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Eşmekaya MA, Gürsoy G, Coşkun A. The estimation of pore size distribution of electroporated MCF-7 cell membrane. Electromagn Biol Med 2024; 43:176-186. [PMID: 38900674 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2024.2366272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The size of the pores created by external electrical pulses is important for molecule delivery into the cell. The size of pores and their distribution on the cell membrane determine the efficiency of molecule transport into the cell. There are very few studies visualizing the presence of electropores. In this study, we aimed to investigate the size distribution of electropores that were created by high intensity and short duration electrical pulses on MCF-7 cell membrane. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize and characterize the membrane pores created by the external electric field. Structural changes on the surface of the electroporated cell membrane was observed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The size distribution of pore sizes was obtained by measuring the radius of 500 electropores. SEM imaging showed non-uniform patterning. The average radius of the electropores was 12 nm, 51.60% of pores were distributed within the range of 5 to 10 nm, and 81% of pores had radius below 15 nm. These results showed that microsecond (µs) high intensity electrical pulses cause the creation of heterogeneous nanopores on the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriç Arda Eşmekaya
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güney Gürsoy
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehır, Turkey
| | - Alaaddin Coşkun
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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2
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Ma R, Wang Y, Wang Z, Yin S, Liu Z, Yan K. Enhanced Cellular Doxorubicin Uptake via Delayed Exposure Following Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Treatment: An In Vitro Study. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:851. [PMID: 39065548 PMCID: PMC11280291 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The combination of nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) with pharmaceuticals is a pioneering therapeutic method capable of enhancing drug uptake efficacy in cells. Utilizing nsPEFs configured at 400 pulses, an electric field strength of 15 kV/cm, a pulse duration of 100 ns, and a repetition rate of 10 pulses per second (PPS), we combined the nsPEF with a low dose of doxorubicin (DOX) at 0.5 μM. Upon verifying that cells could continuously internalize DOX from the surrounding medium within 1 h post nsPEF exposure, we set the DOX exposure period to 10 min and contrasted the outcomes of varying sequences of DOX and nsPEF administration: pulsing followed by DOX, DOX followed by pulsing, and DOX applied 40 min after pulsing. Flow cytometry, CCK-8 assays, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to examine intracellular DOX accumulation, cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, and ultrastructural transformations. Our findings demonstrate that exposing cells to DOX 40 min subsequent to nsPEF treatment can effectively elevate intracellular DOX levels, decrease cell viability, and inhibit the cell cycle. This research work presents a novel approach to enhance DOX uptake efficiency with moderate conditions of both DOX and nsPEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongwei Ma
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (R.M.); (Z.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multi-Organ Transplantation Research, Ministry of Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (Y.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Zhihao Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (R.M.); (Z.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Shengyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Multi-Organ Transplantation Research, Ministry of Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (Y.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (R.M.); (Z.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Keping Yan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (R.M.); (Z.W.); (K.Y.)
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3
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Liu F, Su R, Jiang X, Wang S, Mu W, Chang L. Advanced micro/nano-electroporation for gene therapy: recent advances and future outlook. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10500-10521. [PMID: 38757536 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising disease treatment approach by editing target genes, and thus plays a fundamental role in precision medicine. To ensure gene therapy efficacy, the effective delivery of therapeutic genes into specific cells is a key challenge. Electroporation utilizes short electric pulses to physically break the cell membrane barrier, allowing gene transfer into the cells. It dodges the off-target risks associated with viral vectors, and also stands out from other physical-based gene delivery methods with its high-throughput and cargo-accelerating features. In recent years, with the help of advanced micro/nanotechnology, micro/nanostructure-integrated electroporation (micro/nano-electroporation) techniques and devices have significantly improved cell viability, transfection efficiency and dose controllability of the electroporation strategy, enhancing its application practicality especially in vivo. This technical advancement makes micro/nano-electroporation an effective and versatile tool for gene therapy. In this review, we first introduce the evolution of electroporation technique with a brief explanation of the perforation mechanism, and then provide an overview of the recent advancements and prospects of micro/nano-electroporation technology in the field of gene therapy. To comprehensively showcase the latest developments of micro/nano-electroporation technology in gene therapy, we focus on discussing micro/nano-electroporation devices and current applications at both in vitro and in vivo levels. Additionally, we outline the ongoing clinical studies of gene electrotransfer (GET), revealing the tremendous potential of electroporation-based gene delivery in disease treatment and healthcare. Lastly, the challenges and future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rongtai Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinran Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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4
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Qian K, Wang Y, Lei Y, Yang Q, Yao C. An experimental and theoretical study on cell swelling for osmotic imbalance induced by electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 157:108637. [PMID: 38215652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The cellular membrane serves as a pivotal barrier in regulating intra- and extracellular matter exchange. Disruption of this barrier through pulsed electric fields (PEFs) induces the transmembrane transport of ions and molecules, creating a concentration gradient that subsequently results in the imbalance of cellular osmolality. In this study, a multiphysics model was developed to simulate the electromechanical response of cells exposed to microsecond pulsed electric fields (μsPEFs). Within the proposed model, the diffusion coefficient of the cellular membrane for various ions was adjusted based on electropore density. Cellular osmolality was governed and described using Van't Hoff theory, subsequently converted to loop stress to dynamically represent the cell swelling process. Validation of the model was conducted through a hypotonic experiment and simulation at 200 mOsm/kg, revealing a 14.2% increase in the cell's equivalent radius, thereby confirming the feasibility of the cell mechanical model. With the transmembrane transport of ions induced by the applied μsPEF, the hoop stress acting on the cellular membrane reached 179.95 Pa, and the cell equivalent radius increased by 11.0% when the extra-cellular medium was supplied with normal saline. The multiphysics model established in this study accurately predicts the dynamic changes in cell volume resulting from osmotic imbalance induced by PEF action. This model holds theoretical significance, offering valuable references for research on drug delivery and tumor microenvironment modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yizhen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chenguo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China.
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5
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Alobeedallah H, Cornell B, Ghazal M, Coster H. The Effect of Benzyl Alcohol on the Voltage-Current Characteristics of Tethered Lipid Bilayers. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:423-431. [PMID: 37728833 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-023-00291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study a lipid bilayer membrane model was used in which the bilayer is tethered to a solid substrate with molecular tethers. Voltage-current (V-I) measurements of the tethered bilayer membranes (tBLM) and tBLM with benzyl alcohol (BZA) incorporated in their structures, were measured using triangular voltage ramps of 0-500 mV. The temperature dependence of the conductance deduced from the V-I measurements are described. An evaluation of the activation energies for electrical conductance showed that BZA decreased the activation/ Born energies for ionic conduction of tethered lipid membranes. It is concluded that BZA increased the average pore radius of the tBLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Alobeedallah
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Bruce Cornell
- SDx Tethered Membranes Pty Ltd, Roseville, Sydney, 2069, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ghazal
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hans Coster
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
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Jacobs IV EJ, Graybill PM, Jana A, Agashe A, Nain AS, Davalos RV. Engineering high post-electroporation viabilities and transfection efficiencies for elongated cells on suspended nanofiber networks. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108415. [PMID: 37011476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of cell shape on cell membrane permeabilization by pulsed electric fields is not fully understood. For certain applications, cell survival and recovery post-treatment is either desirable, as in gene transfection, electrofusion, and electrochemotherapy, or is undesirable, as in tumor and cardiac ablations. Understanding of how morphology affects cell viability post-electroporation may lead to improved electroporation methods. In this study, we use precisely aligned nanofiber networks within a microfluidic device to reproducibly generate elongated cells with controlled orientations to an applied electric field. We show that cell viability is significantly dependent on cell orientation, elongation, and spread. Further, these trends are dependent on the external buffer conductivity. Additionally, we see that cell survival for elongated cells is still supported by the standard pore model of electroporation. Lastly, we see that manipulating the cell orientation and shape can be leveraged for increased transfection efficiencies when compared to spherical cells. An improved understanding of cell shape and pulsation buffer conductivity may lead to improved methods for enhancing cell viability post-electroporation by engineering the cell morphology, cytoskeleton, and electroporation buffer conditions.
