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Hong Q, Liao Y, Zhang N. Implicit Theories of Smoking and Intention to Quit: A Serial Mediation Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:621-628. [PMID: 37878750 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is growing evidence that implicit theories of smoking (ITS)-whether smokers perceive smoking behavior as malleable or fixed-are significant predictors of quitting intentions. AIMS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of implicit theories on smoking in predicting smokers' intentions to quit. We conducted multiple linear regression with quitting intentions as the dependent variable, ITS as the independent variable, and sociodemographic variables, quitting attempts in the past year, and receiving quitting advice in the past 12 months as the covariates. The mediating role of consideration of future consequences (CFC) and self-efficacy in the relationship between implicit theories of smoking and quitting intentions was evaluated by mediation analyses. RESULTS A total of 510 smokers were included in the final analyses. Smokers holding a higher incremental theory of smoking reported a higher likelihood of considering future consequences (β = 0.289, p < .001) and a weaker possibility of considering immediate results (β = -0.317, p < .001), which, in turn, enhanced their quitting self-efficacy and then led to stronger intentions to quit smoking (β = 0.261, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The current study enriched our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that connect smokers' ITS and their likelihood of smoking cessation such that higher incremental theories of smoking predict stronger intention to quit smoking, and the effect was serially mediated by smokers' likelihood of considering future consequences of their behavior and their perceived self-efficacy for smoking cessation. IMPLICATIONS This study indicated the mediating role of CFC and self-efficacy for smoking cessation on the relationship between the ITS and quitting intentions. These two psychological factors and the pathways may be important points for understanding the model of implicit theories for smoking and improving the effectiveness of implicit theories-based intervention on smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumian Hong
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health and Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health and Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Jubran J, Petersen A, Harrison K, Allen S. Delay discounting demonstrates lower impulsivity linked to a higher likelihood of succeeding at smoking cessation. Addict Behav 2024; 149:107900. [PMID: 37925844 PMCID: PMC10841966 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-eight percent of smokers want to quit, but only one in 10 are successful at smoking cessation. Recently, impulsivity has been studied in relation to smoking cessation with measures like the delay discounting task (DDT). We aimed to build on the robust literature that has already revealed the association between impulsivity and smoking cessation, as well as look at the differences between sexes for which there is conflicting evidence. We hypothesized that lower impulsivity would be positively associated with cessation success. In the parent cessation trial, participants were randomized to 12 weeks of progesterone or placebo. Participants were asked to quit smoking, and their smoking status was monitored via expired carbon monoxide throughout the study. Participants completed a DDT at screening, week 4, and week 8 using the 27-item Monetary Choice Questionnaire, where participants decided between a small immediate reward or a larger delayed reward (LDR). The effective delay 50 (ED50), which is the delay at which the LDR loses half its value, was analyzed. To estimate the association between ED50 and cessation, a logistic mixed model with a participant random intercept was fit, controlling for study week, randomization, sex, and age. For the 181 participants, a doubling of the ED50 was associated with an 18% increase in the odds of tobacco cessation (95% confidence interval: 0.2-38% increase; p=0.05). In agreement with our hypothesis, lower impulsivity correlated to greater tobacco cessation success. Our study also showed no evidence of sex differences in the association between ED50 and smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Petersen
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, USA
| | - Katherine Harrison
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, USA
| | - Sharon Allen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, USA
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Saenz-de-Miera B, Lambert VC, Chen B, Gallegos-Carrillo K, Barrientos-Gutierrez I, Arillo-Santillán E, Thrasher JF. Smoking Dependence, Time-Discounting, and Sustained Cessation Behavior: A Longitudinal Study of Predominantly Light Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:220-228. [PMID: 37648272 PMCID: PMC10803115 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to assess whether two established psychosocial predictors of smoking abstinence, nicotine dependence and time-discounting, also apply to a population of predominantly cigarette light smokers, which is the dominant pattern of smoking in countries like Mexico. Relatively infrequent smoking is increasingly prevalent, yet still harmful, making it important to understand the predictors of cessation in this population. AIMS AND METHODS Mexican adult smokers recruited from an online consumer panel were surveyed every 4 months between November 2018 and July 2020. We considered respondents who reported a quit attempt in between surveys (n = 1288). Dependence was measured with a 10-item version of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM). Time-discounting was assessed with five branching questions about hypothetical reward scenarios. Logistic models regressed sustained quit attempts (≥30 days of abstinence) at time t + 1 on study variables at time t. RESULTS We found strong interitem reliability (α = 0.92) and intraindividual consistency of our brief WISDM (ρ = 0.68), but moderate intraindividual consistency of the time-discounting measure (ρ = 0.48). Forty-eight percent of the sample reported sustained quit attempts, and 79% were non-daily or light daily smokers (≤5 cigarettes per day). Smokers with higher WISDM-10 had lower odds of sustained quitting and this result remained when controlling for smoking frequency and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.768). Time-discounting was unassociated with sustained quitting. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a brief, 10-item multidimensional measure of dependence is useful for predicting sustained quitting in a context of relatively light smoking; time-discounting appears less relevant, although our results are not conclusive because of the low test-retest reliability of our measure. IMPLICATIONS Given the increase in non-daily and light daily cigarette smoking in many countries, including in Mexico, and the health risks this still poses, it is important to understand the predictors of cessation among relatively light smokers. The WISDM-10 multidimensional measure seems to be a good instrument to assess dependence and predict successful quitting in this population, and possibly more appropriate than physical dependence measures. As such, it could help design and target more suitable cessation treatments for non-daily and daily light cigarette smokers. While this study did not find time-discounting to be a relevant predictor of smoking abstinence, future studies should explore other measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Saenz-de-Miera
