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Suterio DG, Hunter JR, Tenore SB, Pimentel SR, Galinskas J, Dias DA, Bellini DC, Ferreira PA, Diaz RS. People living with HIV co-infected with the Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus have a distinct HIV Tat profile and higher rates of antiretroviral virologic failure, more evident among those with Kaposi's sarcoma. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29840. [PMID: 39092805 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a neoplasm of vascular origin that promotes angiogenesis and the growth of endothelial cells triggered by the Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus (KSHV). When associated with HIV, KSHV becomes more aggressive and rapidly evolves. The HIV-1 TAT protein can be essential in developing AIDS-associated KS by promoting angiogenesis and increasing KSHV replication. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic profile of the first exon of tat gene among groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV) with (case group, n = 36) or without KS, this later with (positive control group, n = 46) and without KSHV infection (negative control group, n = 24); all individuals under antiretroviral therapy. The genetic diversity, the DN/DS ratio, and the genetic entropy of the first exon of tat were higher in the case group, followed by the positive control group, which was higher than the negative control group. The number of tat codons under positive selection was seven in the case group, six in the positive control group, and one in the negative control group. The prevalence of HIV viral loads below the detection limit was equal in the case and positive control groups, which were lower than in the negative control group. The mean CD4+ T cell counts were higher in the negative control group, followed by the positive control group, and followed by the case group. These results emphasize the negative influence of KSHV in antiretroviral treatment, as well as the HIV-specific TAT profile among PLHIV who developed KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila G Suterio
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James R Hunter
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone B Tenore
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Assistência, Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS, São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sidnei R Pimentel
- Assistência, Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS, São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Galinskas
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo A Dias
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora C Bellini
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Ferreira
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Van Gulck E, Pardons M, Nijs E, Verheyen N, Dockx K, Van Den Eynde C, Battivelli E, Vega J, Florence E, Autran B, Archin NM, Margolis DM, Katlama C, Hamimi C, Van Den Wyngaert I, Eyassu F, Vandekerckhove L, Boden D. A truncated HIV Tat demonstrates potent and specific latency reversal activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0041723. [PMID: 37874295 PMCID: PMC10649039 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00417-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to HIV-1 cure is caused by the pool of latently infected CD4 T-cells that persist under combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This latent reservoir is capable of producing replication-competent infectious viruses once prolonged suppressive cART is withdrawn. Inducing the reactivation of HIV-1 gene expression in T-cells harboring a latent provirus in people living with HIV-1 under cART may result in depletion of this latent reservoir due to cytopathic effects or immune clearance. Studies have investigated molecules that reactivate HIV-1 gene expression, but to date, no latency reversal agent has been identified to eliminate latently infected cells harboring replication-competent HIV in cART-treated individuals. Stochastic fluctuations in HIV-1 tat gene expression have been described and hypothesized to allow the progression into proviral latency. We hypothesized that exposing latently infected CD4+ T-cells to Tat would result in effective latency reversal. Our results indicate the capacity of a truncated Tat protein and mRNA to reactivate HIV-1 in latently infected T-cells ex vivo to a similar degree as the protein kinase C agonist: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, without T-cell activation or any significant transcriptome perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Van Gulck
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marion Pardons
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Nijs
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nick Verheyen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Koen Dockx
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christel Van Den Eynde
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Emilie Battivelli
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Brisbane, California, USA
| | - Jerel Vega
- Arcturus Therapeutics, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Brigitte Autran
- Faculty of Medicine Sorbonne-University, CIMI-Paris, UPMC/Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine and UNC, HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine and UNC, HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine Katlama
- Department Infectious Diseases, Hospital Pitié Salpetière, Sorbonne-University and IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Chiraz Hamimi
- Faculty of Medicine Sorbonne-University, CIMI-Paris, UPMC/Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Ilse Van Den Wyngaert
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Filmon Eyassu
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Boden
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Brisbane, California, USA
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3
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E Gryshyna A, Chatterjee T, J DeBerry J, Aggarwal S. Assessment of pain-related behaviors in HIV-1 transgenic rats as a model of HIV-associated chronic pain. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231213554. [PMID: 37902051 PMCID: PMC10637165 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231213554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-associated chronic pain is a debilitating comorbid condition that affects 25-85% of people with HIV. The use of opioids to alleviate pain has given rise to opioid dependency in this cohort. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand mechanisms and identify novel therapeutics for HIV-associated chronic pain. Several animal models have been developed to study HIV-related comorbidities. HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats have been shown to serve as a reliable model that mimic the deficits observed in people with HIV, such as neurological and immune system alterations. However, pain-related behavior in these animals has not been extensively evaluated. In this study, we measured evoked and spontaneous behavior in HIV-1Tg male and female rats. The results indicated that HIV-1Tg rats exhibit similar behavior to those with HIV-1-related neuropathy, specifically, cold sensitivity. Consequently, HIV-1Tg rats can serve as a model of neuropathy to study pain-related mechanisms and therapeutics targeted toward individuals living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia E Gryshyna
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tanima Chatterjee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer J DeBerry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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4
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Valyaeva AA, Tikhomirova MA, Potashnikova DM, Bogomazova AN, Snigiryova GP, Penin AA, Logacheva MD, Arifulin EA, Shmakova AA, Germini D, Kachalova AI, Saidova AA, Zharikova AA, Musinova YR, Mironov AA, Vassetzky YS, Sheval EV. Ectopic expression of HIV-1 Tat modifies gene expression in cultured B cells: implications for the development of B-cell lymphomas in HIV-1-infected patients. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13986. [PMID: 36275462 PMCID: PMC9586123 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased frequency of B-cell lymphomas is observed in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, although HIV-1 does not infect B cells. Development of B-cell lymphomas may be potentially due to the action of the HIV-1 Tat protein, which is actively released from HIV-1-infected cells, on uninfected B cells. The exact mechanism of Tat-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis has not yet been precisely identified. Here, we ectopically expressed either Tat or its TatC22G mutant devoid of transactivation activity in the RPMI 8866 lymphoblastoid B cell line and performed a genome-wide analysis of host gene expression. Stable expression of both Tat and TatC22G led to substantial modifications of the host transcriptome, including pronounced changes in antiviral response and cell cycle pathways. We did not find any strong action of Tat on cell proliferation, but during prolonged culturing, Tat-expressing cells were displaced by non-expressing cells, indicating that Tat expression slightly inhibited cell growth. We also found an increased frequency of chromosome aberrations in cells expressing Tat. Thus, Tat can modify gene expression in cultured B cells, leading to subtle modifications in cellular growth and chromosome instability, which could promote lymphomagenesis over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Valyaeva
- School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Tikhomirova
- School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria M. Potashnikova
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra N. Bogomazova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Maria D. Logacheva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene A. Arifulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Shmakova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia,UMR9018 (CNRS – Institut Gustave Roussy – Université Paris Saclay), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Villejuif, France, France
| | - Diego Germini
- UMR9018 (CNRS – Institut Gustave Roussy – Université Paris Saclay), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Villejuif, France, France
| | - Anastasia I. Kachalova
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleena A. Saidova
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Zharikova
- School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana R. Musinova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Mironov
- School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yegor S. Vassetzky
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia,UMR9018 (CNRS – Institut Gustave Roussy – Université Paris Saclay), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Villejuif, France, France
| | - Eugene V. Sheval
- School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Brocca-Cofano E, Sgadari C, Picconi O, Palladino C, Caputo A, Ensoli B. Kaposi’s Sarcoma Lesion Progression in BKV-Tat Transgenic Mice Is Increased by Inflammatory Cytokines and Blocked by Treatment with Anti-Tat Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042081. [PMID: 35216197 PMCID: PMC8874961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative tumor showing an increased frequency and aggressiveness in HIV-infected subjects (AIDS-KS), due to the combined effects of inflammatory cytokines (IC), angiogenic factors, and the HIV-1 Tat protein. While the introduction of effective combined antiretroviral regimens greatly improved AIDS-KS incidence and course, it continues to be an incurable disease and the development of new rational targeted therapies is warranted. We used the BKV/Tat transgenic mouse model to evaluate the effects of IC and anti-Tat antibodies (Abs) treatment on KS-like lesions arising in BKV/Tat mice. We demonstrated here that IC-treatment increases the severity and delays the regression of KS-like lesions. Further, anti-Tat Abs reduced KS-like lesion severity developing in IC-treated mice when anti-Tat Abs were administered at an early-stage of lesion development as compared to more advanced lesions. Early anti-Tat Abs treatment also accelerated KS-like lesion regression and reduced the rate of severe-grade lesions. This effect was more evident in the first weeks after Ab treatment, suggesting that a longer treatment with anti-Tat Abs might be even more effective, particularly if administered just after lesion development. Although preliminary, these results are encouraging, and the approach deserves further studies for the development of anti-Tat Ab-based therapies for AIDS-KS. Clinical studies specifically addressing the effect of anti-Tat antibodies in treating AIDS-KS are not yet available. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of anti-Tat antibodies in controlling HIV/AIDS progression, likely due to the neutralization of extracellular Tat activities, is suggested by several cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical studies, indicating that anti-Tat Ab treatment or Tat-based vaccines may be effective to treat AIDS-KS patients or prevent the tumor in individuals at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64B, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- BlueSphereBio, University of Pittsburgh, 350 Technology Drive, Suite 520, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.S.); (O.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.S.); (O.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Clelia Palladino
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.S.); (O.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Antonella Caputo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64B, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (B.E.)
