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Kálmán-Szabó I, Szabó JP, Arató V, Dénes N, Opposits G, Jószai I, Kertész I, Képes Z, Fekete A, Szikra D, Hajdu I, Trencsényi G. PET Probes for Preclinical Imaging of GRPR-Positive Prostate Cancer: Comparative Preclinical Study of [ 68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-AMBA and [ 44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710061. [PMID: 36077458 PMCID: PMC9456106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) are overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). Since bombesin analogue aminobenzoic-acid (AMBA) binds to GRPR with high affinity, scandium-44 conjugated AMBA is a promising radiotracer in the PET diagnostics of GRPR positive tumors. Herein, the GRPR specificity of the newly synthetized [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA was investigated in vitro and in vivo applying PCa PC-3 xenograft. After the in-vitro assessment of receptor binding, PC-3 tumor-bearing mice were injected with [44Sc]Sc/[68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-AMBA (in blocking studies with bombesin) and in-vivo PET examinations were performed to determine the radiotracer uptake in standardized uptake values (SUV). 44Sc/68Ga-labelled NODAGA-AMBA was produced with high molar activity (approx. 20 GBq/µmoL) and excellent radiochemical purity. The in-vitro accumulation of [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA in PC-3 cells was approximately 25-fold higher than that of the control HaCaT cells. Relatively higher uptake was found in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo in the same tumor with the 44Sc-labelled probe compared to [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-AMBA. The GRPR specificity of [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA was confirmed by significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased %ID and SUV values in PC-3 tumors after bombesin pretreatment. The outstanding binding properties of the novel [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA to GRPR outlines its potential to be a valuable radiotracer in the imaging of GRPR-positive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Kálmán-Szabó
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit P. Szabó
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Arató
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Noémi Dénes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Opposits
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Jószai
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Kertész
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Fekete
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dezső Szikra
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Hajdu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Brouns I, Verckist L, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Adriaensen D. Pulmonary Sensory Receptors. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 233:1-65. [PMID: 33950466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Brouns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium.
| | - Line Verckist
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
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Functional Exploration of the Pulmonary NEB ME. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 233:31-67. [PMID: 33950469 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wu XY, Hu YB, Li HJ, Wan B, Zhang CX, Zhang B, Hu H, Zhang Q, Lv TF, Zhan P, Song Y. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of progastrin-releasing peptide on small-cell lung cancer: A Single-Center Experience in China. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4328-4334. [PMID: 29989303 PMCID: PMC6111817 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to compare the diagnostic efficiency of proGRP and NSE on SCLC and to investigate whether the change of proGRP level would predict therapeutic response. Patients who were firstly diagnosed pathologically in Nanjing Chest Hospital and measured proGRP level consecutively were enrolled in the study. ProGRP level was detected using Elecsys ProGRP Assay. Totally 75 SCLC, 234 NSCLC and 264 benign lung diseases (BLD) were enrolled. Both proGRP and NSE levels in SCLC were significantly higher than those in NSCLC and BLD, and proGRP in extensive stage SCLC was higher than which in limited stage (P ≤ .001). The diagnostic efficiency of proGRP on SCLC was higher than that of NSE, but when the two biomarkers were bind together, the diagnostic efficiency was the best. When SCLC was differentiated from NSCLC and BLD, the cut‐off values were 114.35 pg/mL and 162.55 pg/mL respectively. For treatment responsive patients, proGRP level decreased markedly after the first cycle of therapy and kept a continued momentum of decline during treatment. But for unresponsive patients, no obvious decline was observed. ProGRP had higher diagnostic efficiency on SCLC when compared to NSE, and it could better predict therapeutic response of pulmonary target lesions on chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Wu
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang-Bo Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Juan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of ICU, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tang-Feng Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Central Laboratory, Nanjing Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Lellis RAD, Wolfe HJ. Contributions of Immunohistochemistry to Clinical Endocrinology and Endocrine Pathology. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 31:187-192. [DOI: 10.1177/31.1a_suppl.6338103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A. De Lellis
- Department to Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine and New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 (OA 82-277S5)
| | - Hubert J. Wolfe
- Department to Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine and New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 (OA 82-277S5)
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Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of the Lung (DIPNECH): Current Best Evidence. Lung 2015; 193:659-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-015-9755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sakai K, Kimura O, Furukawa T, Fumino S, Higuchi K, Wakao J, Kimura K, Aoi S, Masumoto K, Tajiri T. Prenatal administration of neuropeptide bombesin promotes lung development in a rat model of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1749-52. [PMID: 25487476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Fetal medical treatment to improve lung hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has yet to be established. The neuropeptide bombesin (BBS) might play an important role in lung development. The present study aims to determine whether prenatally administered BBS could be useful to promote fetal lung development in a rat model of nitrofen-induced CDH. METHODS Pregnant rats were administered with nitrofen (100mg) on gestation day 9.5 (E9.5). BBS (50mg/kg/day) was then daily infused intraperitoneally from E14, and fetal lungs were harvested on E21. The expression of PCNA was assessed by both immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR to determine the amount of cell proliferation. Lung maturity was assessed as the expression of TTF-1, a marker of alveolar epithelial cell type II. RESULTS The lung-body-weight ratio was significantly increased in CDH/BBS(+) compared with CDH/BBS(-) (p<0.05). The number of cells stained positive for PCNA and TTF-1 was significantly decreased in CDH/BBS(+) compared with CDH/BBS(-) (p<0.01). The TTF-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in CDH/BBS(+) compared with CDH/BBS(-) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Prenatally administered BBS promotes lung development in a rat model of nitrofen-induced CDH. Neuropeptide BBS could help to rescue lung hypoplasia in fetal CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sakai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Osamu Kimura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taizo Furukawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Fumino
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Higuchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Wakao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koseki Kimura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Aoi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouji Masumoto
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Tajiri
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
AbstractLung cancer is one of the most common cancers in terms of both incidence and mortality.The major reasons for the increasing number of deaths from lung cancer are late detection and lack of effective therapies. To improve our understanding of lung cancer biology, there is urgent need for blood-based, non-invasive molecular tests to assist in its detection in a cost-effective manner at an early stage when curative interventions are still possible. Recent advances in proteomic technology have provided extensive, high throughput analytical tools for identification, characterization and functional studies of proteomes. Changes in protein expression patterns in response to stimuli can serve as indicators or biomarkers of biological and pathological processes as well as physiological and pharmacological responses to drug treatment, thus aiding in early diagnosis and prognosis of disease. However, only a few biomarkers have been approved by the FDA to date for screening and diagnostic purposes. This review provides a brief overview of currently available proteomic techniques, their applications and limitations and the current state of knowledge about important serum biomarkers in lung cancer and their potential value as prognostic and diagnostic tools.
