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Zhang Z, Anang S, Nguyen HT, Fritschi C, Smith AB, Sodroski JG. Membrane HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins stabilized more strongly in a pretriggered conformation than natural virus Envs. iScience 2024; 27:110141. [PMID: 38979012 PMCID: PMC11228805 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The pretriggered conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ((gp120/gp41)3) is targeted by virus entry inhibitors and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). The lability of pretriggered Env has hindered its characterization. Here, we produce membrane Env variants progressively stabilized in pretriggered conformations, in some cases to a degree beyond that found in natural HIV-1 strains. Pretriggered Env stability correlated with stronger trimer subunit association, increased virus sensitivity to bNAb neutralization, and decreased capacity to mediate cell-cell fusion and virus entry. For some highly stabilized Env mutants, after virus-host cell engagement, the normally inaccessible gp120 V3 region on an Env intermediate became targetable by otherwise poorly neutralizing antibodies. Thus, evolutionary pressure on HIV-1 Env to maintain trimer integrity, responsiveness to the CD4 receptor, and resistance to antibodies modulates pretriggered Env stability. The strongly stabilized pretriggered membrane Envs reported here will facilitate further characterization of this functionally important conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Fritschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Choi J, Jeon Y, Roh Y, Jang J, Lee E, Villamante L, Kim M, Kwon MH. The dispensability of V H-V L pairing and the indispensability of V L domain integrity in the IgG1 secretion process. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1346259. [PMID: 38756530 PMCID: PMC11096469 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1346259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The CH1 domain of IgG antibodies controls assembly and secretion, mediated by the molecular chaperone BiP via the endoplasmic reticulum protein quality control (ERQC) mechanism. However, it is not clear whether the variable domains are necessary for this process. Methods: Here, we generated IgG1 antibodies in which the V domain (VH and/or VL) was either removed or replaced, and then assessed expression, assembly, and secretion in HEK293 cells. Results: All Ig variants formed a covalent linkage between the Cγ1 and Cκ, were successfully secreted in an assembled form. Replacement of the cognate Vκ with a non-secretory pseudo Vκ (ψVκ) hindered secretion of individual or assembled secretion of neither heavy chains (HCs) nor light chains (LCs). The ψLC (ψVκ-Cκ) exhibited a less folded structure compared to the wild type (wt) LC, as evidenced by enhanced stable binding to the molecular chaperone BiP and susceptibility to proteolytic degradation. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated dramatic alterations in overall structure of ψFab (Fd-ψLC) from wt Fab. Discussion: These findings suggest that V domains do not initiate HC:LC assembly and secretion; instead, the critical factor governing IgG assembly and secretion is the CH-CL pairing. Additionally, the structural integrity of the VL domain is crucial for IgG secretion. These data offer valuable insight into the design of bioactive molecules based on an IgG backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngin Roh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Luigie Villamante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Hartley B, Bassiouni W, Roczkowsky A, Fahlman R, Schulz R, Julien O. N-Terminomic Identification of Intracellular MMP-2 Substrates in Cardiac Tissue. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38647137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that induce irreversible post-translational modifications by hydrolyzing amide bonds in proteins. One of these proteases is matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), which has been shown to modulate extracellular matrix remodeling and intracellular proteolysis during myocardial injury. However, the substrates of MMP-2 in heart tissue are limited, and lesser known are the cleavage sites. Here, we used degradomics to investigate the substrates of intracellular MMP-2 in rat ventricular extracts. First, we designed a novel, constitutively active MMP-2 fusion protein (MMP-2-Fc) that we expressed and purified from mammalian cells. Using this protease, we proteolyzed ventricular extracts and used subtiligase-mediated N-terminomic labeling which identified 95 putative MMP-2-Fc proteolytic cleavage sites using mass spectrometry. The intracellular MMP-2 cleavage sites identified in heart tissue extracts were enriched for proteins primarily involved in metabolism, as well as the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids. We further characterized the cleavage of three of these MMP-2-Fc substrates based on the gene ontology analysis. We first characterized the cleavage of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2a), a known MMP-2 substrate in myocardial injury. We then characterized the cleavage of malate dehydrogenase (MDHM) and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), representing new cardiac tissue substrates. Our findings provide insights into the intracellular substrates of MMP-2 in cardiac cells, suggesting that MMP-2 activation plays a role in cardiac metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Andrej Roczkowsky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Richard Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Richard Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
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4
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Wang Q, Zhang S, Nguyen HT, Sodroski J. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infectivity by expression of poorly or broadly neutralizing antibodies against Env in virus-producing cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0159423. [PMID: 38289101 PMCID: PMC10878270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01594-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein precursor (gp160) trimerizes, is modified by high-mannose glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum, and is transported via Golgi and non-Golgi secretory pathways to the infected cell surface. In the Golgi, gp160 is partially modified by complex carbohydrates and proteolytically cleaved to produce the mature functional Env trimer, which is preferentially incorporated into virions. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) generally recognize the cleaved Env trimer, whereas poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs) bind the conformationally flexible gp160. We found that expression of bNAbs, pNAbs, or soluble/membrane forms of the receptor, CD4, in cells producing HIV-1 all decreased viral infectivity. Four patterns of co-expressed ligand:Env were observed: (i) ligands (CD4, soluble CD4-Ig, and some pNAbs) that specifically recognize the CD4-bound Env conformation resulted in uncleaved Envs lacking complex glycans that were not incorporated into virions; (ii) other pNAbs produced Envs with some complex carbohydrates and severe defects in cleavage, which were relieved by brefeldin A treatment; (iii) bNAbs that recognize gp160 as well as mature Envs resulted in Envs with some complex carbohydrates and moderate decreases in virion Env cleavage; and (iv) bNAbs that preferentially recognize mature Envs produced cleaved Envs with complex glycans in cells and on virions. The low infectivity observed upon co-expression of pNAbs or CD4 could be explained by disruption of Env trafficking, reducing the level of Env and/or increasing the fraction of uncleaved Env on virions. In addition to bNAb effects on virion Env cleavage, the secreted bNAbs neutralized the co-expressed viruses.IMPORTANCEThe Env trimers on the HIV-1 mediate virus entry into host cells. Env is synthesized in infected cells, modified by complex sugars, and cleaved to form a mature, functional Env, which is incorporated into virus particles. Env elicits antibodies in infected individuals, some of which can neutralize the virus. We found that antibodies co-expressed in the virus-producing cell can disrupt Env transit to the proper compartment for cleavage and sugar modification and, in some cases, block incorporation into viruses. These studies provide insights into the processes by which Env becomes functional in the virus-producing cell and may assist attempts to interfere with these events to inhibit HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Sun WY, Cao XL, Wang YX, Guo XC, Liu JM, Xue ZQ, Li HJ, Wang W, Zhang TT, Li Q, Qin RH, Jin YH, Li YN, Ren GP. Development and evaluation of a bivalent vaccine based on recombinant newcastle disease virus expressing infectious bursal disease virus VP2L-CH3-CH4 in SPF chickens. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109950. [PMID: 38101079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) are two viral infectious diseases that are extremely damaging to the poultry industry and are widespread throughout the world. It is necessary to develop a safe and effective vaccine against IBD and ND because vaccination is an effective preventive measure. It has been discovered that recombinant proteins expressed by an expression system in which a fragment of mammalian Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fragment crystallizable (Fc) is linked to a segment of a gene have antibody-like properties that increase the exogenous protein's serum half-life. Heavy chain constant region 3 and heavy chain constant region 4 (CH3-CH4) of Avian Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is structurally very similar to mammalian Ig G Fc. In this study, a bivalent vaccine rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF was developed by using NDV rClone30-chGM-CSF vector to produce VP2L-CH3-CH4 fusion protein. The vaccine has been given to 14-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) free chickens to test whether it has the potential to prevent IBD and ND. Anti-IBDV and anti-NDV antibody levels in serum were evaluated using ELISA and HI, respectively, and the contents of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B cells in leukocytes were determined via flow cytometry. The contents and mRNA transcription levels of four inflammatory factors, IL-1β, IL-4, IFN-γ and chGM-CSF, were detected by ELISA and real-time PCR respectively. The results showed that after vaccination with the rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF vaccine, the levels of anti NDV and anti IBDV antibodies in chickens were significantly higher than those of the rClone30 vaccine and commercial vaccines. Meanwhile, the contents and transcription levels of inflammatory factors in chickens inoculated with rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF were significantly increased, and the proliferation response of B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was also stronger. However, the rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF vaccine had no significant advantage over the rClone30-VP2L-GMCSF vaccine in any of the above-mentioned features. In summary, rClone30-VP2L-CH3-CH4-GMCSF can stimulate the body to produce a stronger immune response, showing its potential to be considered as vaccine against IBD and ND, but the addition of CH3-CH4 did not improve the vaccine's immune effect as expected. The research lays the foundation for developing vaccines for other infectious viral diseases and avoids a unrealistic vaccine optimization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ying Sun
