, English dominant bilingual, or balanced bilingual based upon bilingualism scale responses. Linear regressions examined relationships among bilingualism, demographics, cognitive assessment language, and MoCA scores. RESULTS The analytic sample included 547 Mexican American participants (60% female). Fifty-eight percent were classified as balanced bilingual, the majority (88.6%) of whom selected assessment in English. Balanced bilinguals that completed the MoCA in English performed better than balanced bilinguals that completed the MoCA in Spanish (b = -4.0, p < 0.05). Among balanced bilinguals that took the MoCA in Spanish, education outside of the United States was associated with better performance (b = 4.4, p < 0.001). Adjusting for demographics and education, we found no association between the degree of bilingualism and MoCA performance (p's > 0.10). CONCLUSION Bilingualism is important to consider in cognitive aging studies in linguistically diverse communities. Future research should examine whether cognitive test language selection affects cognitive measurement precision in balanced bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Briceño
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Roshanak Mehdipanah
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xavier F Gonzales
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - Steven G Heeringa
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Deborah A Levine
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Zahs
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nelda Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth Longoria
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lewis B Morgenstern
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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13
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Comparison of Education and Episodic Memory as Modifiers of Brain Atrophy Effects on Cognitive Decline: Implications for Measuring Cognitive Reserve. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27:401-411. [PMID: 33455611 PMCID: PMC8137673 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617720001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared the level of education and tests from multiple cognitive domains as proxies for cognitive reserve. METHOD The participants were educationally, ethnically, and cognitively diverse older adults enrolled in a longitudinal aging study. We examined independent and interactive effects of education, baseline cognitive scores, and MRI measures of cortical gray matter change on longitudinal cognitive change. RESULTS Baseline episodic memory was related to cognitive decline independent of brain and demographic variables and moderated (weakened) the impact of gray matter change. Education moderated (strengthened) the gray matter change effect. Non-memory cognitive measures did not incrementally explain cognitive decline or moderate gray matter change effects. CONCLUSIONS Episodic memory showed strong construct validity as a measure of cognitive reserve. Education effects on cognitive decline were dependent upon the rate of atrophy, indicating education effectively measures cognitive reserve only when atrophy rate is low. Results indicate that episodic memory has clinical utility as a predictor of future cognitive decline and better represents the neural basis of cognitive reserve than other cognitive abilities or static proxies like education.
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14
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Lamar M, León A, Romo K, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Sachdeva S, Lipton RB, Perreira KM, Gallo LC, Cai J, Khambaty T, Carrasco J, Llabre MM, Eyler LT, Daviglus ML, González HM. The Independent and Interactive Associations of Bilingualism and Sex on Cognitive Performance in Hispanics/Latinos of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:1271-1283. [PMID: 31524155 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sixty percent of Hispanics/Latinos are bilingual which research suggests may confer certain cognitive advantages. Female sex confers cognitive advantages in verbal learning and memory compared to male sex, regardless of race or ethnicity. Understanding the independent and interactive associations of bilingualism and sex with cognition may aid in predicting cognitive aging in Hispanics/Latinos. We examined baseline (2008-2011) data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, a multicenter, prospective community-based study. Our analyses included 6,110 males and females ≥45 years old who self-reported birth and parents' origin outside of the continental US, Spanish as their first language, and were evaluated in Spanish. Bilingualism was assessed along a Likert scale (1 = only Spanish to 4 = English>Spanish) for language proficiency (reading/spoken) and patterns of use (thinking/socializing). Cognitive testing included verbal learning, memory, fluency, and Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS). Linear regression models adjusted for relevant confounders, the complex survey design, and sampling weights. Participants' self-reported language proficiency was Spanish better than English, while patterns of use suggested more Spanish than English. Higher language proficiency was associated with higher performance on all cognitive indices while higher patterns of use associated with higher fluency and DSS scores (p-values < 0.01). Female sex was associated with higher performance on all cognitive indices (p-values < 0.05). There were no significant interactions with bilingualism (regardless of metric) by sex on cognition. For Hispanics/Latinos residing in the continental US and reporting birth and parents' origin elsewhere, bilingualism and female sex have independent cognitive benefits that are important to consider when evaluating cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lamar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adeline León
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karina Romo
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ramon A Durazo-Arvizu
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shruti Sachdeva
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krista M Perreira
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tasneem Khambaty
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Carrasco
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria M Llabre
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hector M González
- Department of Neuroscience, Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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15
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Martinez-Miller EE, Robinson WR, Avery CL, Yang YC, Haan MN, Prather AA, Aiello AE. Longitudinal Associations of US Acculturation With Cognitive Performance, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia. Am J Epidemiol 2020; 189:1292-1305. [PMID: 32440686 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
