1
|
Yamada S, Mizukoshi T, Sato A, Sakakibara SI. Purinosomes and Purine Metabolism in Mammalian Neural Development: A Review. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2024; 57:89-100. [PMID: 38988694 PMCID: PMC11231565 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.24-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in specific brain regions require precisely regulated metabolite production during critical development periods. Purines-vital components of DNA, RNA, and energy carriers like ATP and GTP-are crucial metabolites in brain development. Purine levels are tightly controlled through two pathways: de novo synthesis and salvage synthesis. Enzymes driving de novo pathway are assembled into a large multienzyme complex termed the "purinosome." Here, we review purine metabolism and purinosomes as spatiotemporal regulators of neural development. Notably, around postnatal day 0 (P0) during mouse cortical development, purine synthesis transitions from the de novo pathway to the salvage pathway. Inhibiting the de novo pathway affects mTORC1 pathway and leads to specific forebrain malformations. In this review, we also explore the importance of protein-protein interactions of a newly identified NSPC protein-NACHT and WD repeat domain-containing 1 (Nwd1)-in purinosome formation. Reduced Nwd1 expression disrupts purinosome formation, impacting NSPC proliferation and neuronal migration, resulting in periventricular heterotopia. Nwd1 interacts directly with phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthetase (PAICS), an enzyme involved in de novo purine synthesis. We anticipate this review will be valuable for researchers investigating neural development, purine metabolism, and protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomoya Mizukoshi
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sato
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sakakibara
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Papaioannou VE. Mouse embryos, chimeras, and embryonal carcinoma stem cells-Reflections on the winding road to gene manipulation. Bioessays 2024:e2400061. [PMID: 38884196 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The relationship of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, the stem cells of germ cell- or embryo-derived teratocarcinoma tumors, to early embryonic cells came under intense scrutiny in the early 1970s when mouse chimeras were produced between EC cells and embryos. These chimeras raised tantalizing possibilities and high hopes for different areas of research. The normalization of EC cells by the embryo lent validity to their use as in vitro models for embryogenesis and indicated that they might reveal information about the relationship between malignancy and differentiation. Chimeras also showed the way for the potential introduction of genes, selected in EC cells in vitro, into the germ line of mice. Although EC cells provided material for the elucidation of early embryonic events and stimulated many studies of early molecular differentiation, after years of intense scrutiny, they fell short as the means of genetic manipulation of the germ line, although arguably they pointed the way to the development of embryonic stem (ES) cells that eventually fulfilled this goal.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Pan C, Zheng L, Wang J, Zou Q, Sun P, Zhou K, Zhao A, Cao Q, He W, Wang Y, Cheng R, Yao Z, Zhang S, Zhang H, Li M. ADAM17 variant causes hair loss via ubiquitin ligase TRIM47-mediated degradation. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e177588. [PMID: 38771644 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.177588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypotrichosis is a genetic disorder characterized by a diffuse and progressive loss of scalp and/or body hair. Nonetheless, the causative genes for several affected individuals remain elusive, and the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we discovered a dominant variant in a disintegrin and a metalloproteinase domain 17 (ADAM17) gene caused hypotrichosis with woolly hair. Adam17 (p.D647N) knockin mice mimicked the hair abnormality in patients. ADAM17 (p.D647N) mutation led to hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) exhaustion and caused abnormal hair follicles, ultimately resulting in alopecia. Mechanistic studies revealed that ADAM17 binds directly to E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing protein 47 (TRIM47). ADAM17 variant enhanced the association between ADAM17 and TRIM47, leading to an increase in ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of ADAM17 protein. Furthermore, reduced ADAM17 protein expression affected the Notch signaling pathway, impairing the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of HFSCs during hair follicle regeneration. Overexpression of Notch intracellular domain rescued the reduced proliferation ability caused by Adam17 variant in primary fibroblast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaolan Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyao Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, and Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quan Zou
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Department of Dermatology, The Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Department of Dermatology, The Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Dermatology, The Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruhong Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirong Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, and
- Department of Dermatology, The Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Papaioannou V. The road to gene manipulation in the mouse: Jean Brachet Memorial Lecture of the International Society of Differentiation (delivered June 21, 2023 at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). Differentiation 2024; 136:100753. [PMID: 38330622 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation in mammals has progressed rapidly in the past decade with the advent of CRISPR-Cas gene editing tools, promising profound impacts on the understanding of human development, health and disease. However, many years of research in divergent fields of experimental embryology, genetics, reproduction, molecular biology and transgenic technology laid the groundwork and have played critical roles for this progress. This article details various threads of research and the central role of the laboratory mouse that came together in reaching this point, all from the perspective of a scientist whose research was deeply immersed in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu Y, Gao M, Cao T, Wang J, Luo M, Liu S, Zeng X, Huang J. PFOS and F-53B disrupted inner cell mass development in mouse preimplantation embryo. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140948. [PMID: 38103655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is a perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) widely used in daily life. As its toxicity was confirmed, it has been gradually substituted by F-53B (chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl sulfonates, Cl-PFESAs) in China. PFOS exposure during prenatal development may hinder the development of preimplantation embryos, as indicated by recent epidemiological research and in vivo assays. However, the embryotoxicity data for F-53B are scarce. Furthermore, knowledge about the toxicity of F-53B and PFOS exposure to internal follicular fluid concentrations on early preimplantation embryo development remains limited. In this study, internal exposure concentrations of PFOS (10 nM) and F-53B (2 nM) in human follicular fluid were chosen to study the effects of PFAS on early mouse preimplantation embryo development. We found that both PFOS and F-53B treated zygotes exhibited higher ROS activity in 8-cell embryos but not in 2-cell stage embryos. PFOS and F-53B significantly affected the proportion and aggregation of the inner cell mass (ICM) in the blastocyst, but not the total cell number. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs, isolated from the ICM) and embryoid body (EB) assays were employed to assess the toxicity of PFOS and F-53B on the development and differentiation of embryonic pluripotent cells. These results suggested that mESCs exhibited more DNA damage and abnormal germ layer differentiation after brief exposure to PFOS or F-53B. Finally, RNA-sequencing revealed that PFOS and F-53B exposure affected mESCs biosynthetic processes and chromatin-nucleosome assembly. Our results indicate that F-53B has potential risks as an alternative to PFOS, which disrupts ICM development and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Min Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tianqi Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Mingxun Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Simiao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaowen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Junjiu Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bruter AV, Varlamova EA, Okulova YD, Tatarskiy VV, Silaeva YY, Filatov MA. Genetically modified mice as a tool for the study of human diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:135. [PMID: 38236499 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Modeling a human disease is an essential part of biomedical research. The recent advances in the field of molecular genetics made it possible to obtain genetically modified animals for the study of various diseases. Not only monogenic disorders but also chromosomal and multifactorial disorders can be mimicked in lab animals due to genetic modification. Even human infectious diseases can be studied in genetically modified animals. An animal model of a disease enables the tracking of its pathogenesis and, more importantly, to test new therapies. In the first part of this paper, we review the most common DNA modification technologies and provide key ideas on specific technology choices according to the task at hand. In the second part, we focus on the application of genetically modified mice in studying human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Ekaterina A Varlamova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Yulia D Okulova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Victor V Tatarskiy
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Yulia Y Silaeva
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Maxim A Filatov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Papaioannou VE, Behringer RR. The "No Phenotype" Challenge in Analyzing Mutant Mice. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2024; 2024:107977. [PMID: 37932097 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.over107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