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiao Lin Cao
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yi Xuan Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiao Chen Guo
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jin Miao Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhi Qiang Xue
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hui Juan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ting Ting Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qianhui Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rui Han Qin
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu Han Jin
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ya Nan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Gui Ping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Research Center of Genetic Engineering of Pharmaceuticals of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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6
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Hashemzaei M, Ghoshoon MB, Jamshidi M, Moradbeygi F, Hashemzehi A. A Review on Romiplostim Mechanism of Action and the Expressive Approach in E. coli. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2024; 18:95-109. [PMID: 38282441 DOI: 10.2174/1872208317666230503094451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder determined by immune-mediated platelet demolition and reduction of platelet production. Romiplostim is a new thrombopoiesis motivating peptibody that binds and stimulates the human thrombopoietin receptor the patent of which was registered in 2008. It is used to treat thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Romiplostim is a 60 kDa peptibody designed to inhibit cross-reacting immune responses. It consists of four high-affinity TPO-receptor binding domains for the Mpl receptor and one human IgG1 Fc domain. Escherichia coli is a good host for the fabrication of recombinant proteins such as romiplostim. The expression of a gene intended in E. coli is dependent on many factors such as a protein's inherent ability to fold, mRNA's secondary structure, its solubility, its toxicity preferential codon use, and its need for post-translational modification (PTM). This review focuses on the structure, function, mechanism of action, and expressive approach to romiplostim in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Hashemzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mehrnaz Jamshidi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradbeygi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hashemzehi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Keri D, Walker M, Singh I, Nishikawa K, Garces F. Next generation of multispecific antibody engineering. Antib Ther 2024; 7:37-52. [PMID: 38235376 PMCID: PMC10791046 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Multispecific antibodies recognize two or more epitopes located on the same or distinct targets. This added capability through protein design allows these man-made molecules to address unmet medical needs that are no longer possible with single targeting such as with monoclonal antibodies or cytokines alone. However, the approach to the development of these multispecific molecules has been met with numerous road bumps, which suggests that a new workflow for multispecific molecules is required. The investigation of the molecular basis that mediates the successful assembly of the building blocks into non-native quaternary structures will lead to the writing of a playbook for multispecifics. This is a must do if we are to design workflows that we can control and in turn predict success. Here, we reflect on the current state-of-the-art of therapeutic biologics and look at the building blocks, in terms of proteins, and tools that can be used to build the foundations of such a next-generation workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keri
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Matt Walker
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Isha Singh
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kyle Nishikawa
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Fernando Garces
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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Pincus SH, Stackhouse M, Watt C, Ober K, Cole FM, Chen HC, Smith III AB, Peters T. Soluble CD4 and low molecular weight CD4-mimetic compounds sensitize cells to be killed by anti-HIV cytotoxic immunoconjugates. J Virol 2023; 97:e0115423. [PMID: 37772823 PMCID: PMC10617435 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01154-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE HIV infection can be effectively treated to prevent the development of AIDS, but it cannot be cured. We have attached poisons to anti-HIV antibodies to kill the infected cells that persist even after years of effective antiviral therapy. Here we show that the killing of infected cells can be markedly enhanced by the addition of soluble forms of the HIV receptor CD4 or by mimics of CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Pincus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Megan Stackhouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Connie Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Kelli Ober
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Frances M. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith III
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tami Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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9
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Fan W, Li X, Long Z, Pei D, Shi X, Wang G, Guo Y, Bo T, Zhou Y, Chen T. Integrating ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing for in-depth characterization of complex fusion proteins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9484. [PMID: 36735852 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fc-fusion proteins represent a successful class of biopharmaceutical products, which combine the tailored pharmacological properties of biological ligands with the multiple functions of the fragment crystallizable domain of immunoglobulins. There is great diversity in terms of possible biological ligands creating highly diverse structures, therefore the analytical characterization of fusion proteins is far more complex than that of monoclonal antibodies and requires the use and development of additional product-specific methods over conventional generic/platform methods. METHODS Employing etanercept analogues as studied fusion proteins, the Orbitrap mass analyzer with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS) and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) were utilized for the in-depth fusion protein characterization. RESULTS The amino acid sequence coverage, peptide mapping, and post-translational modifications of etanercept analogues were analyzed by UHPLC-MS. The post-translational modification results were complemented by imaged capillary isoelectric focusing to produce quality research on etanercept analogues. CONCLUSIONS The developed workflow integrating UHPLC-MS and icIEF provided an innovative strategy for characterizing complex fusion proteins in the process of quality control and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Fan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Long
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Beijing, China
| | - Dening Pei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchang Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Guo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution LTD, Cambridge, Canada
| | - Yong Zhou
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution LTD, Cambridge, Canada
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10
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Tao Y, Wang W, Jin Y, Wang M, Xu J, Wang Y, Gong F. The Therapeutic Effects of EFNB2-Fc in a Cell Model of Kawasaki Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040500. [PMID: 37111257 PMCID: PMC10142267 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling pathway involves the regulation of vascular morphogenesis and angiogenesis. However, little is known about EphrinB2/EphB4 in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD) and coronary artery aneurysm formation. Hence, this study aimed to explore the role of EphrinB2/EphB4 and the potential therapeutic effect of EphrinB2-Fc in the coronary arterial endothelial injury of KD. The levels of EphB4 were compared between KD patients and healthy children. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were stimulated with sera from acute KD patients to establish the KD cell model. The overexpression of EphB4 or treatment with EphrinB2-Fc was found to intervene in the cell model. The cell migration, angiogenesis, and proliferation ability were assessed, and the expression of inflammation-related factors was measured. Our study showed that EphB4 showed low expression in both KD patients and the cell model of KD. The EphB4 protein levels in the CECs of CAA+ KD patients were much lower than those in healthy children. EphrinB2-Fc treatment of KD sera-activated HCAECs suppressed cell proliferation, reduced the expression of inflammation-related factors (such as IL-6 and P-selectin), and elevated cell angiogenesis ability. The results reveal that EphrinB2-Fc has a protective function in endothelial cells and has promising clinical applications for protecting vascular endothelium in patients with KD.