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.S.); (O.P.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (B.E.)
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6
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Avdoshina DV, Kondrashova AS, Belikova MG, Bayurova EO. Murine Models of Chronic Viral Infections and Associated Cancers. Mol Biol 2022; 56:649-667. [PMID: 36217336 PMCID: PMC9534466 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are now recognized as bona fide etiologic factors of human cancer. Carcinogenic viruses include Epstein– Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1, indirectly), and several candidate human cancer viruses. It is estimated that 15% of all human tumors worldwide are caused by viruses. Tumor viruses establish long-term persistent infections in humans, and cancer is an accidental side effect of viral replication strategies. Viruses are usually not complete carcinogens, supporting the concept that cancer results from the accumulation of multiple cooperating events, in which human cancer viruses display different, often opposing roles. The laboratory mouse Mus musculus is one of the best in vivo experimental systems for modeling human pathology, including viral infections and cancer. However, mice are unsusceptible to infection with the known carcinogenic viruses. Many murine models were developed to overcome this limitation and to address various aspects of virus-associated carcinogenesis, from tumors resulting from xenografts of human tissues and cells, including cancerous and virus infected, to genetically engineered mice susceptible to viral infections and associated cancer. The review considers the main existing models, analyzes their advantages and drawbacks, describes their applications, outlines the prospects of their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Avdoshina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. S. Kondrashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. G. Belikova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia ,Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia ,Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. O. Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia ,Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Kannan S, Lock I, Ozenberger BB, Jones KB. Genetic drivers and cells of origin in sarcomagenesis. J Pathol 2021; 254:474-493. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishta Kannan
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Ian Lock
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Benjamin B Ozenberger
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
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Masemann D, Ludwig S, Boergeling Y. Advances in Transgenic Mouse Models to Study Infections by Human Pathogenic Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9289. [PMID: 33291453 PMCID: PMC7730764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical research is changing into direction of precision therapy, thus, sophisticated preclinical models are urgently needed. In human pathogenic virus research, the major technical hurdle is not only to translate discoveries from animals to treatments of humans, but also to overcome the problem of interspecies differences with regard to productive infections and comparable disease development. Transgenic mice provide a basis for research of disease pathogenesis after infection with human-specific viruses. Today, humanized mice can be found at the very heart of this forefront of medical research allowing for recapitulation of disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. This review discusses progress in the development and use of transgenic mice for the study of virus-induced human diseases towards identification of new drug innovations to treat and control human pathogenic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.M.); (S.L.)
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9
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Neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat is attributed to its penetrating property. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14002. [PMID: 32814783 PMCID: PMC7438513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently engineered an exosomal Tat (Exo-Tat) which can activate latent HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes from antiretroviral treated HIV-1 infected patients. HIV-1 Tat protein can penetrate cell membrane freely and secrete into extracellular medium. Exo-Tat loses this penetrating property. HIV-1 Tat protein can damage the synaptic membranes contributing to the development of dementia in HIV-1 infected patients. To investigate whether the penetrating property attributes to synaptic damage in vivo, we have generated adeno-associated viruses AAV-Tat and AAV-Exo-Tat viruses. Vehicle control or AAV viruses (1 × 1012 GC/mouse in 200 μl PBS) were injected into Balb/cj mice via tail veins. The mRNA and protein expression levels in blood, brain, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and spleen were determined on day 21. Intravenously injected AAV-Tat or AAV-Exo-Tat mainly infects liver and heart. Short-term expression of Tat or Exo-Tat doesn’t change the expression levels of neuronal cytoskeletal marker β3-tubulin and synaptic marker postsynaptic density 95 protein (PSD-95). Wild-type Tat, but not Exo-Tat, reduces the expression level of synaptic marker synaptophysin significantly in mice, indicating that penetrating property of HIV-1 Tat protein attributes to synaptic damage.
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10
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HIV-1 Tat Interacts with a Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reactivation-Upregulated Antiangiogenic Long Noncoding RNA, LINC00313, and Antagonizes Its Function. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01280-19. [PMID: 31723026 PMCID: PMC7000985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01280-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KS is a prevalent tumor associated with infections with two distinct viruses, KSHV and HIV. Since KSHV and HIV infect distinct cell types, the virus-virus interaction associated with KS formation has focused on secretory factors. HIV Tat is a well-known RNA binding protein secreted by HIV. Here, we revealed LINC00313, an lncRNA upregulated during KSHV lytic reactivation, as a novel HIV Tat-interacting lncRNA that potentially mediates HIV-KSHV interactions. We found that LINC00313 can repress endothelial cell angiogenesis-related properties potentially by interacting with chromatin remodeling complex PRC2 and downregulation of cell migration-regulating genes. An interaction between HIV Tat and LINC00313 contributed to the dissociation of PRC2 from LINC00313 and the disinhibition of LINC00313-induced repression of cell motility. Given that lncRNAs are emerging as key players in tissue physiology and disease progression, including cancer, the mechanism identified in this study may help decipher the mechanisms underlying KS pathogenesis induced by HIV and KSHV coinfection. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), an AIDS-defining cancer with abnormal angiogenesis. The high incidence of KS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected AIDS patients has been ascribed to an interaction between HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and KSHV, focusing on secretory proteins. The HIV-1 secreted protein HIV Tat has been found to synergize with KSHV lytic proteins to induce angiogenesis. However, the impact and underlying mechanisms of HIV Tat in KSHV-infected endothelial cells undergoing viral lytic reactivation remain unclear. Here, we identified LINC00313 as a novel KSHV reactivation-activated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that interacts with HIV Tat. We found that LINC00313 overexpression inhibits cell migration, invasion, and tube formation, and this suppressive effect was relieved by HIV Tat. In addition, LINC00313 bound to polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) complex components, and this interaction was disrupted by HIV Tat, suggesting that LINC00313 may mediate transcription repression through recruitment of PRC2 and that HIV Tat alleviates repression through disruption of this association. This notion was further supported by bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome profiles in LINC00313 overexpression combined with HIV Tat treatment. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that LINC00313 overexpression negatively regulates cell movement and migration pathways, and enrichment of these pathways was absent in the presence of HIV Tat. Collectively, our results illustrate that an angiogenic repressive lncRNA, LINC00313, which is upregulated during KSHV reactivation, interacts with HIV Tat to promote endothelial cell motility. These results demonstrate that an lncRNA serves as a novel connector in HIV-KSHV interactions. IMPORTANCE KS is a prevalent tumor associated with infections with two distinct viruses, KSHV and HIV. Since KSHV and HIV infect distinct cell types, the virus-virus interaction associated with KS formation has focused on secretory factors. HIV Tat is a well-known RNA binding protein secreted by HIV. Here, we revealed LINC00313, an lncRNA upregulated during KSHV lytic reactivation, as a novel HIV Tat-interacting lncRNA that potentially mediates HIV-KSHV interactions. We found that LINC00313 can repress endothelial cell angiogenesis-related properties potentially by interacting with chromatin remodeling complex PRC2 and downregulation of cell migration-regulating genes. An interaction between HIV Tat and LINC00313 contributed to the dissociation of PRC2 from LINC00313 and the disinhibition of LINC00313-induced repression of cell motility. Given that lncRNAs are emerging as key players in tissue physiology and disease progression, including cancer, the mechanism identified in this study may help decipher the mechanisms underlying KS pathogenesis induced by HIV and KSHV coinfection.