If homozygous mutant mice survive to adulthood, are fertile, and have no visible phenotypes attributable to mutation of the relevant gene, there are a number of possible reasons why an effect of the mutation is not evident. Technical errors that might have occurred during gene targeting or genotyping must first be eliminated. Variable penetrance of the mutation should be considered as well as the possibility of age-related or late-onset phenotypes, such as tumor formation or other pathologies. The gene expression pattern and nature of the protein product of the gene could provide clues. A number of simple tests can be applied to uncover cryptic phenotypes that are not easily seen on casual inspection (e.g., tests of the senses and of balance and coordination). Genetic and environmental challenges can be applied to overtly normal mutant mice to reveal deviations from normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma HY, Li Q, Wong WR, N'Diaye EN, Caplazi P, Bender H, Huang Z, Arlantico A, Jeet S, Wong A, Emson C, Brightbill H, Tam L, Newman R, Roose-Girma M, Sandoval W, Ding N. LOXL4, but not LOXL2, is the critical determinant of pathological collagen cross-linking and fibrosis in the lung. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf0133. [PMID: 37235663 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fibrotic disease characterized by excessive deposition of (myo)fibroblast produced collagen fibrils in alveolar areas of the lung. Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) have been proposed to be the central enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of collagen fibers. Here, we report that, while its expression is increased in fibrotic lungs, genetic ablation of LOXL2 only leads to a modest reduction of pathological collagen cross-linking but not fibrosis in the lung. On the other hand, loss of another LOX family member, LOXL4, markedly disrupts pathological collagen cross-linking and fibrosis in the lung. Furthermore, knockout of both Loxl2 and Loxl4 does not offer any additive antifibrotic effects when compared to Loxl4 deletion only, as LOXL4 deficiency decreases the expression of other LOX family members including Loxl2. On the basis of these results, we propose that LOXL4 is the main LOX activity underlying pathological collagen cross-linking and lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qingling Li
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weng Ruh Wong
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elsa-Noah N'Diaye
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Bender
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Arlantico
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Surinder Jeet
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire Emson
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hans Brightbill
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Newman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jang G, Shin HR, Do HS, Kweon J, Hwang S, Kim S, Heo SH, Kim Y, Lee BH. Therapeutic gene correction for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome using CRISPR-mediated base and prime editing. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 31:586-595. [PMID: 36910714 PMCID: PMC9996127 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1). Patients with LNS show various clinical phenotypes, including hyperuricemia, gout, devastating behavioral abnormality, intellectual disability, and self-harm. Although uric acid overproduction can be modulated with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, there exists no treatment for behavioral and neurological manifestations of LNS. In the current study, CRISPR-mediated base editors (BEs) and prime editors (PEs) were utilized to generate LNS-associated disease models and correct the disease models for therapeutic approach. Cytosine BEs (CBEs) were used to induce c.430C>T and c.508C>T mutations in HAP1 cells, and then adenine BEs (ABEs) were used to correct these mutations without DNA cleavage. PEs induced a c.333_334ins(A) mutation, identified in a Korean patient with LNS, in HAP1 cells, which was corrected in turn by PEs. Furthermore, improved PEs corrected the same mutation in LNS patient-derived fibroblasts by up to 14% without any unwanted mutations. These results suggest that CRISPR-mediated BEs and PEs would be suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy of this extremely rare, devastating genetic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayoung Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sang Do
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kweon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Heo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsub Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sambandam A, Storm E, Tauc H, Hackney JA, Garfield D, Caplazi P, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Duggan J, Jeet S, Gierke S, Chang P, Wu X, Newman R, Tam L, Alcantar T, Wang L, Roose-Girma M, Modrusan Z, Lee WP, Jasper H, de Sauvage F, Pappu R. Obligate role for Rock1 and Rock2 in adult stem cell viability and function. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14238. [PMID: 36950615 PMCID: PMC10025895 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to rapidly proliferate and differentiate is integral to the steady-state maintenance of tissues with high turnover such as the blood and intestine. Mutations that alter these processes can cause primary immunodeficiencies, malignancies and defects in barrier function. The Rho-kinases, Rock1 and Rock2, regulate cell shape and cytoskeletal rearrangement, activities essential to mitosis. Here, we use inducible gene targeting to ablate Rock1 and Rock2 in adult mice, and identify an obligate requirement for these enzymes in the preservation of the hematopoietic and gastrointestinal systems. Hematopoietic cell progenitors devoid of Rho-kinases display cell cycle arrest, blocking the differentiation to mature blood lineages. Similarly, these mice exhibit impaired epithelial cell renewal in the small intestine, which is ultimately fatal. Our data reveal a novel role for these kinases in the proliferation and viability of stem cells and their progenitors, which is vital to maintaining the steady-state integrity of these organ systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine Storm
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helen Tauc
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason A. Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Garfield
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Duggan
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Surinder Jeet
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Gierke
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Chang
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Newman
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tuija Alcantar
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lifen Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meron Roose-Girma
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wyne P. Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frederic de Sauvage
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajita Pappu
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deng H, Xiong BT, Wu Y, Wang W. Deep brain stimulation in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2023; 46:40. [PMID: 36694014 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-023-01950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Given the good results of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of movement disorders, DBS was initially tried to treat Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) with the aim to alleviate LNS-related dystonia. Some cases have reported clinical results of DBS in LNS thus far. This systematic review was conducted to comprehensively summarize cases of LNS treated with DBS and evaluate the efficacy and safety of DBS in LNS. Eight publications covering 12 LNS patients were included in this review. DBS improved dystonia of the LNS to varying degrees. All the included cases achieved partial or complete control of self-injurious behavior (SIB). Overall, DBS is a promising treatment for both motor and behavior disorders of LNS patients, but the results reported thus far have varied widely, especially for motor outcomes. The ultimate clinical benefits in LNS patients were still unpredictable. DBS-related complications were rather common, which raised questions about the safety of the procedure in LNS. More research is needed to further clarify the safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo-Tao Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amadei G, Glover DM. Behind the developing brains and beating hearts of stem cell-derived embryo models. Open Biol 2023; 13:220325. [PMID: 36630196 PMCID: PMC9833437 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies over the past decade have shown how stem cells representing embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues of the mouse can self-assemble in the culture dish to recapitulate an astonishing part of early embryonic development. A systematic analysis has demonstrated how pluripotent embryonic stem cells can be induced to behave like the implanting epiblast; how they can interact with trophectoderm stem cells to form a patterned structure resembling the implanting embryo prior to gastrulation; and how the third stem cell type-extra-embryonic endoderm cells-can be incorporated to generate structures that undergo the cell movements and gene expression patterns of gastrulation. Moreover, such stem cell-derived embryo models can proceed to neurulation and establish progenitors for all parts of the brain and neural tube, somites, beating heart structures and gut tube. They develop within extra-embryonic yolk sacs that initiate haematopoiesis. Here we trace this journey of discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Eve A. An interview with Valerie Wilson. Development 2022; 149:dev201442. [PMID: 36515643 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Valerie Wilson is Professor of Early Embryo Development and a group leader at the Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, UK. Val's lab works on the development of the vertebrate head-to-tail axis, focusing on the differentiation potential of axial progenitors. In 2022, she was awarded the British Society for Developmental Biology's (BSDB) Waddington Medal, which recognises outstanding individuals who have made major contributions to UK developmental biology. After her award lecture, we spoke to Val about her career and heard her thoughts on the past, present and future of the field.