- Department of Economics, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Victoria C Lambert
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brian Chen
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Katia Gallegos-Carrillo
- Evaluation and Surveys Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Epidemiology and Health Services Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Edna Arillo-Santillán
- Tobacco Research Department, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Regnier SD, Rzeszutek MJ, Strickland JC, Shellenberg TP, Stoops WW. The endowment effect and temporal discounting of drug and non-drug commodities. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 232:173638. [PMID: 37717822 PMCID: PMC10947334 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite a rich history of behavioral economic research on substance use there remains a need for further exploration of behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the etiology or persistence of substance use disorder. The purpose of this study was to measure the association between delay discounting and the endowment effect in people who smoke cigarettes, use cocaine, and controls, using online crowdsourcing. METHODS Participants were categorized to a cocaine group (n = 36), cigarette group (n = 48), or control group (n = 47) based on recent reported drug use. Based on group, participants completed up to three delay discounting tasks (i.e., money, cigarettes and cocaine), an endowment effect task for multiple commodities, and other questionnaires. RESULTS Participants in the cocaine and cigarette group demonstrated an increased rate in discounting for money compared to controls. Participants in the cocaine group had a less pronounced endowment effect for beer, compared to controls, as suggested by willingness to accept less to sell beer. A significant negative association was found between endowment ratios for non-drug commodities and delay discounting for cigarettes, but not monetary or cocaine delay discounting, indicating an inconsistent relationship between the two measures. CONCLUSIONS These results support prior research demonstrating a relationship between cocaine and cigarette use and delay discounting and extend that work by measuring the association between delay discounting and the endowment effect. Future research should include both loss aversion and endowment effect tasks and compare their relationship with delay discounting among people that use drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Regnier
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
| | - Mark J Rzeszutek
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 2195 Harrodsburg Road, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Thomas P Shellenberg
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA; Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY 40508, USA.
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Traxler HK, Silverman K, Koffarnus M. Discounting of employment opportunities with urine drug testing requirements in opioid users enrolled in the Therapeutic Workplace. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION 2023; 59:183-190. [PMID: 37810907 PMCID: PMC10558001 DOI: 10.3233/jvr-230036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence-based Therapeutic Workplace (TWP) is a promising employment-based treatment where access to work is contingent on objective evidence of abstinence from drugs. TWP is sometimes criticized for requiring individuals who use drugs to voluntarily enroll in a program requiring urine drug testing. OBJECTIVE This experiment was conducted to assess whether urine drug testing as a condition of employment decreases the value of employment opportunities and to what degree. METHODS Participants were unemployed, DSM-IV opioid-dependent, and enrolled in TWP. Participants completed discounting tasks assessing preference for a hypothetical job paying a constant wage that did not require urine drug testing and a job that paid a variable wage but required drug testing. The primary outcome was 'job value' operationalized as percentage wage difference to accept a job requiring urine drug testing. RESULTS Percent wage difference to accept a job that required urine testing was analyzed using GEE. Results revealed a significant main effect of recent drug use (χ2(1) = 10.07, p < .01). CONCLUSION Most participants were willing to accept a urine drug-testing job across wages similar non-drug testing jobs. Participants reporting recent cocaine or heroin use were less likely to choose urine drug-testing employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haily K. Traxler
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Silverman
- Center for Learning and Health, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Koffarnus
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, United States of America
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Latent Heterogeneity in the Impact of Financial Coaching on Delay Discounting among Low-Income Smokers: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052736. [PMID: 35270426 PMCID: PMC8910110 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-income adults are significantly more likely to smoke, and face more difficulty in quitting, than people with high income. High rates of delay discounting (DD) may be an important factor contributing to the high rates of tobacco use among low-income adults. Future-oriented financial coaching may offer a novel approach in the treatment of smoking cessation among low-income adults. This secondary analysis (N = 251) of data from a randomized controlled trial examined the integration of future-oriented financial coaching into smoking cessation treatment for low-income smokers. Linear regression and finite mixture models (FMM) estimated the overall and the latent heterogeneity of the impact of the intervention versus usual care control on DD rates 6 months after randomization. Though standard linear regression found no overall difference in DD between intervention and control (β = −0.23, p = 0.338), the FMM identified two latent subgroups with different responses to the intervention. Subgroup 1 (79% of the sample) showed no difference in DD between intervention and control (β = 0.25, p = 0.08). Subgroup 2 (21% of the sample) showed significantly lower DD (β = −2.06, p = 0.003) among intervention group participants versus control at 6 months. Participants were more likely to be a member of subgroup 2 if they had lower baseline DD rates, were living at or below 100% of federal poverty, or were married/living with a partner. This study identified a group of low-income adults seeking to quit smoking who responded to financial coaching with decreased DD rates. These results can be used to inform future targeting of the intervention to individuals who may benefit most, as well as inform future treatment adaptations to support the subgroup of low-income smokers, who did not benefit.