US Latinos, a growing, aging population, are disproportionately burdened by cognitive decline and dementia. Identification of modifiable risk factors is needed for interventions aimed at reducing risk. Broad sociocultural context may illuminate complex etiology among culturally diverse Latinos. Among 1,418 older (≥60 years), low-socioeconomic position (SEP) Latinos (predominantly of Mexican descent) in Sacramento, California, we examined whether US acculturation was associated with cognitive performance, cognitive decline, and dementia/ cognitive impairment without dementia over a 10-year period and whether education modified the associations (Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, 1998-2008). Analyses used linear mixed models, competing-risk regression, and inverse probability of censoring weights for attrition. Participants with high US acculturation had better cognitive performance (0.21 fewer cognitive errors at grand-mean-centered age 70 years) than those with low acculturation after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, practice effects, and survey language. Results may have been driven by cultural language use rather than identity factors (e.g., ethnic identity, interactions). Rate of cognitive decline and risk of dementia/cognitive impairment without dementia did not differ by acculturation, regardless of education (β = 0.00 (standard error, 0.00) and hazard ratio = 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.49, 1.35), respectively). High US acculturation was associated with better cognitive performance among these older, low-SEP Latinos. Acculturation may benefit cognition when SEP is low. Future studies should incorporate extended longitudinal assessments among more diverse groups.
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16
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Marquez DX, Glover CM, Lamar M, Leurgans SE, Shah RC, Barnes LL, Aggarwal NT, Buchman AS, Bennett DA. Representation of Older Latinxs in Cohort Studies at the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center. Neuroepidemiology 2020; 54:404-418. [PMID: 32906123 PMCID: PMC7572552 DOI: 10.1159/000509626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (RADC) conducts 5 harmonized prospective clinical-pathologic cohort studies of aging - with 1 study, the Latino Core, focused exclusively on Latinxs, 2 studies consisting of mostly non-Latinx whites, and 2 studies of mostly non-Latinx blacks. This paper contextualizes the Latino Core within the other 4 harmonized RADC cohort studies. The overall aim of the paper is to provide information from the RADC, so that researchers can learn from our participants and procedures to better advance the science of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in Latinxs. We describe an annual clinical evaluation that assesses risk factors for Alzheimer's dementia among older adults without known dementia at enrollment. As all RADC cohort studies offer brain donation as a part of research participation, we discuss our approach to brain donation and subsequent participant decision-making among older Latinxs. We also summarize baseline characteristics of older Latinxs across the 5 RADC cohort studies in relation to the baseline characteristics of non-Latinx blacks and non-Latinx whites. Finally, we outline challenges and considerations as well as potential next steps in cognitive aging research with older Latinxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David X Marquez
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA, .,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,
| | - Crystal M Glover
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sue E Leurgans
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raj C Shah
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Neelum T Aggarwal
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Celik S, Kokje E, Meyer P, Frölich L, Teichmann B. Does bilingualism influence neuropsychological test performance in older adults? A systematic review. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:855-873. [PMID: 32677470 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1788032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using standardized tests which have been normed on monolinguals for the assessment of bilinguals presents challenges to the accurate characterization of cognitive profile as the literature provides compelling evidence for the influence of bilingualism on cognitive abilities. However, little is known about the generalizability of these findings to clinical neuropsychology. The aim of this review was to address this gap by summarizing current evidence on the performance of bilingual older adults on standardized tests routinely used in clinical practice. METHOD A systematic search of Web of Science, PsycINFO and PubMed was conducted. 27 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies which use at least one standardized neuropsychological test for cognitive impairment were included in the review. Potential demographic (cultural/linguistic background of the participants, immigrant status), clinical (diagnostic status), and methodological confounders (language of test administration, components of bilingualism) were also examined. The review protocol was registered at the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Review with registration number CRD42018114658. RESULTS The results of this review revealed some bilingual advantage on measures of inhibitory control and bilingual disadvantage on measures of verbal fluency in cross-sectional studies. Bilingualism status was not associated with test performance in longitudinal studies. However, findings lack consistency due to demographic variables and methodological differences across studies. CONCLUSION Neuropsychological tests assessing language domains and, to some extent executive function act as clinically relevant features of bilingualism for neuropsychological evaluation. However, immigration status, acculturation level and language of test administration needs to be taken into account when assessing bilingual older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simge Celik
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eesha Kokje
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patric Meyer
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Applied Psychology, SRH University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Teichmann
