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Parchem JG, Kanasaki K, Kanasaki M, Sugimoto H, Xie L, Hamano Y, Lee SB, Gattone VH, Parry S, Strauss JF, Garovic VD, McElrath TF, Lu KH, Sibai BM, LeBleu VS, Carmeliet P, Kalluri R. Loss of placental growth factor ameliorates maternal hypertension and preeclampsia in mice. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5008-5017. [PMID: 30179860 PMCID: PMC6205389 DOI: 10.1172/jci99026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia remains a clinical challenge due to its poorly understood pathogenesis. A prevailing notion is that increased placental production of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) causes the maternal syndrome by inhibiting proangiogenic placental growth factor (PlGF) and VEGF. However, the significance of PlGF suppression in preeclampsia is uncertain. To test whether preeclampsia results from the imbalance of angiogenic factors reflected by an abnormal sFlt-1/PlGF ratio, we studied PlGF KO (Pgf-/-) mice and noted that the mice did not develop signs or sequelae of preeclampsia despite a marked elevation in circulating sFLT-1. Notably, PlGF KO mice had morphologically distinct placentas, showing an accumulation of junctional zone glycogen. We next considered the role of placental PlGF in an established model of preeclampsia (pregnant catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient [COMT-deficient] mice) by generating mice with deletions in both the Pgf and Comt genes. Deletion of placental PlGF in the context of COMT loss resulted in a reduction in maternal blood pressure and increased placental glycogen, indicating that loss of PlGF might be protective against the development of preeclampsia. These results identify a role for PlGF in placental development and support a complex model for the pathogenesis of preeclampsia beyond an angiogenic factor imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline G Parchem
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megumi Kanasaki
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liang Xie
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuki Hamano
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Soo Bong Lee
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent H Gattone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Samuel Parry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Vesna D Garovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen H Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Baha M Sibai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Shenoy V, Kanasaki K, Kalluri R. Pre-eclampsia: connecting angiogenic and metabolic pathways. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:529-36. [PMID: 20646932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a hypertensive disease of pregnancy with a worldwide incidence of 5-8%. This review focuses on recent developments in pre-eclampsia research related to angiogenesis and metabolism. We first address the 'angiogenic imbalance' theory, which hypothesizes that pre-eclampsia results from an imbalance of factors that promote or antagonize angiogenesis, such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt1), 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Next, we analyze the association between pre-eclampsia and dysfunctional metabolism of both homocysteine and placental glycogen. We hope that illuminating some of the various connections existing between angiogenesis and metabolism in pre-eclampsia will facilitate the update or reconsideration of old models of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Shenoy
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Jauniaux E, Watson A, Burton G. Evaluation of respiratory gases and acid-base gradients in human fetal fluids and uteroplacental tissue between 7 and 16 weeks' gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:998-1003. [PMID: 11303211 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2001.111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to evaluate the changes in intrauterine gases and acid-base gradients inside the human fetoplacental unit at 7 to 16 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN Respiratory gases and acid-base values were recorded by means of a multiparameter sensor and samples from inside the exocoelomic or amniotic cavity, placental tissue, decidua, and fetal blood of 30 early pregnancies. RESULTS Before 11 weeks' gestation, placental PO(2) was 2.5 times lower than decidual PO(2). The PO(2) increased independently at both sites during gestation, but a PO(2) gradient of 13.3 mm Hg persisted during the fourth month. At 13 to 16 weeks, PO(2), oxygen saturation, and oxygen content gradients were observed between the fetal blood and the placenta and between the placenta and underlying decidual tissue. There was no fetoplacental gradient for pH and PCO(2) between 7 and 16 weeks, but fetal blood pH values were much lower and fetal PCO(2) values were much higher than those reported in older fetuses. CONCLUSIONS Early human placental tissue develops in a physiologically low-oxygen environment compared with uterine tissue. This may be necessary to allow specific placental metabolic activities and to protect both placental and fetal tissues against toxic oxygen metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jauniaux