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7
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Contraction of the rigor actomyosin complex drives bulk hemoglobin expulsion from hemolyzing erythrocytes. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 22:417-432. [PMID: 36357646 PMCID: PMC10097772 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte ghost formation via hemolysis is a key event in the physiological clearance of senescent red blood cells (RBCs) in the spleen. The turnover rate of millions of RBCs per second necessitates a rapid efflux of hemoglobin (Hb) from RBCs by a not yet identified mechanism. Using high-speed video-microscopy of isolated RBCs, we show that electroporation-induced efflux of cytosolic ATP and other small solutes leads to transient cell shrinkage and echinocytosis, followed by osmotic swelling to the critical hemolytic volume. The onset of hemolysis coincided with a sudden self-propelled cell motion, accompanied by cell contraction and Hb-jet ejection. Our biomechanical model, which relates the Hb-jet-driven cell motion to the cytosolic pressure generation via elastic contraction of the RBC membrane, showed that the contributions of the bilayer and the bilayer-anchored spectrin cytoskeleton to the hemolytic cell motion are negligible. Consistent with the biomechanical analysis, our biochemical experiments, involving extracellular ATP and the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin, identify the low abundant non-muscle myosin 2A (NM2A) as the key contributor to the Hb-jet emission and fast hemolytic cell motion. Thus, our data reveal a rapid myosin-based mechanism of hemolysis, as opposed to a much slower diffusive Hb efflux.
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8
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Effects of solution conductivity on macropore size dynamics in electroporated lipid vesicle membranes. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108222. [PMID: 35944467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using fast imaging microscopy, we investigate in detail the expansion of micron-sized pores occurring in individual electroporated giant unilamellar vesicles composed of the phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). To infer pore dynamics on the electrodeformed and electropermeabilized vesicles, we develop a computational approach and provide for the first time a direct evidence of quantitative agreement between experimental data and the well-established theoretical prediction of Smith, Neu and Krassowska (SNK). The analysis we describe also provides an extension to the current theoretical literature on how the conductivity ratio of the internal and the external vesicle solution plays a determinant role in the definition of the electrical force driving pore expansion kinetics.
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9
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Bregigeon P, Rivière C, Franqueville L, Vollaire C, Marchalot J, Frénéa-Robin M. Integrated platform for culture, observation, and parallelized electroporation of spheroids. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2489-2501. [PMID: 35475509 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reversible electroporation is a method to introduce molecules into cells by increasing the permeability of their membranes, thanks to the application of pulsed electric fields. One of its main biomedical applications is electro-chemotherapy, where electroporation is used to deliver anticancer drugs into tumor tissues. To improve our understanding of the electroporation effect on tissues and select efficient treatments, in vitro tumor models are needed. Cell spheroids are relevant models as they can reproduce tumor microenvironment and cell-cell interactions better than 2D cell cultures. Various methods offering a relatively simple workflow are now available for their production. However, electroporation protocols usually require handling steps that may damage spheroids and result in random spacing, inducing variations in electric field distribution around spheroids and non-reproducible electroporation conditions. In addition, only a few microsystems allow the production and electroporation of spheroids, and the spheroids produced lack reproducibility in size and location. To overcome these issues, we developed a unique device enabling culture, monitoring, and electroporation of hundreds of regular spheroids in parallel, with a design ensuring that all spheroids are submitted to the same electric field conditions. It is comprised of a microfluidic chamber encompassing a micro-structured agarose gel, allowing easy medium exchange while avoiding spheroid handling. It also enables optical imaging of spheroids in situ, thanks to transparent electrodes. In this paper, we describe the fabrication and characterization of the developed microsystem and demonstrate its applicability to electroporation of a network of spheroids. We present a first successful application as an anticancer drug testing platform, by evaluating the bleomycin effect on HT29 colorectal cancer cell spheroids. This work opens new perspectives in the development of in vitro assays for the preclinical evaluation of electroporation-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bregigeon
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
| | - Charlotte Rivière
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
- Institut Convergence PLAsCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Franqueville
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
| | - Christian Vollaire
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
| | - Julien Marchalot
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
| | - Marie Frénéa-Robin
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
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10
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Zhao C, Shi Q, Li H, Cui X, Xi Y, Cao Y, Xiang Z, Li F, Sun J, Liu J, Li T, Wei W, Xiong B, Li Z. Shape Designed Implanted Drug Delivery System for In Situ Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8493-8503. [PMID: 35549172 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an intelligent drug delivery system (DDS) based on implanted triboelectric nanogenerator (iTENG) and red blood cell (RBC) is established for in situ hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Apatinib (APA), as an oral antitumor drug, which can inhibit the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) is loaded inside RBC, realizing the transform from oral formulation to injection preparation. Multishape designed iTENG adapted for different implant sites and environments can harvest biomechanical energy efficiently. The electric field (EF) generated by the iTENG can increase the release of APA, and the release will decrease quickly when the EF disappears, which shows that the DDS is highly controllable. The controllable DDS demonstrates an exciting killing ability of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo with strikingly reduced APA dosage. After implantation, the self-powered DDS has a prominent therapeutic effect of HCC-bearing rabbits, which is expected to be applied in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Xi Cui
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Xi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Yu Cao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhuo Xiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinyan Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tongqiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhou Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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11
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Ángeles-Robles G, Ortiz-Dosal LC, Aranda-Espinoza H, Olivares-Illana V, Arauz-Lara JL, Aranda-Espinoza S. Actin protein inside DMPC GUVs and its mechanical response to AC electric fields. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183883. [PMID: 35181295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells are dynamic systems with complex mechanical properties, regulated by the presence of different species of proteins capable to assemble (and disassemble) into filamentous forms as required by different cells functions. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) are systems frequently used as a simplified model of cells because they offer the possibility of assaying separately different stimuli, which is no possible in living cells. Here we present a study of the effect of acting protein on mechanical properties of GUVs, when the protein is inside the vesicles in either monomeric G-actin or filamentous F-actin. For this, rabbit skeletal muscle G-actin is introduced inside GUVs by the electroformation method. Protein polymerization inside the GUVs is promoted by adding to the solution MgCl2 and the ion carrier A23187 to allow the transport of Mg+2 ions into the GUVs. To determine how the presence of actin changes the mechanical properties of GUVs, the vesicles are deformed by the application of an AC electric field in both cases with G-actin and with polymerized F-actin. The changes in shape of the vesicles are characterized by optical microscopy and from them the bending stiffness of the membrane are determined. It is found that G-actin has no appreciable effect on the bending stiffness of DMPC GUVs, but the polymerized actin makes the vesicles more rigid and therefore more resistant to deformations. This result is supported by evidence that actin filaments tend to accumulate near the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ángeles-Robles
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., Mexico
| | - Luis Carlos Ortiz-Dosal
- Unidad Académica de Ingeniería I, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
| | - H Aranda-Espinoza
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, United States of America
| | - Vanesa Olivares-Illana
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., Mexico
| | - José Luis Arauz-Lara
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., Mexico
| | - S Aranda-Espinoza
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., Mexico.