Collapse
|
14
|
Liang J, Ingalla ER, Yao X, Wang BE, Tai L, Giltnane J, Liang Y, Daemen A, Moore HM, Aimi J, Chang CW, Gates MR, Eng-Wong J, Tam L, Bacarro N, Roose-Girma M, Bellet M, Hafner M, Metcalfe C. Giredestrant reverses progesterone hypersensitivity driven by estrogen receptor mutations in breast cancer. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo5959. [PMID: 36130016 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo5959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1) hotspot mutations are major contributors to therapeutic resistance in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Such mutations confer estrogen independence to ERα, providing a selective advantage in the presence of estrogen-depleting aromatase inhibitors. In addition, ESR1 mutations reduce the potency of tamoxifen and fulvestrant, therapies that bind ERα directly. These limitations, together with additional liabilities, inspired the development of the next generation of ERα-targeted therapeutics, of which giredestrant is a high-potential candidate. Here, we generated Esr1 mutant-expressing mammary gland models and leveraged patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) to investigate the biological properties of the ESR1 mutations and their sensitivity to giredestrant in vivo. In the mouse mammary gland, Esr1 mutations promote hypersensitivity to progesterone, triggering pregnancy-like tissue remodeling and profoundly elevated proliferation. These effects were driven by an altered progesterone transcriptional response and underpinned by gained sites of ERα-PR (progesterone receptor) cobinding at the promoter regions of pro-proliferation genes. PDX experiments showed that the mutant ERα-PR proliferative program is also relevant in human cancer cells. Giredestrant suppressed the mutant ERα-PR proliferation in the mammary gland more so than the standard-of-care agents, tamoxifen and fulvestrant. Giredestrant was also efficacious against the progesterone-stimulated growth of ESR1 mutant PDX models. In addition, giredestrant demonstrated activity against a molecularly characterized ESR1 mutant tumor from a patient enrolled in a phase 1 clinical trial. Together, these data suggest that mutant ERα can collaborate with PR to drive protumorigenic proliferation but remain sensitive to inhibition by giredestrant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Liang
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ellen Rei Ingalla
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaosai Yao
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bu-Er Wang
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lisa Tai
- Research Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Yuxin Liang
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Anneleen Daemen
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Heather M Moore
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Junko Aimi
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ching-Wei Chang
- Biostatistics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mary R Gates
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jennifer Eng-Wong
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Natasha Bacarro
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Meritxell Bellet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Marc Hafner
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ciara Metcalfe
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jackman JK, Stockwell A, Choy DF, Xie MM, Lu P, Jia G, Li H, Abbas AR, Bronson PG, Lin WY, Chiu CPC, Maun HR, Roose-Girma M, Tam L, Zhang J, Modrusan Z, Graham RR, Behrens TW, White SR, Naureckas T, Ober C, Ferreira M, Sedlacek R, Wu J, Lee WP, Lazarus RA, Koerber JT, Arron JR, Yaspan BL, Yi T. Genome-wide association study identifies kallikrein 5 in type 2 inflammation-low asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:972-978.e7. [PMID: 35487308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies of type 2 (T2) cytokine-related neutralizing antibodies in asthma have identified a substantial subset of patients with low levels of T2 inflammation who do not benefit from T2 cytokine neutralizing antibody treatment. Non type 2 mechanisms are poorly understood in asthma but represent the redefined unmet medical need. OBJECTIVE To gain understanding of the genetic contribution to T2-low asthma. METHODS We utilized an unbiased genome-wide association study (GWAS) of moderate-severe asthma patients stratified by T2 serum biomarker periostin. We also performed additional expression and biological analysis for the top genetic hit. RESULTS This analysis identified a novel protective SNP at chr19q13.41 which is selectively associated with T2-low asthma and establishes KLK5 as the causal gene mediating this association. Heterozygous carriers of the SNP have reduced KLK5 expression. KLK5 is secreted by human bronchial epithelial cells and elevated in asthma bronchial alveolar lavage. T2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 downregulate KLK5 in human bronchial epithelial cells. KLK5, dependent on its catalytic function, induces epithelial chemokine/cytokine expression. Lastly, overexpression of KLK5 in airway, or lack of an endogenous KLK5 inhibitor, SPINK5, leads to spontaneous airway neutrophilic inflammation. CONCLUSION Our data identifies KLK5 as the causal gene at a novel locus at chr19q13.41 associated with T2-low asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Jackman
- Department of Immunology Discovery, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Amy Stockwell
- Department of Human Genetics, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - David F Choy
- Department of Biomarker Discovery OMNI, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Markus M Xie
- Department of Immunology Discovery, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Peipei Lu
- Department of Immunology Discovery, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Guiquan Jia
- Department of Biomarker Discovery OMNI, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Protein Chemistry, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Alexander R Abbas
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, South San Francisco, Calif
| | | | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, South San Francisco, Calif
| | | | - Henry R Maun
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, South San Francisco, Calif
| | | | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, Calif
| | | | | | - Steven R White
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ted Naureckas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Chicago, Ill
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Manuel Ferreira
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Labortory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Department of Protein Chemistry, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Robert A Lazarus
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Department of Immunology Discovery, South San Francisco, Calif
| | - Brian L Yaspan
- Department of Human Genetics, South San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Department of Immunology Discovery, South San Francisco, Calif.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
LRRC15 + myofibroblasts dictate the stromal setpoint to suppress tumour immunity. Nature 2022; 611:148-154. [PMID: 36171287 PMCID: PMC9630141 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent single-cell studies of cancer in both mice and humans have identified the emergence of a myofibroblast population specifically marked by the highly restricted leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein 15 (LRRC15)1-3. However, the molecular signals that underlie the development of LRRC15+ cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and their direct impact on anti-tumour immunity are uncharacterized. Here in mouse models of pancreatic cancer, we provide in vivo genetic evidence that TGFβ receptor type 2 signalling in healthy dermatopontin+ universal fibroblasts is essential for the development of cancer-associated LRRC15+ myofibroblasts. This axis also predominantly drives fibroblast lineage diversity in human cancers. Using newly developed Lrrc15-diphtheria toxin receptor knock-in mice to selectively deplete LRRC15+ CAFs, we show that depletion of this population markedly reduces the total tumour fibroblast content. Moreover, the CAF composition is recalibrated towards universal fibroblasts. This relieves direct suppression of tumour-infiltrating CD8+ T cells to enhance their effector function and augments tumour regression in response to anti-PDL1 immune checkpoint blockade. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that TGFβ-dependent LRRC15+ CAFs dictate the tumour-fibroblast setpoint to promote tumour growth. These cells also directly suppress CD8+ T cell function and limit responsiveness to checkpoint blockade. Development of treatments that restore the homeostatic fibroblast setpoint by reducing the population of pro-disease LRRC15+ myofibroblasts may improve patient survival and response to immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sántha M. Biologia futura: animal testing in drug development-the past, the present and the future. Biol Futur 2021; 71:443-452. [PMID: 34554463 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal experiments have served to improve our knowledge on diseases and treatment approaches since ancient times. Today, animal experiments are widely used in medical, biomedical and veterinary research, and are essential means of drug development and preclinical testing, including toxicology and safety studies. Recently, great efforts have been made to replace animal experiments with in vitro organoid culture methods and in silico predictions, in agreement with the 3R strategy to "reduce, refine and replace" animals in experimental testing, as outlined by the European Commission. Here we present a mini-review on the development of animal testing, as well as on alternative in vitro and in silico methods, that may at least partly replace animal experiments in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sántha
- Institute of Biochemistry, ELKH Biological Research Centre, 62. Temesvári Ave, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Keerthivasan S, Şenbabaoğlu Y, Martinez-Martin N, Husain B, Verschueren E, Wong A, Yang YA, Sun Y, Pham V, Hinkle T, Oei Y, Madireddi S, Corpuz R, Tam L, Carlisle S, Roose-Girma M, Modrusan Z, Ye Z, Koerber JT, Turley SJ. Homeostatic functions of monocytes and interstitial lung macrophages are regulated via collagen domain-binding receptor LAIR1. Immunity 2021; 54:1511-1526.e8. [PMID: 34260887 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells encounter stromal cells and their matrix determinants on a continual basis during their residence in any given organ. Here, we examined the impact of the collagen receptor LAIR1 on myeloid cell homeostasis and function. LAIR1 was highly expressed in the myeloid lineage and enriched in non-classical monocytes. Proteomic definition of the LAIR1 interactome identified stromal factor Colec12 as a high-affinity LAIR1 ligand. Proteomic profiling of LAIR1 signaling triggered by Collagen1 and Colec12 highlighted pathways associated with survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Lair1-/- mice had reduced frequencies of Ly6C- monocytes, which were associated with altered proliferation and apoptosis of non-classical monocytes from bone marrow and altered heterogeneity of interstitial macrophages in lung. Myeloid-specific LAIR1 deficiency promoted metastatic growth in a melanoma model and LAIR1 expression associated with improved clinical outcomes in human metastatic melanoma. Thus, monocytes and macrophages rely on LAIR1 sensing of stromal determinants for fitness and function, with relevance in homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Wong