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Cuevas H, Zuñiga J. Latinx with Type 2 Diabetes: Perceptions of Cognitive Health. J Immigr Minor Health 2020; 23:337-343. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-020-00995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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Seblova D, Berggren R, Lövdén M. Education and age-related decline in cognitive performance: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 58:101005. [PMID: 31881366 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Central theories of cognitive aging propose that education is an important protective factor for decline in cognitive performance in older age. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of reported estimates of an association between educational attainment and change in performance in six cognitive domains (episodic memory, processing speed, verbal fluency, crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and global ability) in the general population of older individuals. The systematic search (11th of October 2019) identified 92 eligible articles. The episodic memory domain had the highest number of estimates (37 estimates from 18 articles, n = 109,281) included in the meta-analysis. The fewest estimates (6 estimates from 6 articles, n = 5263) were included for fluid intelligence. Pooled mean estimates from an inverse-variance weighted random effects analysis were not statistically significant and indicated that any association between education and change in cognitive performance is likely of a negligible magnitude. The estimates for education's role (one additional year) for change in cognitive performance ranged from -0.019 (95 % confidence interval, CI = -0.047, 0.010) to 0.004SD (CI = -0.003, 0.012) per decade. Even if the larger positive point estimates (i.e., protective effects) are selectively considered, the influence of education on change is still at least 12 times less important for the cognitive functioning of an older individual than the association between education and level of cognitive performance. Sensitivity analyses did not substantially alter these results. However, heterogeneity was substantial, and remained largely unexplained by mean age, mean educational attainment, Gini coefficient, GDP per capita, maximum follow-up period, and publication year. Overall, education is an important factor in aging due to its robust association with level of performance, but the current base of empirical evidence is not revealing a consistent and substantial association between educational attainment and changes in cognitive performance in the general population. Theories of cognitive aging must be updated to incorporate this pattern of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seblova
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - R Berggren
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Lövdén
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Garcia MA, Ortiz K, Arévalo SP, Diminich ED, Briceño E, Vega IE, Tarraf W. Age of Migration and Cognitive Function Among Older Latinos in the United States. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:1493-1511. [PMID: 32651313 PMCID: PMC8061235 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age of migration has been shown to have a robust association with Latino immigrant health outcomes; however, the relationship between timing of migration and cognition is less understood. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between race/ethnicity, nativity, age of migration, and cognitive aging among US-born (USB) non-Latino Whites (NLW) and USB and foreign-born Latinos 50 years and older. METHODS We used longitudinal biennial data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2006-2014) to fit generalized linear and linear latent growth curve models for: 1) global cognition (Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; TICS-M); 2) memory and attention subdomains of TICS-M; and 3) cognitive dysfunction. We also tested for sex modifications. RESULTS In age and sex adjusted models, all Latino subgroups, independent of nativity and age of migration, had lower global and domain-specific cognitive scores and higher propensity of cognitive impairment classification compared to USB-NLWs. Differences between USB Latinos, but not other Latino subgroups, and USB-NLWs remained after full covariate adjustment. Latinas, independent of nativity or age of migration, had poorer cognitive scores relative to NLW females. Differences between all Latinos and USB-NLWs were principally expressed at baseline. Racial/ethnic, nativity, and age of migration grouping was not associated with slope (nor explained variance) of cognitive decline. CONCLUSION Older US-born Latinos, regardless of sex exhibit poorer cognitive function than older USB-NLWs and foreign-born Latinos. Social determinants that differentially affect cognitive function, particularly those that compensate for education and sex differences among US-born Latinos and foreign-born Latinos, require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Garcia
- Department of Sociology and Institute of Ethnic Studies, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kasim Ortiz
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of New Mexico, Institute for the Study of “Race” and Social Justice, Center for Participatory Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sandra P. Arévalo
- Department of Human Development, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Erica D. Diminich
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Emily Briceño
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Irving E. Vega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Institute of Gerontology and Department of Healthcare Sciences, Wayne State University, MI, USA
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Stickel AM, Tarraf W, Wu B, Marquine MJ, Vásquez PM, Daviglus M, Estrella ML, Perreira KM, Gallo LC, Lipton RB, Isasi CR, Kaplan R, Zeng D, Schneiderman N, González HM. Cognition and Daily Functioning: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (SOL) and Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL-INCA). J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1267-1278. [PMID: 32831203 PMCID: PMC7945678 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among older adults, poorer cognitive functioning has been associated with impairments in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). However, IADL impairments among older Hispanics/Latinos is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To characterize the relationships between cognition and risk for IADL impairment among diverse Hispanics/Latinos. METHODS Participants included 6,292 community-dwelling adults from the Study of Latinos - Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging, an ancillary study of 45+ year-olds in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Cognitive data (learning, memory, executive functioning, processing speed, and a Global cognitive composite) were collected at Visit 1. IADL functioning was self-reported 7 years later, and treated as a categorical (i.e., risk) and continuous (i.e., degree) measures of impairment. Survey two-part models (mixture of logit and generalized linear model with Gaussian distribution) and ordered logistic regression tested the associations of cognitive performance (individual tests and composite z-score) with IADL impairment. Additionally, we investigated the moderating role of age, sex, and Hispanic/Latino background on the association between cognition and IADL impairment. RESULTS Across all cognitive measures, poorer performance was associated with higher odds of IADL impairment 7 years later. Associations were generally stronger for the oldest group (70+ years) relative to the youngest group (50-59 years). Sex and Hispanic/Latino background did not modify the associations. Across the full sample, lower scores on learning, memory, and the Global cognitive composite were also associated with higher degree of IADL impairment. CONCLUSION Across diverse Hispanics/Latinos, cognitive health is an important predictor of everyday functioning 7 years later, especially in older adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M. Stickel