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11
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Transgenic animals in research and industry. Anim Biotechnol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Cantaluppi V, Deregibus M, Biancone L, Deambrosis I, Bussolati B, Albini A, Camussi G. The Expression of CD154 by Kaposi's Sarcoma Cells Mediates the Anti-Apoptotic and Migratory Effects of HIV-1-Tat Protein. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/205873920601900108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a malignancy associated to conditions of immune system impairment such as HIV-1 infection and post-transplantation therapy. Here we report that HIV-1-Tat protein, at concentrations well below those detected in AIDS patients, up-regulates the expression of both CD40 and CD154 on KS cells. This occurred also in the presence of vincristine, that at doses shown to induce apoptosis decreased the expression of both CD40 and CD154 on KS cells. The treatment with a soluble CD40-muIg fusion protein (CD40 fp) that prevents the binding of CD154 with cell surface CD40, as well as the transfection with a vector for soluble CD40 (KS sCD40), decreased the anti-apoptotic effect of Tat. Moreover, Tat-induced motility of KS cells was inhibited by soluble CD40 fp. Tat also enhanced the expression of intracellular proteins known to transduce signals triggered by CD40 engagement, in particular TRAF-3. Tat as well as soluble CD154 (sCD154) prevented vincristine-induced reduction of TRAF-3 in KS cells transfected with a vector for neomycin resistance (KS psv-neo), but not in KS sCD40. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that Tat induced CD40 / TRAF-3 association and that this binding was abrogated upon the incubation with the soluble CD40 fp. These data suggest that Tat activates the CD40-CD154 pathway by enhancing the membrane expression of CD40 and in particular of CD154, and by activating the TRAF-3-dependent signaling pathway of CD40. These findings indicate that the CD40-CD154 pathway mediates the anti-apoptotic and migratory effects of HIV-1-Tat, suggesting the potential therapeutic benefits of blocking CD40 activation in HIV-1-associated KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Cantaluppi
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - M.C. Deregibus
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - L. Biancone
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - I. Deambrosis
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - B. Bussolati
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - A. Albini
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genova, Italy
| | - G. Camussi
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
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13
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Jiang Y, Chai L, Fasae MB, Bai Y. The role of HIV Tat protein in HIV-related cardiovascular diseases. J Transl Med 2018; 16:121. [PMID: 29739413 PMCID: PMC5941636 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major global public health issue. HIV-related cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV positive patients. HIV Tat is a regulatory protein encoded by tat gene of HIV-1, which not only promotes the transcription of HIV, but it is also involved in the pathogenesis of HIV-related complications. This review is aimed at summarizing the current understanding of Tat in HIV-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Chai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Moyondafoluwa Blessing Fasae
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
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14
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Bisceglia M, Bosman C, Carlesimo OA, Innocenzi D, Quirke P. Kaposi's Sarcoma: A Clinico-Pathologic Overview. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 77:291-310. [PMID: 1746049 DOI: 10.1177/030089169107700402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A careful overview of the classical appearances of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) as well as of its variants were reviewed from the clinical and pathological point of view. The growth phases (stages) and the cellular patterns were histopathologically compared with emphasis on the developmental progression of disease as well as mitotic activity. Other morphological aspects were also assessed such as the features of the early phases and the incidence of hyaline bodies. One hundred and forty-three lesions from 96 patients mostly of the Italian sporadic type were investigated. A complete list of those entities which should be considered in differential diagnosis is shown and the dilemma of whether KS is a neoplasia or a hyperplasia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bisceglia
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cure a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), S. Giovanni Rotondo Foggia, Italy
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15
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Marchisone C, Benelli R, Albini A, Santi L, Noonan DM. Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Type I Interferons in Models of Kaposi'S Sarcoma. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 14:257-62. [PMID: 10669956 DOI: 10.1177/172460089901400411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) is a pathology which occurs with increased frequency and in a particularly aggressive form in AIDS patients. The HIV-1 Tat protein appears to be an important co-factor in the induction of the extensive neo-vascularization associated with AIDS-KS. Tat acts as a chemoattractant for endothelial cells in vitro, inducing both chemotactic and invasive responses. Several clinical trials have been performed testing the effectiveness of diverse biological agents in therapy of KS, among these the type I interferons. Type I IFNs have diverse biological functions besides their anti-viral activity, including anti-angiogenic properties. We have shown that IFNα and IFNβ are potent inhibitors of both primary and immortalized endothelial cell migration and morphogenesis in vitro as well as neo-angiogenesis induced by HIV-1 Tat in vivo. The inhibitory effect of IFN class I on HIV-Tat associated angiogenesis further supports its use as a therapy for epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma. The use of recombinant IFNs at the levels required to obtain a therapeutic effect are associated with side effects and toxicity, therefore we are now developing a gene therapy approach for constant and local delivery type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marchisone
- National Institute for Cancer Research, Advanced Biotechnologies Center, Genova, Italy
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16
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Langford D, Oh Kim B, Zou W, Fan Y, Rahimain P, Liu Y, He JJ. Doxycycline-inducible and astrocyte-specific HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice (iTat) as an HIV/neuroAIDS model. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:168-179. [PMID: 29143286 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is known to be neurotoxic and important for HIV/neuroAIDS pathogenesis. However, the overwhelming majority of the studies involved use of recombinant Tat protein. To understand the contributions of Tat protein to HIV/neuroAIDS and the underlying molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity in the context of a whole organism and independently of HIV-1 infection, a doxycycline-inducible astrocyte-specific HIV-1 Tat transgenic mouse (iTat) was created. Tat expression in the brains of iTat mice was determined to be in the range of 1-5 ng/ml and led to astrocytosis, loss of neuronal dendrites, and neuroinflammation. iTat mice have allowed us to define the direct effects of Tat on astrocytes and the molecular mechanisms of Tat-induced GFAP expression/astrocytosis, astrocyte-mediated Tat neurotoxicity, Tat-impaired neurogenesis, Tat-induced loss of neuronal integrity, and exosome-associated Tat release and uptake. In this review, we will provide an overview about the creation and characterization of this model and its utilities for our understanding of Tat neurotoxicity and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Byung Oh Kim
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology and College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Wei Zou
- The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Pejman Rahimain
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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Choy W, Lagman C, Lee SJ, Bui TT, Safaee M, Yang I. Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Pathogenesis and Outcome of Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2016; 4:77-86. [PMID: 27867916 PMCID: PMC5114196 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2016.4.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improvement in antiviral therapies have been accompanied by an increased frequency of non-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) defining malignancies, such as glioblastoma multiforme. Here, we investigated all reported cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with glioblastoma and evaluated their clinical outcomes. A comprehensive review of the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms underlying glioblastoma development in the setting of HIV/AIDS is provided. Methods We performed a PubMed search using keywords “HIV glioma” AND “glioblastoma,” and “AIDS glioma” AND “glioblastoma.” Case reports and series describing HIV-positive patients with glioblastoma (histologically-proven World Health Organization grade IV astrocytoma) and reporting on HAART treatment status, clinical follow-up, and overall survival (OS), were included for the purposes of quantitative synthesis. Patients without clinical follow-up data or OS were excluded. Remaining articles were assessed for data extraction eligibility. Results A total of 17 patients met our inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 14 (82.4%) were male and 3 (17.6%) were female, with a mean age of 39.5±9.2 years (range 19–60 years). Average CD4 count at diagnosis of glioblastoma was 358.9±193.4 cells/mm3. Tumor progression rather than AIDS-associated complications dictated patient survival. There was a trend towards increased median survival with HAART treatment (12.0 vs 7.5 months, p=0.10) Conclusion Our data suggests that HAART is associated with improved survival in patients with HIV-associated glioblastoma, although the precise mechanisms underlying this improvement remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winward Choy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlito Lagman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seung J Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy T Bui