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoko Oei
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lucinda Tam
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zhengmao Ye
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cross-tissue organization of the fibroblast lineage. Nature 2021; 593:575-579. [PMID: 33981032 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are non-haematopoietic structural cells that define the architecture of organs, support the homeostasis of tissue-resident cells and have key roles in fibrosis, cancer, autoimmunity and wound healing1. Recent studies have described fibroblast heterogeneity within individual tissues1. However, the field lacks a characterization of fibroblasts at single-cell resolution across tissues in healthy and diseased organs. Here we constructed fibroblast atlases by integrating single-cell transcriptomic data from about 230,000 fibroblasts across 17 tissues, 50 datasets, 11 disease states and 2 species. Mouse fibroblast atlases and a DptIRESCreERT2 knock-in mouse identified two universal fibroblast transcriptional subtypes across tissues. Our analysis suggests that these cells can serve as a reservoir that can yield specialized fibroblasts across a broad range of steady-state tissues and activated fibroblasts in disease. Comparison to an atlas of human fibroblasts from perturbed states showed that fibroblast transcriptional states are conserved between mice and humans, including universal fibroblasts and activated phenotypes associated with pathogenicity in human cancer, fibrosis, arthritis and inflammation. In summary, a cross-species and pan-tissue approach to transcriptomics at single-cell resolution has identified key organizing principles of the fibroblast lineage in health and disease.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bertels S, Jaggy M, Richter B, Keppler S, Weber K, Genthner E, Fischer AC, Thiel M, Wegener M, Greiner AM, Autenrieth TJ, Bastmeyer M. Geometrically defined environments direct cell division rate and subcellular YAP localization in single mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9269. [PMID: 33927254 PMCID: PMC8084931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction via yes-associated protein (YAP) is a central mechanism for decision-making in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Nuclear localization of YAP is tightly connected to pluripotency and increases the cell division rate (CDR). How the geometry of the extracellular environment influences mechanotransduction, thereby YAP localization, and decision-making of single isolated mESCs is largely unknown. To investigate this relation, we produced well-defined 2D and 2.5D microenvironments and monitored CDR and subcellular YAP localization in single mESCs hence excluding cell–cell interactions. By systematically varying size and shape of the 2D and 2.5D substrates we observed that the geometry of the growth environment affects the CDR. Whereas CDR increases with increasing adhesive area in 2D, CDR is highest in small 2.5D micro-wells. Here, mESCs attach to all four walls and exhibit a cross-shaped cell and nuclear morphology. This observation indicates that changes in cell shape are linked to a high CDR. Inhibition of actomyosin activity abrogate these effects. Correspondingly, nuclear YAP localization decreases in inhibitor treated cells, suggesting a relation between cell shape, intracellular forces, and cell division rate. The simplicity of our system guarantees high standardization and reproducibility for monitoring stem cell reactions and allows addressing a variety of fundamental biological questions on a single cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bertels
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mona Jaggy
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan Keppler
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weber
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elisa Genthner
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea C Fischer
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Thiel
- Nanoscribe GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexandra M Greiner
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tatjana J Autenrieth
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sutcliffe DJ, Dinasarapu AR, Visser JE, Hoed JD, Seifar F, Joshi P, Ceballos-Picot I, Sardar T, Hess EJ, Sun YV, Wen Z, Zwick ME, Jinnah HA. Induced pluripotent stem cells from subjects with Lesch-Nyhan disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8523. [PMID: 33875724 PMCID: PMC8055678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is an inherited disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the HPRT1 gene, which encodes the purine recycling enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt). We generated 6 induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from 3 individuals with LND, along with 6 control lines from 3 normal individuals. All 12 lines had the characteristics of pluripotent stem cells, as assessed by immunostaining for pluripotency markers, expression of pluripotency genes, and differentiation into the 3 primary germ cell layers. Gene expression profiling with RNAseq demonstrated significant heterogeneity among the lines. Despite this heterogeneity, several anticipated abnormalities were readily detectable across all LND lines, including reduced HPRT1 mRNA. Several unexpected abnormalities were also consistently detectable across the LND lines, including decreases in FAR2P1 and increases in RNF39. Shotgun proteomics also demonstrated several expected abnormalities in the LND lines, such as absence of HGprt protein. The proteomics study also revealed several unexpected abnormalities across the LND lines, including increases in GNAO1 decreases in NSE4A. There was a good but partial correlation between abnormalities revealed by the RNAseq and proteomics methods. Finally, functional studies demonstrated LND lines had no HGprt enzyme activity and resistance to the toxic pro-drug 6-thioguanine. Intracellular purines in the LND lines were normal, but they did not recycle hypoxanthine. These cells provide a novel resource to reveal insights into the relevance of heterogeneity among iPSC lines and applications for modeling LND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane J Sutcliffe
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ashok R Dinasarapu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jasper E Visser
- Department of Neurology, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Joery den Hoed
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fatemeh Seifar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Irene Ceballos-Picot
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolomique Et Protéomique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker, Paris, France
| | - Tejas Sardar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. 30322, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 6305 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Modulation of a Stem Cell Gene: LGR4 Knockout in a Human Cell Line by CRISPR/Cas Method. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33687685 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1225-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The modulation of gene expression is essential for the investigation of function or involved pathway of a single gene of interest, in particular in the developmental/stem cell biology. The temporary knock down of gene expression via siRNA is a well-established but with a residual expression connected modulation method. The chapter describes the complete knockout of a defined target and allows a comprehensive study of different gene like the stem cell gene LGR4 (Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4) using the new developed CRISPR/Cas method (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats).
Collapse
|
23
|
Balestrini A, Joseph V, Dourado M, Reese RM, Shields SD, Rougé L, Bravo DD, Chernov-Rogan T, Austin CD, Chen H, Wang L, Villemure E, Shore DGM, Verma VA, Hu B, Chen Y, Leong L, Bjornson C, Hötzel K, Gogineni A, Lee WP, Suto E, Wu X, Liu J, Zhang J, Gandham V, Wang J, Payandeh J, Ciferri C, Estevez A, Arthur CP, Kortmann J, Wong RL, Heredia JE, Doerr J, Jung M, Vander Heiden JA, Roose-Girma M, Tam L, Barck KH, Carano RAD, Ding HT, Brillantes B, Tam C, Yang X, Gao SS, Ly JQ, Liu L, Chen L, Liederer BM, Lin JH, Magnuson S, Chen J, Hackos DH, Elstrott J, Rohou A, Safina BS, Volgraf M, Bauer RN, Riol-Blanco L. A TRPA1 inhibitor suppresses neurogenic inflammation and airway contraction for asthma treatment. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211821. [PMID: 33620419 PMCID: PMC7918756 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of effective therapies, a substantial proportion of asthmatics continue to have uncontrolled symptoms, airflow limitation, and exacerbations. Transient receptor potential cation channel member A1 (TRPA1) agonists are elevated in human asthmatic airways, and in rodents, TRPA1 is involved in the induction of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Here, the discovery and early clinical development of GDC-0334, a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TRPA1 antagonist, is described. GDC-0334 inhibited TRPA1 function on airway smooth muscle and sensory neurons, decreasing edema, dermal blood flow (DBF), cough, and allergic airway inflammation in several preclinical species. In a healthy volunteer Phase 1 study, treatment with GDC-0334 reduced TRPA1 agonist-induced DBF, pain, and itch, demonstrating GDC-0334 target engagement in humans. These data provide therapeutic rationale for evaluating TRPA1 inhibition as a clinical therapy for asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Balestrini
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Victory Joseph
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Michelle Dourado
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Shannon D Shields
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lionel Rougé
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel D Bravo
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Tania Chernov-Rogan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel G M Shore
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Vishal A Verma
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Baihua Hu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., BDA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., BDA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Laurie Leong
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Chris Bjornson
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathy Hötzel
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Alvin Gogineni
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Vineela Gandham
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jianyong Wang
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jens Kortmann
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ryan L Wong
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jose E Heredia
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonas Doerr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Min Jung
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Kai H Barck
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Richard A D Carano
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Han Ting Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Bobby Brillantes
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Christine Tam