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The human placenta in vivo consumes large amounts of oxygen. After delivery the placenta is exposed to anoxia and under in vitro experimental conditions oxygen consumption is only a fraction of in vivo estimates. In spite of a reduced oxygen supply, structural and functional integrity of the tissue is surprisingly well preserved. Special metabolic adjustments in the sense of 'partial metabolic arrest' may be the explanation for a remarkable survival capacity of placental tissue and reduction of protein synthesis seems to be an important component of metabolic slowdown. The potential significance of this special feature of placental metabolism for the in vivo situation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inselspital-Universität Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Pregnancy in the 20th century involves women of many age groups from early teens to the fourth or fifth decade. Modern medicine and in vitro fertilization techniques have increased options for pregnancy and childbirth. Pregnancy is a dynamic state, and medical concerns may involve disorders of the fetus and mother requiring medications and special nutrients. Therefore, different techniques have been developed to evaluate the placental transfer of drugs and nutrients using tissues and cells derived from human placenta. These include (a) isolated tissues and cells to study placental transport, (b) primary and malignant trophoblast cell cultures and (c) biophysical methods for studying placental transport. Also, convenient study models have been developed to evaluate placental transfer of safe drugs in pregnant women. Some of the drugs studied by these techniques and models include (a) anesthetics and pain medications used during delivery, (b) antibiotics and anti-bacterials used to cure infections, (c) drugs abused by pregnant women and (d) nutrients required for proper fetal growth. Placental transfer and exchange mechanisms are complicated processes, and in vitro models reflect only partially the equilibria that exist among mother, placenta and fetus. The perfused cotyledon model is elegant and simple but gives only restricted information. Isolated placental tissues give useful information about the pharmacological effects of drugs. Metabolic studies using human placental models provide information on the metabolism of a drug during placental transfer and accumulation of the drug or its metabolite in the placenta or fetal circulation. Several studies on the transplacental passage of drugs exist but many questions regarding the transfer of drugs between the maternal and fetal circulations and clearance of drugs from fetal circulation have yet to be answered. This article reviews in vitro and in vivo methods for evaluation of transplacental transport of drugs and their current effectiveness to obtain clinically useful data.
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Affiliation(s)
- BV Sastry
- Professor of Pharmacology, Emeritus, Adjunct Professor of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Polliotti BM, Panigel M, Miller RK. Free vitamin B12 and transcobalamin II-vitamin B12 complex uptake by the visceral yolk sac of the Sprague-Dawley rat: effect of inhibitors. Reprod Toxicol 1997; 11:617-26. [PMID: 9241684 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(97)89180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous free vitamin B12 or B12 bound to human transcobalamin II (TCII) accumulated in the near-term rat visceral yolk sac. The rates of their uptakes in vitro and in vivo increased rapidly with time then reached a plateau, which supports a saturable transport/binding process as the rate-limiting step for the uptake of free and TCII complexed B12. Both uptakes were significantly decreased by trypan blue, colchicine, and low temperature but not by ouabain. Such inhibition suggests that the absorption of free and bound B12 is via an endocytosis process dependent upon energy but not the magnesium-dependent sodium/potassium-activated ATPase. Thus, the role of the visceral yolk sac in vitamin transfer to the conceptus and the alterations in yolk sac function associated with birth defects and diminished growth can be integrally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Polliotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, New York, USA
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Malek A, Miller RK, Mattison DR, Kennedy S, Panigel M, di Sant'Agnese PA, Jessee L. Energy charge monitoring via magnetic resonance spectroscopy 31P in the perfused human placenta: effects of cadmium, dinitrophenol and iodoacetate. Placenta 1996; 17:495-506. [PMID: 8899879 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(96)90032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a non-invasive technique was applied to monitor the metabolic activity of the human placenta during perfusion in vitro. During control perfusions (n = 3) there was an initial increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and a fall in inorganic phosphate (Pi). Thereafter, however, the level of both ATP and Pi remained constant throughout the perfusion period (11 h). Additional biochemical parameters such as glucose consumption, lactate production and the release of hormones, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hGC). measured in the perfusate samples, were also used to assess the viability of the placental tissue. As with ATP, all these biochemical parameters under the control conditions showed a stable rate of metabolic activity throughout the length of the experiments. In additional experiments, the effect of the metabolic inhibitor dinitrophenol (n = 2) and dinitrophenol (DNP) together with iodoacetic acid (IOA, n = 2) were studied. DNP (0.1 mM) alone showed a slight decrease of all parameters. In contrast, the addition of IOA (0.1 mM) with DNP (0.1 mM) not only blocked the production of ATP but also produced a substantial impact on placental metabolic activity. The effect of a toxic dose of cadmium (20 nmol/ml) was studied also (n = 3). This dose of cadmium demonstrated no effect on phosphorus metabolism. However, the rate of glucose consumption and the release of hCG were significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642-8668, USA