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11
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Vamva E, Ozog S, Leaman DP, Yu-Hong Cheng R, Irons NJ, Ott A, Stoffers C, Khan I, Goebrecht GK, Gardner MR, Farzan M, Rawlings DJ, Zwick MB, James RG, Torbett BE. A lentiviral vector B cell gene therapy platform for the delivery of the anti-HIV-1 eCD4-Ig-knob-in-hole-reversed immunoadhesin. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:366-384. [PMID: 36879849 PMCID: PMC9984920 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Barriers to effective gene therapy for many diseases include the number of modified target cells required to achieve therapeutic outcomes and host immune responses to expressed therapeutic proteins. As long-lived cells specialized for protein secretion, antibody-secreting B cells are an attractive target for foreign protein expression in blood and tissue. To neutralize HIV-1, we developed a lentiviral vector (LV) gene therapy platform for delivery of the anti-HIV-1 immunoadhesin, eCD4-Ig, to B cells. The EμB29 enhancer/promoter in the LV limited gene expression in non-B cell lineages. By engineering a knob-in-hole-reversed (KiHR) modification in the CH3-Fc eCD4-Ig domain, we reduced interactions between eCD4-Ig and endogenous B cell immunoglobulin G proteins, which improved HIV-1 neutralization potency. Unlike previous approaches in non-lymphoid cells, eCD4-Ig-KiHR produced in B cells promoted HIV-1 neutralizing protection without requiring exogenous TPST2, a tyrosine sulfation enzyme required for eCD4-Ig-KiHR function. This finding indicated that B cell machinery is well suited to produce therapeutic proteins. Lastly, to overcome the inefficient transduction efficiency associated with VSV-G LV delivery to primary B cells, an optimized measles pseudotyped LV packaging methodology achieved up to 75% transduction efficiency. Overall, our findings support the utility of B cell gene therapy platforms for therapeutic protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Vamva
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stosh Ozog
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rene Yu-Hong Cheng
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Irons
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andee Ott
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire Stoffers
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Iram Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard G. James
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Chopra A, Shukri AH, Adhikary H, Lukinović V, Hoekstra M, Cowpland M, Biggar KK. A peptide array pipeline for the development of Spike-ACE2 interaction inhibitors. Peptides 2022; 158:170898. [PMID: 36279985 PMCID: PMC9585897 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In humans, coronaviruses are the cause of endemic illness and have been the causative agents of more severe epidemics. Most recently, SARS-CoV-2 was the causative agent of the COVID19 pandemic. Thus, there is a high interest in developing therapeutic agents targeting various stages of the coronavirus viral life cycle to disrupt viral propagation. Besides the development of small-molecule therapeutics that target viral proteases, there is also interest molecular tools to inhibit the initial event of viral attachment of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to host ACE2 surface receptor. Here, we leveraged known structural information and peptide arrays to develop an in vitro peptide inhibitor of the Spike-ACE2 interaction. First, from previous co-crystal structures of the Spike-ACE2 complex, we identified an initial 24-residue long region (sequence: STIEEQAKTFLDKFNHEAEDLFYQ) on the ACE2 sequence that encompasses most of the known contact residues. Next, we scanned this 24-mer window along the ACE2 N-terminal helix and found that maximal binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (CoV2-RBD) was increased when this window was shifted nine residues in the N-terminal direction. Further, by systematic permutation of this shifted ACE2-derived peptide we identified mutations to the wildtype sequence that confer increased binding of the CoV2-RBD. Among these peptides, we identified binding peptide 19 (referred to as BP19; sequence: SLVAVTAAQSTIEEQAKTFLDKFI) as an in vitro inhibitor of the Spike-ACE2 interaction with an IC50 of 2.08 ± 0.38 μM. Overall, BP19 adds to the arsenal of Spike-ACE2 inhibitors, and this study highlights the utility of systematic peptide arrays as a platform for the development of coronavirus protein inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Chopra
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ali H Shukri
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hemanta Adhikary
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Valentina Lukinović
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Hoekstra
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Cowpland
- NuvoBio Corporation, 150 Isabella Street, Suite 150, Ottawa, ON, K1S 1V7, Canada
| | - Kyle K Biggar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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13
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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoadhesin remains effective against Omicron and other emerging variants of concern. iScience 2022; 25:105193. [PMID: 36188189 PMCID: PMC9514956 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blocking the interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with its angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor was proved to be an effective therapeutic option. Various protein binders as well as monoclonal antibodies that effectively target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent interaction with ACE2 were developed. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that accumulate alterations in the RBD can severely affect the efficacy of such immunotherapeutic agents, as is indeed the case with Omicron that resists many of the previously isolated monoclonal antibodies. Here, we evaluate an ACE2-based immunoadhesin that we have developed early in the pandemic against some of the recent variants of concern (VoCs), including the Delta and the Omicron variants. We show that our ACE2-immunoadhesin remains effective in neutralizing these variants, suggesting that immunoadhesin-based immunotherapy is less prone to escape by the virus and has a potential to remain effective against future VoCs.
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14
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Advances of research of Fc-fusion protein that activate NK cells for tumor immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108783. [PMID: 35561479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of bioengineering technology has introduced Fc-fusion proteins, representing a novel kind of recombinant protein, as promising biopharmaceutical products in tumor therapy. Numerous related anti-tumor Fc-fusion proteins have been investigated and are in different stages of development. Fc-fusion proteins are constructed by fusing the Fc-region of the antibody with functional proteins or peptides. They retain the bioactivity of the latter and partial properties of the former. This structural and functional advantage makes Fc-fusion proteins an effective tool in tumor immunotherapy, especially for the recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a critical role in tumor immunotherapy. Even though tumor cells have developed mechanisms to circumvent the cytotoxic effect of NK cells or induce defective NK cells, Fc-fusion proteins have been proven to effectively activate NK cells to kill tumor cells in different ways, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), activate NK cells in different ways in order to promote killing of tumor cells. In this review, we focus on NK cell-based immunity for cancers and current research progress of the Fc-fusion proteins for anti-tumor therapy by activating NK cells.