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Sunday ME. Oxygen, gastrin-releasing Peptide, and pediatric lung disease: life in the balance. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:72. [PMID: 25101250 PMCID: PMC4103080 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxygen (O2) can cause tissue injury, scarring, aging, and even death. Our laboratory is studying O2-sensing pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) and the PNEC-derived product gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from exposure to hyperoxia, ozone, or ionizing radiation (RT) can induce PNEC degranulation and GRP secretion. PNEC degranulation is also induced by hypoxia, and effects of hypoxia are mediated by free radicals. We have determined that excessive GRP leads to lung injury with acute and chronic inflammation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis (PF), triggered via ROS exposure or by directly treating mice with exogenous GRP. In animal models, GRP-blockade abrogates lung injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. The optimal time frame for GRP-blockade and the key target cell types remain to be determined. The concept of GRP as a mediator of ROS-induced tissue damage represents a paradigm shift about how O2 can cause injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. The host PNEC response in vivo may depend on individual ROS sensing mechanisms and subsequent GRP secretion. Ongoing scientific and clinical investigations promise to further clarify the molecular pathways and clinical relevance of GRP in the pathogenesis of diverse pediatric lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Sunday
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
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Haslam IS, Roubos EW, Mangoni ML, Yoshizato K, Vaudry H, Kloepper JE, Pattwell DM, Maderson PFA, Paus R. From frog integument to human skin: dermatological perspectives from frog skin biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:618-55. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain S. Haslam
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT U.K
| | - Eric W. Roubos
- Department of Anatomy; Radboud University Medical Centre; Geert Grooteplein Noord 2, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; La Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-00185; Rome Italy
| | - Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Academic Advisors Office, Synthetic Biology Research Center; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
- Phoenixbio Co. Ltd; 3-4-1, Kagamiyama; Higashihiroshima Hiroshima 739-0046 Japan
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- European Institute for Peptide Research; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan Place Emile Blondel 76821 France
- INSERM U-982, CNRS; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan Place Emile Blondel 76821 France
| | - Jennifer E. Kloepper
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie; Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160; 23538 Lübeck Germany
| | - David M. Pattwell
- Leahurst Campus, Institute of Learning & Teaching; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Neston CH64 7TE U.K
| | | | - Ralf Paus
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT U.K
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie; Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160; 23538 Lübeck Germany
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Radiation-induced lung injury is mitigated by blockade of gastrin-releasing peptide. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1248-54. [PMID: 23395092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), secreted by pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, mediates oxidant-induced lung injury in animal models. Considering that GRP blockade abrogates pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in hyperoxic baboons, we hypothesized that ionizing radiation triggers GRP secretion, contributing to inflammatory and fibrotic phases of radiation-induced lung injury (RiLI). Using C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis developing ≥20 weeks after high-dose thoracic radiation (15 Gy), we injected small molecule 77427 i.p. approximately 1 hour after radiation then twice weekly for up to 20 weeks. Sham controls were anesthetized and placed in the irradiator without radiation. Lung paraffin sections were immunostained and quantitative image analyses performed. Mice exposed to radiation plus PBS had increased interstitial CD68(+) macrophages 4 weeks after radiation and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells hyperplasia 6 weeks after radiation. Ten weeks later radiation plus PBS controls had significantly increased pSmad2/3(+) nuclei/cm(2). GRP blockade with 77427 treatment diminished CD68(+), GRP(+), and pSmad2/3(+) cells. Finally, interstitial fibrosis was evident 20 weeks after radiation by immunostaining for α-smooth muscle actin and collagen deposition. Treatment with 77427 abrogated interstitial α-smooth muscle actin and collagen. Sham mice given 77427 did not differ significantly from PBS controls. Our data are the first to show that GRP blockade decreases inflammatory and fibrotic responses to radiation in mice. GRP blockade is a novel radiation fibrosis mitigating agent that could be clinically useful in humans exposed to radiation therapeutically or unintentionally.
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Sayegh AI. The Role of Bombesin and Bombesin-Related Peptides in the Short-term Control of Food Intake. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:343-70. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gastrin-releasing peptide blockade as a broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2100-5. [PMID: 21252304 PMCID: PMC3033299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014792108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is synthesized by pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in inflammatory lung diseases, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Many BPD infants develop asthma, a serious disorder of intermittent airway obstruction. Despite extensive research, early mechanisms of asthma remain controversial. The incidence of asthma is growing, now affecting >300 million people worldwide. To test the hypothesis that GRP mediates asthma, we used two murine models: ozone exposure for air pollution-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR), and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway disease. BALB/c mice were given small molecule GRP blocking agent 77427, or GRP blocking antibody 2A11, before exposure to ozone or OVA challenge. In both models, GRP blockade abrogated AHR and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages and granulocytes, and decreased BAL cytokines implicated in asthma, including those typically derived from Th1 (e.g., IL-2, TNFα), Th2 (e.g., IL-5, IL-13), Th17 (IL-17), macrophages (e.g., MCP-1, IL-1), and neutrophils (KC = IL-8). Dexamethasone generally had smaller effects on all parameters. Macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils express GRP receptor (GRPR). GRP blockade diminished serine phosphorylation of GRPR with ozone or OVA. Thus, GRP mediates AHR and airway inflammation in mice, suggesting that GRP blockade is promising as a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach to treat and/or prevent asthma in humans.
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Polak DJ. On being a pathologist: a turning point in my career. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:607-11. [PMID: 19269677 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dame Julia Polak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, W12 0NN London, UK.