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12
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Sugrue A, Maor E, Del-Carpio Munoz F, Killu AM, Asirvatham SJ. Cardiac ablation with pulsed electric fields: principles and biophysics. Europace 2022; 24:1213-1222. [PMID: 35426908 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) have emerged as an ideal cardiac ablation modality. At present numerous clinical trials in humans are exploring PEF as an ablation strategy for both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, with early data showing significant promise. As this is a relatively new technology there is limited understanding of its principles and biophysics. Importantly, PEF biophysics and principles are starkly different to current energy modalities (radiofrequency and cryoballoon). Given the relatively novel nature of PEFs, this review aims to provide an understanding of the principles and biophysics of PEF ablation. The goal is to enhance academic research and ultimately enable optimization of ablation parameters to maximize procedure success and minimize risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sugrue
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elad Maor
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Freddy Del-Carpio Munoz
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ammar M Killu
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Samuel J Asirvatham
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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13
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Sachdev S, Potočnik T, Rems L, Miklavčič D. Revisiting the role of pulsed electric fields in overcoming the barriers to in vivo gene electrotransfer. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 144:107994. [PMID: 34930678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapies are revolutionizing medicine by providing a way to cure hitherto incurable diseases. The scientific and technological advances have enabled the first gene therapies to become clinically approved. In addition, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing record speeds in the development and distribution of gene-based vaccines. For gene therapy to take effect, the therapeutic nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) need to overcome several barriers before they can execute their function of producing a protein or silencing a defective or overexpressing gene. This includes the barriers of the interstitium, the cell membrane, the cytoplasmic barriers and (in case of DNA) the nuclear envelope. Gene electrotransfer (GET), i.e., transfection by means of pulsed electric fields, is a non-viral technique that can overcome these barriers in a safe and effective manner. GET has reached the clinical stage of investigations where it is currently being evaluated for its therapeutic benefits across a wide variety of indications. In this review, we formalize our current understanding of GET from a biophysical perspective and critically discuss the mechanisms by which electric field can aid in overcoming the barriers. We also identify the gaps in knowledge that are hindering optimization of GET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Sachdev
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Potočnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Rems
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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14
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Cytotoxicity of a Cell Culture Medium Treated with a High-Voltage Pulse Using Stainless Steel Electrodes and the Role of Iron Ions. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020184. [PMID: 35207105 PMCID: PMC8877239 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
High-voltage pulses applied to a cell suspension cause not only cell membrane permeabilization, but a variety of electrolysis reactions to also occur at the electrode–solution interfaces. Here, the cytotoxicity of a culture medium treated by a single electric pulse and the role of the iron ions in this cytotoxicity were studied in vitro. The experiments were carried out on mouse hepatoma MH-22A, rat glioma C6, and Chinese hamster ovary cells. The cell culture medium treated with a high-voltage pulse was highly cytotoxic. All cells died in the medium treated by a single electric pulse with a duration of 2 ms and an amplitude of just 0.2 kV/cm. The medium treated with a shorter pulse was less cytotoxic. The cell viability was inversely proportional to the amount of electric charge that flowed through the solution. The amount of iron ions released from the stainless steel anode (>0.5 mM) was enough to reduce cell viability. However, iron ions were not the sole reason of cell death. To kill all MH-22A and CHO cells, the concentration of Fe3+ ions in a medium of more than 2 mM was required.
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15
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Resealed erythrocytes: Towards a novel approach for anticancer therapy. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Pulse Duration Dependent Asymmetry in Molecular Transmembrane Transport Due to Electroporation in H9c2 Rat Cardiac Myoblast Cells In Vitro. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216571. [PMID: 34770979 PMCID: PMC8588460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is one of the successful physical methods for intracellular drug delivery, which temporarily permeabilizes plasma membrane by exposing cells to electric pulses. Orientation of cells in electric field is important for electroporation and, consequently, for transport of molecules through permeabilized plasma membrane. Uptake of molecules after electroporation are the greatest at poles of cells facing electrodes and is often asymmetrical. However, asymmetry reported was inconsistent and inconclusive-in different reports it was either preferentially anodal or cathodal. We investigated the asymmetry of polar uptake of calcium ions after electroporation with electric pulses of different durations, as the orientation of elongated cells affects electroporation to a different extent when using electric pulses of different durations in the range of 100 ns to 100 µs. The results show that with 1, 10, and 100 µs pulses, the uptake of calcium ions is greater at the pole closer to the cathode than at the pole closer to the anode. With shorter 100 ns pulses, the asymmetry is not observed. A different extent of electroporation at different parts of elongated cells, such as muscle or cardiac cells, may have an impact on electroporation-based treatments such as drug delivery, pulse-field ablation, and gene electrotransfection.