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15
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Gisdon FJ, Kynast JP, Ayyildiz M, Hine AV, Plückthun A, Höcker B. Modular peptide binders - development of a predictive technology as alternative for reagent antibodies. Biol Chem 2022; 403:535-543. [PMID: 35089661 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Current biomedical research and diagnostics critically depend on detection agents for specific recognition and quantification of protein molecules. Monoclonal antibodies have been used for this purpose over decades and facilitated numerous biological and biomedical investigations. Recently, however, it has become apparent that many commercial reagent antibodies lack specificity or do not recognize their target at all. Thus, synthetic alternatives are needed whose complex designs are facilitated by multidisciplinary approaches incorporating experimental protein engineering with computational modeling. Here, we review the status of such an engineering endeavor based on the modular armadillo repeat protein scaffold and discuss challenges in its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Gisdon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Josef P Kynast
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Merve Ayyildiz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna V Hine
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Birte Höcker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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16
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Chaouat AE, Achdout H, Kol I, Berhani O, Roi G, Vitner EB, Melamed S, Politi B, Zahavy E, Brizic I, Lenac Rovis T, Alfi O, Wolf D, Jonjic S, Israely T, Mandelboim O. SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain fusion protein efficiently neutralizes virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010175. [PMID: 34929007 PMCID: PMC8722722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, as dangerous mutations emerge, there is an increased demand for specific treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. The spike glycoprotein on the virus envelope binds to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells through its receptor binding domain (RBD) to mediate virus entry. Thus, blocking this interaction may inhibit viral entry and consequently stop infection. Here, we generated fusion proteins composed of the extracellular portions of ACE2 and RBD fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (ACE2-Ig and RBD-Ig, respectively). We demonstrate that ACE2-Ig is enzymatically active and that it can be recognized by the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, independently of its enzymatic activity. We further show that RBD-Ig efficiently inhibits in-vivo SARS-CoV-2 infection better than ACE2-Ig. Mechanistically, we show that anti-spike antibody generation, ACE2 enzymatic activity, and ACE2 surface expression were not affected by RBD-Ig. Finally, we show that RBD-Ig is more efficient than ACE2-Ig at neutralizing high virus titers. We thus propose that RBD-Ig physically blocks virus infection by binding to ACE2 and that RBD-Ig should be used for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigael Eva Chaouat
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Inbal Kol
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orit Berhani
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gil Roi
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat B. Vitner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eran Zahavy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Or Alfi
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Wolf
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Alfadhli A, Romanaggi C, Barklis RL, Merutka I, Bates TA, Tafesse FG, Barklis E. Capsid-specific nanobody effects on HIV-1 assembly and infectivity. Virology 2021; 562:19-28. [PMID: 34246112 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The capsid (CA) domain of the HIV-1 precursor Gag (PrGag) protein plays multiple roles in HIV-1 replication, and is central to the assembly of immature virions, and mature virus cores. CA proteins themselves are composed of N-terminal domains (NTDs) and C-terminal domains (CTDs). We have investigated the interactions of CA with anti-CA nanobodies, which derive from the antigen recognition regions of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. The one CA NTD-specific and two CTD-specific nanobodies we analyzed proved sensitive and specific HIV-1 CA detection reagents in immunoassays. When co-expressed with HIV-1 Gag proteins in cells, the NTD-specific nanobody was efficiently assembled into virions and did not perturb virus assembly. In contrast, the two CTD-specific nanobodies reduced PrGag processing, virus release and HIV-1 infectivity. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of Gag-targeted nanobody inhibition of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayna Alfadhli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - CeAnn Romanaggi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Robin Lid Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Ilaria Merutka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
| | - Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
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18
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Štafl K, Trávníček M, Kučerová D, Pecnová Ľ, Krchlíková V, Gáliková E, Stepanets V, Hejnar J, Trejbalová K. Heterologous avian system for quantitative analysis of Syncytin-1 interaction with ASCT2 receptor. Retrovirology 2021; 18:15. [PMID: 34158079 PMCID: PMC8220723 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Syncytin-1 is a placentally-expressed cell surface glycoprotein of retroviral origin. After interaction with ASCT2, its cellular receptor, Syncytin-1 triggers cell–cell fusion and formation of a multinuclear syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. The ASCT2 receptor is a multi-spanning membrane protein containing a protruding extracellular part called region C, which has been suggested to be a retrovirus docking site. Precise identification of the interaction site between ASCT2 and Syncytin-1 is challenging due to the complex structure of ASCT2 protein and the background of endogenous ASCT2 gene in the mammalian genome. Chicken cells lack the endogenous background and, therefore, can be used to set up a system with surrogate expression of the ASCT2 receptor. Results We have established a retroviral heterologous chicken system for rapid and reliable assessment of ectopic human ASCT2 protein expression. Our dual-fluorescence system proved successful for large-scale screening of mutant ASCT2 proteins. Using this system, we demonstrated that progressive deletion of region C substantially decreased the amount of ASCT2 protein. In addition, we implemented quantitative assays to determine the interaction of ASCT2 with Syncytin-1 at multiple levels, which included binding of the soluble form of Syncytin-1 to ASCT2 on the cell surface and a luciferase-based assay to evaluate cell–cell fusions that were triggered by Syncytin-1. Finally, we restored the envelope function of Syncytin-1 in a replication-competent retrovirus and assessed the infection of chicken cells expressing human ASCT2 by chimeric Syncytin-1-enveloped virus. The results of the quantitative assays showed that deletion of the protruding region C did not abolish the interaction of ASCT2 with Syncytin-1. Conclusions We present here a heterologous chicken system for effective assessment of the expression of transmembrane ASCT2 protein and its interaction with Syncytin-1. The system profits from the absence of endogenous ASCT2 background and implements the quantitative assays to determine the ASCT2-Syncytin-1 interaction at several levels. Using this system, we demonstrated that the protruding region C was essential for ASCT2 protein expression, but surprisingly, not for the interaction with Syncytin-1 glycoprotein. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-021-00558-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kryštof Štafl
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Trávníček
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Kučerová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomíra Pecnová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Krchlíková
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Gáliková
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Volodymyr Stepanets
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hejnar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Trejbalová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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19
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Song DH, Garcia G, Situ K, Chua BA, Hong MLO, Do EA, Ramirez CM, Harui A, Arumugaswami V, Morizono K. Development of a blocker of the universal phosphatidylserine- and phosphatidylethanolamine-dependent viral entry pathways. Virology 2021; 560:17-33. [PMID: 34020328 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Envelope phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtr) have been shown to mediate binding of enveloped viruses. However, commonly used PtdSer binding molecules such as Annexin V cannot block PtdSer-mediated viral infection. Lack of reagents that can conceal envelope PtdSer and PtdEtr and subsequently inhibit infection hinders elucidation of the roles of the envelope phospholipids in viral infection. Here, we developed sTIM1dMLDR801, a reagent capable of blocking PtdSer- and PtdEtr-dependent infection of enveloped viruses. Using sTIM1dMLDR801, we found that envelope PtdSer and/or PtdEtr can support ZIKV infection of not only human but also mosquito cells. In a mouse model for ZIKV infection, sTIM1dMLDR801 reduced ZIKV load in serum and the spleen, indicating envelope PtdSer and/or PtdEtr support in viral infection in vivo. sTIM1dMLDR801 will enable elucidation of the roles of envelope PtdSer and PtdEtr in infection of various virus species, thereby facilitating identification of their receptors and transmission mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hoon Song