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Stein JS, Brown JM, Tegge AN, Freitas-Lemos R, Koffarnus MN, Bickel WK, Madden GJ. Choice Bundling Increases Valuation of Delayed Losses More Than Gains in Cigarette Smokers. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:796502. [PMID: 35095439 PMCID: PMC8793342 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.796502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Choice bundling, in which a single choice produces a series of repeating consequences over time, increases valuation of delayed monetary and non-monetary gains. Interventions derived from this manipulation may be an effective method for mitigating the elevated delay discounting rates observed in cigarette smokers. No prior work, however, has investigated whether the effects of choice bundling generalize to reward losses. In the present study, an online panel of cigarette smokers (N = 302), recruited using survey firms Ipsos and InnovateMR, completed assessments for either monetary gains or losses (randomly assigned). In Step 1, participants completed a delay-discounting task to establish Effective Delay 50 (ED50), or the delay required for an outcome to lose half of its value. In Step 2, participants completed three conditions of an adjusting-amount task, choosing between a smaller, sooner (SS) adjusting amount and a larger, later (LL) fixed amount. The bundle size (i.e., number of consequences) was manipulated across conditions, where a single choice produced either 1 (control), 3, or 9 consequences over time (ascending/descending order counterbalanced). The delay to the first LL amount in each condition, as well as the intervals between all additional SS and LL amounts (where applicable), were set to individual participants’ ED50 values from Step 1 to control for differences in discounting of gains and losses. Results from Step 1 showed significantly higher ED50 values (i.e., less discounting) for losses compared to gains (p < 0.001). Results from Step 2 showed that choice bundling significantly increased valuation of both LL gains and losses (p < 0.001), although effects were significantly greater for losses (p < 0.01). Sensitivity analyses replicated these conclusions. Future research should examine the potential clinical utility of choice bundling, such as development of motivational interventions that emphasize both the bundled health gains associated with smoking cessation and the health losses associated with continued smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey S. Stein,
| | - Jeremiah M. Brown
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Allison N. Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | | | - Mikhail N. Koffarnus
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Gregory J. Madden
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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Borland R, Le Grande M, Heckman BW, Fong GT, Bickel WK, Stein JS, East KA, Hall PA, Cummings KM. The Predictive Utility of Valuing the Future for Smoking Cessation: Findings from the ITC 4 Country Surveys. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020631. [PMID: 35055452 PMCID: PMC8776177 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Delay discounting (DD) and time perspective (TP) are conceptually related constructs that are theorized as important determinants of the pursuit of future outcomes over present inclinations. This study explores their predictive relationships for smoking cessation. Methods: 5006 daily smokers at a baseline wave provided 6710 paired observations of quitting activity between two waves. Data are from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) smoking and vaping surveys with samples from the USA, Canada, England, and Australia, across three waves conducted in 2016, 2018 and 2020. Smokers were assessed for TP and DD, plus smoking-specific predictors at one wave of cessation outcomes defined as either making a quit attempt and/or success among those who tried to quit which was ascertained at the subsequent survey wave. Results: TP and DD were essentially uncorrelated. TP predicted making quit attempts, both on its own and controlling for other potential predictors but was negatively associated with quit success. By contrast, DD was not related to making quit attempts, but high DD predicted relapse. The presence of financial stress at baseline resulted in some moderation of effects. Conclusions: Understanding the mechanisms of action of TP and DD can advance our understanding of, and ability to enhance, goal-directed behavioural change. TP appears to contribute to future intention formation, but not necessarily practical thought of how to achieve goals. DD is more likely an index of capacity to effectively generate competing future possibilities in response to immediate gratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Borland
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Le Grande
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia;
| | - Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (B.W.H.); (K.M.C.)
- Center for the Study of Social Determinants of Health, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (K.A.E.); (P.A.H.)
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (W.K.B.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Jeff S. Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (W.K.B.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Katherine A. East
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (K.A.E.); (P.A.H.)
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Peter A. Hall
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (K.A.E.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Kenneth Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (B.W.H.); (K.M.C.)