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17
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Maidin NNM, Buyong MR, Rahim RA, Mohamed MA. Dielectrophoresis applications in biomedical field and future perspectives in biomedical technology. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2033-2059. [PMID: 34346062 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a technique to manipulate trajectories of polarisable particles in non-uniform electric fields by utilising unique dielectric properties. The manipulation of a cell using DEP has been demonstrated in various modes, thereby indicating potential applications in the biomedical field. In this review, recent DEP applications in the biomedical field are discussed. This review is intended to highlight research work that shows significant approach related to dielectrophoresis application in biomedical field reported between 2016 and 2020. Firstly, single-shell model and multiple-shell model of cells are introduced. Current device structures and recently introduced electrode patterns for DEP applications are discussed. Secondly, the biomedical uses of DEP in liquid biopsies, stem cell therapies, and diagnosis of infectious diseases due to bacteria and viruses are presented. Finally, the challenges in DEP research are discussed, and the reported solutions are explained. DEP's potential research directions are mentioned. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Nasyifa Mohd Maidin
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Ruslinda A Rahim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia.,National Nanotechnology Centre (NNC), Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya, 62662, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
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18
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Batista Napotnik T, Polajžer T, Miklavčič D. Cell death due to electroporation - A review. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107871. [PMID: 34147013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to high voltage electric pulses increases transiently membrane permeability through membrane electroporation. Electroporation can be reversible and is used in gene transfer and enhanced drug delivery but can also lead to cell death. Electroporation resulting in cell death (termed as irreversible electroporation) has been successfully used as a new non-thermal ablation method of soft tissue such as tumours or arrhythmogenic heart tissue. Even though the mechanisms of cell death can influence the outcome of electroporation-based treatments due to use of different electric pulse parameters and conditions, these are not elucidated yet. We review the mechanisms of cell death after electroporation reported in literature, cell injuries that may lead to cell death after electroporation and membrane repair mechanisms involved. The knowledge of membrane repair and cell death mechanisms after cell exposure to electric pulses, targets of electric field in cells need to be identified to optimize existing and develop of new electroporation-based techniques used in medicine, biotechnology, and food technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Batista Napotnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Polajžer
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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19
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Zand E, Schottroff F, Steinacker E, Mae-Gano J, Schoenher C, Wimberger T, Wassermann KJ, Jaeger H. Advantages and limitations of various treatment chamber designs for reversible and irreversible electroporation in life sciences. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107841. [PMID: 34098460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental mechanisms of pulsed electric fields on biological cells are not yet fully elucidated, though it is apparent that membrane electroporation plays a crucial role. Little is known about treatment-chamber-specific effects, and systematic studies are scarce. Thus, the present study evaluates the (dis-)advantages of various treatment chamber designs for liquid applications at differing scales. Three chambers, namely parallel plate microfluidic (V̇: 0.1 ml/min; titanium electrodes), co-linear meso (V̇: 5.0 ml/min; stainless steel electrodes), and co-linear macro (V̇: 83.3 ml/min; stainless steel electrodes) chambers, were studied. Electroporation effects on Escherichia coli in media with 0.1-10.0 mS/cm were evaluated by plate counts and flow cytometry at 8, 16, and 20 kV/cm. For the microfluidic chamber, predominantly irreversible electroporation (2.5 logs10 reductions) was seen at 0.1 mS/cm, while high irreversible electroporation (4.2 logs10 reductions) at 10.0 mS/cm was observed for the macro chamber. The meso chamber indicated a similar trend towards increased conductivity, even though only low inactivation levels were present. Variation in conductivity and electrode configuration or area likely induces effects resulting in distinct electroporation levels, as observed for the micro and macro chamber. Suitable application scenarios, depending on targeted electroporation effects, were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zand
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Felix Schottroff
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; BOKU Core Facility Food & Bio Processing, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Steinacker
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Mae-Gano
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schoenher
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Terje Wimberger
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens J Wassermann
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry Jaeger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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20
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Carr L, Golzio M, Orlacchio R, Alberola G, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Leveque P, Arnaud-Cormos D, Rols MP. A nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) can affect membrane permeabilization and cellular viability in a 3D spheroids tumor model. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107839. [PMID: 34020398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cellular models represent more realistically the complexity of in vivo tumors compared to 2D cultures. While 3D models were largely used in classical electroporation, the effects of nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) have been poorly investigated. In this study, we evaluated the biological effects induced by nsPEF on spheroid tumor model derived from the HCT-116 human colorectal carcinoma cell line. By varying the number of pulses (from 1 to 500) and the polarity (unipolar and bipolar), the response of nsPEF exposure (10 ns duration, 50 kV/cm) was assessed either immediately after the application of the pulses or over a period lasting up to 6 days. Membrane permeabilization and cellular death occurred following the application of at least 100 pulses. The extent of the response increased with the number of pulses, with a significant decrease of viability, 24 h post-exposure, when 250 and 500 pulses were applied. The effects were highly reduced when an equivalent number of bipolar pulses were delivered. This reduction was eliminated when a 100 ns interphase interval was introduced into the bipolar pulses. Altogether, our results show that nsPEF effects, previously observed at the single cell level, also occur in more realistic 3D tumor spheroids models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Carr
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; School of Electronic Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Rosa Orlacchio
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Geraldine Alberola
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jelena Kolosnjaj-Tabi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Delia Arnaud-Cormos
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France.
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21
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Intracellular delivery of trehalose renders mesenchymal stromal cells viable and immunomodulatory competent after cryopreservation. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:391-411. [PMID: 33875905 PMCID: PMC8047578 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a nontoxic disaccharide and a promising cryoprotection agent for medically applicable cells. In this study, the efficiency of combining trehalose with reversible electroporation for cryopreservation of two types of human mesenchymal stromal cells was investigated: adipose-derived stromal cells, and umbilical-cord-derived stromal cells. Comparable results to standard dimethyl sulfoxide cryopreservation protocols were achieved, even without extensive electroporation parameters and protocol optimization. The presence of high extracellular trehalose resulted in comparable cell viabilities without and with electroporation. According to the determination of trehalose concentrations, 250 mM extracellular trehalose resulting in, 20 mM to 50 mM intracellular trehalose were sufficient for successful cryopreservation of cells. With electroporation, higher (i.e. 50 mM to 90 mM) intracellular trehalose was achieved after cryopreservation, although cell survival was not improved significantly. To evaluate the impact of electroporation and cryopreservation on cells, stress and immune-activation-related gene expression were analyzed. Electroporation and/or cryopreservation resulted in increased SOD2 and HSPA1A expression. Despite the increased stress response, the high up-regulation by mesenchymal stromal cells of immunomodulatory genes in the inflammatory environment was not affected. Highest expression was seen for the IDO1 and TSG6 genes. In conclusion, cryopreservation of mesenchymal stromal cells in trehalose results in comparable characteristics to their cryopreservation using dimethyl sulfoxide.
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22
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Santra TS, Kar S, Chang HY, Tseng FG. Nano-localized single-cell nano-electroporation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4194-4204. [PMID: 33047768 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to deliver foreign cargos into single living cells is of great interest in cell biology and therapeutic research. Here, we have reported a single or multiple position based nano-localized single-cell nano-electroporation platform. The device consists of an array of triangular shape ITO nano-electrodes with a 70 nm gap between two nano-electrodes, each having a 40 nm tip diameter. The voltage is applied between nano-electrodes to generate an intense electric field, which electroporates multiple nano-localized regions of the targeted single-cell membrane, and biomolecules are gently delivered into cells by pressurizing pump flow, without affecting cell viability. The platform successfully delivers dyes, QDs, and plasmids into different cell types with the variation of field strength, pulse duration, and the number of pulses. This new approach allows us to analyze delivery of different biomolecules into single living cells with high transfection efficiency (>96%, for CL1-0 cells) and high cell viability (∼98%), which are potentially beneficial for cellular therapy and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 60036, India.
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 60036, India. and Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan and Frontier Research Center of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan
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23
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Actin networks regulate the cell membrane permeability during electroporation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183468. [PMID: 32882211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transient physical disruption of cell membranes by electric pulses (or electroporation) has significance in biomedical and biological applications requiring the delivery of exogenous (bio)molecules to living cells. We demonstrate that actin networks regulate the cell membrane permeability during electroporation. Disruption of actin networks increases the uptake of membrane-impermeable molecules such as propidium iodide during electroporation. Our experiments at different temperatures ranging from 11 °C to 37 °C show that molecular uptake during electroporation increases with temperature. Furthermore, by examining the temperature-dependent kinetics of propidium iodide uptake, we infer that the activation energy barrier of electroporation is lowered when the actin networks are disrupted. Our numerical calculations of transmembrane voltage show that the reduced activation energy barrier for the cells with disrupted actin is not a consequence of the changes in transmembrane voltage associated with changes in the cell shape due to the disruption of actin, indicating that this could be due to changes in membrane mechanical properties. Our results suggest that the current theoretical models of electroporation should be advanced further by including the contributions of the cytoskeletal networks on the cell membrane permeability during the delivery of exogenous materials.