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Degan S, Lopez GY, Kevill K, Sunday ME. Gastrin-releasing peptide, immune responses, and lung disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1144:136-47. [PMID: 19076373 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1418.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is produced by pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), with highest numbers of GRP-positive cells present in fetal lung. Normally GRP-positive PNECs are relatively infrequent after birth, but PNEC hyperplasia is frequently associated with chronic lung diseases. To address the hypothesis that GRP mediates chronic lung injury, we present the cumulative evidence implicating GRP in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the chronic lung disease of premature infants who survive acute respiratory distress syndrome. The availability of well-characterized animal models of BPD was a critical tool for demonstrating that GRP plays a direct role in the early pathogenesis of this disease. Potential mechanisms by which GRP contributes to injury are analyzed, with the main focus on innate immunity. Autoreactive T cells may contribute to lung injury late in the course of disease. A working model is proposed with GRP triggering multiple cell types in both the innate and adaptive immune systems, promoting cascades culminating in chronic lung disease. These observations represent a paradigm shift in the understanding of the early pathogenesis of BPD, and suggest that GRP blockade could be a novel treatment to prevent this lung disease in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Degan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Swaab DF, Ter Borg JP. Development of peptidergic systems in the rat brain. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 86:271-94. [PMID: 6279364 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720684.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The brain contains a large variety and number of peptides some of which were known earlier as hypothalamic hormones (vasopressin, oxytocin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin) or as pituitary hormones (the family of opiomelanocortins), while others, not primarily known as hypothalamic or pituitary hormones, may also have endocrine effects (substance P, angiotensin II, neurotensin, bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin-cholecystokinin, glucagon, carnosine, bradykinin). These peptides, which form a new class of putative neurotransmitters, are present early in brain development and show important sex differences in both their pattern of innervation and their effects. Their peripheral effects may include intrauterine growth of the placenta and fetus, the timing of birth, acceleration of the course of labour and responses to haemorrhage (redistribution of cardiac output and stimulation of blood cell formation). Endogenous peptides are probably involved in brain development, which may explain their general, permanent and sex-dependent effects when given in the period of rapid brain development. Although peptides might in the future be useful for stimulating recovery from retarded brain development, at present one should be aware of the potential dangers of their use in, for example, obstetrics.
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Said SI, Mutt V, Erdös EG. The lung in relation to vasoactive polypeptides. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 78:217-37. [PMID: 6162626 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720615.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Among the metabolic functions of the lungs are the formation, release, activation and inactivation of biologically active peptides. The following peptides may be present or formed in normal lung: vasoactive intestinal peptide or a peptide closely related to it, a spasmogenic peptide not yet fully identified, bradykinin, substance P, a bombesin-like peptide (especially in fetal and neonatal lung), and eosinophil-chemotactic peptides. These peptides are found in special neuroendocrine cells, in neurons, or in mast cells. Normal lung also inactivates bradykinin and activates angiotensin; both processes are catalysed by the same enzyme (kininase II or angiotensin-converting enzyme), located in pulmonary vascular endothelium. Pulmonary tumours and certain non-tumorous lesions can produce and release a variety of peptide hormones that are not normally generated by the lung in substantial amounts. This 'ectopic' secretion of hormones may be detectable only by sensitive assays or may result in specific clinical syndromes.
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Abstract
It is well recognized that the lung has its own hormonally responsive endogenous metabolism. Less well recognized is the potential of the lung to influence and, in turn, be influenced by the homeostatic mechanisms of the body. It is suggested that the lung could modulate concentrations of circulating hormones and thereby play an indirect exogenous metabolic role in whole-body metabolism. Investigations of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass as well as studies with the perfused rat lung suggest that the lung could make an important direct contribution to whole-body lactate and perhaps alanine production. The control of the endogenous and exogenous metabolism of the lung may be exerted through circulating hormones, substrates, blood gases and lung movement. Disorders of the lung or the whole body may disturb these relationships. In patients with chronic lung disease circulating blood metabolites are affected and conversely in diabetes there are effects on lung metabolism. The unified concept of lung/whole-body metabolism is discussed in relation to therapeutic approaches for the prevention and investigation of neonatal and adult respiratory distress syndromes.
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20
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Cantwell EL, Cassone VM. Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: II. Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical analysis. J Comp Neurol 2006; 499:442-57. [PMID: 16998905 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate circadian system is composed of multiple inputs, oscillators, pacemakers, and outputs. In birds, the pineal gland and retinae have been defined as pacemakers within this system. Evidence for a third, hypothalamic pacemaker is abundant. It has been presumed that this pacemaker is homologous to the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Two candidate structures have been referred to as the avian SCN--the medial SCN (mSCN) and the visual SCN (vSCN). Previously, we suggested that both structures are involved in a "suprachiasmatic complex." To further explore evidence for an avian SCN, the present study employed several classical techniques to assess intrinsic characteristics of the mSCN and vSCN in the chicken. First, analysis of mSCN and vSCN cytoarchitecture indicated that the mSCN is similar in location and cell population to the mammalian SCN, while the vSCN is more similar in terms of its shape. Second, intravitreal injections of tritiated proline were used to identify hypothalamic retinal terminals. The findings support previous studies identifying the vSCN as the primary retinorecipient hypothalamic structure in birds. Third, analysis of mSCN and vSCN chemoarchitecture suggests that both the mSCN and vSCN display similarity to the mammalian SCN, which displays significant interspecies variation. Finally, a unique astrocytic bridge between the mSCN and vSCN is demonstrated, suggesting that astrocytes play a role within the suprachiasmatic nuclei of birds, similar to the situation in mammals. Our previously presented working model of the avian suprachiasmatic complex is updated to include these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Cantwell
- Department of Biology and Center for Research on Biological Clocks, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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21