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Bickel WK, Tegge AN, Carr KA, Epstein LH. Reinforcer pathology's alternative reinforcer hypothesis: A preliminary examination. Health Psychol 2021; 40:881-886. [PMID: 32969696 PMCID: PMC8376193 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The novel theory of Reinforcer Pathology states that the temporal window of integration, measured by delay discounting (DD), determines the value of reinforcers. Based on the Reinforcer Pathology theory, the valuation of alternative reinforcers is positively associated with the length of the temporal window (negatively with rates of discounting). The objective of this article is to test the Reinforcer Pathology theory by reanalyzing data from a prior report (Carr & Epstein, 2018) in order to examine the association between the reinforcing value of alternative reinforcement and the length of the measured temporal window. METHOD Participants (N = 250) who completed an adjusting delay discounting task and the Pleasant Events Schedule (PES) were included in the study. PES provides a measurement of a reinforcement score (a cross-product of PES measures of frequency and pleasantness) for 45 noneating alternative activities. Analysis of Variance and Spearman product-moment correlations were completed. RESULTS Delay discounting was significantly positively correlated with sedentary reinforcement and significantly negatively correlated with cognitively enriching activities. A significant interaction was observed in the preference for between food and cognitive-enriching context as a function ln(k) in predicting the cognitive-enriching activity class. Nonsignificant relationships were also observed with the correlation of delay discounting to the reinforcement of social and physical activities. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide initial support for Reinforcer Pathology theory and indicate that the temporal window over which reinforcers are integrated may be a factor contributing to a preference for some healthy or unhealthy alternative reinforcers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Tailored Cigarette Warning Messages: How Individualized Loss Aversion and Delay Discounting Rates Can Influence Perceived Message Effectiveness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910492. [PMID: 34639792 PMCID: PMC8507605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current text-only cigarette warning labels (long-term, loss-framed messages) may not motivate positive changes in smoking behavior. The current project was a cross-sectional study examining the effects of tailored cigarette warnings on perceived message effectiveness (PME) in adult smokers (n = 512) conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk (M-Turk) in January–February 2020. Participants were an average age of 40.7 (SD = 11.6), with the majority of the sample being female (62.2%) and White (88.9%). Participants reported smoking an average of 14.6 cigarettes/day (SD = 9.2) with an average FTND score of 4.6 (SD = 2.2). Participants were asked to complete a tobacco use history questionnaire, and mixed gambles and delay discounting tasks before random assignment to one of five message groups. The groups were based on a 2 (gain versus loss framing) ×2 (short-term versus long-term framing) between-subject design; a fifth group served as the control group. All experimental messages reported higher PME scores than the control (p values < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.88–2.48). Participants with shallower delayed reward discounting and lower loss aversion rates reported higher total PME scores, p values < 0.05. Our findings also suggest that loss aversion rates vary widely among smokers and that individuals are more responsive to messages congruent with their behavioral economic profile. Specifically, smokers who viewed messages congruent with their loss aversion and delay discounting rates reported higher PME scores than those who viewed incongruent messages (p = 0.04, Cohen’s d = 0.24). These preliminary findings suggest that anti-smoking campaigns may best impact smokers by tailoring messages based on individual loss aversion and delay discounting rates versus a one-size-fits-all approach.
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Freitas-Lemos R, Stein JS, Tegge AN, Kaplan BA, Heckman BW, Cummings KM, Bickel WK. The Illegal Experimental Tobacco Marketplace I: Effects of Vaping Product Bans. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1744-1753. [PMID: 33955478 PMCID: PMC8403238 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Banning vaping products may have unintended outcomes, such as increased demand for illegal products. This study experimentally examined the effects of a vaping ban and a flavored vaping ban on the probability of purchasing illicit vaping products, and factors affecting purchasing from a hypothetical illegal marketplace. METHODS A crowdsourced sample of exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive e-cigarette users, and frequent dual users (n = 150) completed hypothetical purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace under three conditions (no ban, vaping ban, and flavored vaping ban). Participants chose to purchase in a hypothetical legal experimental tobacco marketplace (LETM) or illegal experimental tobacco marketplace (IETM). Vaping products were available in each marketplace depending on the condition. Other tobacco products were always available in the LETM. A hypothetical illicit purchase task with five fine amounts assessed the effect of monetary penalties. RESULTS Participants from all groups were more likely to purchase from the IETM when product availability in the LETM was more restricted, with e-cigarette users being most affected. The likelihood of purchasing illegal products was systematically decreased as monetary penalties associated with the IETM increased, with e-cigarette users showing greater persistence in defending their illicit purchases. CONCLUSIONS Restricting vaping products from the marketplace may shift preference towards purchasing vaping products in the illegal marketplace. Nevertheless, penalties imposed on consumer's behavior might be effective in preventing illicit trade. The IETM is a methodological extension that supports the utility and flexibility of the ETM as a framework for understanding the impact of different tobacco regulatory policies. IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that limiting or banning vaping products as a possible strategy to reduce the adverse effects of vaping products could result in some tobacco-users seeking banned products from illegal sources. Monetary fines were shown to reduce illegal purchases. Therefore, policymakers should consider implementing strategies that may mitigate illegal purchases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey S Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA
| | - Allison N Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Brent A Kaplan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Bryan W Heckman
- Center for the Study of Social Determinants on Health, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA
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Shevorykin A, Bickel WK, Carl E, Sheffer CE. Future Thinking Priming Especially Effective at Modifying Delay Discounting Rates among Cigarette Smokers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8717. [PMID: 34444463 PMCID: PMC8393805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use remains one of the world's greatest preventable causes of death and disease. While most smokers want to quit, few are successful, highlighting a need for novel therapeutic approaches to support cessation efforts. Lower delay discounting (DD) rates are associated with increased smoking cessation success. Future thinking priming (FTP) reliably reduces DD rates in large populations. Smokers consistently discount more than nonsmokers, and evidence suggests that changes in DD rates are rate dependent. This study examined whether smoking status moderated the effect of FTP on DD rates and, if so, if the moderation effect could be attributed to differences in baseline rates of DD. METHODS Moderation analysis was conducted to determine whether the effect of FTP, versus neutral priming (NP), on DD differed among smokers and nonsmokers. RESULTS Smoking status moderated the effect of condition (FTP vs. NP) on post-intervention DD scores (b = -0.2919, p = 0.0124) and DD change scores (b = -0.2975, p = 0.0130). There was no evidence of rate dependence effects in the current sample. CONCLUSIONS FTP had a greater effect on decreasing DD rates among smokers than nonsmokers. FTP is effective and simple to administer, which makes it a promising therapeutic approach for aiding smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Shevorykin
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (E.C.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Virginia Tech, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA;
| | - Ellen Carl
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (E.C.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Christine E. Sheffer
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (E.C.); (C.E.S.)