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24
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Alobeedallah H, Cornell B, Coster H. The Effect of Cholesterol on the Voltage–Current Characteristics of Tethered Lipid Membranes. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:319-330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Dermol-Černe J, Batista Napotnik T, Reberšek M, Miklavčič D. Short microsecond pulses achieve homogeneous electroporation of elongated biological cells irrespective of their orientation in electric field. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9149. [PMID: 32499601 PMCID: PMC7272635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In gene electrotransfer and cardiac ablation with irreversible electroporation, treated muscle cells are typically of elongated shape and their orientation may vary. Orientation of cells in electric field has been reported to affect electroporation, and hence electrodes placement and pulse parameters choice in treatments for achieving homogeneous effect in tissue is important. We investigated how cell orientation influences electroporation with respect to different pulse durations (ns to ms range), both experimentally and numerically. Experimentally detected electroporation (evaluated separately for cells parallel and perpendicular to electric field) via Ca2+ uptake in H9c2 and AC16 cardiomyocytes was numerically modeled using the asymptotic pore equation. Results showed that cell orientation affects electroporation extent: using short, nanosecond pulses, cells perpendicular to electric field are significantly more electroporated than parallel (up to 100-times more pores formed), and with long, millisecond pulses, cells parallel to electric field are more electroporated than perpendicular (up to 1000-times more pores formed). In the range of a few microseconds, cells of both orientations were electroporated to the same extent. Using pulses of a few microseconds lends itself as a new possible strategy in achieving homogeneous electroporation in tissue with elongated cells of different orientation (e.g. electroporation-based cardiac ablation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Dermol-Černe
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Batista Napotnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Reberšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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26
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Dynamics of Cell Death After Conventional IRE and H-FIRE Treatments. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:1451-1462. [PMID: 32026232 PMCID: PMC7154019 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) has emerged as an alternative to conventional irreversible electroporation (IRE) to overcome the issues associated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation that appear in IRE treatments. In H-FIRE, the monopolar pulses typically used in IRE are replaced with bursts of short bipolar pulses. Currently, very little is known regarding how the use of a different waveform affects the cell death dynamics and mechanisms. In this study, human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells were treated with a typical IRE protocol and various H-FIRE schemes with the same energized time. Cell viability, membrane integrity and Caspase 3/7 activity were assessed at different times after the treatment. In both treatments, we identified two different death dynamics (immediate and delayed) and we quantified the electric field ranges that lead to each of them. While in the typical IRE protocol, the electric field range leading to a delayed cell death is very narrow, this range is wider in H-FIRE and can be increased by reducing the pulse length. Membrane integrity in cells suffering a delayed cell death shows a similar time evolution in all treatments, however, Caspase 3/7 expression was only observed in cells treated with H-FIRE.
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27
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Abstract
Electroporation is a common method of transfection due to its relatively low risk and high transfection efficiency. The most common method of electroporation is bulk electroporation which is easily performed on large quantities of cells yet results in variable levels of viability and transfection efficiency across the population. Localized electroporation is an alternative that can be administered on a similar scale but results in much more consistent with higher quality transfection and higher cell viability. This chapter discusses the creation and use of a simple and cost-effective device using porous membrane for performing localized electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Brooks
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Arian Jaberi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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28
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Zhou Y, Lu Y, Cheng J, Xu Y. Highly uniform in-situ cell electrotransfection of adherent cultures using grouped interdigitated electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107435. [PMID: 31855831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell electrotransfection is an effective approach for transferring exogenous molecules into living cells by electric stimulation. The existing in-situ electrotransfection micro-devices for adherent cells exhibit the drawbacks of low transfection efficiency and low cell viability. An important reason for these drawbacks is the unequal exposure of cells to the electric field. It was found that cells growing directly below the energized electrodes experience a much lower electric field intensity when compared to the cells growing below the spacing area of the electrodes, resulting in low transfection with a strip-like pattern. Therefore, a new strategy for the in-situ electrotransfection of adherent cells growing in a standard 12-well plate is proposed in this study. By sequentially energizing electrodes arranged in a nested and non-contact manner, the cells were exposed to an overall equal intensity of the electric field, and thus a higher efficiency of transfection was achieved. The seven cell lines transfected using this method exhibited high transfection efficiency and high cell viability, demonstrating the potential for studying gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Precision Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Youchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing 102206, China.
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29
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Aycock KN, Davalos RV. Irreversible Electroporation: Background, Theory, and Review of Recent Developments in Clinical Oncology. Bioelectricity 2019; 1:214-234. [PMID: 34471825 PMCID: PMC8370296 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2019.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has established a clinical niche as an alternative to thermal ablation for the eradication of unresectable tumors, particularly those near critical vascular structures. IRE has been used in over 50 independent clinical trials and has shown clinical success when used as a standalone treatment and as a single component within combinatorial treatment paradigms. Recently, many studies evaluating IRE in larger patient cohorts and alongside other novel therapies have been reported. Here, we present the basic principles of reversible electroporation and IRE followed by a review of preclinical and clinical data with a focus on tumors in three organ systems in which IRE has shown great promise: the prostate, pancreas, and liver. Finally, we discuss alternative and future developments, which will likely further advance the use of IRE in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Aycock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Ionomycin-Induced Changes in Membrane Potential Alter Electroporation Outcomes in HL-60 Cells. Biophys J 2019; 114:2875-2886. [PMID: 29925024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown greater fluorophore uptake during electroporation on the anode-facing side of the cell than on the cathode-facing side. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that hyperpolarizing a cell before electroporation would decrease the requisite pulsed electric field intensity for electroporation outcomes, thereby yielding a higher probability of reversible electroporation at lower electric field strengths and a higher probability of irreversible electroporation (IRE) at higher electric field strengths. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by hyperpolarizing HL-60 cells using ionomycin before electroporation. These cells were then electroporated in a solution containing propidium iodide, a membrane integrity indicator. After 20 min, we added trypan blue to identify IRE cells. Our results showed that hyperpolarizing cells before electroporation alters the pulsed electric field intensity thresholds for reversible electroporation and IRE, allowing for greater control and selectivity of electroporation outcomes.