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Safaee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Di Trolio R, Di Lorenzo G, Delfino M, De Placido S. Role of Pegylated Lyposomal Doxorubicin (PLD) in Systemic Kaposi's Sarcoma: A Systematic Review. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 19:253-63. [PMID: 16831292 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a form of skin cancer that can involve internal organs. It is often found in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and can be fatal. Kaposi's sarcoma produces pink, purple or brown tumors on the skin, mucous membranes or internal organs. Treatment goals for KS are simple: to reduce the severity of the symptoms, shrink tumors and prevent disease progression. Unfortunately, there is no single best treatment-plan that can achieve all these goals. With widespread KS lesions over the body surface or evidence of spreading to other parts of the body, the physicians need to treat the patients with systemic chemotherapy. A new class of drugs, called liposomal anthracyclines, appears to produce good results with fewer toxic side effects than more conventional cytotoxic drugs. One of these drugs, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) has become the treatment of choice. This article summarizes all the studies with PLD in systemic Kaposi's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Trolio
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sistematica-Clinica Dermatologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are living longer since the advent of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). While cART substantially decreases the risk of developing some cancers, HIV-infected individuals remain at high risk for Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, and several solid tumors. Currently HIV-infected patients represent an aging group, and malignancies have become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Tailored cancer-prevention strategies are needed for this population. In this review we describe the etiologic agents and pathogenesis of common malignancies in the setting of HIV, as well as current evidence for cancer prevention strategies and screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila H Goncalves
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jairo M Montezuma-Rusca
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas S Uldrick
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Fiume G, Scialdone A, Albano F, Rossi A, Tuccillo FM, Rea D, Palmieri C, Caiazzo E, Cicala C, Bellevicine C, Falcone C, Vecchio E, Pisano A, Ceglia S, Mimmi S, Iaccino E, de Laurentiis A, Pontoriero M, Agosti V, Troncone G, Mignogna C, Palma G, Arra C, Mallardo M, Buonaguro FM, Scala G, Quinto I. Impairment of T cell development and acute inflammatory response in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13864. [PMID: 26343909 PMCID: PMC4561375 DOI: 10.1038/srep13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune activation and chronic inflammation are hallmark features of HIV infection causing T-cell depletion and cellular immune dysfunction in AIDS. Here, we addressed the issue whether HIV-1 Tat could affect T cell development and acute inflammatory response by generating a transgenic mouse expressing Tat in lymphoid tissue. Tat-Tg mice showed thymus atrophy and the maturation block from DN4 to DP thymic subpopulations, resulting in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells depletion in peripheral blood. In Tat-positive thymus, we observed the increased p65/NF-κB activity and deregulated expression of cytokines/chemokines and microRNA-181a-1, which are involved in T-lymphopoiesis. Upon LPS intraperitoneal injection, Tat-Tg mice developed an abnormal acute inflammatory response, which was characterized by enhanced lethality and production of inflammatory cytokines. Based on these findings, Tat-Tg mouse could represent an animal model for testing adjunctive therapies of HIV-1-associated inflammation and immune deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annarita Scialdone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Albano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rossi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenica Rea
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellevicine
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Falcone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Ceglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Selena Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria de Laurentiis
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marilena Pontoriero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valter Agosti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Science of Health Department, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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Gable J, Acker TM, Craik CS. Current and potential treatments for ubiquitous but neglected herpesvirus infections. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11382-412. [PMID: 25275644 PMCID: PMC4254030 DOI: 10.1021/cr500255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
E. Gable
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
- Graduate
Group in Biophysics, University of California,
San Francisco, 600 16th
Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Timothy M. Acker
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
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22
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Soboleva AG, Mesentsev AV, Bruskin SA. Genetically modified animals as models of the pathological processes in psoriasis. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Arruda É, Jacome AADA, Toscano ALDCC, Silvestrini AA, Rêgo ASB, Wiermann EG, Cunha GFD, Melo HRLD, Morejón KML, Goldani LZ, Pereira LC, Silva MH, Treistman MS, Pereira MCT, Romero PMBX, Schmerling RA, Guedes RAV, Camargo VPD. Consensus of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases and Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology on the management and treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:315-26. [PMID: 24525061 PMCID: PMC9427498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma is a multifocal vascular lesion of low-grade potential that is most often present in mucocutaneous sites and usually also affects lymph nodes and visceral organs. The condition may manifest through purplish lesions, flat or raised with an irregular shape, gastrointestinal bleeding due to lesions located in the digestive system, and dyspnea and hemoptysis associated with pulmonary lesions. In the early 1980s, the appearance of several cases of Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men was the first alarm about a newly identified epidemic, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In 1994, it was finally demonstrated that the presence of a herpes virus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma called HHV-8 or Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus and its genetic sequence was rapidly deciphered. The prevalence of this virus is very high (about 50%) in some African populations, but stands between 2% and 8% for the entire world population. Kaposi's sarcoma only develops when the immune system is depressed, as in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which appears to be associated with a specific variant of the Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus. There are no treatment guidelines for Kaposi's sarcoma established in Brazil, and thus the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology and the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases developed the treatment consensus presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érico Arruda
- Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia Infectologia, Vila Mariana, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Sergio Treistman
- Serviço de Infectologia de Rede Hospitalar Privada e Câmara Técnica de Doenças Infecciosas do CREMERJ
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Inhibition of SIRT1 by HIV-1 viral protein Tat results in activation of p53 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:245-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Jaeger LB, Nath A. Modeling HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in mice: new approaches in the changing face of HIV neuropathogenesis. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:313-22. [PMID: 22563057 PMCID: PMC3339825 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.008763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to immune suppression. Less well known is the fact that long-term, progressive HIV disease is associated with the development of cognitive deficits. Since the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), the clinical presentation of HIV infection has evolved into a chronic illness with very low levels of viral replication and chronic immune activation, with compliant affected individuals surviving for decades with a high quality of life. Despite these advances, many HIV-infected individuals develop some degree of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood, and there are no effective treatments. Thus, there is an unmet need for animal models that enable the study of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and the testing of new therapeutic approaches to combat them. Here, we review the pros and cons of existing mouse models of HIV infection for addressing these aims and propose a detailed strategy for developing a new mouse model of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Jaeger
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1296, USA
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Vrancken K, Vervaeke P, Balzarini J, Liekens S. Viruses as key regulators of angiogenesis. Rev Med Virol 2011; 21:181-200. [PMID: 21538666 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important physiological process that is controlled by a precise balance of growth and inhibitory factors in healthy tissues. However, environmental and genetic factors may disturb this delicate balance, resulting in the development of angiogenic diseases, tumour growth and metastasis. During the past decades, extensive research has led to the identification and characterization of genes, proteins and signalling pathways that are involved in neovascularization. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that viruses may also regulate angiogenesis either directly, by (i) producing viral chemokines, growth factors and/or receptors or (ii) activating blood vessels as a consequence of endothelial cell tropism, or indirectly, by (iii) modulating the activity of cellular proteins and/or (iv) inducing a local or systemic inflammatory response, thereby creating an angiogenic microenvironment. As such, viruses may modulate several signal transduction pathways involved in angiogenesis leading to changes in endothelial cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, vascular permeability and/or protease production. Here, we will review different mechanisms that may be applied by viruses to deregulate the angiogenic balance in healthy tissues and/or increase the angiogenic potential of tumours.