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Mimouni F, Mughal Z, Tsang RC, Hammond G. Effect of maternal oxygen therapy on placental calcium transport in intrauterine growth retarded rats. J Am Coll Nutr 1995; 14:165-8. [PMID: 7790691 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1995.10718489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that continuous maternal oxygen (O2) therapy leads to an increase in fetal survival, improvement in fetal growth, and correction of decreased placental calcium (Ca) transport, in pregnant rats who underwent uterine artery ligation. STUDY DESIGN We measured on Day 21 of pregnancy, the unidirectional maternofetal clearance of 45Ca (Kmf45Ca) and 51Cr-EDTA (Kmf51Cr-EDTA) across in-situ perfused placentas of rats randomized on Day 17 to a modified Wigglesworth (bilateral uterine artery ligation) procedure (group WW, n = 8), to modified Wigglesworth and supplemental maternal O2 treatment (FiO2 0.40) (group WWO2, n = 8), or to a sham operation (group Sh, n = 8). Kmf51Cr-EDTA provides a measure of placental "porosity" or passive permeability. RESULTS Maternal O2 therapy did not improve fetal survival, fetal growth, or placental Ca transport. CONCLUSION AND SPECULATION: Bilateral uterine ligation in the pregnant rat leads to IUGR and decreased placental Ca transport which cannot be corrected by maternal O2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mimouni
- Department of Pediatrics, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11219, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Graz, Austria
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Brown EG, Mendoza GJ, Chervenak FA, Karmel BZ, Krouskop RW, LeBlanc MH, Winslow RM, Moll GW. The relationship of maternal erythrocyte oxygen transport parameters to intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162:223-9. [PMID: 2301496 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The relation of fetal growth and maternal oxygen transport as assessed by red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, hemoglobin oxygen affinity, hemoglobin, pH, and PCO2 was evaluated in 21 pregnant women. The study was performed in the third trimester and each subject evaluated had sonographic evidence of fetal growth retardation without other obvious abnormalities. Decreased maternal 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio and hemoglobin oxygen affinity were related linearly to the birth weight normalized for the expected sea level values of gestational age expressed as a birth weight (gestational age-normalized) Z score. The correlation coefficients and p values were r = 0.71, p less than 0.001 and r = 0.67, p less than 0.001, respectively. The ponderal index-normalized Z score correlated with the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio (r = 0.46, p less than 0.04), but the relation was not as strong as the birth weight-normalized Z score. The crown-heel length/head circumference ratio did not correlate with the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio (r = 0.29, NS). The birth weight (gestational age)-normalized Z score did not correlate with hemoglobin, PCO2, or pH. In the regulation of hemoglobin oxygen affinity, calculations indicated that the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio played a highly significant role (p less than 0.001), pH was minimally significant (p less than 0.025), but PCO2 had little or no significant effects in this study. It appears that fetal growth is related to the maternal red blood cell oxygen transport parameters 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio and hemoglobin oxygen affinity. Moreover, the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin molar ratio is the principal regulator of hemoglobin oxygen affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
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Berglund L. Transplacental amino acid transfer and its study using positron emission tomography. A short review based on a doctoral thesis. Ups J Med Sci 1990; 95:95-115. [PMID: 2075644 DOI: 10.3109/03009739009178580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Sastry BV, Horst MA, Naukam RJ. Maternal tobacco smoking and changes in amino acid uptake by human placental villi: induction of uptake systems, gammaglutamyltranspeptidase and membrane fluidity. Placenta 1989; 10:345-58. [PMID: 2571146 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4004(89)90017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Maternal smoking depressed the active uptake of amino acids by human placentae and lowered their levels in the placenta and umbilical vein. During starvation of cells for amino acids, more amino acid carriers are induced and incorporated into the plasma membrane. A question arises whether there could be similar changes due to maternal smoking in the placental amino acid uptake carrier systems. Therefore, the characteristics of (a) the uptake of 2-amino[I-14C]-isobutyric acid (AIB) by isolated placental villi, (b) gammaglutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP), a critical enzyme of the gammaglutamyl cycle (GGC) for the uptake of amino acids in human placenta, and (c) lipid structural parameters (reciprocal of fluidity), by steady state fluorescence polarization of plasma membrane vesicles of microvilli (MV) and microsomal membranes (MM) of umbilical and chorionic plate arteries of placentae of smoking and non-smoking mothers were investigated. The above investigations gave the following results: (a) Washed placental villi of smokers exhibited higher capacity for AIB uptake than those of non-smokers. The higher uptake capacity was mainly