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Lo YJ, Lei U. A Continuous Flow-through Microfluidic Device for Electrical Lysis of Cells. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E247. [PMID: 31013954 PMCID: PMC6523307 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the delicate 3D electrodes in the literature, a simple flow-through device is proposed here for continuous and massive lysis of cells using electricity. The device is essentially a rectangular microchannel with a planar electrode array built on its bottom wall, actuated by alternating current (AC) voltages between neighboring electrodes, and can be incorporated easily into other biomedical systems. Human whole blood diluted 10 times with phosphate-buffered saline (about 6 108 cells per mL) was pumped through the device, and the cells were completely lysed within 7 s after the application of a 20 V peak-to-peak voltage at 1 MHz, up to 400 μL/hr. Electric field and Maxwell stress were calculated for assessing electrical lysis. Only the lower half-channel was exposed to an electric field exceeding the irreversible threshold value of cell electroporation (Eth2), suggesting that a cross flow, proposed here primarily as the electro-thermally induced flow, was responsible for bringing the cells in the upper half-channel downward to the lower half-channel. The Maxwell shear stress associated with Eth2 was one order of magnitude less than the threshold mechanical stresses for lysis, implying that an applied moderate mechanical stress could aid electrical lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Lo
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - U Lei
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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32
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Schottroff F, Gratz M, Krottenthaler A, Johnson NB, Bédard MF, Jaeger H. Pulsed electric field preservation of liquid whey protein formulations – Influence of process parameters, pH, and protein content on the inactivation of Listeria innocua and the retention of bioactive ingredients. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Schottroff F, Fröhling A, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Krottenthaler A, Schlüter O, Jäger H. Sublethal Injury and Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State in Microorganisms During Preservation of Food and Biological Materials by Non-thermal Processes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2773. [PMID: 30515140 PMCID: PMC6255932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, as well as sublethal injury of microorganisms pose a distinct threat to food safety, as the use of traditional, culture-based microbiological analyses might lead to an underestimation or a misinterpretation of the product's microbial status and recovery phenomena of microorganisms may occur. For thermal treatments, a large amount of data and experience is available and processes are designed accordingly. In case of innovative inactivation treatments, however, there are still several open points with relevance for the investigation of inactivation mechanisms as well as for the application and validation of the preservation processes. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive compilation of non-thermal preservation technologies, i.e., high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulsed electric fields (PEFs), pulsed light (PL), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as cold plasma (CP) treatments. The basic technological principles and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action are described. Based on this, appropriate analytical methods are outlined, i.e., direct viable count, staining, and molecular biological methods, in order to enable the differentiation between viable and dead cells, as well as the possible occurrence of an intermediate state. Finally, further research needs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schottroff
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antje Fröhling
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Anna Krottenthaler
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Schlüter
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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34
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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35
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Moisescu MG, Savopol T, Dimitriu L, Cemazar J, Kovacs E, Radu M. Noninvasive detection of changes in cells' cytosol conductivity by combining dielectrophoresis with optical tweezers. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:166-171. [PMID: 30032766 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular electrical properties are modulated by various physical and/or chemical stresses and detection of these changes is a challenging issue. Optical tweezers (OT) and dielectrophoresis (DEP) are frequently integrated to devices dedicated to the investigation of cells properties. Here we provide a technique to detect changes in cytosol conductivity of cells by using a combination of DEP and OT. The method was exemplified for the case of cells electroporation and is based on balancing the DEP force by a controlled OT force. We observed a decrease of the DEP force in the case of electroporated cells which was correlated to a decrease of cytosol conductivity by means of Clausius-Mossotti factor modeling. For highly stressing electroporation pulses, the cytosol conductivity drops to values close to those of the cells suspending medium. These results are consistent with those reported in the literature proving the robustness of our proposed sensing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Georgeta Moisescu
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology Dept., Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania; Research Excellence Center in Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Savopol
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology Dept., Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania; Research Excellence Center in Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Liviu Dimitriu
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology Dept., Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jaka Cemazar
- Laboratory of Biocybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 25 Trzaskacesta, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eugenia Kovacs
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology Dept., Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Radu
- Life and Environmental Physics Dept., Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, Măgurele, 077125, Romania
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36
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37
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Lyu C, Wang J, Powell-Palm M, Rubinsky B. Simultaneous electroporation and dielectrophoresis in non-electrolytic micro/nano-electroporation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2481. [PMID: 29410434 PMCID: PMC5802840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently shown that electrolysis may play a substantial detrimental role in microfluidic electroporation. To overcome this problem, we have developed a non-electrolytic micro/nano electroporation (NEME) electrode surface, in which the metal electrodes are coated with a dielectric. A COMSOL based numerical scheme was used to simultaneously calculate the excitation frequency and dielectric material properties dependent electric field delivered across the dielectric, fluid flow, electroporation field and Clausius-Mossotti factor for yeast and E. coli cells flowing in a channel flow across a NEME surface. A two-layer model for yeast and a three-layer model for E. coli was used. The numerical analysis shows that in NEME electroporation, the electric fields could induce electroporation and dielectrophoresis simultaneously. The simultaneous occurrence of electroporation and dielectrophoresis gives rise to several interesting phenomena. For example, we found that a certain frequency exists for which an intact yeast cell is drawn to the NEME electrode, and once electroporated, the yeast cell is pushed back in the bulk fluid. The results suggest that developing electroporation technologies that combine, simultaneously, electroporation and dielectrophoresis could lead to new applications. Obviously, this is an early stage numerical study and much more theoretical and experimental research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenang Lyu
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Jianping Wang
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Matthew Powell-Palm
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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38
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Semenov I, Casciola M, Ibey BL, Xiao S, Pakhomov AG. Electropermeabilization of cells by closely spaced paired nanosecond-range pulses. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 121:135-141. [PMID: 29413863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing the time gap between two identical electric pulses is expected to render bioeffects similar to those of a single pulse of equivalent total duration. In this study, we show that it is not necessarily true, and that the effects vary for different permeabilization markers. We exposed individual CHO or NG108 cells to one 300-ns pulse (3.7-11.6 kV/cm), or a pair of such pulses (0.4-1000 μs interval), or to a single 600-ns pulse of the same amplitude. Electropermeabilization was evaluated (a) by the uptake of YO-PRO-1 (YP) dye; (b) by the amplitude of elicited Ca2+ transients, and (c) by the entry of Tl+ ions. For YP uptake, applying a 600-ns pulse or a pair of 300-ns pulses doubled the effect of a single 300-ns pulse; this additive effect did not depend on the time interval between pulses or the electric field, indicating that already permeabilized cells are as susceptible to electropermeabilization as naïve cells. In contrast, Ca2+ transients and Tl+ uptake increased in a supra-additive fashion when two pulses were delivered instead of one. Paired pulses at 3.7 kV/cm with minimal separation (0.4 and 1 μs) elicited 50-100% larger Ca2+ transients than either a single 600-ns pulse or paired pulses with longer separation (10-1000 μs). This paradoxically high efficiency of the closest spaced pulses was emphasized when Ca2+ transients were elicited in a Ca2+-free solution (when the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was the sole significant source of Ca2+), but was eliminated by Ca2+ depletion from the ER and was not observed for Tl+ entry through the electropermeabilized membrane. We conclude that closely spaced paired pulses specifically target ER, by either permeabilizing it to a greater extent than a single double-duration pulse thus causing more Ca2+ leak, or by amplifying Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release by an unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Semenov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Maura Casciola
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Bennet L Ibey
- Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Air Force Research Laboratories, Ft. Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shu Xiao
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