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Department of Product Development Biometric Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Simon S Gao
- Department of Clinical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Justin Q Ly
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Liling Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Liuxi Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Bianca M Liederer
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Joseph H Lin
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Justin Elstrott
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Alexis Rohou
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Brian S Safina
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca N Bauer
- Department of OMNI-Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lorena Riol-Blanco
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Song J, Zhang J, Xu J, Garcia-Barrio M, Chen YE, Yang D. Genome engineering technologies in rabbits. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:135-147. [PMID: 32934190 PMCID: PMC8038526 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.34.20190133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit has been recognized as a valuable model in various biomedical and biological research fields because of its intermediate size and phylogenetic proximity to primates. However, the technology for precise genome manipulations in rabbit has been stalled for decades, severely limiting its applications in biomedical research. Novel genome editing technologies, especially CRISPR/Cas9, have remarkably enhanced precise genome manipulation in rabbits, and shown their superiority and promise for generating rabbit models of human genetic diseases. In this review, we summarize the brief history of transgenic rabbit technology and the development of novel genome editing technologies in rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
N'Diaye EN, Cook R, Wang H, Wu P, LaCanna R, Wu C, Ye Z, Seshasayee D, Hazen M, Lin W, Tyagi T, Hotzel I, Tam L, Newman R, Roose-Girma M, Wolters PJ, Ding N. Extracellular BMP1 is the major proteinase for COOH-terminal proteolysis of type I procollagen in lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C162-C174. [PMID: 33206546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00012.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of procollagens is a central step during collagen fibril formation. Bone morphogenic protein 1 (BMP1) is a metalloprotease that plays an important role in the cleavage of carboxy-terminal (COOH-terminal) propeptides from procollagens. Although the removal of propeptides is required to generate mature collagen fibrils, the contribution of BMP1 to this proteolytic process and its action site remain to be fully determined. In this study, using postnatal lung fibroblasts as a model system, we showed that genetic ablation of Bmp1 in primary murine lung fibroblasts abrogated COOH-terminal cleavage from type I procollagen as measured by COOH-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (CICP) production. We also showed that inhibition of BMP1 by siRNA-mediated knockdown or small-molecule inhibitor reduced the vast majority of CICP production and collagen deposition in primary human lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, we discovered and characterized two antibody inhibitors for BMP1. In both postnatal lung fibroblast and organoid cultures, BMP1 blockade prevented CICP production. Together, these findings reveal a nonredundant role of extracellular BMP1 to process CICP in lung fibroblasts and suggest that development of antibody inhibitors is a viable pharmacological approach to target BMP1 proteinase activity in fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa-Noah N'Diaye
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ryan Cook
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ryan LaCanna
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Cong Wu
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Zhengmao Ye
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Dhaya Seshasayee
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Meredith Hazen
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - WeiYu Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Tulika Tyagi
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Isidro Hotzel
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Newman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The mouse is one of the most widely used model organisms for genetic study. The tools available to alter the mouse genome have developed over the preceding decades from forward screens to gene targeting in stem cells to the recent influx of CRISPR approaches. In this review, we first consider the history of mice in genetic study, the development of classic approaches to genome modification, and how such approaches have been used and improved in recent years. We then turn to the recent surge of nuclease-mediated techniques and how they are changing the field of mouse genetics. Finally, we survey common classes of alleles used in mice and discuss how they might be engineered using different methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James F Clark
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chung JJ, Goldstein L, Chen YJJ, Lee J, Webster JD, Roose-Girma M, Paudyal SC, Modrusan Z, Dey A, Shaw AS. Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling of the Kidney Glomerulus Identifies Key Cell Types and Reactions to Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2341-2354. [PMID: 32651223 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glomerulus is a specialized capillary bed that is involved in urine production and BP control. Glomerular injury is a major cause of CKD, which is epidemic and without therapeutic options. Single-cell transcriptomics has radically improved our ability to characterize complex organs, such as the kidney. Cells of the glomerulus, however, have been largely underrepresented in previous single-cell kidney studies due to their paucity and intractability. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing comprehensively characterized the types of cells in the glomerulus from healthy mice and from four different disease models (nephrotoxic serum nephritis, diabetes, doxorubicin toxicity, and CD2AP deficiency). RESULTS All cell types in the glomerulus were identified using unsupervised clustering analysis. Novel marker genes and gene signatures of mesangial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles, parietal epithelial cells, and three types of endothelial cells were identified. Analysis of the disease models revealed cell type-specific and injury type-specific responses in the glomerulus, including acute activation of the Hippo pathway in podocytes after nephrotoxic immune injury. Conditional deletion of YAP or TAZ resulted in more severe and prolonged proteinuria in response to injury, as well as worse glomerulosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Generation of comprehensive high-resolution, single-cell transcriptomic profiles of the glomerulus from healthy and injured mice provides resources to identify novel disease-related genes and pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jae Chung
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Leonard Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ying-Jiun J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Joshua D Webster
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Sharad C Paudyal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Anwesha Dey
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Andrey S Shaw
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Acosta‐Iborra B, Tiana M, Maeso‐Alonso L, Hernández‐Sierra R, Herranz G, Santamaria A, Rey C, Luna R, Puente‐Santamaria L, Marques MM, Marin MC, del Peso L, Jiménez B. Hypoxia compensates cell cycle arrest with progenitor differentiation during angiogenesis. FASEB J 2020; 34:6654-6674. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903082r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Acosta‐Iborra
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Tiana
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
- IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Maeso‐Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Diferenciación Celular y Diseño de Modelos Celulares Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León León Spain
| | - Rosana Hernández‐Sierra
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herranz
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Andrea Santamaria
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Rey
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Raquel Luna
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Puente‐Santamaria
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Margarita M. Marques
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Laboratorio de Diferenciación Celular y Diseño de Modelos Celulares Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León León Spain
| | - Maria C. Marin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Diferenciación Celular y Diseño de Modelos Celulares Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León León Spain
| | - Luis del Peso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
- IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Benilde Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
- IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lin B, Sun J, Fraser IDC. Single-tube genotyping for small insertion/deletion mutations: simultaneous identification of wild type, mutant and heterozygous alleles. Biol Methods Protoc 2020; 5:bpaa007. [PMID: 33782652 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methods of genotyping small insertion/deletion (indel) mutations are costly, laborious, and can be unreliable. To address this, we have developed a method for small indel genotyping in a single polymerase chain reaction, with wild-type, heterozygous and mutant alleles distinguishable by band pattern in routine agarose gel electrophoresis. We demonstrate this method with multiple genes to distinguish 10 bp, 4 bp and even 1 bp deletions from the wild type. Through systematic testing of numerous primer designs, we also propose guidelines for genotyping small indel mutations. Our method provides a convenient approach to genotyping small indels derived from clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-mediated gene editing, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea induced mutagenesis or diagnosis of naturally occurring polymorphisms/mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jing Sun
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Iain D C Fraser
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Morata Tarifa C, López Navas L, Azkona G, Sánchez Pernaute R. Chimeras for the twenty-first century. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:283-291. [PMID: 32054356 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1679084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in stem cell biology and molecular engineering have improved and simplified the methodology employed to create experimental chimeras, highlighting their value in basic research and broadening the spectrum of potential applications. Experimental chimeras have been used for decades during the generation of murine genetic models, this being especially relevant in developmental and regeneration studies. Indeed, their value for the research and modeling of human diseases was recognized by the 2007 Nobel Prize to Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies. More recently, their potential application in regenerative medicine has generated a lot of interest, particularly the enticing possibility to generate human organs for transplantation in livestock animals. In this review, we provide an update on interspecific chimeric organogenesis, its possibilities, current limitations, alternatives, and ethical issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Morata Tarifa