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13
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Turner JK, Athamneh LN, Basso JC, Bickel WK. The phenotype of recovery V: Does delay discounting predict the perceived risk of relapse among individuals in recovery from alcohol and drug use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1100-1108. [PMID: 33742491 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use recovery is a dynamic process. Relapse, often part of the recovery process, is a persistent problem for individuals seeking freedom from their harmful substance use and has become a focus of research on the improvement of recovery outcomes. Delay discounting is associated with substance use disorder severity, both its negative outcomes and the propensity to relapse. However, the association between delay discounting and perceived risk of relapse as measured by the Alcohol Warning of Relapse Questionnaire has not previously been examined in a population of individuals in long-term recovery from substance misuse. METHODS In this study, using data collected from the International Quit and Recovery Registry, we investigated the association between delay discounting, self-reported time in recovery, and perceived risk of relapse. Data from 193 individuals self-reporting to be in recovery from harmful substance use were included in the study. RESULTS Delay discounting rates were significantly negatively associated with length of recovery (p = 0.036) and positively with perceived risk of relapse (p = 0.027) even after controlling for age, gender, education, marital status, ethnicity, race, primary substance, and length in the registry. Moreover, a mediation analysis using Hayes' methods revealed that the association between the length of recovery and perceived relapse risk was partially mediated by delay discounting, accounting for 21.2% of the effect. CONCLUSIONS Our finding supports previous characterizations of delay discounting as a candidate behavioral marker of substance misuse and may help to identify individuals at higher perceived risk of relapse in an extended recovery population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Turner
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Liqa N Athamneh
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Julia C Basso
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
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14
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Grosskopf CM, Kroemer NB, Pooseh S, Böhme F, Smolka MN. Temporal discounting and smoking cessation: choice consistency predicts nicotine abstinence in treatment-seeking smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:399-410. [PMID: 33216166 PMCID: PMC7826310 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smokers discount delayed rewards steeper than non-smokers or ex-smokers, possibly due to neuropharmacological effects of tobacco on brain circuitry, or lower abstinence rates in smokers with steep discounting. To delineate both theories from each other, we tested if temporal discounting, choice inconsistency, and related brain activity in treatment-seeking smokers (1) are higher compared to non-smokers, (2) decrease after smoking cessation, and (3) predict relapse. METHODS At T1, 44 dependent smokers, 29 non-smokers, and 30 occasional smokers underwent fMRI while performing an intertemporal choice task. Smokers were measured before and 21 days after cessation if abstinent from nicotine. In total, 27 smokers, 28 non-smokers, and 29 occasional smokers were scanned again at T2. Discounting rate k and inconsistency var(k) were estimated with Bayesian analysis. RESULTS First, k and var(k) in smokers in treatment were not higher than in non-smokers or occasional smokers. Second, neither k nor var(k) changed after smoking cessation. Third, k did not predict relapse, but high var(k) was associated with relapse during treatment and over 6 months. Brain activity in valuation and decision networks did not significantly differ between groups and conditions. CONCLUSION Our data from treatment-seeking smokers do not support the pharmacological hypothesis of pronounced reversible changes in discounting behavior and brain activity, possibly due to limited power. Behavioral data rather suggest that differences between current and ex-smokers might be due to selection. The association of choice consistency and treatment outcome possibly links consistent intertemporal decisions to remaining abstinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Grosskopf
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shakoor Pooseh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Böhme
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
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Athamneh LN, Stein MD, Lin EH, Stein JS, Mellis AM, Gatchalian KM, Epstein LH, Bickel WK. Setting a goal could help you control: Comparing the effect of health goal versus general episodic future thinking on health behaviors among cigarette smokers and obese individuals. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:59-72. [PMID: 32191071 PMCID: PMC7501169 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) reduces delay discounting (DD; preference for smaller, immediate rewards) and various maladaptive behaviors. Exploring potential personalization of EFT to optimize its ability to alter DD and demand for unhealthy reinforcers is important for the development of interventions targeting long-term improvement and maintenance of health. In this investigation, using 2 separate studies, we examined the effects of EFT with and without a health goal on rates of discounting, demand, and craving for cigarettes and fast food among cigarette smokers and obese individuals, respectively. Using data collected from Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk), Study 1 (N = 189) examined the effect of EFT on DD and measures of cigarette demand and craving in cigarette smokers who were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: EFT-health goal, EFT-general, or Episodic Recent Thinking (ERT)-general. Study 2 (N = 255), using a 2x2 factorial design, examined the effects of health goals and general EFT on DD and measures of fast food demand and craving in obese individuals who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: EFT-health goal, EFT-general, ERT-health goal or ERT-general. Health goal EFT was not more effective than general EFT in reducing monetary discounting. However, the addition of a health goal to general EFT was significantly associated with higher effect on intensity and elasticity of demand for cigarettes and fast food compared to EFT without a health goal. These findings suggest that the amplification of future thinking through the inclusion of a health goal may promote healthy decisions and result in positive behavior changes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elysia H Lin
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors
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16