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Cedeno-Laurent F, Gómez-Flores M, Mendez N, Ancer-Rodríguez J, Bryant JL, Gaspari AA, Trujillo JR. New insights into HIV-1-primary skin disorders. J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14:5. [PMID: 21261982 PMCID: PMC3037296 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reports of AIDS, skin involvement has become a burdensome stigma for seropositive patients and a challenging task for dermatologist and infectious disease specialists due to the severe and recalcitrant nature of the conditions. Dermatologic manifestations in AIDS patients act as markers of disease progression, a fact that enhances the importance of understanding their pathogenesis. Broadly, cutaneous disorders associated with HIV type-1 infection can be classified as primary and secondary. While the pathogenesis of secondary complications, such as opportunistic infections and skin tumours, is directly correlated with a decline in the CD4+ T cell count, the origin of the certain manifestations primarily associated with the retroviral infection itself still remains under investigation. The focus of this review is to highlight the immunological phenomena that occur in the skin of HIV-1-seropositive patients, which ultimately lead to skin disorders, such as seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and eosinophilic folliculitis. Furthermore, we compile the latest data on how shifts in the cytokines milieu, impairments of the innate immune compartment, reactions to xenobiotics and autoimmunity are causative agents in HIV-1-driven skin diseases. Additionally, we provide a thorough analysis of the small animal models currently used to study HIV-1-associated skin complications, centering on transgenic rodent models, which unfortunately, have not been able to fully unveil the role of HIV-1 genes in the pathogenesis of their primarily associated dermatological manifestations.
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Ohe EMDN, Padilha MHVDQ, Enokihara MMSS, Almeida FAD, Porro AM. Fatal outcome in classic Kaposi's sarcoma. An Bras Dermatol 2010; 85:375-9. [PMID: 20676474 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
First described in 1872, Kaposi's sarcoma is defined as a rare multifocal tumor that originates in the endothelial cells and presents with cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations. The classic form is most common in elderly men and progression is slow. This tumor responds well to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This report describes a classic case of Kaposi's sarcoma in a woman with skin and visceral manifestations in whom the disease rapidly progressed to a fatal outcome.
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Adult AIDS-like disease in a novel inducible human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef transgenic mouse model: CD4+ T-cell activation is Nef dependent and can occur in the absence of lymphophenia. J Virol 2009; 83:11830-46. [PMID: 19740990 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01466-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4C/HIV(nef) transgenic (Tg) mice express Nef in CD4+ T cells and in the cells of the macrophage/monocyte/dendritic lineage, and they develop an AIDS-like disease similar to human AIDS. In these mice, Nef is constitutively expressed throughout life. To rule out the contribution of any developmental defects caused by early expression of Nef, we generated inducible human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef Tg mice by using the tetracycline-inducible system. Faithful expression of the Nef transgene was induced in (CD4C/rtTA x TRE/HIV(Nef)) or (CD4C/rtTA2S-M2 x TRE/HIV(Nef)) double-Tg mice upon doxycycline (DOX) treatment in drinking water. Long-term treatment of these mice with DOX also led to loss, apoptosis, and activation of CD4+ T cells, this latter phenotype being observed even with low levels of Nef. These phenotypes could be transferred by bone marrow (BM) transplantation, indicating a hematopoietic cell autonomous effect. In addition, in mixed Tg:non-Tg BM chimeras, only Tg and not non-Tg CD4+ T cells exhibited an effector/memory phenotype in the absence of lymphopenia. Finally, the DOX-induced double-Tg mice developed nonlymphoid organ diseases similar to those of CD4C/HIV(Nef) Tg mice and of humans infected with HIV-1. These results show for the first time that adult mice are susceptible to the detrimental action of Nef and that Nef-mediated T-cell activation can be independent of lymphopenia. These Tg mice represent a unique model which is likely to be instrumental for understanding the cellular and molecular pathways of Nef action as well as the main characteristics of immune reconstitution following DOX withdrawal.