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39
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Sweeney DC, Weaver JC, Davalos RV. Characterization of Cell Membrane Permeability In Vitro Part I: Transport Behavior Induced by Single-Pulse Electric Fields. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2018; 17:1533033818792491. [PMID: 30236040 PMCID: PMC6154305 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818792491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most experimental studies of electroporation focus on permeabilization of the outer cell membrane. Some experiments address delivery of ions and molecules into cells that should survive; others focus on efficient killing of the cells with minimal temperature rise. A basic method for quantifying electroporation effectiveness is measuring the membrane's diffusive permeability. More specifically, comparisons of membrane permeability between electroporation protocols often rely on relative fluorescence measurements, which are not able to be directly connected to theoretical calculations and complicate comparisons between studies. Here we present part I of a 2-part study: a research method for quantitatively determining the membrane diffusive permeability for individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. We determine diffusive permeabilities of cell membranes to propidium for electric field pulses with durations of 1 to 1000 μs and strengths of 170 to 400 kV/m and show that diffusive permeabilities can reach 1.3±0.4×10-8 m/s. This leads to a correlation between increased membrane permeability and eventual propidium uptake. We also identify a subpopulation of cells that exhibit a delayed and significant propidium uptake for relatively small single pulses. Our results provide evidence that cells, especially those that uptake propidium more slowly, can achieve large permeabilities with a single electrical pulse that may be quantitatively measured using standard fluorescence microscopy equipment and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Sweeney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - James C. Weaver
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA, USA
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40
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Sweeney DC, Douglas TA, Davalos RV. Characterization of Cell Membrane Permeability In Vitro Part II: Computational Model of Electroporation-Mediated Membrane Transport. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2018; 17:1533033818792490. [PMID: 30231776 PMCID: PMC6149036 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818792490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is the process by which applied electric fields generate nanoscale defects in biological membranes to more efficiently deliver drugs and other small molecules into the cells. Due to the complexity of the process, computational models of cellular electroporation are difficult to validate against quantitative molecular uptake data. In part I of this two-part report, we describe a novel method for quantitatively determining cell membrane permeability and molecular membrane transport using fluorescence microscopy. Here, in part II, we use the data from part I to develop a two-stage ordinary differential equation model of cellular electroporation. We fit our model using experimental data from cells immersed in three buffer solutions and exposed to electric field strengths of 170 to 400 kV/m and pulse durations of 1 to 1000 μs. We report that a low-conductivity 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1 piperazineethanesulfonic acid buffer enables molecular transport into the cell to increase more rapidly than with phosphate-buffered saline or culture medium-based buffer. For multipulse schemes, our model suggests that the interpulse delay between two opposite polarity electric field pulses does not play an appreciable role in the resultant molecular uptake for delays up to 100 μs. Our model also predicts the per-pulse permeability enhancement decreases as a function of the pulse number. This is the first report of an ordinary differential equation model of electroporation to be validated with quantitative molecular uptake data and consider both membrane permeability and charging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Sweeney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Temple A. Douglas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA, USA
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41
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Perrier DL, Rems L, Boukany PE. Lipid vesicles in pulsed electric fields: Fundamental principles of the membrane response and its biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 249:248-271. [PMID: 28499600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the effects of pulsed electric fields on lipid vesicles ranging from giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) to small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), from both fundamental and applicative perspectives. Lipid vesicles are the most popular model membrane systems for studying biophysical and biological processes in living cells. Furthermore, as vesicles are made from biocompatible and biodegradable materials, they provide a strategy to create safe and functionalized drug delivery systems in health-care applications. Exposure of lipid vesicles to pulsed electric fields is a common physical method to transiently increase the permeability of the lipid membrane. This method, termed electroporation, has shown many advantages for delivering exogenous molecules including drugs and genetic material into vesicles and living cells. In addition, electroporation can be applied to induce fusion between vesicles and/or cells. First, we discuss in detail how research on cell-size GUVs as model cell systems has provided novel insight into the basic mechanisms of cell electroporation and associated phenomena. Afterwards, we continue with a thorough overview how electroporation and electrofusion have been used as versatile methods to manipulate vesicles of all sizes in different biomedical applications. We conclude by summarizing the open questions in the field of electroporation and possible future directions for vesicles in the biomedical field.
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42
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Hanna H, Denzi A, Liberti M, André FM, Mir LM. Electropermeabilization of Inner and Outer Cell Membranes with Microsecond Pulsed Electric Fields: Quantitative Study with Calcium Ions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13079. [PMID: 29026094 PMCID: PMC5638809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12960-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsecond pulsed electric fields (μsPEF) permeabilize the plasma membrane (PM) and are widely used in research, medicine and biotechnology. For internal membranes permeabilization, nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) are applied but this technology is complex to use. Here we report that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane can also be electropermeabilized by one 100 µs pulse without affecting the cell viability. Indeed, using Ca2+ as a permeabilization marker, we observed cytosolic Ca2+ peaks in two different cell types after one 100 µs pulse in a medium without Ca2+. Thapsigargin abolished these Ca2+ peaks demonstrating that the calcium is released from the ER. Moreover, IP3R and RyR inhibitors did not modify these peaks showing that they are due to the electropermeabilization of the ER membrane and not to ER Ca2+ channels activation. Finally, the comparison of the two cell types suggests that the PM and the ER permeabilization thresholds are affected by the sizes of the cell and the ER. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that µsPEF, which are easier to control than nsPEF, can permeabilize internal membranes. Besides, μsPEF interaction with either the PM or ER, can be an efficient tool to modulate the cytosolic calcium concentration and study Ca2+ roles in cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hanna
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94 805, Villejuif, France
| | - Agnese Denzi
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication (DIET), University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Micaela Liberti
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication (DIET), University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Franck M André
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94 805, Villejuif, France
| | - Lluis M Mir
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94 805, Villejuif, France.
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43
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Jensen SD, Khorokhorina VA, Muratori C, Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova ON. Delayed hypersensitivity to nanosecond pulsed electric field in electroporated cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10992. [PMID: 28887559 PMCID: PMC5591300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that conditioning of mammalian cells by electroporation with nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) facilitates their response to the next nsPEF treatment. The experiments were designed to unambiguously separate the electroporation-induced sensitization and desensitization effects. Electroporation was achieved by bursts of 300-ns, 9 kV/cm pulses (50 Hz, n = 3-100) and quantified by propidium dye uptake within 11 min after the nsPEF exposure. We observed either sensitization to nsPEF or no change (when the conditioning was either too weak or too intense, or when the wait time after conditioning was too short). Within studied limits, conditioning never caused desensitization. With settings optimal for sensitization, the second nsPEF treatment became 2.5 times (25 °C) or even 6 times (37 °C) more effective than the same nsPEF treatment delivered without conditioning. The minimum wait time required for sensitization development was 30 s, with still longer delays increasing the effect. We show that the delayed hypersensitivity was not mediated by either cell swelling or oxidative effect of the conditioning treatment; biological mechanisms underlying the delayed electrosensitization remain to be elucidated. Optimizing nsPEF delivery protocols to induce sensitization can reduce the dose and adverse side effects of diverse medical treatments which require multiple pulse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Jensen
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Vera A Khorokhorina
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Obninsk, Kaluga region, Russia
| | - Claudia Muratori
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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44