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Czuczman C, Thompson M, Wileyto EP, Schnoll R, Metzger D, Leone F, Mounzer K, Gross R, Ashare RL. No differences in delay discounting between smokers with and without HIV. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:529-537. [PMID: 33180174 PMCID: PMC7855959 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE People with HIV (PWH) smoke cigarettes at much higher rates than the general population and evidence-based cessation methods are less effective, putting PWH at greater risk for negative health outcomes. It is critical to identify the factors that underlie this health disparity. Delay discounting-the decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed-may explain this disparity. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to (1) compare delay discounting between adult smokers with HIV and without HIV and (2) evaluate whether acute smoking abstinence disproportionately increases delay discounting among smokers with HIV. METHODS This sub-study was part of a larger study (NCT03169101) examining predictors of smoking cessation outcomes among smokers with HIV (n = 34) and smokers without HIV (n = 46) at two counterbalanced laboratory sessions (once smoking-as-usual and once following 24-h biochemically confirmed abstinence) then again, after 8 weeks of smoking cessation treatment. RESULTS There were no significant differences in delay discounting rates between HIV status groups (p = 0.49) or within-subject abstinence effects (p = 0.70). However, smokers without HIV exhibited a significant increase in delay discounting following smoking cessation treatment compared to baseline (p = 0.02), whereas the change among smokers with HIV did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS These findings do not support differences in delay discounting as a reason for the lower success rates of HIV+ smokers at quitting. Although delay discounting may not explain the disparity in smoking rates between people with and without HIV, future work should focus on additional correlates of higher smoking rates and lower quit rates among people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Czuczman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite, Philadelphia, PA, 4100, USA
| | - Morgan Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite, Philadelphia, PA, 4100, USA
| | - E Paul Wileyto
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite, Philadelphia, PA, 4100, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Metzger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite, Philadelphia, PA, 4100, USA
| | - Frank Leone
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Presbyterian Medical Center, 51 N. 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Philadelphia FIGHT, 1233 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Gross
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Ashare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite, Philadelphia, PA, 4100, USA.
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Bari AA, Sparks H, Levinson S, Wilson B, London ED, Langevin JP, Pouratian N. Amygdala Structural Connectivity Is Associated With Impulsive Choice and Difficulty Quitting Smoking. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:117. [PMID: 32714164 PMCID: PMC7351509 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The amygdala is known to play a role in mediating emotion and possibly addiction. We used probabilistic tractography (PT) to evaluate whether structural connectivity of the amygdala to the brain reward network is associated with impulsive choice and tobacco smoking. Methods: Diffusion and structural MRI scans were obtained from 197 healthy subjects (45 with a history of tobacco smoking) randomly sampled from the Human Connectome database. PT was performed to assess amygdala connectivity with several brain regions. Seed masks were generated, and statistical maps of amygdala connectivity were derived. Connectivity results were correlated with a subject performance both on a delayed discounting task and whether they met specified criteria for difficulty quitting smoking. Results: Amygdala connectivity was spatially segregated, with the strongest connectivity to the hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and brainstem. Connectivity with the hippocampus was associated with preference for larger delayed rewards, whereas connectivity with the OFC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), and insula were associated with preference for smaller immediate rewards. Greater nicotine dependence with difficulty quitting was associated with less hippocampal and greater brainstem connectivity. Scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) correlated with rACC connectivity. Discussion: These findings highlight the importance of the amygdala-hippocampal-ACC network in the valuation of future rewards and substance dependence. These results will help to identify potential targets for neuromodulatory therapies for addiction and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausaf A Bari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hiro Sparks
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Simon Levinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bayard Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jean-Philippe Langevin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nader Pouratian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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18
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Athamneh LN, Stein JS, Bickel WK. Narrative theory III: Evolutionary narratives addressing mating motives change discounting and tobacco valuation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:276-290. [PMID: 31424235 PMCID: PMC7028457 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between discounting and addictive behaviors have both state- and trait-based components. Evolutionarily driven motives may trigger risk-taking behaviors, and narratives might be used to alter the temporal window of reward valuation. The current investigation-in 2 separate studies-sought to understand the basic effects of narratives on smoking behavior by examining the effect of mating narratives on the discounting rates of cigarette smokers. Using data collected online, Study 1 (N = 132) assessed the within-individual effect of a mating narrative describing a long-term romantic relationship on rates of discounting after being randomly assigned to 1 of 2 narratives (romance or control) and Study 2 (N = 273) assessed the between-individual effect of 2 mating narratives (1 describing a long-term romantic relationship and 1 describing a short-term sexual encounter) on rates of discounting, craving, and cigarette valuation after being randomly assigned to 1 of 3 motivational narratives (romance, sex, or control). Reading the romance narrative decreased rates of discounting (i.e., increased preference for larger delayed rewards), compared to a control narrative (Studies 1 and 2). In contrast, reading the sexual narrative increased discounting (i.e., decreased preference for larger delayed rewards). Moreover, the romance narrative significantly decreased craving of cigarettes while the sexual narrative increased cigarette valuation (Study 2). These findings suggest that mating narratives may be useful in manipulating the temporal window of reward valuation, relevant for altering demand and craving, and may show potential as a component of future behavioral addiction interventions. Given the small effect sizes, replicating the study in future research will be beneficial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqa N. Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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19