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kathy Situ
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bernadette A Chua
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Madeline Lauren O Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elyza A Do
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christina M Ramirez
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Airi Harui
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kouki Morizono
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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20
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Duivelshof BL, Murisier A, Camperi J, Fekete S, Beck A, Guillarme D, D'Atri V. Therapeutic Fc-fusion proteins: Current analytical strategies. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:35-62. [PMID: 32914936 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fc-Fusion proteins represent a successful class of biopharmaceutical products, with already 13 drugs approved in the European Union and United States as well as three biosimilar versions of etanercept. Fc-Fusion products combine tailored pharmacological properties of biological ligands, together with multiple functions of the fragment crystallizable domain of immunoglobulins. There is a great diversity in terms of possible biological ligands, including the extracellular domains of natural receptors, functionally active peptides, recombinant enzymes, and genetically engineered binding constructs acting as cytokine traps. Due to their highly diverse structures, the analytical characterization of Fc-Fusion proteins is far more complex than that of monoclonal antibodies and requires the use and development of additional product-specific methods over conventional generic/platform methods. This can be explained, for example, by the presence of numerous sialic acids, leading to high diversity in terms of isoelectric points and complex glycosylation profiles including multiple N- and O-linked glycosylation sites. In this review, we highlight the wide range of analytical strategies used to fully characterize Fc-fusion proteins. We also present case studies on the structural assessment of all commercially available Fc-fusion proteins, based on the features and critical quality attributes of their ligand-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan L Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Camperi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Conner KP, Devanaboyina SC, Thomas VA, Rock DA. The biodistribution of therapeutic proteins: Mechanism, implications for pharmacokinetics, and methods of evaluation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107574. [PMID: 32433985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are a diverse drug class that include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recombinantly expressed enzymes, hormones and growth factors, cytokines (e.g. chemokines, interleukins, interferons), as well as a wide range of engineered fusion scaffolds containing IgG1 Fc domain for half-life extension. As the pharmaceutical industry advances more potent and selective protein-based medicines through discovery and into the clinical stages of development, it has become widely appreciated that a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of TP biodistribution can aid this endeavor. This review aims to highlight the literature that has advanced our understanding of the determinants of TP biodistribution. A particular emphasis is placed on the multi-faceted role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in mAb and Fc-fusion protein disposition. In addition, characterization of the TP-target interaction at the cell-level is discussed as an essential strategy to establish pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships that may lead to more informed human dose projections during clinical development. Methods for incorporation of tissue and cell-level parameters defining these characteristics into higher-order mechanistic and semi-mechanistic PK models will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kip P Conner
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Siva Charan Devanaboyina
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Dan A Rock
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Rational design of universal immunotherapy for TfR1-tropic arenaviruses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:67. [PMID: 31900422 PMCID: PMC6941993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain arenaviruses that circulate in rodent populations can cause life-threatening hemorrhagic fevers when they infect humans. Due to their efficient transmission, arenaviruses pose a severe risk for outbreaks and might be exploited as biological weapons. Effective countermeasures against these viruses are highly desired. Ideally, a single remedy would be effective against many or even all the pathogenic viruses in this family. However, despite the fact that all pathogenic arenaviruses from South America utilize transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) as a cellular receptor, their viral glycoproteins are highly diversified, impeding efforts to isolate cross-neutralizing antibodies. Here we address this problem using a rational design approach to target TfR1-tropic arenaviruses with high potency and breadth. The pan-reactive molecule is highly effective against all arenaviruses that were tested, offering a universal therapeutic approach. Our design scheme avoids the shortcomings of previous immunoadhesins and can be used to combat other zoonotic pathogens.
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Ovarian carcinomas express HE4 epitopes independently of each other. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2019; 21:100152. [PMID: 31226514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2019.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene encoding HE4 undergoes alternative splicing to yield multiple protein isoforms. We investigated anti-HE4 mAbs which recognize epitopes on the C (2H5 and 3D8) or N (12A2 and 14E2) terminals. METHODS A Luminex assay was applied to determine mAb affinity. Binding of mAbs to sections from formaline fixed ovarian carcinomas was determined by immunohistology, binding to cultured ovarian carcinoma cells was tested by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, and HE4 secretion to patient serum or supernatants of cultured ovarian carcinoma was assayed by ELISA. RESULTS mAb 12A2 bound to formalin-fixed sections from 18 of 19 ovarian carcinomas, while 14E2, 2H5 and 3D8 bound to sections from 14, 7 and 4 patients, respectively. The mAbs bound independently of each other, i.e. a sample bound one mAb most strongly while another sample with similar affinity strongest bound another mAb. The intensity of binding to sections did not significantly correlate with the serum level of HE4 except for mAb 14E2, but there was a significant correlation between HE4 expression and its detection in supernatants of cultured ovarian carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS HE4 epitopes are expressed independently of each other and their expression of HE4 by cultured ovarian carcinoma cells correlates with the release of HE4 into culture supernatants. he epitope recognized by mAb 14E2 was significantly more expressed by platinum resistant tumors. IMPACT Expression of HE4 by most ovarian carcinomas makes it an excellent biomarker.. Further studies are needed to investigate the clinical relevance of overexpression of a particular epitope.
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Ancestral sequences from an elite neutralizer proximal to the development of neutralization resistance as a potential source of HIV vaccine immunogens. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213409. [PMID: 30969970 PMCID: PMC6457492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in HIV vaccine development is the identification of immunogens able to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). While remarkable progress has been made in the isolation and characterization of bNAbs, the epitopes they recognize appear to be poorly immunogenic. Thus, none of the candidate vaccines developed to date has induced satisfactory levels of neutralizing antibodies to the HIV envelope protein (Env). One approach to the problem of poor immunogenicity is to build vaccines based on envelope (env) genes retrieved from rare individuals termed elite neutralizers (ENs) who at one time possessed specific sequences that stimulated the formation of bNAbs. Env proteins selected from these individuals could possess uncommon, yet to be defined, structural features that enhance the immunogenicity of epitopes recognized by bNAbs. Here we describe the recovery of envs from an EN that developed unusually broad and potent bNAbs. As longitudinal specimens were not available, we combined plasma and provirus sequences acquired from a single time-point to infer a phylogenetic tree. Combining ancestral reconstruction data with virus neutralization data allowed us to sift through the myriad of virus quasi-species that evolved in this individual to identify envelope sequences from the nodes that appeared to define the transition from neutralization sensitive envs to the neutralization resistant envs that occur in EN plasma. Synthetic genes from these nodes were functional in infectivity assays and sensitive to neutralization by bNAbs, and may provide a novel source of immunogens for HIV vaccine development.