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, UC San Diego
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Benson Wu
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, UC San Diego
| | | | | | - Martha Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mayra L. Estrella
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Krista M. Perreira
- Department of Social Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Linda C. Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Richard B. Lipton
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - Carmen R. Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - Donglin Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Hector M. González
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, UC San Diego
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Vásquez PM, Tarraf W, Doza A, Marquine MJ, Perreira KM, Schneiderman N, Zeng D, Cai J, Isasi CR, Daviglus ML, González HM. The cross-sectional association of cognitive stimulation factors and cognitive function among Latino adults in Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2019; 5:533-541. [PMID: 31650010 PMCID: PMC6804586 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Higher cognitive stimulation (CS) is associated with improved cognition. Sources of CS among Hispanics/Latinos are understudied. METHODS In the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos 2008 to 2011 (n = 9438), we used finite mixture models to generate latent CS profiles, and multivariate linear regressions to examine associations with cognition in Hispanic/Latino adults (45-74 years). CS included education, occupation, social network, and acculturation. Cognitive measures included the Six-Item Screener, Brief-Spanish English Verbal Learning Test Sum and Recall, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Digit Symbol Substitution, and Global Cognition. RESULTS Two CS profiles emerged, and were labeled "typical" and "enhanced." The enhanced CS profile (22%) had more family connections, bicultural engagements, skilled/professional occupations, education, and higher cognitive scores. DISCUSSION An enhanced CS profile emerged from contextual and culturally relevant factors, and was associated with higher cognitive scores across all measures. This provides initial evidence on how factors coalesce to shape cognitive protection in Hispanics/Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla M. Vásquez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Department of Healthcare Sciences & Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adit Doza
- Department of Healthcare Sciences & Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Maria J. Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Krista M. Perreira
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Neil Schneiderman
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Donglin Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carmen R. Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Martha L. Daviglus
- College of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hector M. González
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to summarize current conceptual models of cognitive reserve (CR) and related concepts and to discuss evidence for these concepts within the context of aging and Alzheimer's disease. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence to date supports the notion that higher levels of CR, as measured by proxy variables reflective of lifetime experiences, are associated with better cognitive performance, and with a reduced risk of incident mild cognitive impairment/dementia. However, the impact of CR on longitudinal cognitive trajectories is unclear and may be influenced by a number of factors. Although there is promising evidence that some proxy measures of CR may influence structural brain measures, more research is needed. The protective effects of CR may provide an important mechanism for preserving cognitive function and cognitive well-being with age, in part because it can be enhanced throughout the lifespan. However, more research on the mechanisms by which CR is protective is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Pettigrew
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry St., Reed Hall 1-West, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Anja Soldan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry St., Reed Hall 1-West, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Deleterious Impact of Expressive Suppression on Test Performance Persists at One-Year Follow-Up in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:29-38. [PMID: 30362445 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617718000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Expressive suppression (ES) is an emotion-regulation strategy that is associated with poorer performance on subsequently administered tests of executive functioning (EF). It is not known, however, how far into the future ES interferes with EF. This study examined whether (a) ES negatively affects performance on EF tests repeated 1 year after the initial administration (presumably through interference with learning, leading to a reduced practice effect), and (b) whether such an effect, if seen, is unique to EF or whether it also affects lower-order cognitive processes needed for EF test performance. METHODS Sixty-six non-demented community-dwelling older adults were randomly assigned to either an ES group or control group. Executive and non-executive tests were administered before and immediately following the exposure to an emotionally evocative video, and then again at 1-year follow-up. Groups were compared at 1-year follow-up on tests of EF and lower-order processes, to examine whether the previously demonstrated impact of ES on EF is evident only immediately following the experimental manipulation (Franchow & Suchy, 2017), or also at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS The results showed that participants who engaged in ES continued to exhibit poorer performance on EF tests 1 year later. This effect was not present for performance on tests of lower-order processes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the use of ES before an EF task can interfere with the ability to benefit from exposure to that task, thereby negatively affecting future performance. (JINS, 2019, 25, 29-38).