- Preclinical Department, Andalusian Network for Advanced Therapies, Fundación Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis López Navas
- Preclinical Department, Andalusian Network for Advanced Therapies, Fundación Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Rosario Sánchez Pernaute
- Preclinical Department, Andalusian Network for Advanced Therapies, Fundación Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Moro CA, Hanna-Rose W. Animal Model Contributions to Congenital Metabolic Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:225-244. [PMID: 32304075 PMCID: PMC8404832 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic model systems allow researchers to probe and decipher aspects of human disease, and animal models of disease are frequently specifically engineered and have been identified serendipitously as well. Animal models are useful for probing the etiology and pathophysiology of disease and are critical for effective discovery and development of novel therapeutics for rare diseases. Here we review the impact of animal model organism research in three examples of congenital metabolic disorders to highlight distinct advantages of model system research. First, we discuss phenylketonuria research where a wide variety of research fields and models came together to make impressive progress and where a nearly ideal mouse model has been central to therapeutic advancements. Second, we review advancements in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome research to illustrate the role of models that do not perfectly recapitulate human disease as well as the need for multiple models of the same disease to fully investigate human disease aspects. Finally, we highlight research on the GM2 gangliosidoses Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease to illustrate the important role of both engineered traditional laboratory animal models and serendipitously identified atypical models in congenital metabolic disorder research. We close with perspectives for the future for animal model research in congenital metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna A Moro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Wendy Hanna-Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stem Cell Differentiation as a Non-Markov Stochastic Process. Cell Syst 2019; 5:268-282.e7. [PMID: 28957659 PMCID: PMC5624514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can self-renew in culture and differentiate along all somatic lineages in vivo. While much is known about the molecular basis of pluripotency, the mechanisms of differentiation remain unclear. Here, we profile individual mouse embryonic stem cells as they progress along the neuronal lineage. We observe that cells pass from the pluripotent state to the neuronal state via an intermediate epiblast-like state. However, analysis of the rate at which cells enter and exit these observed cell states using a hidden Markov model indicates the presence of a chain of unobserved molecular states that each cell transits through stochastically in sequence. This chain of hidden states allows individual cells to record their position on the differentiation trajectory, thereby encoding a simple form of cellular memory. We suggest a statistical mechanics interpretation of these results that distinguishes between functionally distinct cellular “macrostates” and functionally similar molecular “microstates” and propose a model of stem cell differentiation as a non-Markov stochastic process. We profile individual stem cells as they differentiate along the neural lineage Regulatory network changes and increased cell variability accompany differentiation Analysis of dynamics with a hidden Markov model reveals unobserved molecular states We propose a model of stem cell differentiation as a non-Markov stochastic process
Collapse
|
33
|
Daignan-Fornier B, Pinson B. Yeast to Study Human Purine Metabolism Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:E67. [PMID: 30658520 PMCID: PMC6356901 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleotides are involved in a multitude of cellular processes, and the dysfunction of purine metabolism has drastic physiological and pathological consequences. Accordingly, several genetic disorders associated with defective purine metabolism have been reported. The etiology of these diseases is poorly understood and simple model organisms, such as yeast, have proved valuable to provide a more comprehensive view of the metabolic consequences caused by the identified mutations. In this review, we present results obtained with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to exemplify how a eukaryotic unicellular organism can offer highly relevant information for identifying the molecular basis of complex human diseases. Overall, purine metabolism illustrates a remarkable conservation of genes, functions and phenotypes between humans and yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Daignan-Fornier
- Université de Bordeaux IBGC UMR 5095 1, rue Camille Saint-Saëns, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique IBGC UMR 5095 1, rue Camille Saint-Saëns, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Benoît Pinson
- Université de Bordeaux IBGC UMR 5095 1, rue Camille Saint-Saëns, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique IBGC UMR 5095 1, rue Camille Saint-Saëns, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Although self-injurious behavior is a common comorbid behavior problem among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, little is known about its etiology and underlying neurobiology. Interestingly, it shows up in various forms across patient groups with distinct genetic errors and diagnostic categories. This suggests that there may be shared neuropathology that confers vulnerability in these disparate groups. Convergent evidence from clinical pharmacotherapy, brain imaging studies, postmortem neurochemical analyses, and animal models indicates that dopaminergic insufficiency is a key contributing factor. This chapter provides an overview of studies in which animal models have been used to investigate the biochemical basis of self-injury and highlights the convergence in findings between these models and expression of self-injury in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darragh P Devine
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Microinjection/micromanipulation is more than 100 years old. It is a technique that is instrumental in biomedical research and healthcare. Its longevity lies in its preciseness in mechanical retrieval, or delivery of biological materials, which in some cases is simply necessary or more effective than other retrieval/delivery means. Microinjection is favored for its straightforwardness in transferring contents from micromolecules to macromolecules and from organelles to cells. Microinjection/micromanipulation has been practiced over the century like an art form. Variations in handlings and instruments can be tolerated to a surprising degree with satisfactory outcomes. Throughout the century, microinjection developed as an indispensable tool along with the evolution of biomedical fields: from transgenics to gene targeting, from animal cloning to human infertility treatment, from nuclease-guided genetic engineering to RNA-guided genome editing (Fig. 1). The birth of the CRISPRology rejuvenated microinjection. For microinjection/micromanipulation, the second century has already begun with the early arrival of computerized instrumentation and lately of the high-throughput nanomanipulators potentially operable by artificial intelligence. As we yin-yang both systemic and precision approaches in research and medicine, microinjection will no doubt continue to find its unique place in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xu
- Genetically Engineered Murine Model (GEMM) Core Facility, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ezran C, Karanewsky CJ, Pendleton JL, Sholtz A, Krasnow MR, Willick J, Razafindrakoto A, Zohdy S, Albertelli MA, Krasnow MA. The Mouse Lemur, a Genetic Model Organism for Primate Biology, Behavior, and Health. Genetics 2017; 206:651-664. [PMID: 28592502 PMCID: PMC5499178 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.199448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic genetic studies of a handful of diverse organisms over the past 50 years have transformed our understanding of biology. However, many aspects of primate biology, behavior, and disease are absent or poorly modeled in any of the current genetic model organisms including mice. We surveyed the animal kingdom to find other animals with advantages similar to mice that might better exemplify primate biology, and identified mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) as the outstanding candidate. Mouse lemurs are prosimian primates, roughly half the genetic distance between mice and humans. They are the smallest, fastest developing, and among the most prolific and abundant primates in the world, distributed throughout the island of Madagascar, many in separate breeding populations due to habitat destruction. Their physiology, behavior, and phylogeny have been studied for decades in laboratory colonies in Europe and in field studies in Malagasy rainforests, and a high quality reference genome sequence has recently been completed. To initiate a classical genetic approach, we developed a deep phenotyping protocol and have screened hundreds of laboratory and wild mouse lemurs for interesting phenotypes and begun mapping the underlying mutations, in collaboration with leading mouse lemur biologists. We also seek to establish a mouse lemur gene "knockout" library by sequencing the genomes of thousands of mouse lemurs to identify null alleles in most genes from the large pool of natural genetic variants. As part of this effort, we have begun a citizen science project in which students across Madagascar explore the remarkable biology around their schools, including longitudinal studies of the local mouse lemurs. We hope this work spawns a new model organism and cultivates a deep genetic understanding of primate biology and health. We also hope it establishes a new and ethical method of genetics that bridges biological, behavioral, medical, and conservation disciplines, while providing an example of how hands-on science education can help transform developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ezran
- Department of Biochemistry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| | | | | | - Alex Sholtz
- Department of Biochemistry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| | - Maya R Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| | - Jason Willick
- Department of Biochemistry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| | - Andriamahery Razafindrakoto
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, BP 566, Madagascar, and
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences and College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36849
| | - Megan A Albertelli
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Chimaeras are both monsters of the ancient imagination and a long-established research tool. Recent advances, particularly those dealing with the identification and generation of various kinds of stem cells, have broadened the repertoire and utility of mammalian interspecies chimaeras and carved out new paths towards understanding fundamental biology as well as potential clinical applications.