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Lei L, Yang YR, Tran K, Wang Y, Chiang CI, Ozorowski G, Xiao Y, Ward AB, Wyatt RT, Li Y. The HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein C3/V4 Region Defines a Prevalent Neutralization Epitope following Immunization. Cell Rep 2019; 27:586-598.e6. [PMID: 30970260 PMCID: PMC6458978 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in engineering native trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) mimics as vaccine candidates, Env trimers often induce vaccine-matched neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. Understanding the specificities of autologous NAb responses and the underlying molecular mechanisms restricting the neutralization breadth is therefore informative to improve vaccine efficacy. Here, we delineate the response specificity by single B cell sorting and serum analysis of guinea pigs immunized with BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimers. Our results reveal a prominent immune target containing both conserved and strain-specific residues in the C3/V4 region of Env in trimer-vaccinated animals. The defined NAb response shares a high degree of similarity with the early NAb response developed by a naturally infected infant from whom the HIV virus strain BG505 was isolated and later developed a broadly NAb response. Our study describes strain-specific responses and their possible evolution pathways, thereby highlighting the potential to broaden NAb responses by immunogen re-design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yuhe R Yang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computation Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen Tran
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Chi-I Chiang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computation Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computation Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuxing Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center of Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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26
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O'Rourke SM, Yu B, Morales JF, Didinger CM, Alexander DL, Vollmers C, Berman PW. Production of a recombinant monoclonal antibody to Herpes Simplex Virus glycoprotein D for immunoaffinity purification of tagged proteins. J Immunol Methods 2019; 465:31-38. [PMID: 30502324 PMCID: PMC7501881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a stable Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line for the production of a recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) to a short protein sequence derived from the N-terminus of human herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D (HSV-1 gD). The antibody (designated r34.1) provides a useful tool for the immunoaffinity purification of HSV-1 gD tagged proteins, and provides a generic purification system by which various proteins and peptides can be purified. Recombinant 34.1 was assembled using cDNA derived from a HSV-1 gD specific murine hybridoma engineered to encode a full-length IgG molecule. Antibody expression cassettes were transfected into CHO-S cells, and a stable cell-line expressing up to 500 mg/L of antibody, isolated. Affinity purified r34.1 exhibited nanomolar affinity for its cognate ligand, and is stable throughout multiple cycles of immunoaffinity purification involving ligand binding at neutral pH, followed by acid elution. The HSV-1 gD tag expression and purification strategy has been used to enhance the secretion and purification of several vaccine immunogens including HIV envelope protein rgp120s, but the protocol has potential for generic application.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetulus
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/chemistry
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M O'Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Askgene Pharma, Inc., Camarillo, CA 93021, USA
| | - Javier F Morales
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Chelsea M Didinger
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David L Alexander
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Vollmers
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Phillip W Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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27
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Anderson RC, Newton CL, Anderson RA, Millar RP. Gonadotropins and Their Analogs: Current and Potential Clinical Applications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:911-937. [PMID: 29982442 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gonadotropin receptors LH receptor and FSH receptor play a central role in governing reproductive competency/fertility. Gonadotropin hormone analogs have been used clinically for decades in assisted reproductive therapies and in the treatment of various infertility disorders. Though these treatments are effective, the clinical protocols demand multiple injections, and the hormone preparations can lack uniformity and stability. The past two decades have seen a drive to develop chimeric and modified peptide analogs with more desirable pharmacokinetic profiles, with some displaying clinical efficacy, such as corifollitropin alfa, which is now in clinical use. More recently, low-molecular-weight, orally active molecules with activity at gonadotropin receptors have been developed. Some have excellent characteristics in animals and in human studies but have not reached the market-largely as a result of acquisitions by large pharma. Nonetheless, such molecules have the potential to mitigate risks currently associated with gonadotropin-based fertility treatments, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and the demands of injection-based therapies. There is also scope for novel use beyond the current remit of gonadotropin analogs in fertility treatments, including application as novel contraceptives; in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome; in the restoration of function to inactivating mutations of gonadotropin receptors; in the treatment of ovarian and prostate cancers; and in the prevention of bone loss and weight gain in postmenopausal women. Here we review the properties and clinical application of current gonadotropin preparations and their analogs, as well as the development of novel orally active, small-molecule nonpeptide analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Claire L Newton
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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28
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Animal protein toxins: origins and therapeutic applications. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2018; 4:233-242. [PMID: 30533488 PMCID: PMC6245134 DOI: 10.1007/s41048-018-0067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Venomous animals on the earth have been found to be valuable resources for the development of therapeutics. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins and peptides are the major components of animal venoms, many of which can target various ion channels, receptors, and membrane transporters. Compared to traditional small molecule drugs, natural proteins and peptides exhibit higher specificity and potency to their targets. In this review, we summarize the varieties and characteristics of toxins from a few representative venomous animals, and describe the components and applications of animal toxins as potential drug candidates in the treatment of human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neuropathic pain, as well as autoimmune diseases. In the meantime, there are many obstacles to translate new toxin discovery to their clinical applications. The challenges, strategies, and perspectives in the development of the protein toxin-based drugs are discussed as well.