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Metta H, Corti M, Redini L, Dure R, Campitelli AM, Narbaitz M. Endobronchial leiomyoma: an unusual non-defining neoplasm in a patient with AIDS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:53-5. [PMID: 19229392 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652009000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle neoplasms are more frequent in human immunodeficiency infected children than in HIV seropositive adults. Endobronchial leiomyoma is a rare benign tumor in HIV infected adult patients. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these tumors. Here we describe an adult patient with HIV infection with atelectasis of the left upper pulmonary lobe as the first clinical expression of an intrabronchial leiomyoma. In this case, we can not show the association with EBV. Our report suggests that smooth muscle tumors as leiomyoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of endobronchial masses in AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Metta
- Infectious Diseases F.J., Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Moisyadi S, Kaminski JM, Yanagimachi R. Use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to generate transgenic animals. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 32:47-60. [PMID: 18691759 PMCID: PMC3428221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Even though intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been widely used for the production of offspring in human infertility clinics and in reproductive research laboratories using mice, many researchers engaged in animal transgenesis still consider it somewhat cumbersome. The greatest advantage of ICSI-mediated transgenesis is that it allows introduction of very large DNA transgenes (e.g., yeast artificial chromosomes), with relatively high efficiency into the genomes of hosts, as compared to pronuclear injection. Recently, we have developed an active form of intracytoplasmic sperm injection-mediated transgenesis (ICSI-Tr) with fresh sperm utilizing transposons. The transgenic efficiencies rival all transgenic techniques except that of lentiviral methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Moisyadi
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Joseph M. Kaminski
- Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center, Molecular Chaperone/Radiobiology and Cancer Virology, Augusta, GA, 30912
| | - Ryuzo Yanagimachi
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
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Cedeno-Laurent F, Bryant J, Fishelevich R, Jones OD, Deng A, Eng ML, Gaspari AA, Trujillo JR. Inflammatory papillomatous hyperplasia and epidermal necrosis in a transgenic rat for HIV-1. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 53:112-9. [PMID: 19004620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin lesions commonly affect AIDS patients. The pathogenesis of certain dermatologic disorders primarily associated to HIV-1 is unclear, and better forms of therapy for these conditions need to be discovered. Transgenic animal models represent a novel approach for the study of these disorders and for the quest of more effective forms of treatment. OBJECTIVE Characterize this HIV-1 transgenic rat as a model to study skin diseases related to HIV/AIDS. METHODS A transgenic rat was developed, using an HIV-1 construct with deleted gag and pol genes. Morphological and genotypical evaluations were followed by cytokine profile characterization of the lesions. RESULTS We report the characterization of a colony of HIV-1 transgenic rats that developed skin lesions in a frequency of 22.5%. Cutaneous expression of functional HIV-1 transgenes correlated precisely with the severity of the phenotype. In early stages, rats manifested localized areas of xerosis and dispersed papulosquamous lesions. These hyperplastic manifestations were observed in conjunction with an increased epidermal expression of tat protein and a Th1/Th2 profile of cytokines. As the lesions progressed, they formed inflammatory plaques that subsequently ulcerated. Histologically, these lesions displayed a profound lymphocytic infiltrate, epidermal necrosis, and a marked increase of both Th1 and Th2 derived cytokines. Moreover, the presence of circulating IgG antibodies against HIV-1 gp120 was detected. CONCLUSION This animal model as other HIV-1 transgenic mice described in the past, is not able to fully explain the myriad of skin findings that can occur in HIV-infected humans; however, it represents a potential animal model system for the study of immune-mediated inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiberto Cedeno-Laurent
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Sullivan RJ, Pantanowitz L, Casper C, Stebbing J, Dezube BJ. HIV/AIDS: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus disease: Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1209-15. [PMID: 18808357 PMCID: PMC2700291 DOI: 10.1086/592298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection is associated with the development of 3 proliferative diseases: Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. These conditions are also intimately associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection, and important synergistic interactions between these 2 viruses have been described. Despite differences in viral gene expression patterns in each condition, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes similar oncogenic proteins that promote the activation of sequential and parallel signaling pathways. Therapeutic strategies have been implemented to target these unique signaling pathways, and this sort of molecular targeting is the focus of many current research efforts. The scope of this review is to present contemporary knowledge about the epidemiology, virology, and immunology of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and to highlight several key oncogene products that may be targets for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Sullivan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Corey Casper
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Bruce J. Dezube
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
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Schwartz RA, Micali G, Nasca MR, Scuderi L. Kaposi sarcoma: a continuing conundrum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:179-206; quiz 207-8. [PMID: 18638627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi sarcoma (KS) remains a challenge. Its classic or Mediterranean form tends to be benign. In transplant recipients it may be less so. As part of the AIDS pandemic, of which it was an original defining component, it may be life-threatening. It is due to human herpesvirus-8, which is necessary but not sufficient to produce the disease. KS has a low prevalence in the general population of the United States and United Kingdom, with an intermediate rate in Italy and Greece, and a high one in parts of Africa. In Italy, hot spots include its southern regions, the Po River Valley, and Sardinia, possibly related to a high density of blood-sucking insects. An important challenge is to treat KS patients without immunocompromising them. The potential of effective anti-herpes virus therapy and the use of sirolimus in transplantation recipients have added new opportunities for KS prevention. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be able to provide the most recent information about Kaposi sarcoma in the context in which it occurs. Its classic or Mediterranean form, its pattern in transplant recipients and others iatrogenically immunosuppressed, and its occurrence as a potentially life-threatening part of the AIDS pandemic will be stressed. Its etiology and transmission will be discussed in detail to facilitate understanding of Kaposi sarcoma and of human herpesvirus-8 infection in the general population of the United States and United Kingdom, in Italy and Greece, and in certain parts of Africa. Its therapy, including the concept of doing it without immunocompromising the patient, will be stressed. New opportunities for Kaposi sarcoma prevention will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Schwartz
- Department of Dermatology, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA.
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White MK, Gorrill TS, Khalili K. Reciprocal transactivation between HIV-1 and other human viruses. Virology 2006; 352:1-13. [PMID: 16725168 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of rare clinical syndromes are seen with strikingly increased prevalence in HIV-1-infected individuals, many with underlying viral etiologies. The emergence of these diseases in AIDS reflects a reduction in the ability of the immune system to mount an adequate defense against viruses in general due to the damage inflicted to the immune system by HIV-1 infection. However, in many cases, it has been found that HIV-1 can enhance the level of expression and hence the life cycle of other viruses independently of immunosuppression through specific interactions with the viruses. This can occur either directly by HIV-1 proteins such as Tat enhancing the activity of heterologous viral promoters, and/or indirectly by HIV-1 inducing the expression of cytokines and activation of their downstream signaling that eventually promotes the multiplication of the other virus. In a reciprocal manner, the effects of other viruses can enhance the pathogenicity of HIV-1 infection in individuals with AIDS through stimulation of the HIV-1 promoter activity and genome expression. The purpose of this review is to examine the cross-interactions between these viruses and HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 1900 North 12th Street, 015-96, Room 203, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- WILLIAM LEWIS
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Mascarell L, Fayolle C, Bauche C, Ladant D, Leclerc C. Induction of neutralizing antibodies and Th1-polarized and CD4-independent CD8+ T-cell responses following delivery of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein by recombinant adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis. J Virol 2005; 79:9872-84. [PMID: 16014948 PMCID: PMC1181576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.15.9872-9884.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-Tat, a conserved protein playing a key role in the early life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been proposed as a potential AIDS vaccine. An HIV-Tat-based vaccine should elicit a broad, long-lasting, and neutralizing immune response. We have previously demonstrated that the adenylate cyclase (CyaA) from Bordetella pertussis targets dendritic cells and delivers CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell epitopes into the major histocompatibility complex class I and class II presentation pathways. We have also showed that CyaA induced specific and protective cytotoxic T cell responses in vivo. Here, we designed a prototype vaccine based on the HIV type 1 Tat delivered by CyaA (CyaA-E5-Tat) and tested its capacity to induce HIV-Tat-specific cellular as well as antibody responses. We showed that immunization of mice by CyaA-E5-Tat in the absence of adjuvant elicited strong and long-lasting neutralizing anti-Tat antibody responses more efficient than those obtained after immunization with Tat toxoid in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Analyses of the anti-Tat immunoglobulin G isotypes and the cytokine pattern showed that CyaA-E5-Tat induced a Th1-polarized immune response in contrast to the Th2-polarized immune responses obtained with the Tat toxoid. In addition, our data demonstrated that HIV-Tat-specific gamma interferon-producing CD8(+) T cells were generated after vaccination with CyaA-E5-Tat in a CD4(+) T-cell-independent manner. Based on these findings, CyaA-E5-Tat represents an attractive vaccine candidate for both preventive and therapeutic vaccination involving CyaA as an efficient nonreplicative vector for protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mascarell