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Sheffer CE, Stein JS, Petrucci C, Mahoney MC, Johnson S, Giesie P, Carl E, Krupski L, Tegge AN, Reid ME, Bickel WK, Hyland A. Tobacco Dependence Treatment in Oncology: Initial Patient Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes from Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3907. [PMID: 32486463 PMCID: PMC7312979 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of smoking cessation to cancer care treatment, historically, few cancer centers have provided treatment for tobacco dependence. To address this gap, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) launched the Cancer Center Cessation Initiative (C3i). As part of this effort, this study examined implementation outcomes in a cohort of cancer survivors (CSs) who smoked cigarettes in the first year of an ongoing process to develop and implement a robust Tobacco Treatment Service at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center. We provide a comprehensive description of the new tobacco use assessment and referral process, and of the characteristics of cancer survivors who agreed to treatment including traditional tobacco-related psychosocial and cancer treatment-related characteristics and novel characteristics such as delay discounting rates. We also examine characteristic differences among those who agreed to treatment between those who attended and those who did not attend treatment. As the new tobacco assessment was implemented, the number of referrals increased dramatically. The mean number of treatment sessions attended was 4.45 (SD = 2.98) and the six-month point prevalence intention to treat abstinence rate among those who attended was 22.7%. However, only 6.4% agreed to treatment and 4% attended at least one treatment session. A large proportion of cancer survivors who agreed to treatment were women, of older age, of lower socioeconomic status (SES), and who had high levels of depressive symptomology. The findings demonstrate that the implementation of system changes can significantly improve the identification of cancer survivors who use tobacco and are referred to tobacco use treatment. Among those who attend, treatment is effective. However, the findings also suggest that a systematic assessment of barriers to engagement is needed and that cancer survivors may benefit from additional treatment tailoring. We present plans to address these implementation challenges. Systematic electronic medical record (EMR)-sourced referral to tobacco treatment is a powerful tool for reaching cancer survivors who smoke, but more research is needed to determine how to enhance engagement and tailor treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Sheffer
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (C.P.); (M.C.M.); (S.J.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (M.E.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (J.S.S.); (A.N.T.); (W.K.B.)
| | - Cara Petrucci
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (C.P.); (M.C.M.); (S.J.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (M.E.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Martin C. Mahoney
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (C.P.); (M.C.M.); (S.J.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (M.E.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Shirley Johnson
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (C.P.); (M.C.M.); (S.J.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (M.E.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Pamela Giesie
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (C.P.); (M.C.M.); (S.J.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (M.E.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Ellen Carl
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (C.P.); (M.C.M.); (S.J.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (M.E.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Laurie Krupski
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (C.P.); (M.C.M.); (S.J.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (M.E.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Allison N. Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (J.S.S.); (A.N.T.); (W.K.B.)
| | - Mary E. Reid
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (C.P.); (M.C.M.); (S.J.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (M.E.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (J.S.S.); (A.N.T.); (W.K.B.)
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (C.P.); (M.C.M.); (S.J.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (M.E.R.); (A.H.)
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20
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Ogdie A, Asch DA. Changing health behaviours in rheumatology: an introduction to behavioural economics. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 16:53-60. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Ruglass LM, Root JC, Dambreville N, Shevorykin A, Haque N, Sun V, Sheffer CE, Melara RD. Smoking policies in the home have less influence on cigarettes per day and nicotine dependence level among African American than White smokers: A cross-sectional analysis. J Natl Med Assoc 2019; 111:606-615. [PMID: 31375277 PMCID: PMC6925645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American smokers suffer disproportionately from tobacco-related disease caused, in part, by lower rates of smoking cessation. We examined whether smoke-free home policies and delay discounting were differentially associated with cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and nicotine dependence (ND) among African Americans and Whites. METHODS Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from 65 African American (n = 40) and White (n = 25) smokers who completed measures of CPD, ND, tobacco craving, stress, depression, home smoking policy, and delay discounting. RESULTS A significant interaction was found between race and home smoking policy on CPD (B = -11.21, p = 0.002) and ND (B = -3.42, p = 0.004). Smoke-free policies in the home were associated with fewer CPD and lower ND levels among Whites, but not among African Americans. Whites who allowed smoking in their homes had significantly greater mean CPD and higher mean ND than their counterparts who did not allow smoking in the home. Among African American smokers, there were no differences in CPD and ND among those who allowed smoking in their home versus those who did not. CONCLUSIONS The findings extend the scientific literature by suggesting that a malleable environmental factor (home smoking policy) commonly associated with cessation among Whites does not have the same influence on cessation among African American.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia M Ruglass
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, CUNY, USA.