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29
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O’Rourke SM, Byrne G, Tatsuno G, Wright M, Yu B, Mesa KA, Doran RC, Alexander D, Berman PW. Robotic selection for the rapid development of stable CHO cell lines for HIV vaccine production. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197656. [PMID: 30071025 PMCID: PMC6071959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of envelope glycoproteins (Envs) for use as HIV vaccines is challenging. The yield of Envs expressed in stable Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines is typically 10-100 fold lower than other glycoproteins of pharmaceutical interest. Moreover, Envs produced in CHO cells are typically enriched for sialic acid containing glycans compared to virus associated Envs that possess mainly high-mannose carbohydrates. This difference alters the net charge and biophysical properties of Envs and impacts their antigenic structure. Here we employ a novel robotic cell line selection strategy to address the problems of low expression. Additionally, we employed a novel gene-edited CHO cell line (MGAT1- CHO) to address the problems of high sialic acid content, and poor antigenic structure. We demonstrate that stable cell lines expressing high levels of gp120, potentially suitable for biopharmaceutical production can be created using the MGAT1- CHO cell line. Finally, we describe a MGAT1- CHO cell line expressing A244-rgp120 that exhibits improved binding of three major families of bN-mAbs compared to Envs produced in normal CHO cells. The new strategy described has the potential to eliminate the bottleneck in HIV vaccine development that has limited the field for more than 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Byrne
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Gwen Tatsuno
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Meredith Wright
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Mesa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel C. Doran
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David Alexander
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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30
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Nyon MP, Du L, Tseng CTK, Seid CA, Pollet J, Naceanceno KS, Agrawal A, Algaissi A, Peng BH, Tai W, Jiang S, Bottazzi ME, Strych U, Hotez PJ. Engineering a stable CHO cell line for the expression of a MERS-coronavirus vaccine antigen. Vaccine 2018; 36:1853-1862. [PMID: 29496347 PMCID: PMC5860679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected at least 2040 patients and caused 712 deaths since its first appearance in 2012, yet neither pathogen-specific therapeutics nor approved vaccines are available. To address this need, we are developing a subunit recombinant protein vaccine comprising residues 377–588 of the MERS-CoV spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), which, when formulated with the AddaVax adjuvant, it induces a significant neutralizing antibody response and protection against MERS-CoV challenge in vaccinated animals. To prepare for the manufacture and first-in-human testing of the vaccine, we have developed a process to stably produce the recombinant MERS S377-588 protein in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. To accomplish this, we transfected an adherent dihydrofolate reductase-deficient CHO cell line (adCHO) with a plasmid encoding S377-588 fused with the human IgG Fc fragment (S377-588-Fc). We then demonstrated the interleukin-2 signal peptide-directed secretion of the recombinant protein into extracellular milieu. Using a gradually increasing methotrexate (MTX) concentration to 5 μM, we increased protein yield by a factor of 40. The adCHO-expressed S377-588-Fc recombinant protein demonstrated functionality and binding specificity identical to those of the protein from transiently transfected HEK293T cells. In addition, hCD26/dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) transgenic mice vaccinated with AddaVax-adjuvanted S377-588-Fc could produce neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV and survived for at least 21 days after challenge with live MERS-CoV with no evidence of immunological toxicity or eosinophilic immune enhancement. To prepare for large scale-manufacture of the vaccine antigen, we have further developed a high-yield monoclonal suspension CHO cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Peak Nyon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chien-Te Kent Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology & Center of Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher A Seid
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin S Naceanceno
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anurodh Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology & Center of Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology & Center of Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology & Center of Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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32
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Lyophilization: Process Design, Robustness, and Risk Management. CHALLENGES IN PROTEIN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90603-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
As of May 1, 2017, 74 antibody-based molecules have been approved by a regulatory authority in a major market. Additionally, there are 70 and 575 antibody-based molecules in phase III and phase I/II clinical trials, respectively. These total 719 antibody-based clinical stage molecules include 493 naked IgGs, 87 antibody-drug conjugates, 61 bispecific antibodies, 37 total Fc fusion proteins, 17 radioimmunoglobulins, 13 antibody fragments, and 11 immunocytokines. New uses for these antibodies are being discovered each year. For oncology, many of the exciting new approaches involve antibody modulation of T-cells. There are over 80 antibodies in clinical trials targeting T cell checkpoints, 26 T-cell-redirected bispecific antibodies, and 145 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell-based candidates (all currently in phase I or II clinical trials), totaling more than 250 T cell interacting clinical stage antibody-based candidates. Finally, significant progress has been made recently on routes of delivery, including delivery of proteins across the blood-brain barrier, oral delivery to the gut, delivery to the cellular cytosol, and gene- and viral-based delivery of antibodies. Thus, there are currently at least 864 antibody-based clinical stage molecules or cells, with incredible diversity in how they are constructed and what activities they impart. These are followed by a next wave of novel molecules, approaches, and new methods and routes of delivery, demonstrating that the field of antibody-based biologics is very innovative and diverse in its approaches to fulfill their promise to treat unmet medical needs.
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34
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Ultsch M, Braisted A, Maun HR, Eigenbrot C. 3-2-1: Structural insights from stepwise shrinkage of a three-helix Fc-binding domain to a single helix. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:619-625. [PMID: 28475752 PMCID: PMC5914316 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-studied B-domain from Staphylococcal protein A is a 59 amino acid three-helix bundle that binds the Fc portion of IgG with a dissociation constant of ~35 nM. The B-domain variant bearing a Gly to Ala mutation (=Z-domain) has been the subject of efforts to minimize a domain's size while retaining its function. We report X-ray crystallographic characterization of three steps in such a process using complexes with Fc: the full three-helix Z-domain, a 34 amino acid two-helix version called Z34C and a 13 amino acid single helix stabilized with an exo-helix tether, called LH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ultsch
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080,USA
| | - A Braisted
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - H R Maun
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080,USA
| | - C Eigenbrot
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080,USA
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35
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Ahmad M, Ahmed OM, Schnepp B, Johnson PR. Engineered Expression of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Annu Rev Virol 2017. [PMID: 28645240 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses recent progress made in developing a vaccine and novel treatments for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It highlights the shortcomings of the RV144 vaccination trial [ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) and AIDSVAX B/E] and the current standard of care and proposes that engineered expression of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 could overcome these shortcomings. Current developments in three major lines of research on HIV prevention and treatment using bNAbs are reviewed: firstly, the use of sequential immunogens to activate B cells to express bNAbs; secondly, the delivery of novel and extremely potent bNAbs through passive administration; and finally, the use of gene transfer using adeno-associated viral vectors to deliver bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Ahmad
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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36