- Unité de Biologie des Régulations Immunitaires, INSERM E 352, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Cheung TW. AIDS-related cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a model of the interplay of the immune system, virus, and cancer. "On the offensive--the Trojan Horse is being destroyed"--Part A: Kaposi's sarcoma. Cancer Invest 2004; 22:774-86. [PMID: 15581058 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-200032788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), aimed at controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been associated with a dramatic decrease in the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) and the clinical manifestations of KS appear to be less aggressive. The pathogenesis of AIDS-related KS is related to a system of cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6) driven by autocrine and paracrine loops. More recently, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), was discovered to be the putative etiological agent of this disease. This virus encodes several unique open reading frames that are homologs of human cellular proteins involved in cellular regulations, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune regulation. The treatment of this disease depends on whether it is "limited" disease or "extensive" disease. For "limited" disease, local therapy or non-bone marrow suppressive agents should be used. For "extensive" disease, new chemotherapeutic agents, such as liposomal anthracycline, which are active and have little adverse reactions, are indicated. The control of HIV infection continues to be essential. Knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease has led to the development of novel treatment strategies, aimed at the inflammatory or angiogenesis cytokines necessary for growth or at HHV-8 as the target of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Cheung
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of advanced Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) show limited efficacy and considerable toxicity. Liposomal anthracyclines with potential utility in KS include pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil/Caelyx [PLD]), daunorubicin citrate liposome (DaunoXome [DNX]), and nonpegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Myocet [NPLD]). Preclinical data showed that pegylated liposomes accumulate preferentially in highly vascularized KS lesions. In randomized clinical trials, PLD induced higher response rates than did the conventional combination chemotherapy regimens, bleomycin + vincristine (BV) and BV + conventional doxorubicin (ABV); DNX produced a response rate comparable to that of ABV. NPLD has not been compared with conventional chemotherapy for KS. PLD and DNX were associated with less toxicity compared with BV or ABV, including less alopecia and fewer gastrointestinal and neurologic side effects. Grade 3/4 myelosuppression was common with both PLD and DNX; stomatitis and infusion reactions occurred with PLD treatment, but hand-foot syndrome was relatively infrequent in the dose schedules used for KS. Health-related quality of life was improved in several domains in patients treated with PLD or DNX compared with ABV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Krown
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Avraham HK, Jiang S, Lee TH, Prakash O, Avraham S. HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Effects on Focal Adhesion Assembly and Permeability in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6228-33. [PMID: 15528360 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a network formed mainly by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). The integrity of the BBB is critical for brain function. Breakdown of the BBB is commonly seen in AIDS patients with HIV-1-associated dementia despite the lack of productive HIV infection of the brain endothelium. The processes by which HIV causes these pathological conditions are not well understood. In this study we characterized the molecular mechanisms by which Tat mediates its pathogenic effects in vitro on primary human BMECs (HBMECs). Tat treatment of HBMECs stimulated cytoskeletal organization and increased focal adhesion sites compared with control cells or cells treated with heat-inactivated Tat. Pretreatment with Tat Abs or with the specific inhibitor SU-1498, which interferes with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (Flk-1/KDR) phosphorylation, blocked the ability of Tat to stimulate focal adhesion assembly and the migration of HBMECs. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was tyrosine-phosphorylated by Tat and was found to be an important component of focal adhesion sites. Inhibition of FAK by the dominant interfering mutant form, FAK-related nonkinase, significantly blocked HBMEC migration and disrupted focal adhesions upon Tat activation. Furthermore, HIV-Tat induced permeability changes in HBMECs in a time-dependent manner. Tat also impaired BBB permeability, as observed in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice. These studies define a mechanism for HIV-1 Tat in focal adhesion complex assembly in HBMECs via activation of FAK, leading to cytoskeletal reorganization and permeability changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Karsenty Avraham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Matzen K, Dirkx AEM, oude Egbrink MGA, Speth C, Götte M, Ascherl G, Grimm T, Griffioen AW, Stürzl M. HIV-1 Tat increases the adhesion of monocytes and T-cells to the endothelium in vitro and in vivo: implications for AIDS-associated vasculopathy. Virus Res 2004; 104:145-55. [PMID: 15246652 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-infected patients exhibit severe damages of the aortic endothelium, develop angioproliferative lesions such as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. An increased adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium is a common pathogenic parameter of AIDS-associated vascular diseases. Here we show that the HIV-1 Tat protein, a regulatory protein of HIV-1 released by infected cells, and TNF-alpha, a cytokine increased in sera and tissues of HIV-1-infected patients, activate synergistically the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. This effect is selectively mediated by HIV-1 Tat, since HIV-1 Nef, another HIV-1 regulatory protein, and the HIV-1 envelope protein gp41, had no effect. In vitro adhesion assays with PBMC and quantitative cell type analysis of adherent cells by FACS demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat selectively activates the adhesion of T-cells and monocytes but not of B-cells. Intravital microscopic studies in mice confirmed the synergistic activity of HIV-1 Tat and TNF-alpha on leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium in vivo. These data indicate that HIV-1 Tat in cooperation with TNF-alpha may contribute to the vascular damage and cardiovascular diseases observed in AIDS patients but also to the prominent extravasation of T-cells and monocytes which is a key process in the formation and progression of KS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Matzen
- Department of Virus-induced Vasculopathy, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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44
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this paper is to review current animal models that may be useful for studying cancer associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. RECENT FINDINGS Several animal models, primarily using mice and monkeys, have been developed that recapitulate aspects of the pathology of various malignancies in human acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Studies reviewed here help to elucidate the biology of Kaposi sarcomagenesis and non-Hodgkin lymphomagenesis. Improved understanding through current and future models will better enable clinicians to manage and treat these malignancies. SUMMARY A number of potential useful models exist that may facilitate improved understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of cancers associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Patel
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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45
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Rauer M, Götz J, Schuppli D, Staeheli P, Hausmann J. Transgenic mice expressing the nucleoprotein of Borna disease virus in either neurons or astrocytes: decreased susceptibility to homotypic infection and disease. J Virol 2004; 78:3621-32. [PMID: 15016883 PMCID: PMC371057 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3621-3632.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoprotein (N) of Borna disease virus (BDV) is the major target of the disease-inducing antiviral CD8 T-cell response in the central nervous system of mice. We established two transgenic mouse lines which express BDV-N in either neurons (Neuro-N) or astrocytes (Astro-N). Despite strong transgene expression, neurological disease or gross behavioral abnormalities were not observed in these animals. When Neuro-N mice were infected as adults, replication of BDV was severely impaired and was restricted to brain areas with a low density of transgene-expressing cells. Notably, the virus failed to replicate in the transgene-expressing granular and pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus (which are usually the preferred host cells of BDV). When Neuro-N mice were infected within the first 5 days of life, replication of BDV was not suppressed in most neurons, presumably because the onset of transgene expression in the brain occurred after these cells became infected with BDV. Astro-N mice remained susceptible to BDV infection, but they were resistant to BDV-induced neurological disorder. Unlike their nontransgenic littermates, Neuro-N mice with persistent BDV infection did not develop neurological disease after immunization with a vaccinia virus vector expressing BDV-N. In contrast to the situation in wild-type mice, this treatment also failed to induce N-specific CD8 T cells in the spleens of both transgenic mouse lines. Thus, while resistance to BDV infection in N-expressing neurons appeared to result from untimely expression of a viral nucleocapsid component, the resistance to BDV-induced neuropathology probably resulted from immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rauer