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Shan L, Aster JC, Sklar J, Sunday ME. Notch-1 regulates pulmonary neuroendocrine cell differentiation in cell lines and in transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 292:L500-9. [PMID: 17028268 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00052.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The notch gene family encodes transmembrane receptors that regulate cell differentiation by interacting with surface ligands on adjacent cells. Previously, we demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) induces neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation in H82, but not H526, undifferentiated small cell lung carcinoma lines. We now test the hypothesis that TNF mediates NE cell differentiation in part by altering Notch gene expression. First, using RT-PCR, we determined that TNF treatment of H82, but not H526, transiently decreases notch-1 mRNA in parallel with induction of gene expression for the NE-specific marker DOPA decarboxylase (DDC). Second, we treated H82 and H526 with notch-1 antisense vs. sense oligodeoxynucleotides. Using quantitative RT-PCR and Western analyses we demonstrate that DDC mRNA and protein are increased in H82 by notch-1 antisense, whereas notch-1 mRNA and activated Notch-1 protein are decreased. mRNA for Hes1, a transcription factor downstream from activated Notch, is also decreased by Notch-1 antisense in H82 but not H526. After 7 days of Notch-1 antisense treatment, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) immunoreactivity is induced in H82 but not H526. Third, we generated transgenic mice bearing notch-1 driven by the neural/NE-specific calcitonin promoter, which express activated Notch-1 in developing lung epithelium. Newborn NotchCal mouse lungs have high levels of hes1 mRNA, reflecting increased activated Notch, compared with wild-type. NotchCal lungs have decreased CGRP-positive NE cells, decreased protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5)-positive NE cells, and decreased gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), CGRP, and DDC mRNA levels compared with normal littermates. Cumulatively, these observations provide further support for a role for Notch-1 signaling in regulating pulmonary NE cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Calcitonin/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dopa Decarboxylase/genetics
- Gastrin-Releasing Peptide/genetics
- Gastrin-Releasing Peptide/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lung/cytology
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Neurosecretory Systems/cytology
- Neurosecretory Systems/drug effects
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shan
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Ashour K, Shan L, Lee JH, Schlicher W, Wada K, Wada E, Sunday ME. Bombesin inhibits alveolarization and promotes pulmonary fibrosis in newborn mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:1377-85. [PMID: 16603607 PMCID: PMC2662976 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200507-1014oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Bombesin-like peptides promote fetal lung development. Normally, levels of mammalian bombesin (gastrin-releasing peptide [GRP]) drop postnatally, but these levels are elevated in newborns that develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease characterized by arrested alveolarization. In premature baboons with BPD, antibombesin antibodies reduce lung injury and promote alveolarization. OBJECTIVES The present study tests whether exogenous bombesin or GRP given perinatally alters alveolar development in newborn mice. METHODS Mice were given peptides intraperitoneally twice daily on Postnatal Days 1-3. On Day 14 lungs were inflation-fixed for histopathologic analyses of alveolarization. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Bombesin had multiple effects on Day 14 lung, when alveolarization was about half complete. First, bombesin induced alveolar myofibroblast proliferation and increased alveolar wall thickness compared with saline-treated control animals. Second, bombesin diminished alveolarization in C57BL/6 (but not Swiss-Webster) mice. We used receptor-null mice to explore which receptors might mediate these effects. Compared with wild-type littermates, bombesin-treated GRP receptor (GRPR)-null mice had increased interstitial fibrosis but reduced defects in alveolarization. Neuromedin B (NMB) receptor-null and bombesin receptor subtype 3-null mice had the same responses as their wild-type littermates. GRP had the same effects as bombesin, whereas neither NMB nor a synthetic bombesin receptor type 3 ligand had any effect. All effects of GRP were abrogated in GRPR-null mice. CONCLUSIONS Bombesin/GRP can induce features of BPD, including interstitial fibrosis and diminished alveolarization. GRPR appears to mediate all effects of GRP, but only part of the bombesin effect on alveolarization, suggesting that novel receptors may mediate some effects of bombesin in newborn lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ashour
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Abstract
Repair or regeneration of defective lung epithelium would be of great therapeutic potential. Cellular sources for such repair have long been searched for within the lung, but the identification and characterization of stem or progenitor cells have been hampered by the complexity and cellular heterogeneity of the organ. In recent years, various pulmonary cells have been identified that meet the criteria for stem cells but it remains to be seen how far manipulation of these tissue-specific cell pools can upregulate epithelial repair. The initial excitement that greeted the results of animal experiments showing cells of bone marrow origin in murine lung has been tempered by more recent data suggesting that the cells do not repair pulmonary epithelium. However, there are reports of engraftment of bone marrow-derived cells in human lung, albeit at a low level, so the administration of cell therapy via the circulation, for repair and/or gene delivery, needs further investigation. The potential of human embryonic stem cells to generate any cell, tissue, or organ on demand for tissue repair or replacement is promising to revolutionize the treatment of human disease. Although some headway has been made into making pulmonary epithelium from these stem cells, human embryonic stem cell technology is still in its infancy and many technical, safety, and ethical hurdles must be cleared before clinical trials can begin. This chapter focuses on the potential role of stem cells in future approaches to lung repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Bishop
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Centre, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
Classically, the stem/progenitor cells of the pulmonary epithelium are considered to be the basal and mucous cells of the proximal airways, Clara cells in the bronchioles and type II pneumocytes in the alveoli. Recent data suggest that there is a variant of Clara cells, lying in pulmonary neuroendocrine bodies, that meets several stem cell criteria and that type II pneumocytes exist in at least two populations, one of which is more resistant to injury. However, a complete revision of our understanding of pulmonary stem cell biology is underway as a result of the discovery of pulmonary epithelium derived from blood-borne cells. In addition, the existence in the lung of a 'universal' pluripotent cell has long been speculated upon and now some initial evidence has emerged with the identification of a spore-like cell that can differentiate in vitro to bronchiolar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Bishop
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College, London, UK.
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25
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Montuenga LM, Guembe L, Burrell MA, Bodegas ME, Calvo A, Sola JJ, Sesma P, Villaro AC. The diffuse endocrine system: from embryogenesis to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 38:155-272. [PMID: 12756892 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(03)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we will summarise the current knowledge about the cells comprising the Diffuse Endocrine System (DES) in mammalian organs. We will describe the morphological, histochemical and functional traits of these cells in three major systems gastrointestinal, respiratory and prostatic. We will also focus on some aspects of their ontogeny and differentiation, as well as to their relevance in carcinogenesis, especially in neuroendocrine tumors. The first chapter describes the characteristics of DES cells and some of their specific biological and biochemical traits. The second chapter deals with DES in the gastrointestinal organs, with special reference to the new data on the differentiation mechanisms that leads to the appearance of endocrine cells from an undifferentiated stem cell. The third chapter is devoted to DES of the respiratory system and some aspects of its biological role, both, during development and adulthood. Neuroendocrine hyperplasia and neuroendocrine lung tumors are also addressed. Finally, the last chapter deals with the prostatic DES, discussing its probable functional role and its relevance in hormone-resistant prostatic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Montuenga
- Department of Histology and Pathology, Schools of Science and Medicine, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.
