Neuroplasticity and Crossmodal Connectivity in the Normal, Healthy Brain

Multimodal MRI analysis of microstructural and functional connectivity brain changes following systematic audio-visual training in a virtual environment

Recent work has shown rapid microstructural brain changes in response to learning new tasks. These cognitive tasks tend to draw on multiple brain regions connected by white matter (WM) tracts. Therefore, behavioural performance change is likely to be the result of microstructural, functional activation, and connectivity changes in extended neural networks. Here we show for the first time that learning-induced microstructural change in WM tracts, quantified with diffusion tensor and kurtosis imaging (DTI, DKI) is linked to functional connectivity changes in brain areas that use these tracts to communicate. Twenty healthy participants engaged in a month of virtual reality (VR) systematic audiovisual (AV) training. DTI analysis using repeated-measures ANOVA unveiled a decrease in mean diffusivity (MD) in the SLF II, alongside a significant increase in fractional anisotropy (FA) in optic radiations post-training, persisting in the follow-up (FU) assessment (post: MD t(76) = 6.13, p < 0.001, FA t(76) = 3.68, p < 0.01, FU: MD t(76) = 4.51, p < 0.001, FA t(76) = 2.989, p < 0.05). The MD reduction across participants was significantly correlated with the observed behavioural performance gains. A functional connectivity (FC) analysis showed significantly enhanced functional activity correlation between primary visual and auditory cortices post-training, which was evident by the DKI microstructural changes found within these two regions as well as in the sagittal stratum including WM tracts connecting occipital and temporal lobes (mean kurtosis (MK): cuneus t(19)=2.3 p < 0.05, transverse temporal t(19)=2.6 p < 0.05, radial kurtosis (RK): sagittal stratum t(19)=2.3 p < 0.05). DTI and DKI show complementary data, both of which are consistent with the task-relevant brain networks. The results demonstrate the utility of multimodal imaging analysis to provide complementary evidence for brain changes at the level of networks. In summary, our study shows the complex relationship between microstructural adaptations and functional connectivity, unveiling the potential of multisensory integration within immersive VR training. These findings have implications for learning and rehabilitation strategies, facilitating more effective interventions within virtual environments.

Innovative Approaches and Therapies to Enhance Neuroplasticity and Promote Recovery in Patients With Neurological Disorders: A Narrative Review

Brain rehabilitation and recovery for people with neurological disorders, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and neurodegenerative diseases, depend mainly on neuroplasticity, the brain's capacity to restructure and adapt. This literature review aims to look into cutting-edge methods and treatments that support neuroplasticity and recovery in these groups. A thorough search of electronic databases revealed a wide range of research and papers investigating several neuroplasticity-targeting methods, such as cognitive training, physical activity, non-invasive brain stimulation, and pharmaceutical interventions. The results indicate that these therapies can control neuroplasticity and improve motor, mental, and sensory function. In addition, cutting-edge approaches, such as virtual reality (VR) and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), promise to increase neuroplasticity and foster rehabilitation. However, many issues and restrictions still need to be resolved, including the demand for individualized treatments and the absence of defined standards. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the significance of neuroplasticity in brain rehabilitation. It identifies novel strategies and treatments that promise to enhance recovery in patients with neurological illnesses. Future studies should concentrate on improving these therapies and developing evidence-based standards to direct clinical practice and enhance outcomes for this vulnerable population.

Do we enjoy what we sense and perceive? A dissociation between aesthetic appreciation and basic perception of environmental objects or events

This integrative review rearticulates the notion of human aesthetics by critically appraising the conventional definitions, offerring a new, more comprehensive definition, and identifying the fundamental components associated with it. It intends to advance holistic understanding of the notion by differentiating aesthetic perception from basic perceptual recognition, and by characterizing these concepts from the perspective of information processing in both visual and nonvisual modalities. To this end, we analyze the dissociative nature of information processing in the brain, introducing a novel local-global integrative model that differentiates aesthetic processing from basic perceptual processing. This model builds on the current state of the art in visual aesthetics as well as newer propositions about nonvisual aesthetics. This model comprises two analytic channels: aesthetics-only channel and perception-to-aesthetics channel. The aesthetics-only channel primarily involves restricted local processing for quality or richness (e.g., attractiveness, beauty/prettiness, elegance, sublimeness, catchiness, hedonic value) analysis, whereas the perception-to-aesthetics channel involves global/extended local processing for basic feature analysis, followed by restricted local processing for quality or richness analysis. We contend that aesthetic processing operates independently of basic perceptual processing, but not independently of cognitive processing. We further conjecture that there might be a common faculty, labeled as aesthetic cognition faculty, in the human brain for all sensory aesthetics albeit other parts of the brain can also be activated because of basic sensory processing prior to aesthetic processing, particularly during the operation of the second channel. This generalized model can account not only for simple and pure aesthetic experiences but for partial and complex aesthetic experiences as well.