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Altavilla G, Caputo A, Trabanelli C, Brocca Cofano E, Sabbioni S, Menegatti MA, Barbanti-Brodano G, Corallini A. Prevalence of liver tumours in HIV-1 tat-transgenic mice treated with urethane. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:275-83. [PMID: 14728943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2003.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein stimulates cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, displays angiogenic functions and is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and other tumours arising in AIDS patients. Tat-transgenic (TT) mice, which constitutively express Tat in all tissues and organs, may therefore be predisposed to tumorigenesis. To test this hypothesis, we treated TT mice with urethane, a general carcinogen inducing tumours of various organs. The results indicate that, after injection of urethane, the incidence of lung tumours and lymphomas is not significantly different in the TT and control (CC) mice, whereas liver preneoplastic lesions and tumours show a significantly greater incidence in TT than in CC mice. This remarkable carcinogenic effect of urethane for the liver may be due to a tat-induced predisposition, manifested as a liver cell dysplasia (LCD), spontaneously affecting most of the TT mice. LCD may exert a promoting effect by stimulating proliferation of cell clones initiated by the mutagenic effect of urethane. In addition, LCD, which is associated with aneuploidy and chromosome instability, may enhance the progression to malignancy of the preneoplastic lesions induced by urethane. Interestingly, a significantly greater incidence of vascular ectasias and haemangiomas was detected in the liver of urethane-treated TT mice, most likely due to the marked angiogenic properties of Tat. This study suggests a role for Tat in the promotion and progression of tumours initiated by exogenous and endogenous carcinogens in HIV-1-infected patients, thereby contributing to the tumorigenesis in the course of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Altavilla
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy and Histology, University of Padova, I-35100 Padova, Italy
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47
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Wu RF, Gu Y, Xu YC, Mitola S, Bussolino F, Terada LS. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat regulates endothelial cell actin cytoskeletal dynamics through PAK1 activation and oxidant production. J Virol 2004; 78:779-89. [PMID: 14694110 PMCID: PMC368750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.779-789.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat exerts prominent angiogenic effects which may lead to a variety of vasculopathic conditions in AIDS patients. Because endothelial cells undergo prominent cytoskeletal rearrangement during angiogenesis, we investigated the specific effects of Tat on the endothelial cell actin cytoskeleton. Glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Tat, at a level of 200 ng/ml (equivalent to 52 ng of Tat/ml), caused stress fiber disassembly, peripheral retraction, and ruffle formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human lung microvascular endothelial cells. At 600 ng of GST-Tat/ml (157 ng of Tat/ml), actin structures were lost, and severe cytoskeletal collapse occurred. In contrast, GST-Tat harboring mutations within either the cysteine-rich or basic domains exerted minimal effects on the endothelial cytoskeleton. HUVEC expressing a DsRed-Tat fusion protein displayed similar actin rearrangements, followed by actin collapse, whereas neighboring nontransfected cells retained normal actin structures. Because active mutants of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) induce identical changes in actin dynamics, we hypothesized that Tat exerts its cytoskeletal effects through PAK1. GST-Tat activated PAK1 within 5 min, and adenovirus delivery of a kinase-dead PAK1 [PAK1(K298A)] completely prevented cytoskeletal collapse induced by GST-Tat or DsRed-Tat and also blocked downstream activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Further, GST-Tat increased phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase subunit p47(phox) and caused its rapid redistribution to membrane ruffles. PAK1(K298A) blocked p47(phox) phosphorylation, and interference with NADPH oxidase function through superoxide scavenging or through expression of a transdominant inhibitor, p67(V204A), prevented GST-Tat-induced alterations in the actin cytoskeleton. We conclude that Tat induces actin cytoskeletal rearrangements through PAK1 and downstream activation of the endothelial NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Feng Wu
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the Dallas Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75216, USA
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48
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Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has evolved to coordinate its replication with the activation state of the host CD4T cell. To this end, it taps into major host cell signaling pathways and their associated transcription factors. Of these, T-cell activation and the transcription factor NF-kappaB, respectively, have become the best-studied examples. The past several years have revealed compelling evidence that another transcription factor family involved in T-cell activation, the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), plays an important role in the regulation of HIV-1. Major advances have been made in our understanding of the interaction of HIV-1 with this intriguing transcription factor. The duplicated NF-kappaB binding sites in the HIV-1 enhancer surprisingly also bind NFAT proteins and appear to be the most important targets for NFAT transactivation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. The crystal structure of NFAT1 bound to one of these duplicated sites was solved recently. Interestingly, it showed that NFAT1 binds to this site as a homodimer and occupies the core of the NF-kappaB site, suggesting mutually exclusive binding and alternate transactivation by these two factors. NFAT also regulates HIV-1 infection indirectly, as it can relieve a block to reverse transcription in quiescent T cells. In turn, HIV-1, and particularly its Tat and Nef gene products, can upregulate NFAT expression and activity. This reciprocal regulation between virus and transcription factor potentially creates a positive feedback loop, which may facilitate the establishment of early HIV-1 infection and, later, the transition from latent to productive infection. The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibits NFAT activity and thus represents a potential treatment for HIV-1 infection. Recent small-scale clinical trials have yielded optimistic results, suggesting roles for CsA after organ transplantation in HIV-1+ individuals and as adjunct treatment in stable early HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pessler
- Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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49
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Deguchi M, Whitaker-Menezes D, Jones SC, Aiba S, Nakagawa S, Tagami H, Korngold R, Murphy GF. 12E2: a cloned murine dermal cell with features of dermal dendrocytes and capacity to produce pathologic changes resembling early Kaposi's sarcoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1817-25. [PMID: 14578182 PMCID: PMC1892424 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIIIa-positive dendrocytes are abundant within the dermis and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders, including AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Purified cultures of factor XIIIa-positive normal dermal dendrocytes have not as yet been achieved. 12E2 is a cloned cell line derived from superficial murine dermis where factor XIIIa-positive dendrocytes are abundant. Subconfluent cultures of 12E2 demonstrate polydendritic cell contours with thin, elongated membranous projections. These cells express Factor XIIIa and VCAM-1 by immunohistochemistry and by Western blot analysis of 12E2 cell lysates. 12E2 cells also constitutively express the Langerhans-cell-related epitope DEC-205, detected by NLDC-145 antibody and the CD80 co-stimulatory molecule, as well as Ia antigen on exposure to interferon-gamma. Cells so treated exhibit significant ability to present alloantigens in vitro. 12E2 cells are shown to express mRNA for numerous cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern blot hybridization. Microinjection of 12E2 cells, but not 3T3control fibroblasts, into footpads of syngeneic and SCID mice results in lesions that mimic the histology and immunohistochemistry of human Kaposi's sarcoma. In aggregate, these data indicate that 12E2 cells 1) share lineage characteristics with factor XIIIa-positive dermal dendrocytes, 2) produce mRNA for numerous cytokines and are cytokine responsive to interferon-gamma, and 3) behave in vivo in a manner that resembles Kaposi's sarcoma, a condition known to involve proliferation of human dermal dendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Deguchi
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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50
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De Falco G, Bellan C, Lazzi S, Claudio P, La Sala D, Cinti C, Tosi P, Giordano A, Leoncini L. Interaction between HIV-1 Tat and pRb2/p130: a possible mechanism in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related neoplasms. Oncogene 2003; 22:6214-9. [PMID: 13679860 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tat protein is an early nonstructural protein necessary for virus replication, which is secreted by infected cells and taken up by uninfected cells. Extensive evidence indicates that Tat may be a cofactor in the development of AIDS-related neoplasms. The molecular mechanism underlying Tat's oncogenic activity may include deregulation of cellular genes. Among these genes, it has recently been shown that pRb2/p130 oncosuppressor protein is one of the targets in the interaction between HIV gene product Tat and host proteins. However, whether the HIV-1 gene product Tat may inactivate the oncosuppressive function of pRb2/p130 has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that mRNA levels of pRb2/p130 increase in the presence of Tat, whereas no change in the phosphorylation status of pRb2/p130 is observed. In addition, Tat can inhibit the growth control activity exerted by pRb2/p130 in the T98G cell line. Finally, Tat does not compete with E2F-4 in binding to pRb2/p130. The interaction between Tat and pRb2/p130 seems to result in the deregulation of the control exerted by pRb2/p130 on the cell cycle. Taken together, these results open a window on the role of pRb2/p130 in AIDS-related oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Falco
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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