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26
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Subramaniam M, Sugiyama K, Coy DH, Kong Y, Miller YE, Weller PF, Wada K, Wada E, Sunday ME. Bombesin-like peptides and mast cell responses: relevance to bronchopulmonary dysplasia? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:601-11. [PMID: 12807697 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200212-1434oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombesin-like peptides (BLPs) are elevated in newborns who later develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In baboon models, anti-BLP blocking antibodies abrogate BPD. We now demonstrate hyperplasia of both neuroendocrine cells and mast cells in lungs of baboons with BPD, compared with non-BPD controls or BLP antibody-treated BPD baboons. To determine whether BLPs are proinflammatory, bombesin was administered intratracheally to mice. Forty-eight hours later, we observed increased numbers of lung mast cells. We analyzed murine mast cells for BLP receptor gene expression, and identified mRNAs encoding bombesin receptor subtype 3 and neuromedin-B receptor (NMB-R), but not gastrin-releasing peptide receptor. Only NMB-R-null mice accumulated fewer lung mast cells after bombesin treatment. Bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, NMB, and a bombesin receptor subtype 3-specific ligand induced mast cell proliferation and chemotaxis in vitro. These observations support a role for multiple BLPs in promoting mast cell responses, suggesting a mechanistic link between BLPs and chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Subramaniam
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pathology, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Abstract
Although there are many broad-spectrum neuroendocrine markers, chromogranin and synaptophysin are the principal ones used in diagnostic pathology. Other broad-spectrum neuroendocrine markers, transcription factors, and specific peptide markers used in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors are reviewed. The use of different keratins in the differential diagnosis of endocrine tumors is also presented. The importance of using low-molecular-weight keratins such as CAM5.2 to avoid false-negative results in the workup of some neuroendocrine tumors is emphasized. Finally, the use of in situ hybridization in diagnostic pathology is briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo V Lloyd
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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28
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Kurabuchi S, Tanaka S. Immunocytochemical localization of prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in the mouse thyroid gland and respiratory tract. J Histochem Cytochem 2002; 50:903-9. [PMID: 12070269 DOI: 10.1177/002215540205000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined immunocytochemical localization of the prohormone convertases, PC1 and PC2, in the thyroid gland and respiratory tract of the adult mouse using the indirect enzyme- and immunogold-labeled antibody methods for light and electron microscopy, respectively. In the thyroid gland, PC1- and/or PC2-immunoreactive cells were cuboidal, scattered in the follicular epithelium and in the interfollicular spaces. When serial sections were immunostained with anti-calcitonin, anti-PC1, anti-calcitonin-gene-related-peptide (CGRP), and anti-PC2 sera, respectively, localization of both PC1 and PC2 was restricted to the calcitonin/CGRP-producing parafollicular cells. In the respiratory tract, only PC1 immunoreactivity was observed in the basal granulated neuroendocrine cells, which were scattered in the tracheal epithelium. Consecutive sections immunostained with anti-PC1 and anti-CGRP sera showed that a subpopulation of these PC1-immunoreactive cells contained CGRP. Double immunogold electron microscopy of the thyroid parafollicular cells revealed that calcitonin- and/or CGRP-immunopositive secretory granules were also labeled with both PC1 and PC2. These findings suggest that procalcitonin is proteolytically cleaved by PC2 alone or by PC2 together with PC1, and that the proCGRP is cleaved by PC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kurabuchi
- Department of Histology, School of Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Emanuel RL, Torday JS, Asokananthan N, Sunday ME. Direct effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on fetal lung explants. Peptides 2000; 21:1819-29. [PMID: 11150642 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fetal lung produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) without known direct effects. We tested the hypothesis that CRH can directly regulate lung development. In baboon fetal lung explants, CRH strongly induces surfactant phospholipid synthesis and SP-C immunostaining, plus [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. CRH receptor mRNA was detected in lung from multiple baboons at e125. Testing thyrotropin (TRH) as a specificity control, we did demonstrate different direct effects with only modest stimulation of surfactant phospholipid synthesis and strong induction of cytidylyltransferase gene expression. Therefore, CRH, similar to ACTH and glucocorticoids, is a potent inducer of cell differentiation in fetal lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Emanuel
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Cullen A, Emanuel RL, Torday JS, Asokananthan N, Sikorski KA, Sunday ME. Bombesin-like peptide and receptors in lung injury models: diverse gene expression, similar function. Peptides 2000; 21:1627-38. [PMID: 11090916 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that bombesin-like peptide (BLP) mediates lung injury in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We now investigate gene expression and function of BLP (gastrin-releasing peptide, GRP) and BLP-receptors (GRP-R and BRS-3) in lung from two baboon BPD models. In the "interrupted gestation model," only GRP mRNA was up-regulated. In the "hyperoxic model," GRP-R mRNA was up-regulated. In lung explants from O2-treated animals, all BPD animals responded to 1nM bombesin, whereas non-BPD animals did not; the opposite effect was observed with a BLP blocking antibody. Cumulatively, these observations suggest that novel BLPs and/or BLP receptors are likely to be implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cullen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Ito T. Differentiation and proliferation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 34:247-322. [PMID: 10689732 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(99)80001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review article the morphological profiles of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) in experimental animals and humans are described. Although the mechanisms of differentiation and proliferation of neuroendocrine cells in the airway epithelium remain to be solved, several experimental studies using explant culture and cell culture systems of fetal animal lungs have been performed to clarify fundamental phenomena associated with neuroendocrine differentiation and proliferation. Experimental animal studies using chronic hypoxia, toxic substances and carcinogens have succeeded in inducing alterations in PNEC systems, and these studies have elucidated the reactions of PNEC in cell injury and inflammation, and functional aspects of PNEC in disease conditions. Human pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors include various histological subtypes, and show divergent morphological and biological varieties. Molecular abnormalities of small cell carcinoma, the most aggressive subtype of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, have been extensively studied, but the mechanism of neuroendocrine differentiation of this tumor is still largely unknown. PNEC share common phenotypes with neuronal cells, and developmental studies have begun contributed evidence that similar transcriptional networks, including active and repressive basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors, function in the differentiation of both PNEC and neuronal cells. Such a bHLH network may also play a central role in determining cell differentiation in lung carcinomas. Further studies of the neuronal bHLH network, its regulatory system and related signal transduction pathways, will be required for understanding the mechanisms of neuroendocrine differentiation and proliferation in normal and pathological lung conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Japan.