| | - James C Root
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Naomi Dambreville
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York and the Graduate Center, CUNY, USA
| | - Alina Shevorykin
- Department of Psychology and Mental Health Counseling, Pace University, USA
| | - Noshin Haque
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Vicki Sun
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Robert D Melara
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, CUNY, USA
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22
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Athamneh LN, Stein JS, Amlung M, Bickel WK. Validation of a brief behavioral economic assessment of demand among cigarette smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:96-102. [PMID: 30265063 PMCID: PMC6355365 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Basic and clinical addiction research use demand measures and analysis extensively to characterize drug use motivations. Hence, obtaining an accurate and brief measurement of demand that can be easily utilized in different settings is highly valued. In the current study, 2 versions of a breakpoint measure, designed to capture cigarette demand, were investigated in 119 smokers who were recruited from an online crowdsourcing platform. The first version determines the maximum price a smoker is willing to pay for one cigarette received right now when paid out of pocket, and the second determines the maximum price when paid using a hypothetical $100 gift card received for free. The breakpoint measures were administered along with the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT), Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD), and The Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-brief). Both single-item breakpoint versions were significantly correlated with CPT-derived demand measures loaded on the persistence factor (i.e., elasticity of demand, breakpoint, Pmax, and Omax), but not with those loaded on the amplitude factor (i.e., intensity of demand). In addition, both single-item measures were associated with metrics of tobacco dependence (e.g., FTCD, QSU) with effect sizes that are similar to the ones found between CPT-derived breakpoint and those same metrics. These findings suggest that the single-item breakpoint measure is a viable method for measuring demand that may provide a useful and efficient tool to capture crucial and distinct aspects of smoking. In addition, the breakpoint measures may help increase the utility of behavioral demand measures in novel research and clinical settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqa N. Athamneh
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Faculty of Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Bickel WK, Crabbe JC, Sher KJ. What Is Addiction? How Can Animal and Human Research Be Used to Advance Research, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:6-21. [PMID: 30371956 PMCID: PMC6445393 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current article highlights key issues in defining, studying, and treating addiction, a concept related to but distinct from substance use disorders. The discussion is based upon a roundtable discussion at the 2017 annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism where Warren K. Bickel and John C. Crabbe were charged with answering a range of questions posed by Kenneth J. Sher. All the presenters highlighted a number of central concerns for those interested in assessing and treating addiction as well as those seeking to conduct basic preclinical research that is amenable to meaningful translation to the human condition. In addition, the discussion illustrated both the power and limitations of using any single theory to explain multiple phenomena subsumed under the rubric of addiction. Among the major issues examined were the important differences between traditional diagnostic approaches and current concepts of addiction, the difficulty of modeling key aspects of human addiction in nonhuman animals, key aspects of addiction that have, to date, received little empirical attention, and the importance of thinking of recovery as a phenomenon that possibly involves processes distinct from those undergirding the development and maintenance of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | | | - Kenneth J Sher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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24
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Stein JS, Heckman BW, Pope DA, Perry ES, Fong GT, Cummings KM, Bickel WK. Delay discounting and e-cigarette use: An investigation in current, former, and never cigarette smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:165-173. [PMID: 30121475 PMCID: PMC6390278 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smokers show greater delay discounting (devaluation of delayed consequences) than non-smokers, suggesting that rapid devaluation of the future contributes to tobacco use through a mechanism in which tobacco-related health consequences are too delayed to discourage smoking. However, little work has quantified delay discounting in relation to electronic cigarette (EC) use, a tobacco product that many users believe to pose fewer negative health consequences than cigarettes. METHODS We assessed discounting of delayed monetary rewards in a web-based sample of 976 participants, stratified by both EC use (current and never) and cigarette use (current, former, and never). RESULTS Controlling for demographic variance, current EC users generally showed greater discounting than never EC users (p = .019). Current cigarette smokers also showed greater discounting than former and never smokers (p < .001). However, the between-group difference for EC use was much smaller (ηp2 = .006) than for cigarette use (ηp2 = .026). Moreover, differences in discounting in relation to EC use were not statistically apparent in most pairwise comparisons. Most notably, the difference between former smokers who achieved smoking cessation by transitioning to ECs (i.e., exclusive EC users) and those who have never used ECs or cigarettes was nonsignificant and small (ηp2 = .010). CONCLUSIONS The smaller effect size for the association between delay discounting and current EC use, relative to current cigarette use, suggests that public perception of ECs as a safer alternative to cigarettes attenuates the role of delay discounting in decisions to use ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States,Corresponding author at: Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Cir, Roanoke, VA 24018, United States. (J.S. Stein)
| | - Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Derek A. Pope
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Elan S. Perry
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
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25
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Strickland JC, Stoops WW. Feasibility, acceptability, and validity of crowdsourcing for collecting longitudinal alcohol use data. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 110:136-153. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - William W. Stoops
- Department of Psychology University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Behavioral Science University of Kentucky College of Medicine
- Department of Psychiatry University of Kentucky College of Medicine
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