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang P, Chen X, Kaushal S, Reece EA, Yang P. High glucose suppresses embryonic stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes : High glucose inhibits ES cell cardiogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:187. [PMID: 27938398 PMCID: PMC5148851 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Babies born to mothers with pregestational diabetes have a high risk for congenital heart defects (CHD). Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are excellent in vitro models for studying the effect of high glucose on cardiac lineage specification because ESCs can be differentiated into cardiomyocytes. ESC maintenance and differentiation are currently performed under high glucose conditions, whose adverse effects have never been clarified. Method We investigated the effect of high glucose on cardiomyocyte differentiation from a well-characterized ESC line, E14, derived from mouse blastocysts. E14 cells maintained under high glucose (25 mM) failed to generate any beating cardiomyocytes using the hanging-drop embryonic body method. We created a glucose-responsive E14 cell line (GR-E14) through a graduated low glucose adaptation. The expression of stem cell markers was similar in the parent E14 cells and the GR-E14 cells. Results Glucose transporter 2 gene was increased in GR-E14 cells. When GR-E14 cells were differentiated into cardiomyocytes under low (5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose conditions, high glucose significantly delayed the appearance and reduced the number of TNNT2 (Troponin T Type 2)-positive contracting cardiomyocytes. High glucose suppressed the expression of precardiac mesoderm markers, cardiac transcription factors, mature cardiomyocyte markers, and potassium channel proteins. High glucose impaired the functionality of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes by suppressing the frequencies of Ca2+ wave and contraction. Conclusions Our findings suggest that high glucose inhibits ESC cardiogenesis by suppressing key developmental genes essential for the cardiac program. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0446-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BRB11-039, 655W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BRB11-039, 655W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BRB11-039, 655W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BRB11-039, 655W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Marchetti M, Liuzzi A, Fermi B, Corsini R, Folli C, Speranzini V, Gandolfi F, Bettati S, Ronda L, Cendron L, Berni R, Zanotti G, Percudani R. Catalysis and Structure of Zebrafish Urate Oxidase Provide Insights into the Origin of Hyperuricemia in Hominoids. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38302. [PMID: 27922051 PMCID: PMC5138847 DOI: 10.1038/srep38302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Urate oxidase (Uox) catalyses the first reaction of oxidative uricolysis, a three-step enzymatic pathway that allows some animals to eliminate purine nitrogen through a water-soluble compound. Inactivation of the pathway in hominoids leads to elevated levels of sparingly soluble urate and puts humans at risk of hyperuricemia and gout. The uricolytic activities lost during evolution can be replaced by enzyme therapy. Here we report on the functional and structural characterization of Uox from zebrafish and the effects on the enzyme of the missense mutation (F216S) that preceded Uox pseudogenization in hominoids. Using a kinetic assay based on the enzymatic suppression of the spectroscopic interference of the Uox reaction product, we found that the F216S mutant has the same turnover number of the wild-type enzyme but a much-reduced affinity for the urate substrate and xanthine inhibitor. Our results indicate that the last functioning Uox in hominoid evolution had an increased Michaelis constant, possibly near to upper end of the normal range of urate in the human serum (~300 μM). Changes in the renal handling of urate during primate evolution can explain the genetic modification of uricolytic activities in the hominoid lineage without the need of assuming fixation of deleterious mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia Liuzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fermi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Romina Corsini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Folli
- Department of Food Science University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Bettati
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ronda
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Cendron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Berni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zanotti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
de Souza TAJ, de Carli GJ, Pereira TC. New mechanisms of disease and parasite-host interactions. Med Hypotheses 2016; 94:11-4. [PMID: 27515190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An unconventional interaction between a patient and parasites was recently reported, in which parasitic cells invaded host's tissues, establishing several tumors. This finding raises various intriguing hypotheses on unpredicted forms of interplay between a patient and infecting parasites. Here we present four unusual hypothetical host-parasite scenarios with intriguing medical consequences. Relatively simple experimental designs are described in order to evaluate such hypotheses. The first one refers to the possibility of metabolic disorders in parasites intoxicating the host. The second one is on possibility of patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) being more resistant to parasites (due to accumulation of toxic compounds in the bloodstream). The third one refers to a mirrored scenario: development of tumors in parasites due to ingestion of host's circulating cancer cells. The last one describes a complex relationship between parasites accumulating a metabolite and supplying it to a patient with an IEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiago Campos Pereira
- Graduate Program of Genetics, FMRP, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Dept of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kozol RA, Abrams AJ, James DM, Buglo E, Yan Q, Dallman JE. Function Over Form: Modeling Groups of Inherited Neurological Conditions in Zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:55. [PMID: 27458342 PMCID: PMC4935692 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are a unique cell to behavior model for studying the basic biology of human inherited neurological conditions. Conserved vertebrate genetics and optical transparency provide in vivo access to the developing nervous system as well as high-throughput approaches for drug screens. Here we review zebrafish modeling for two broad groups of inherited conditions that each share genetic and molecular pathways and overlap phenotypically: neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Intellectual Disability (ID) and Schizophrenia (SCZ), and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Cerebellar Ataxia (CATX), Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) and Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease (CMT). We also conduct a small meta-analysis of zebrafish orthologs of high confidence neurodevelopmental disorder and neurodegenerative disease genes by looking at duplication rates and relative protein sizes. In the past zebrafish genetic models of these neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases have provided insight into cellular, circuit and behavioral level mechanisms contributing to these conditions. Moving forward, advances in genetic manipulation, live imaging of neuronal activity and automated high-throughput molecular screening promise to help delineate the mechanistic relationships between different types of neurological conditions and accelerate discovery of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Kozol
- Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Alexander J. Abrams
- Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, University of MiamiMiami, FL, USA
| | - David M. James
- Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Elena Buglo
- Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, University of MiamiMiami, FL, USA
| | - Qing Yan
- Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral Gables, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Meek S, Thomson AJ, Sutherland L, Sharp MGF, Thomson J, Bishop V, Meddle SL, Gloaguen Y, Weidt S, Singh-Dolt K, Buehr M, Brown HK, Gill AC, Burdon T. Reduced levels of dopamine and altered metabolism in brains of HPRT knock-out rats: a new rodent model of Lesch-Nyhan Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25592. [PMID: 27185277 PMCID: PMC4869022 DOI: 10.1038/srep25592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a severe neurological disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), an enzyme required for efficient recycling of purine nucleotides. Although this biochemical defect reconfigures purine metabolism and leads to elevated levels of the breakdown product urea, it remains unclear exactly how loss of HPRT activity disrupts brain function. As the rat is the preferred rodent experimental model for studying neurobiology and diseases of the brain, we used genetically-modified embryonic stem cells to generate an HPRT knock-out rat. Male HPRT-deficient rats were viable, fertile and displayed normal caged behaviour. However, metabolomic analysis revealed changes in brain biochemistry consistent with disruption of purine recycling and nucleotide metabolism. Broader changes in brain biochemistry were also indicated by increased levels of the core metabolite citrate and reduced levels of lipids and fatty acids. Targeted MS/MS analysis identified reduced levels of dopamine in the brains of HPRT-deficient animals, consistent with deficits noted previously in human LND patients and HPRT knock-out mice. The HPRT-deficient rat therefore provides a new experimental platform for future investigation of how HPRT activity and disruption of purine metabolism affects neural function and behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Alison J. Thomson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Matthew G. F. Sharp
- Central Bioresearch Services, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Julie Thomson
- Central Bioresearch Services, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Valerie Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Simone L. Meddle
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Yoann Gloaguen
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Bearsden, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Stefan Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Bearsden, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Karamjit Singh-Dolt
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Mia Buehr
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Helen K. Brown
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Andrew C. Gill
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland,
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Saragusty J, Diecke S, Drukker M, Durrant B, Friedrich Ben-Nun I, Galli C, Göritz F, Hayashi K, Hermes R, Holtze S, Johnson S, Lazzari G, Loi P, Loring JF, Okita K, Renfree MB, Seet S, Voracek T, Stejskal J, Ryder OA, Hildebrandt TB. Rewinding the process of mammalian extinction. Zoo Biol 2016; 35:280-92. [PMID: 27142508 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With only three living individuals left on this planet, the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) could be considered doomed for extinction. It might still be possible, however, to rescue the (sub)species by combining novel stem cell and assisted reproductive technologies. To discuss the various practical options available to us, we convened a multidisciplinary meeting under the name "Conservation by Cellular Technologies." The outcome of this meeting and the proposed road map that, if successfully implemented, would ultimately lead to a self-sustaining population of an extremely endangered species are outlined here. The ideas discussed here, while centered on the northern white rhinoceros, are equally applicable, after proper adjustments, to other mammals on the brink of extinction. Through implementation of these ideas we hope to establish the foundation for reversal of some of the effects of what has been termed the sixth mass extinction event in the history of Earth, and the first anthropogenic one. Zoo Biol. 35:280-292, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Zoo Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Saragusty
- The Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Durrant
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, California
| | - Inbar Friedrich Ben-Nun
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea srl, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Cremona, Italy.,Dipartimento Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.,Fondazione Avantea, Cremona, Italy