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Lin J, Alexander-Katz A. Probing Lipid Bilayers under Ionic Imbalance. Biophys J 2017; 111:2460-2469. [PMID: 27926847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes are normally under a resting transmembrane potential (TMP), which originates from the ionic imbalance between extracellular fluids and cytosols, and serves as electric power storage for cells. In cell electroporation, the ionic imbalance builds up a high TMP, resulting in the poration of cell membranes. However, the relationship between ionic imbalance and TMP is not clearly understood, and little is known about the effect of ionic imbalance on the structure and dynamics of biological membranes. In this study, we used coarse-grained molecular dynamics to characterize a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer system under ionic imbalances ranging from 0 to ∼0.06 e charges per lipid (e/Lip). We found that the TMP displayed three distinct regimes: 1) a linear regime between 0 and 0.045 e/Lip, where the TMP increased linearly with ionic imbalance; 2) a yielding regime between ∼0.045 and 0.060 e/Lip, where the TMP displayed a plateau; and 3) a poration regime above ∼0.060 e/Lip, where we observed pore formation within the sampling time (80 ns). We found no structural changes in the linear regime, apart from a nonlinear increase in the area per lipid, whereas in the yielding regime the bilayer exhibited substantial thinning, leading to an excess of water and Na+ within the bilayer, as well as significant misalignment of the lipid tails. In the poration regime, lipid molecules diffused slightly faster. We also found that the fluid-to-gel phase transition temperature of the bilayer dropped below the normal value with increased ionic imbalances. Our results show that a high ionic imbalance can substantially alter the essential properties of the bilayer, making the bilayer more fluid like, or conversely, depolarization of a cell could in principle lead to membrane stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alfredo Alexander-Katz
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Bai F, Gusbeth C, Frey W, Nick P. Nanosecond pulsed electric fields trigger cell differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:651-661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rao L, Cai B, Bu LL, Liao QQ, Guo SS, Zhao XZ, Dong WF, Liu W. Microfluidic Electroporation-Facilitated Synthesis of Erythrocyte Membrane-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Imaging-Guided Cancer Therapy. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3496-3505. [PMID: 28272874 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CM-NPs) with superior biochemical properties have been broadly utilized for various biomedical applications. Currently, researchers primarily focus on using ultrasonic treatment and mechanical extrusion to improve the synthesis of CM-NPs. In this work, we demonstrate that microfluidic electroporation can effectively facilitate the synthesis of CM-NPs. To test it, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNs) and red blood cell membrane-derived vesicles (RBC-vesicles) are infused into a microfluidic device. When the mixture of MNs and RBC-vesicles flow through the electroporation zone, the electric pulses can effectively promote the entry of MNs into RBC-vesicles. After that, the resulting RBC membrane-capped MNs (RBC-MNs) are collected from the chip and injected into experimental animals to test the in vivo performance. Owing to the superior magnetic and photothermal properties of the MN cores and the long blood circulation characteristic of the RBC membrane shells, core-shell RBC-MNs were used for enhanced tumor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Due to the completer cell membrane coating, RBC-MNs prepared by microfluidic electroporation strategy exhibit significantly better treatment effect than the one fabricated by conventional extrusion. We believe the combination of microfluidic electroporation and CM-NPs provides an insight into the synthesis of bioinpired nanoparticles to improve cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Rao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Bo Cai
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Qing-Quan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Shi-Shang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xing-Zhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wen-Fei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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Muratori C, Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova ON. Effect of Cooling On Cell Volume and Viability After Nanoelectroporation. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:217-224. [PMID: 28243693 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electric pulses of nanosecond duration (nsEP) are emerging as a new modality for tissue ablation. Plasma membrane permeabilization by nsEP may cause osmotic imbalance, water uptake, cell swelling, and eventual membrane rupture. The present study was aimed to increase the cytotoxicity of nsEP by fostering water uptake and cell swelling. This aim was accomplished by lowering temperature after nsEP application, which delayed the membrane resealing and/or suppressed the cell volume mechanisms. The cell diameter in U-937 monocytes exposed to a train of 50, 300-ns pulses (100 Hz, 7 kV/cm) at room temperature and then incubated on ice for 30 min increased by 5.6 +/- 0.7 μm (40-50%), which contrasted little or no changes (1 +/- 0.3 μm, <10%) if the incubation was at 37 °C. Neither this nsEP dose nor the 30-min cooling caused cell death when applied separately; however, their combination reduced cell survival to about 60% in 1.5-3 h. Isosmotic addition of a pore-impermeable solute (sucrose) to the extracellular medium blocked cell swelling and rescued the cells, thereby pointing to swelling as a primary cause of membrane rupture and cell death. Cooling after nsEP exposure can potentially be employed in medical practice to assist tissue and tumor ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Muratori
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 318, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA.
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 318, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 318, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
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Singh P, Singh S, Kesharwani RK. Resealed Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers and Its Therapeutic Applications. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this pharma innovative world, there are more than 30 drug delivery systems. Today's due to lacking the target specificity, the present scenario about drug delivery is emphasizing towards targeted drug delivery systems. Erythrocytes are the most common type of blood cells travel thousands of miles from wide to narrow pathways to deliver oxygen, drugs and nutrient during their lifetime. Red blood cells have strong and targeted potential carrier capabilities for varieties of drugs. Drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes or resealed erythrocytes are promising for various passive and active targeting. Resealed erythrocyte have advantage over several drug carrier models like biocompatibility, biodegradability without toxic products, inert intracellular environment, entrapping potential for a variety of chemicals, protection of the organism against toxic effects of the drug, able to circulate throughout the body, ideal zero-order drug-release kinetics, no undesired immune response against encapsulated drug etc. Resealed erythrocytes are rapidly taken up by macrophages of the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) of the liver, lung, and spleen of the body and hence drugs also. Resealed erythrocytes method of drugs delivery is secure and effective for drugs targeting specially for a longer period of time. This chapter will explain the different method of drug loading for resealed erythrocytes, their characterization, and applications in various therapies and associated health benefits.
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Muratori C, Pakhomov AG, Gianulis EC, Jensen SD, Pakhomova ON. The cytotoxic synergy of nanosecond electric pulses and low temperature leads to apoptosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36835. [PMID: 27833151 PMCID: PMC5104977 DOI: 10.1038/srep36835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation by nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP) is an emerging modality for tumor ablation. Here we show the efficient induction of apoptosis even by a non-toxic nsEP exposure when it is followed by a 30-min chilling on ice. This chilling itself had no impact on the survival of U-937 or HPAF-II cells, but caused more than 75% lethality in nsEP-treated cells (300 ns, 1.8-7 kV/cm, 50-700 pulses). The cell death was largely delayed by 5-23 hr and was accompanied by a 5-fold activation of caspase 3/7 (compared to nsEP without chilling) and more than 60% cleavage of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (compared to less than 5% in controls or after nsEP or chilling applied separately). When nsEP caused a transient permeabilization of 83% of cells to propidium iodide, cells placed at 37 °C resealed in 10 min, whereas 60% of cells placed on ice remained propidium-permeable even in 30 min. The delayed membrane resealing caused cell swelling, which could be blocked by an isosmotic addition of a pore-impermeable solute (sucrose). However, the block of swelling did not prevent the delayed cell death by apoptosis. The potent enhancement of nsEP cytotoxicity by subsequent non-damaging chilling may find applications in tumor ablation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Muratori
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Elena C Gianulis
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Sarah Damsbo Jensen
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
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50
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Wassermann KJ, Barth S, Keplinger F, Noehammer C, Peham JR. High-k Dielectric Passivation: Novel Considerations Enabling Cell Specific Lysis Induced by Electric Fields. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21228-21235. [PMID: 27466697 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the electrodynamic behavior of cells interacting with electric fields would allow for novel scientific insights and would lead to the next generation of cell manipulation, diagnostics, and treatment. Here, we introduce a promising electrode design by using metal oxide high-k dielectric passivation. The thermally generated dielectric passivation layer enables efficient electric field coupling to the fluid sample comprising cells while simultaneously decoupling the electrode ohmically from the electrolyte, allowing for better control and adjustability of electric field effects due to reduced electrochemical reactions at the electrode surface. This approach demonstrates cell-size specific lysis with electric fields in a microfluidic flow-through design resulting in 99.8% blood cell lysis at 6 s exposure without affecting the viability of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial spike-ins. The advantages of this new approach can support next-generation investigations of electrodynamics in biological systems and their exploitation for cell manipulation in multiple fields of medicine, life science, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens J Wassermann
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Barth
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Keplinger
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa Noehammer
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes R Peham
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology , Vienna, Austria
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