due to increase in Vmax for AIB uptake in smokers. Km increased for placental AIB uptake in smokers. (b) Maternal smoking lowered GGTP activity of MV by decreasing its Vmax. Therefore, maternal smoking decreases the formation of gammaglutamyl-amino acid (GGAA) on the surface of trophoblast which are absorbed by the trophoblast. The degree of absorption of GGAA is considered as an inverse environmental signal for the cell to regulate amino acid transport systems. Maternal smoking seems to decrease the formation and absorption of GGAA and thereby induce the formation of new carriers for AIB uptake. (c) Maternal smoking increased the values for lipid structural order parameters and microviscosity of MV and induced tolerance against fluidization by ethyl alcohol in MM of umbilical and chorionic arteries. The alterations could increase Km for AIB uptake system and decrease the sensitivity of umbilical and chorionic arteries to vasoconstrictive substances like 5-hydroxytryptamine and catecholamine which are released by nicotine. All these changes tend to overcome the deficits produced in placental amino acid transport and satisfy the demands of the growing fetus for amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Sastry
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Zalani S, Rajalakshmi R, Parekh LJ. Ascorbic acid concentration of human fetal tissues in relation to fetal size and gestational age. Br J Nutr 1989; 61:601-6. [PMID: 2758014 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19890147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Studies were carried out on the distribution of ascorbic acid in human fetal tissues with the progress of gestation. 2. Fetuses and stillborn babies varying in gestational age from 12 to 38 weeks were obtained from various Baroda hospitals. Ascorbic acid levels were determined in selected tissues: brain, adrenal, liver, kidney, lung, heart and placenta. 3. Ascorbic acid concentration in the brain was higher than that in the adrenal at all gestational ages, suggesting the importance of this vitamin in brain development. The concentrations of this vitamin in liver, kidney, lung and placenta were comparable, but that in the heart tended to be lower. In all the tissues, there was a fall in ascorbic acid during late gestation. However, the levels in tissues of stillborn babies were higher than those reported for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zalani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, M.S. University, Baroda, India
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Raivio KO, Vettenranta K. Changes in trophoblastic purine metabolism with aging of the placenta. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 253A:399-406. [PMID: 2624219 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5673-8_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K O Raivio
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stulc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Paediatrics, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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Yudilevich DL, Sweiry JH. Transport of amino acids in the placenta. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 822:169-201. [PMID: 3896317 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(85)90007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bloxam DL, Bobinski PM. Energy metabolism and glycolysis in the human placenta during ischaemia and in normal labour. Placenta 1984; 5:381-94. [PMID: 6395130 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(84)80018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Contractor SF, Stannard PJ. The use of AIB transport to assess the suitability of a system of human placental perfusion for drug transport studies. Placenta 1983; 4:19-29. [PMID: 6304675 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(83)80014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Goodman DR, Fant ME, Harbison RD. Perturbation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport in human placental membranes: direct effects by HgCl2, CH3HgCl, and CdCl2. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1983; 3:89-100. [PMID: 6132460 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6866(1990)3:1<89::aid-tcm1770030110>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mercuric chloride, methylmercuric chloride, and cadmium chloride directly affect the human placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membrane. These heavy metals alter the facilitated diffusion of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into vesicles of this membrane in microM concentrations. Mercuric chloride abolishes temporal kinetics of AIB transport, inducing an initial increase in AIB transport (27% at 100 microM) but subsequently lowering equilibrium values when compared to equilibrium time points in control. Methylmercuric chloride and cadmium chloride inhibited the initial rate of AIB transport (40% and 21%, respectively, at 200 microM), but did not affect the equilibrium value of AIB transported when compared to equilibrium levels in control. These effects were concentration dependent. Methylmercuric chloride was more potent in inhibiting AIB transport than cadmium chloride. Methylmercuric chloride and cadmium chloride effects on AIB transport were observed with minimal preincubation with placental vesicles. However, preincubation was necessary for mercuric chloride-induced perturbation of AIB transport. Cysteine protects against mercuric chloride- and methylmercuric chloride-induced effects on AIB transport but did not reverse these perturbations. Mercury- and cadmium-induced placental membrane toxicity result from interactions of these heavy metals with the placental plasma membranes.