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Lee S, Zhou X, Gao Y, Vardarajan B, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Rajan KB, Wilson RS, Evans DA, Besser LM, Kukull WA, Bennett DA, Brickman AM, Schupf N, Mayeux R, Barral S. Episodic memory performance in a multi-ethnic longitudinal study of 13,037 elderly. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206803. [PMID: 30462667 PMCID: PMC6248922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in memory are not uniform, even in the absence of dementia. Characterization of non-disease associated cognitive changes is crucial to gain a more complete understanding of brain aging. Episodic memory was investigated in 13,037 ethnically diverse elderly (ages 72 to 85 years) with two to 15 years of follow-up, and with known dementia status, age, sex, education, and APOE genotypes. Adjusted trajectories of episodic memory performance over time were estimated using Latent Class Mixed Models. Analysis was conducted using two samples at baseline evaluation: i) non-cognitively impaired individuals, and ii) all individuals regardless of dementia status. We calculated the age-specific annual incidence rates of dementia in the non-demented elderly (n = 10,220). Two major episodic memory trajectories were estimated: 1) Stable-consisting of individuals exhibiting a constant or improved memory function, and 2) Decliner-consisting of individuals whose memory function declined. The majority of the study participants maintain their memory performance over time. Compared to those with Stable trajectory, individuals characterized as Decliners were more likely to have non-white ethnic background, fewer years of education, a higher frequency of ε4 allele at APOE gene and five times more likely to develop dementia. The steepest decline in episodic memory was observed in Caribbean-Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites (p = 4.3 x 10(-15)). The highest incident rates of dementia were observed in the oldest age group, among those of Caribbean-Hispanics ancestry and among Decliners who exhibited rates five times higher than those with Stable trajectories (11 per 100 person-years versus 3 per 100 person-years. Age, education, ethnic background and APOE genotype influence the maintenance of episodic memory. Declining memory is one of the strongest predictors of incident dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonjoo Lee
- Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene and the Department of Biostatics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- The Georgetown University Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Yizhe Gao
- The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Badri Vardarajan
- The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer
- The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Kumar B. Rajan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Denis A. Evans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lilah M. Besser
- School of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Walter A. Kukull
- Department of Epidemiology, National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicole Schupf
- The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Sandra Barral
- The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, United States of America
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Mungas D, Gavett B, Fletcher E, Farias ST, DeCarli C, Reed B. Education amplifies brain atrophy effect on cognitive decline: implications for cognitive reserve. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 68:142-150. [PMID: 29798764 PMCID: PMC5993638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Level of education is often regarded as a proxy for cognitive reserve in older adults. This implies that brain degeneration has a smaller effect on cognitive decline in those with more education, but this has not been directly tested in previous research. We examined how education, quantitative magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of brain degeneration, and their interaction affect cognitive decline in diverse older adults spanning the spectrum from normal cognition to dementia. Gray matter atrophy was strongly related to cognitive decline. While education was not related to cognitive decline, brain atrophy had a stronger effect on cognitive decline in those with more education. Importantly, high education was associated with slower decline in individuals with lesser atrophy but with faster decline in those with greater atrophy. This moderation effect was observed in Hispanics (who had high heterogeneity of education) but not in African-Americans or Caucasians. These results suggest that education is an indicator of cognitive reserve in individuals with low levels of brain degeneration, but the protective effect of higher education is rapidly depleted as brain degeneration progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mungas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Brandon Gavett
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Evan Fletcher
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Reed
- Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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