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32
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Inase N, Horita K, Tanaka M, Miyake S, Ichioka M, Yoshizawa Y. Use of gastrin-releasing peptide promoter for specific expression of thymidine kinase gene in small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2000; 85:716-9. [PMID: 10699954 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000301)85:5<716::aid-ijc19>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For specific transduction of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) into human small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells, we explored the 5'-flanking region (-1.1 kb) of the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) gene as a lung cancer-specific promoter. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated expression of GRP mRNA in the SBC5 human SCLC cell line but not in the RERF human SCLC cell line, the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line or the HeLa human uterine cervix epithelioid carcinoma cell line. A reporting vector containing the GRP promoter (pGL2-GRP) exhibited higher luciferase activity in SBC5 than in the other 3 cell lines. After transfecting an expression vector containing the GRP promoter-bound HSV-tk gene (pGRP-TK) into the cells, we measured their sensitivity to ganciclovir (GCV). In SBC5, pGRP-tk-transfected cells became about 100 times more sensitive to GCV than parental cells in vitro. In nude mice, tumors of pGRP-tk-transfected SBC5 regressed completely after i.p. administration of GCV. GRP promoter might be a good tool for tumor-specific transduction of suicide genes in GRP-expressing SCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Inase
- The Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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CHUANG CHENGKENG, SHEN YUNGCHI, WU JINHOU, TSAI LIHWA, LIAO SHUENKUEI. IMMUNOBIOLOGIC, CYTOGENETIC AND DRUG RESPONSE FEATURES OF A NEWLY ESTABLISHED CELL LINE (SCRC-1) FROM RENAL SMALL CELL CARCINOMA. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CHENG-KENG CHUANG
- From the Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; and the Research Division, Show Chwun Memorial Hospital, Chanhua, Taiwan
| | - YUNG-CHI SHEN
- From the Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; and the Research Division, Show Chwun Memorial Hospital, Chanhua, Taiwan
| | - JIN-HOU WU
- From the Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; and the Research Division, Show Chwun Memorial Hospital, Chanhua, Taiwan
| | - LI-HWA TSAI
- From the Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; and the Research Division, Show Chwun Memorial Hospital, Chanhua, Taiwan
| | - SHUEN-KUEI LIAO
- From the Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; and the Research Division, Show Chwun Memorial Hospital, Chanhua, Taiwan
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Niho S, Nishiwaki Y, Goto K, Ohmatsu H, Matsumoto T, Hojo F, Ohe Y, Kakinuma R, Kodama T. Significance of serum pro-gastrin-releasing peptide as a predictor of relapse of small cell lung cancer: comparative evaluation with neuron-specific enolase and carcinoembryonic antigen. Lung Cancer 2000; 27:159-67. [PMID: 10699689 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(99)00100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have been reported to be useful markers for staging, monitoring treatment, and predicting relapse in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Recently, pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (Pro-GRP) became available as a sensitive, specific, and reliable tumor marker for patients with SCLC. The aim of this study is to determine the most useful tumor marker to detect the relapse of SCLC. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between tumor markers at relapse and survival from relapse or response to salvage chemotherapy. Medical records were reviewed to obtain serum levels of Pro-GRP, NSE, and CEA before and after the initial chemotherapy, and at relapse. Consecutive 66 patients with SCLC, with an objective response and confirmed relapse treated at the National Cancer Center Hospital East, were analyzed in this study. The percentages of patients whose tumor marker level were elevated before treatment, decreased after the treatment, and increased again at relapse were 67% (95% CI, 55-78) for Pro-GRP, 20% (10-29) for NSE, and 38% (26-50) for CEA. Multivariate analysis indicated that poor performance status before initial treatment and elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase at relapse were poor prognostic factors for patients with recurrent SCLC (P<0.005). None of the serum levels of Pro-GRP, NSE, and CEA at relapse was a significant prognostic factor and associated with an objective response to salvage chemotherapy. The present study demonstrated that serum levels of Pro-GRP reflect the disease course of patients with SCLC most accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niho
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwanoha 6-5-1, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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35
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IMMUNOBIOLOGIC, CYTOGENETIC AND DRUG RESPONSE FEATURES OF A NEWLY ESTABLISHED CELL LINE (SCRC-1) FROM RENAL SMALL CELL CARCINOMA. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200003000-00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Emanuel RL, Torday JS, Mu Q, Asokananthan N, Sikorski KA, Sunday ME. Bombesin-like peptides and receptors in normal fetal baboon lung: roles in lung growth and maturation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:L1003-17. [PMID: 10564187 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.5.l1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that bombesin-like peptide (BLP) promotes fetal lung development in rodents and humans but mediates postnatal lung injury in hyperoxic baboons. The present study analyzed the normal ontogeny of BLP and BLP receptors as well as the effects of BLP on cultured normal fetal baboon lungs. Transcripts encoding gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a pulmonary BLP, were detectable on gestational day 60 (ED60), peaked on approximately ED90, and then declined before term (ED180). Numbers of BLP-immunopositive neuroendocrine cells peaked from ED80 to ED125 and declined by ED160, preceding GRP-receptor mRNAs detected from ED125 until birth. BLP (0.1-10 nM) stimulated type II cell differentiation in organ cultures as assessed by [(3)H]choline incorporation into surfactant phospholipids, electron microscopy, and increased surfactant protein (SP) A- and/or SP-C-immunopositive cells and SP-A mRNA. BLP also induced neuroendocrine differentiation on ED60. Cell proliferation was induced by GRP, peaking on ED90. Similarly, blocking BLP degradation stimulated lung growth and maturation, which was completely reversed by a BLP-specific antagonist. The dissociation between GRP and GRP-receptor gene expression during ontogeny suggests that novel BLP receptors and/or peptides might be implicated in these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Emanuel
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Willett CG, Shahsafei A, Graham SA, Sunday ME. CD10/neutral endopeptidase inhibition augments pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia in hamsters treated with diethylnitrosamine and hyperoxia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21:13-20. [PMID: 10385588 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.1.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we demonstrated that pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (PNEC) hyperplasia in hamsters treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) plus 65% hyperoxia (DEN/O2) reflects predominantly neuroendocrine cell differentiation. Several peptides implicated in non-neoplastic PNEC hyperplasia are hydrolyzed by CD10/neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (CD10/NEP), an enzyme known to downregulate neurogenic inflammation of the lung by modulating locally effective concentrations of multiple bioactive peptides. In fetal mice, we observed that CD10/NEP inhibition by SCH32615 potentiates cell proliferation and type II cell differentiation in the lung in utero. Further, CD10/NEP messenger RNA levels parallelled relative PNEC numbers in DEN/O2-treated hamster lung, suggesting that the enzyme might mediate spontaneous regression of PNEC hyperplasia. The goals of the present study were: (1) to determine whether CD10/NEP inhibition would alter the extent of PNEC hyperplasia occurring in these hamsters, and (2) to analyze cellular mechanisms potentially involved in altering numbers of PNECs in this model. We administered SCH32615 chronically to a subset of DEN/O2-treated hamsters. Immunostaining of lungs from the CD10/ NEP-inhibited subset demonstrated significant acceleration of the development of PNEC hyperplasia, increased PNEC proliferation, and diminished PNEC apoptosis as compared with animals receiving no SCH32615. These observations indicate that PNEC hyperplasia can occur as a result of multiple cellular processes, including increased neuroendocrine cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. CD10/NEP modulates PNEC numbers primarily by promoting cell differentiation and proliferation during lung injury, probably via increasing the half-life of bioactive peptides in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Willett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Departments of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Buvry A, Yang YR, Tavakoli R, Frossard N. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves and neuroendocrine cells after lung transplantation in the rat. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:1268-73. [PMID: 10340946 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.6.3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial innervation is interrupted at lung transplantation. Nerve fibers with cell bodies above the section, such as sensory C fibers, should degenerate. Using histofluorescence, we evaluated calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in syngeneic Lewis rats 1 and 5 mo after unilateral lung transplantation and in controls. CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) neuroendocrine cells were located within the epithelium of large and small bronchi. At 1 mo after transplantation, their number had significantly increased in large bronchi and had normalized 5 mo after transplantation. The density of CGRP-IR fibers in control lungs gradually decreased from large (0. 35 +/- 0.02 micron/micron basal lamina) to small (0.23 +/- 0.02) and peripheral bronchi (0.12 +/- 0.01). At 1 mo after lung transplantation, few CGRP-IR fibers were observed in large bronchi (0.17 +/- 0.02), fewer in small bronchi (0.04 +/- 0.01) (P < 0.01), and none in peripheral bronchi. At 5 mo after lung transplantation, transplanted lungs still had fewer CGRP-IR fibers in large (0.22 +/- 0.02) and small (0.11 +/- 0.02) bronchi (P < 0.02) than did controls, but there were, nonetheless, more in the small bronchi than at 1 mo after transplantation (P < 0.01). Additionally, few CGRP fibers were present in the peripheral bronchi (0.03 +/- 0.01) (P < 0.01). These results clearly demonstrate the occurrence of denervation followed by partial reinnervation with CGRP-IR fibers after transplantation in rat lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buvry
- INSERM U425, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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Haley KJ, Patidar K, Zhang F, Emanuel RL, Sunday ME. Tumor necrosis factor induces neuroendocrine differentiation in small cell lung cancer cell lines. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:L311-21. [PMID: 9700092 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.2.l311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as a candidate cytokine to promote neuroendocrine cell differentiation in a nitrosamine-hyperoxia hamster lung injury model. Differential screening identified expression of the genes modulated by TNF-alpha preceding neuroendocrine cell differentiation. Undifferentiated small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines NCI-H82 and NCI-H526 were treated with TNF-alpha for up to 2 wk. Both cell lines demonstrated rapid induction of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) mRNA; H82 cells also expressed aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase mRNA within 5 min after TNF-alpha was added. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB immunostaining occurred with TNF-alpha treatment, suggesting nuclear factor-kappaB involvement in the induction of GRP and/or aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase gene expression. We also demonstrated dense core neurosecretory granules and immunostaining for proGRP and neural cell adhesion molecule in H82 cells after 7-14 days of TNF-alpha treatment. We conclude that TNF-alpha can induce phenotypic features of neuroendocrine cell differentiation in SCLC cell lines. Similar effects of TNF-alpha in vivo may contribute to the neuroendocrine cell differentiation/hyperplasia associated with many chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Haley
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Terashi H, Itami S, Tadokoro T, Takeyama M, Katagiri K, Takayasu S. Growth stimulation of normal melanocytes and nevocellular nevus cells by gastrin releasing peptide (GRP). J Dermatol Sci 1998; 17:93-100. [PMID: 9673890 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(97)00079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to know the possible effects of gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) on nevus cells and melanocytes, we studied the effect of GRP on the proliferation of cultured human nevus cells and normal melanocytes. MTS assay showed that GRP stimulated the growth of viable melanocytes at 1000 ng/ml. GRP also stimulated the growth of nevus cells in a dose dependent manner and maximum stimulation was obtained at 100 ng/ml of GRP. GRP was less effective for growth stimulation of normal melanocytes than nevus cells. The cytoplasm of nevus cells were positively stained by polyclonal anti-GRP antibody. We also detected the expression of GRP and GRP receptor mRNAs in these cells by RT-PCR. These results suggest that GRP acts as an autocrine growth factor for nevus cells and normal melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Terashi
- Department of Dermatology, Oita Medical University, Japan
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Goto K, Kodama T, Hojo F, Kubota K, Kakinuma R, Matsumoto T, Ohmatsu H, Sekine I, Nagai K, Nishiwaki Y. Clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma with elevated serum progastrin-releasing peptide levels. Cancer 1998; 82:1056-61. [PMID: 9506349 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980315)82:6<1056::aid-cncr7>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progastrin-releasing peptide (proGRP) is a specific tumor marker in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). It has been reported that serum proGRP levels rarely are elevated in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); the reported frequency is <3%. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinicopathologic features of NSCLC patients with high serum proGRP levels. METHODS The authors measured serum proGRP levels with a TND-4 kit, a newly developed enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, in 544 NSCLC and 206 SCLC patients. Pathologic features were examined using conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining and histochemical and immunohistochemical staining using polyclonal antibodies to proGRP, chromogranin A, calcitonin, and monoclonal antibody to the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCC-Lu-243). RESULTS The serum proGRP levels were elevated in 140 SCLC patients (68.0%) and in 23 NSCLC patients (4.2%). Seven of these 23 NSCLC patients had serum proGRP levels > or = 100 pg/mL. They included two patients with renal dysfunction, one patient diagnosed cytologically with adenocarcinoma without undergoing precise pathologic examination, two patients diagnosed histologically with squamous cell carcinoma with foci of small cell elements, and two patients diagnosed with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, respectively, which showed neuroendocrine differentiation on immunohistologic analysis. The remaining 16 NSCLC patients had serum proGRP levels < 70 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Nearly all NSCLC patients had serum proGRP levels < 100 pg/mL. However, if an NSCLC patient presents with a proGRP level > or = 100 pg/mL, the clinicopathologic features must be examined with regard to the small cell component, neuroendocrine differentiation, and renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Goto
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Nishino H, Tsunoda Y, Owyang C. Mammalian bombesin receptors are coupled to multiple signal transduction pathways in pancreatic acini. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:G525-34. [PMID: 9530154 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.3.g525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the structural requirements for bombesin (BB)-like peptides to stimulate amylase secretion in rat pancreatic acini and examined the responsible intracellular signal transduction pathways. The tetradecapeptide BB-(1-14) was a full agonist, whereas the heptapeptide BB-(8-14) did not evoke amylase secretion. The mammalian BB analog neuromedin C decapeptide [NMC-(5-14)] was as potent as BB-(1-14) in stimulating amylase secretion, suggesting that Gly5-Asn6-His7 (or Gln7) of the COOH-terminal decapeptide are essential amino acids for full biological activity. BB and NMC equipotently stimulated D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production, which was inhibited by the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U-73122. BB and NMC also stimulated protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activities. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) for NMC-activated PTK was 2 log units less than the EC50 for BB-activated PTK. NMC was 10-34 times more potent than BB in increasing leukotriene C4 (an index of arachidonic acid production). The production of leukotriene C4 was inhibited by the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor ONO-RS-082. NMC is structurally homologous to BB-(5-14) except that Gln7 in BB is replaced by His7 in NMC. Therefore, substitution of Gln7 for His7 may alter the signal transduction systems to include the PTK and PLA2 pathways. U-73122 inhibited Ca2+ spiking and amylase secretion induced by NMC and BB. However, the PTK inhibitor genistein and the PLA2 inhibitor ONO-RS-082 inhibited secretion induced by NMC but not that induced by BB. In contrast to nonmammalian BB receptors, which primarily use the PLC pathway, the rat BB receptor is linked to three different signal transduction systems: PLC, PTK, and PLA2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Haley KJ, Drazen JM, Osathanondh R, Sunday ME. Comparison of the ontogeny of protein gene product 9.5, chromogranin A and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in developing human lung. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 37:62-8. [PMID: 9144622 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970401)37:1<62::aid-jemt6>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell products, especially bombesin-like peptides, are important modulators of fetal lung growth, morphogenesis and maturation. In the present study, we describe the ontogeny of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in 28 midtrimester human fetal lungs, in comparison to chromogranin A (CGA), a marker of differentiated neuroendocrine cells, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which is expressed by actively dividing cells. PGP 9.5 immunostaining colocalized with CGA in many cells, although the peak abundance of PGP 9.5 preceded that of CGA by 4 to 6 weeks. In addition, a novel staining pattern was noted for PGP 9.5: diffuse cytoplasmic staining of undifferentiated epithelial cells, which was demonstrated by all of the airways before 15 weeks gestation. After gestational week 15, only the smallest airways demonstrated this pattern. PCNA immunostaining demonstrated age-dependent regional variation. All samples had approximately 25% epithelial cells immunopositive for PCNA. Between 11 and 14 weeks gestation over 50% of the mesenchymal cells were PCNA positive. This mesenchymal staining decreased after 14 weeks, and was rare by week 19. There was no definite correlation between the immunostaining for PGP 9.5 and that for PCNA, although PGP 9.5 positive cells were usually PCNA negative. These observations suggest that other growth factors produced by non-neuroendocrine epithelial cells also participate in lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Haley
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cutz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Abstract
In humans lungs affected by naturally occurring pulmonary disease, the pulmonary neuroendocrine cell system, which is normally arranged in a sparse but even distribution throughout the respiratory tract, increases in size. It is likely that the stimulus for this is pulmonary injury and that its purpose is the paracrine regulation of the restoration of pulmonary tissues to their normal state, an hypothesis supported by studies of animal lungs subjected to experimental injury as well as of the development of human and animal lungs in utero. Initially, this increase involves the development of interrupted rows of neuroendocrine cells. In the later stages, however, development of more disorderly intraepithelial aggregates can occur and the small, locally invasive neuroendocrine cell lesions known as tumourlets may occasionally result. Both of these latter structures often contain secretory products not found in the neuroendocrine cells of normal human lungs, probably indicating a derangement of what appears to be a fundamentally physiological response. It is likely that, in some circumstances, this disorderly change may contribute to pulmonary disease as well as being the result of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gosney
- Department of Pathology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that neuroepithelial endocrine cells and organoid clusters of these cells termed neuroepithelial bodies are widely distributed in the respiratory tract of vertebrates. This review focuses on the neuroepithelial endocrine system in the airway epithelium of mammals according to observations made in a wide range of species, as it appears in light and electron microscopy by means of various visualization techniques under normal and experimental conditions. Because there are similarities but also marked differences between species, wherever possible studies in human airways are emphasized. Conventional histochemical and ultrastructural studies including microspectrofluorimetry have demonstrated the amine-handling properties and the presence of neurosecretory granules in neuroendocrine cells of the epithelium of all mammals studies so far. The neuroepithelial bodies are innervated by morphological afferent- and efferentlike synaptic specializations. These, together with the presence of reciprocal synapses, emphasize that these cells may be involved in dual functions of chemoreception and secretion. Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry has demonstrated that neuroepithelial endocrine cells may contain various biogenic agents, suggesting that the neuroendocrine system is highly heterogeneous. Neural elements may interact in a complex manner, and the activation of certain neural pathways may control the release of biogenic substances to influence physiological airway functions. They may be particularly relevant in pulmonary diseases. Consequently, the function of this system is complex and it is highly probable that many of its aspects are still not elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Scheuermann
- Department of Morphology, University of Antwerp (RUCA), Belgium
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Springall DR, Polak JM. Quantitative microscopical methods for the identification and localisation of nerves and neuroendocrine cell markers in mammalian lung. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 37:92-100. [PMID: 9144625 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970401)37:1<92::aid-jemt9>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung contains a dense innervation and a population of endocrinelike cells both of which are believed to have a role in pulmonary function and to be involved in disease processes. They contain a number of regulatory peptides that affect vascular and bronchial tone, growth and repair. They can be detected and localised by immunocytochemistry, thereby allowing investigation of the normal distribution and changes in disease processes. The application of image analysis has added greatly to the amount of information that can be obtained from such morphological studies. Data can be obtained on either the overall distribution and amount of the antigen in a tissue, thereby allowing comparisons between normal and disease states, or following experimental manipulation. Furthermore, the actual intracellular level can be assessed, which adds the previously unattained dimension of comparisons between cells. Thus the density of innervation in the specific regions of the lung tissue, either total nerves or specific peptide-containing cells, may be estimated and used to show release of a peptide or to determine changes in the nerve density in disease. Image processing and image analysis have reduced the labour-intensive manual input required to perform such studies. The continuing development of digital image processing and computer technology will increase the application of these methods in lung research of normal and pathological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Springall
- Department of Histochemistry, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Durbin J, Thomas P, Langston C, Goswami S, Greco MA. Gastrin-releasing peptide in hypoplastic lungs. PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY, AFFILIATED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL PAEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 16:927-34. [PMID: 9025890 DOI: 10.1080/15513819609168715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The relative abundance of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells synthesizing gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) was estimated for normal fetal lungs and hypoplastic lungs. Percentage of bronchiolar epithelial area staining positively with anti-GRP antiserum was computed for each case using a SAMBA 4000 image analyzer. The majority of hypoplastic lungs (10 of 12 cases) showed markedly diminished GRP immunoreactivity, which appeared to vary with etiology. Six cases of pulmonary hypoplasia associated with renal anomalies, three cases associated with hydrops, and one case of diaphragmatic hernia showed an average fivefold reduction in percentage of GRP immunostaining. A case of hypoplasia associated with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease had GRP immunoreactivity similar to that of controls, and GRP expression was markedly elevated (fivefold) in a case of hypoplasia with omphalocele.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Durbin
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center 10016, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Preston
- Academic Unit of Surgery, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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