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Abstract
A review is presented of the literature concerning the placenta as a target organ for chemical- and drug-induced injuries that can ultimately lead to teratogenesis or reproductive defects. Such defects can result from the effects of xenobiotics on placental transport, blood flow or pathology, from the metabolism by the placenta of xenobiotics to harmful substances, or from the alteration by xenobiotics of placental endocrine function. Although it is clear that drug- or chemical-induced placental toxicity should be considered as a possible mechanism of teratogenicity, it is an area of research that has been comparatively neglected and is in need of extensive investigation.
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Eaton BM, Mann GE, Yudilevich DL. Transport specificity for neutral and basic amino acids at maternal and fetal interfaces of the guinea-pig placenta. J Physiol 1982; 328:245-58. [PMID: 7131314 PMCID: PMC1225656 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The unidirectional influx of amino acids into the guinea-pig syncytiotrophoblast was measured using a single circulation paired-tracer dilution technique which allows separate characterization of both fetal and maternal interfaces. An in situ preparation perfused through the fetal circulation was used to examine the fetal side, while an isolated preparation perfused through both the fetal and maternal circulations was used to study both interfaces simultaneously.2. On the fetal side the maximal uptake (U(max)) determined at tracer concentrations was high for the short-chain neutral amino acid alanine (76%) and the long-chain neutrals, leucine (75%), phenylalanine (90%) and tyrosine (82%) and for the basic amino acid lysine (65%). In contrast, U(max) was negligible for alpha-methylaminoisobutyric acid and taurine, a beta-amino acid.3. The uptake of alanine and phenylalanine on the fetal side was inhibited by both short-chain (alanine, serine, cysteine) and long-chain (phenylalanine, methionine, leucine) neutral amino acids. d-alanine had no effect on l-alanine uptake whereas d-phenylalanine significantly inhibited that of l-phenylalanine. Diaminobutyric acid, lysine and arginine were effective inhibitors of alanine uptake but had no effect on phenylalanine uptake.4. On the maternal side uptake of alanine, phenylalanine and lysine was measured. Over a wide range of concentrations self-inhibition of alanine influx was similar to the cross-inhibition observed with phenylalanine. In contrast, the influx of phenylalanine, which was strongly self-inhibited, was only partially cross-inhibited by alanine.5. Influx of alanine and phenylalanine was measured at various perfusate concentrations and was found to be saturable on both maternal and fetal sides. The data were fitted to a single hyperbola and, on the maternal side, the K(m) for alanine (10.3+/-2.7 mm, mean+/-s.e., n = 3) was three-fold higher than the value measured for phenylalanine (3.1+/-0.8 mm). On the fetal side the K(m) values for alanine (8.4+/-1.4 mm, n = 4) and phenylalanine (11.9+/-1.9 mm, n = 3) were similar.6. The uptake of alanine, phenylalanine and lysine appeared to be highly sodium-dependent accounting for 40-70% of the total influx. However, the inhibited fractions were found to be different on the two sides of the placenta.7. The results of uptake, cross-inhibition and Na(+)-dependency experiments suggest the presence of an alanine-serine-cysteine (ASC) type system and a leucine (L) type system with markedly overlapping specificities at both the fetal and maternal interfaces. Separate kinetic characterization of a two carrier system was not possible under the conditions of these experiments. However, kinetic parameters for the over-all transport of alanine and phenylalanine were measured.
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Whitsett JA, Wallick ET. [3H]ouabain binding and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in human placenta. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1980; 238:E38-45. [PMID: 6243875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1980.238.1.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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REFERENCES TO PAPERS IN SECTION I. Placenta 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-024435-8.50044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nutrition and Pregnancy. Nutrition 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7210-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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van Dijk JP, van Kreel BK. Transport and accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (A.I.B.) in the guinea pig placenta. Pflugers Arch 1978; 377:217-24. [PMID: 569817 DOI: 10.1007/bf00584275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Active transport of A.I.B. from mother to fetus was studied. This was done in the intact animal and using the isolated placenta, artificially perfused at both sides. It was shown that A.I.B. is actively accumulated in the placental cells. An estimate of the kinetic constants is given. It is shown that this accumulation takes place predominantly from the maternal side of the placenta. A.I.B. that has been accumulated is cleared to the maternal and fetal circulation in equal amounts. So the netto active transport from mother to fetus is brought about by an unequal distribution of carriers, the maternal side being most active.