| | - Frank Göritz
- The Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Robert Hermes
- The Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Holtze
- The Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Giovanna Lazzari
- Avantea srl, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Cremona, Italy.,Fondazione Avantea, Cremona, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Loi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Univeristy of Teramo, Campus Coste San Agostino, Teramo, Italy
| | - Jeanne F Loring
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Seet
- The Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jan Stejskal
- ZOO Dvůr Králové, Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Seita Y, Tsukiyama T, Iwatani C, Tsuchiya H, Matsushita J, Azami T, Okahara J, Nakamura S, Hayashi Y, Hitoshi S, Itoh Y, Imamura T, Nishimura M, Tooyama I, Miyoshi H, Saitou M, Ogasawara K, Sasaki E, Ema M. Generation of transgenic cynomolgus monkeys that express green fluorescent protein throughout the whole body. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24868. [PMID: 27109065 PMCID: PMC4843004 DOI: 10.1038/srep24868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are valuable for human disease modelling, because rodents poorly recapitulate some human diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease amongst others. Here, we report for the first time, the generation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic cynomolgus monkeys by lentivirus infection. Our data show that the use of a human cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer and chicken beta actin promoter (CAG) directed the ubiquitous expression of the transgene in cynomolgus monkeys. We also found that injection into mature oocytes before fertilization achieved homogenous expression of GFP in each tissue, including the amnion, and fibroblasts, whereas injection into fertilized oocytes generated a transgenic cynomolgus monkey with mosaic GFP expression. Thus, the injection timing was important to create transgenic cynomolgus monkeys that expressed GFP homogenously in each of the various tissues. The strategy established in this work will be useful for the generation of transgenic cynomolgus monkeys for transplantation studies as well as biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Seita
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsukiyama
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Chizuru Iwatani
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsuchiya
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Jun Matsushita
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Azami
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Junko Okahara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 1430 Nogawa, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-0001, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Seiji Hitoshi
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 1430 Nogawa, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-0001, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tschirner SK, Gutzki F, Schneider EH, Seifert R, Kaever V. Neurotransmitter and their metabolite concentrations in different areas of the HPRT knockout mouse brain. J Neurol Sci 2016; 365:169-74. [PMID: 27206901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is characterized by uric acid overproduction and severe neurobehavioral symptoms, such as recurrent self-mutilative behavior. To learn more about the pathophysiology of the disease, we quantified neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum and the medulla oblongata of HPRT knockout mice, an animal model for LNS, in comparison to the corresponding wild-type. Our analyses included l-glutamate, 4-aminobutanoic acid (GABA), acetylcholine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine, l-normetanephrine, epinephrine and l-metanephrine and were conducted via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Among these neurotransmitter systems, we did not find any abnormalities in the HPRT knockout mouse brains. On one side, this might indicate that HPRT deficiency most severely affects dopamine signaling, while brain functioning based on other neurotransmitters is more or less spared. On the other hand, our findings may reflect a compensating mechanism for impaired purine salvage that protects the brain in HPRT-deficient mice but not in LNS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Tschirner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Frank Gutzki
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Erich H Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Generation of Hprt-disrupted rat through mouse←rat ES chimeras. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24215. [PMID: 27062982 PMCID: PMC4827079 DOI: 10.1038/srep24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We established rat embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from a double transgenic rat line which harbours CAG-GFP for ubiquitous expression of GFP in somatic cells and Acr3-EGFP for expression in sperm (green body and green sperm: GBGS rat). By injecting the GBGS rat ES cells into mouse blastocysts and transplanting them into pseudopregnant mice, rat spermatozoa were produced in mouse←rat ES chimeras. Rat spermatozoa from the chimeric testis were able to fertilize eggs by testicular sperm extraction combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (TESE-ICSI). In the present paper, we disrupted rat hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (Hprt) gene in ES cells and produced a Hprt-disrupted rat line using the mouse←rat ES chimera system. The mouse←rat ES chimera system demonstrated the dual advantages of space conservation and a clear indication of germ line transmission in knockout rat production.
Collapse
|
47
|
Knapp DJ, Breese GR. The Use of Perinatal 6-Hydroxydopamine to Produce a Rodent Model of Lesch-Nyhan Disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 29:265-277. [PMID: 27029809 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease is a neurologically, metabolically, and behaviorally devastating condition that has eluded complete characterization and adequate treatment. While it is known that the disease is intimately associated with dysfunction of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) gene that codes for an enzyme of purine metabolism (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) and is associated with neurological, behavioral, as well as metabolic dysfunction, the mechanisms of the neurobehavioral manifestations are as yet unclear. However, discoveries over the past few decades not only have created useful novel animal models (e.g., the HPRT-deficient mouse and the serendipitously discovered perinatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA lesion model), but also have expanded into epigenetic, genomic, and proteomic approaches to better understand the mechanisms underlying this disease. The perinatal 6-OHDA model, in addition to modeling self-injury and dopamine depletion in the clinical condition, also underscores the profound importance of development in the differential course of maladaptive progression in the face of a common/single neurotoxic insult at different ages. Recent developments from clinical and basic science efforts attest to the fact that while the disease would seem to have a simple single gene defect at its core, the manifestations of this defect are profound and unexpectedly diverse. Future efforts employing the 6-OHDA model and others in the context of the novel technologies of genome editing, chemo- and opto-genetics, epigenetics, and further studies on the mechanisms of stress-induced maladaptations in brain all hold promise in taking our understanding of this disease to the next level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Knapp
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - George R Breese
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Genetic engineering of mammals. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:289-294. [PMID: 26631228 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Historically, genetic engineering for mammalian reproductive questions has been accomplished primarily in the mouse. However, all the genetic manipulations that can be done in the mouse can now be accomplished in most domesticated mammals. Random integration of transgenes, homologous recombination and gene editing are now routine for several mammalian species. For livestock, queries related to fertility can be asked directly for the species in question, without a need for a mouse model. For human clinical concerns, the most appropriate model should be selected based on physiology, anatomy, or even size. The mouse will continue to be a useful genetically engineered model. However, other species are now amenable to the full range of genetic manipulations and should be considered as possible models for human conditions when appropriate.
Collapse
|
49
|
Prudhomme J, Dubois A, Navarro P, Arnaud D, Avner P, Morey C. A rapid passage through a two-active-X-chromosome state accompanies the switch of imprinted X-inactivation patterns in mouse trophoblast stem cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2015; 8:52. [PMID: 26628922 PMCID: PMC4665903 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-015-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In female mice, while the presence of two-active X-chromosomes characterises pluripotency, it is not tolerated in most other cellular contexts. In particular, in the trophoblastic lineage, impairment of paternal X (X(P)) inactivation results in placental defects. RESULTS Here, we show that Trophoblast Stem (TS) cells can undergo a complete reversal of imprinted X-inactivation without detectable change in cell-type identity. This reversal occurs through a reactivation of the X(P) leading to TS clones showing two active Xs. Intriguingly, within such clones, all the cells rapidly and homogeneously either re-inactivate the X(P) or inactivate, de novo, the X(M). CONCLUSION This secondary non-random inactivation suggests that the two-active-X states in TS and in pluripotent contexts are epigenetically distinct. These observations also reveal a pronounced plasticity of the TS epigenome allowing TS cells to dramatically and accurately reprogram gene expression profiles. This plasticity may serve as a back-up system when X-linked mono-allelic gene expression is perturbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Prudhomme
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Dubois
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France ; Epigenetics of Stem Cells Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Danielle Arnaud
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philip Avner
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France ; Dynamics of Epigenetic Regulation, EMBL Monterotondo, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Céline Morey
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR7216 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Norton WB, Scavizzi F, Smith CN, Dong W, Raspa M, Parker-Thornburg JV. Refinements for embryo implantation surgery in the mouse: comparison of injectable and inhalant anesthesias - tribromoethanol, ketamine and isoflurane - on pregnancy and pup survival. Lab Anim 2015; 50:335-43. [PMID: 26566637 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215616530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An essential aspect of genetically-engineered mice (GEM) is the ability to produce live animals after the appropriate injection procedure. Animals are produced by implantation of manipulated embryos into pseudopregnant females for gestation, parturition, and growth to the weaning stage. This study was carried out to test whether the anesthesia used during surgery could affect the number of pups produced. Anesthetics commonly used for implant surgery include tribromoethanol (Avertin) delivered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection, IP-injected ketamine:xylazine or ketamine:medetomidine mix, and inhaled isoflurane. To determine if the anesthesia used might affect the number of animals produced, each anesthetic agent was tested in implant surgeries and the numbers of pups produced using both wild-type and GEM embryos were assessed. Parallel studies were conducted in institutions in the EU and in the USA. Based on a direct comparison of pregnancy status, number of pups born, and number of pups weaned for each agent, we found no statistical differences among the three anesthetics. We conclude that all three anesthetic agents tested are equally useful for implantation surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B Norton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology - Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Rome, Italy
| | - Chad N Smith
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenli Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcello Raspa
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology - Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|