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Welsch F. Choline metabolism in human term placenta--studies on de novo synthesis and the effects of some drugs on the metabolic fate of [N-methyl 3H]choline. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:1251-7. [PMID: 697922 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Olson FC, Massaro EJ. Effects of methyl mercury on murine fetal amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and palate closure. TERATOLOGY 1977; 16:187-94. [PMID: 929435 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420160213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg: 5 mg Hg/kg maternal body weight) in 0.13 M NaCl, 0.01 M NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4, pH 7.4 (PBS) administered to gravid CFW mice on day 12, hour 6 (12(6)) of gestation induced a high incidence of cleft palate in fetuses examined on days 15(6) (72%), 16(6) (62%) and 17(6) (40%). Palate closure (100%) in PBS control animals occurred by 14(10). One day post MeHg administration, total fetal protein was decreased 22% while DNA content was unaltered. Protein was maximally decreased (28%) on 14(6) and, thereafter, returned toward control levels. Alterations in DNA content followed a similar pattern; but the maximal decrease (32%) occurred on 15(6). The rate of fetal protein synthesis was depressed 5% at 12(9) and between 20% to 26% from this time to 13(6) (end of observation). The agreement between the calculated decrease in protein synthesis (19%) and the measured decrease in protein content (22%) suggests that a reduction in protein synthesis is responsible for the decreased fetal protein content. Placental blood flow and fetal water space, measured with 3H--H2O at 12(18), were not affected by MeHg treatment. However, fetal free amino acid concentrations at 12(18) were generally decreased (alanine, 23.0%; valine, 9.7%; methionine, 22.6%; isoleucine, 12.0%; leucine, 18.2%) while uptake of the non-metabolizable amino acid, 14C-cycloleucine, was decreased 23%. From this, it is concluded that the growth inhibitory effects of MeHg are related, at least in part, to impaired placental/fetal transfer of amino acids.
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Abstract
1. The mechanism of placental transport of Na was studied in guinea-pigs in placentae with intact umbilical blood circulation or in the preparation of the placenta perfused in situ. 2. A constant level of 22Na was maintained in maternal plasma for 60 min, and from the quantity of 22Na recovered from the foetus at the end of this period the influx of Na from mother to foetus was calculated. Ligation of the omphalomesenteric vessels (supplying the everted yolk sac with blood) had no effect on the influx, the corresponding values of influx in the control and treated foetuses being 0-235 +/- 0-020 and 0-247 +/- 0-029 micron-mole/min. g foetal weight (n = 6, the limits are S.E. of mean). The specific activity of Na in amniotic fluid was below that of the maternal or foetal plasma Na by two orders of magnitude. These observations indicate that the extraplacental transport of Na into the foetus is negligibly low. 3. The electrical potential difference (p.d.) and unidirectional fluxes of Na across the placenta perfused in situ were measured by means of 22Na and 24Na administered to the opposite sides of the placental barrier. The fluxes varied with the weight of the foetuses whose placentae were perfused. The flux from the maternal to the foetal side was 0-270 +/- 0-017 micronmole/min.g foetal weight, the flux from the foetal to the maternal side was 0-340 +/- 0-018 micronmole/min.g foetal weight (n = 38). The corresponding p.d. was - 20-7 +/- 1-2 mV (foetal side negative). 4. The active component of Na transport across the placenta was calculated from the unidirectional fluxes and the p.d. The active transport was directed from the foetal to the maternal side, and its rate was 0-211 +/- 0-015 micronmole/min.g foetal weight (n = 38). During perfusion of the placenta with KCN (10(-3) M) the active transport decreased by approximately one third. 5. The flux of Na from the foetal to the maternal side of the perfused placenta was higher than the flux from the maternal to the foetal side. A similar asymmetry of Na fluxes was observed in the non-perfused placenta, the flux from mother to foetus being 0-180 +/- 0-013 micronmole/min.g foetal weight and the flux from foetus to mother 0-235 +/- 0-024 micronmole/min.g foetal weight (n = 12). This indicates that the asymmetry of Na fluxes is caused by the anaesthesia and/or by the trauma of the operation rather than by the perfusion of the placenta. 6. The permeabilities of the perfused placenta to Na and sucrose measured simultaneously from the maternal to the foetal side were 0-0767 +/- 0-0183 and 0-324 +/- 0-0094 cm3/min (n = 7y, respectively. The permeability values bear the same relation to each other as the respective coefficients of free diffusion in water, suggesting that the passive transport of Na across the placenta takes place as simple diffusion through wide aqueous channels. 6...
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Peck WA, Rockwell LH, Lichtman MA. Adaptive enhancement of amino acid uptake and exodus by thymic lymphocytes: influence of pH. J Cell Physiol 1976; 89:417-27. [PMID: 10310 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040890307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Entry of certain free amino acids (alpha aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), alanine and proline), but not of leucine into rat thymic lymphocytes increased progressively when the cells were incubated in amino acid deficient medium. Actinomycin D, cycloheximide, or a high concentration of AIB abolished the time-related increase in AIB accumulation, whereas exposure to a high concentration of leucine had no effect. This phenomenon could not be attributed to a progressive alteration in the nature of the incubation medium nor to reduced transinhibition of AIB uptake. The exodus of AIB also increased with time, but to a smaller degree than AIB entry. Initial rates of AIB entry and exodus increased with increases in the pH of the incubation medium over the range 6.5-8.0. The effects of pH on entry and exodus were time-related, increasing progressively oveb nullified the magnified time related increments in AIB transport caused by prolonged incubation at pH 8.0. The influence of a given pH on transport of AIB decreased rapidly when the cells were transferred to medium of another pH, but this tendency diminished the longer the cells were exposed to the initial pH. pH influenced the entry of alanine and proline in the same fashion as that of AIB, but did not affect leucine entry. These results indicate that thymic lymphocytes exhibit adaptive enhancement in the accumulation of free amino acids that are transported largley by the A or alanine-preferring system, and that the adaptive process involves both entry and exodus. Moreover, alterations in pH modify entry and exodus of these same amino acids, profoundly affect the magnitude of time-released increases, and may induce fundamental changes in the mechanism(s) serving amino acid transport.
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Welsch F. Studies on accumulation and metabolic fate of (N-Me3h)choline in human term placenta fragments. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:1021-30. [PMID: 1267847 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
The quantity and distribution of glycogen has been studied in 86 placentae from the last trimester of pregnancy and 8 of 8 to 16 weeks gestational age. In the first trimester glycogen concentrations were high, between 4-5 to 6-5 mg/g of blood-free tissue, but from about 12 weeks to term the concentrations were within a narrow range around 1-5 mg/g. The level did not deviate appreciably from normal in a range of clinical conditions: diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, pre-eclampsia or acute fetal distress, and was unaffected by the length of labour and whether or not the mother had been given an infusion of dextrose. Nor was it affected by a wide range of glucose concentrations in the maternal and fetal plasma and in the placental tissue itself or by insulin concentrations in either circulation. After the first few weeks of pregnancy glycogen in the placenta was shown to be restricted to the vicinity of major fetal blood vessels. Here it may be presumed to act as an energy reserve for vasomotor activity. All the evidence suggests that any importance placental glycogen may have is likely to be local, in relation to the placental vessels; a more general role, as an emergency energy source for the fetus, seems unlikely.
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Dean JC, Gusseck DJ. Changing patterns of placental hexokinase isozymes during the course of gestation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 172:130-4. [PMID: 1252070 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Welsch F. Uptake of acetylcholine by human placenta fragments and slices from guinea pig and rat placenta. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:81-9. [PMID: 1252259 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Gusseck DJ, Yuen P, Longo LD. Amino acid transport in placental slices. Mechanism of increased accumulation by prolonged incubation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 401:278-84. [PMID: 1156595 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(75)90311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by placental slices is increased dramatically upon prior incubation of the slices in amino acid-free, buffered saline. This increase is inhibited by inhibitors of protein synthesis and is accompanied by an increased V for the transport process. While alternative explanations are discussed, these data suggest that the incubation effect may be mediated through an increase in the number of available transport sites which are synthesized during the incubation period. Incubation with an amino acid mixture diminishes the increase as well as general protein synthesis, suggesting that a reduced availability of amino acids may initiate compensatory changes in the synthesis of cellular transport proteins.
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Abstract
Ascorbic acid concentrations in fetal human forebrain in the period 11 to 19 weeks' gestational age were 4 to 11 times higher than those of adults. Levels fell progressively with increasing gestational age but, in term babies dying within 4 weeks of birth, were still at least 3 times those of adults. It was confirmed that, in women delivering at term, ascorbic acid concentrations are approximately 4 times higher in cord blood plasma than in maternal blood plasma. The possible importance of ascorbic acid for normal human brain development is discussed.
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