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Baek Y, Singh N, Arunkumar A, Zydney A. Ultrafiltration behavior of an Fc-fusion protein: Filtrate flux data and modeling. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Karuppanan K, Duhra-Gill S, Kailemia MJ, Phu ML, Lebrilla CB, Dandekar AM, Rodriguez RL, Nandi S, McDonald KA. Expression, Purification, and Biophysical Characterization of a Secreted Anthrax Decoy Fusion Protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E89. [PMID: 28054967 PMCID: PMC5297723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin receptor-mediated drug development for blocking anthrax toxin action has received much attention in recent decades. In this study, we produced a secreted anthrax decoy fusion protein comprised of a portion of the human capillary morphogenesis gene-2 (CMG2) protein fused via a linker to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of human immunoglobulin G1 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using a transient expression system. Using the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and co-expression with the p19 gene silencing suppressor, we were able to achieve a high level of recombinant CMG2-Fc-Apo (rCMG2-Fc-Apo) protein accumulation. Production kinetics were observed up to eight days post-infiltration, and maximum production of 826 mg/kg fresh leaf weight was observed on day six. Protein A affinity chromatography purification of the rCMG2-Fc-Apo protein from whole leaf extract and apoplast wash fluid showed the homodimeric form under non-reducing gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the molecular integrity of the secreted protein. The N-glycosylation pattern of purified rCMG2-Fc-Apo protein was analysed; the major portion of N-glycans consists of complex type structures in both protein samples. The most abundant (>50%) N-glycan structure was GlcNAc₂(Xyl)Man₃(Fuc)GlcNAc₂ in rCMG2-Fc-Apo recovered from whole leaf extract and apoplast wash fluid. High mannose N-glycan structures were not detected in the apoplast wash fluid preparation, which confirmed the protein secretion. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that high-level production of rCMG2-Fc-Apo can be achieved by transient production in Nicotiana benthamiana plants with apoplast targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthu Karuppanan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Sifti Duhra-Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Muchena J Kailemia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - My L Phu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Raymond L Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Karen A McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Shimizu NS, Handa A, Shimizu NG, Ikeda R, Uchiyama T, Achiwa K, Hoshino H. Inhibition of Infection of T-Cells with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Dideoxynucleosides Conjugated with Oligopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We conjugated nucleoside derivatives that have anti-HIV-1 activities with oligopeptides that should bind to the gp120 of the HIV-1 virion, and examined their anti-HIV-1 activities. These derivates included 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (ddU), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC), 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI) and 2′,3′-dideoxyadenine (ddA). Dipeptides consisting of N-carbomethoxy-carbonyl-prolyl-phenylalanylbenzyl ester (CPF) and oligopeptides derived from the complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) of domain 1 of CD4 were synthesized. The N-terminals of these peptides were conjugated with the 5′OH of AZT, ddU, ddC, ddl or ddA through carbonyl moieties. CPF conjugated with AZT, ddC, ddl or ddA through two-carbonyl moieties exhibited powerful anti-HIV-1 activity, which was similar to that of the respective nucleosides when compared at the same molar concentration. No complex compound connected by a one-carbonyl moiety had anti-HIV-1 activity, whereas a tetrapeptide or octapeptide of the CDR2 region combined with AZT did have such activity. The toxicity of these CPF-containing compounds to human peripheral blood lymphocytes was slightly weaker than the toxicities of the corresponding nucleosides lacking CPF. Antiviral nucleosides containing oligopeptides may be used as lead compounds in an effort to isolate more effective and less cytotoxic anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Shimizu
- Department of Hygiene and Virology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan
| | - A. Handa
- Department of Hygiene and Virology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan
| | - N. G. Shimizu
- Department of Hygiene and Virology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan
| | - R. Ikeda
- Department of Hygiene and Virology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd, Iwahana-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-12, Japan
| | - T. Uchiyama
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 395, Shizuoka 422, Japan
| | - K. Achiwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 395, Shizuoka 422, Japan
| | - H. Hoshino
- Department of Hygiene and Virology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan
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Clayette P, Merrouche Y, Gharbaoui T, Roques P, Lechevallier A, Beugelmans R, Olomucki M, Dormont D. Anti-HIV Activities of Novel Nucleoside Analogues: Acyclic and Tricyclic Base Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029100200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two series of new nucleoside derivatives, acyclic nucleosides and tricyclic base nucleosides, were screened for cellular toxicity and against HIV-1. Compounds were tested on MT4, MT2, U937 cell lines and PBMCs in multiwell tissue culture plates. Cells were infected in vitro with 2 TCID50/105 cells or 0.2 TCID50/105 cells of HIV-1-LAV-1. Two out of eight tricyclic derivatives showed little cytotoxicity; at 100μM, only two acyclic compounds exhibited cellular toxicity in U937 cells. In vitro, none of these 19 compounds demonstrated any efficient activity against the lentiviral HIV infection and replication. Furthermore, combinations of these acyclonucleosides with ddC or AZT did not inhibit HIV-1-LAV-1 replication additively or synergistically. Because acyclonucleosides did not induce any cytotoxic effect, other compounds of this family should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Clayette
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, DSV/DPTE, B.P. 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Y. Merrouche
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, DSV/DPTE, B.P. 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - T. Gharbaoui
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P. Roques
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, DSV/DPTE, B.P. 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - A. Lechevallier
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - R. Beugelmans
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. Olomucki
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - D. Dormont
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, DSV/DPTE, B.P. 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Cereda PM, Palù G, Rassu M, Toni M, Malwood W, Dettin M, di Bello C. Anti-HIV-1 Activity of CD4 Synthetic Oligopeptides Representative of the Putative gp120 Binding Site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029100200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two CD4 oligopeptides, corresponding to residues (37–53) and (37–55) of the V1 domain of CD4, which recent structural studies propose as the most likely binding site of HIV-1 gp120, have been chemically synthesized by solid-phase techniques, modified by the addition of two side-chain protected cysteines at both termini and purified by HPLC. Their ability to inhibit the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (HTLV-IIIB, RF and GB8 strains) in different cell lines was monitored by the production of progeny virus, p24 and reverse transcriptase activity in the culture supernatants and by electron microscopy. The results indicated that the peptides inhibited HIV-1 infectivity in a dose-dependent fashion without any detectable cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Cereda
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Pavia, Via Brambilla, Italy
| | - G. Palù
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, Italy
| | - M. Rassu
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, Italy
| | - M. Toni
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, Italy
| | - W. Malwood
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - M. Dettin
- Institute of Industrial Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, Italy
| | - C. di Bello
- Institute of Industrial Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, Italy
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Song R, Witvrouw M, Schols D, Robert A, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Bemadou J, Meunier B. Anti-HIV Activities of Anionic Metalloporphyrins and Related Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various water-soluble polysulphonated and polycarboxylated porphyrins and some of their metallated derivatives have been prepared and their antiviral properties against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency virus and other viruses are reported. Besides these polyanionic compounds, two new series of porphyrins were included and studied from the perspective of bio-availability modulation: (i) acefylsulphonamido derivatives endowed with weak acidity properties (deprotonation gives the corresponding anionic derivatives in a pH range 4.5-8.5) and (ii) compounds with the anionic charge transiently masked by esterification (acetoxymethyl- and pivaloyloxymethylesters). Among the more active compounds in inhibiting HIV-induced cytopathic effects, the sulphonated and carboxylated porphyrin complexes were found to interact directly with the HIV protein gp 120 and not with the CD4 cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Song
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - M Witvrouw
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Bemadou
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - B Meunier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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42
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Schmid H, Jelkmann W. Investigational therapies for renal disease-induced anemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:901-16. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1182981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Soleimanpour S, Hassannia T, Motiee M, Amini AA, Rezaee SAR. Fcγ1 fragment of IgG1 as a powerful affinity tag in recombinant Fc-fusion proteins: immunological, biochemical and therapeutic properties. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:371-392. [PMID: 27049690 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1163323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Affinity tags are vital tools for the production of high-throughput recombinant proteins. Several affinity tags, such as the hexahistidine tag, maltose-binding protein, streptavidin-binding peptide tag, calmodulin-binding peptide, c-Myc tag, glutathione S-transferase and FLAG tag, have been introduced for recombinant protein production. The fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of the IgG1 antibody is one of the useful affinity tags that can facilitate detection, purification and localization of proteins and can improve the immunogenicity, modulatory effects, physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of proteins. Fcγ recombinant forms a group of recombinant proteins called Fc-fusion proteins (FFPs). FFPs are widely used in drug discovery, drug delivery, vaccine design and experimental research on receptor-ligand interactions. These fusion proteins have become successful alternatives to monoclonal antibodies for drug developments. In this review, the physicochemical, biochemical, immunological, pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties of recombinant FFPs were discussed as a new generation of bioengineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Soleimanpour
- a Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tahereh Hassannia
- b Internal medicine Department, Arash Hospital, the College of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Motiee
- c Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Amini
- d Department of Immunology, faculty of medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences , Sanandaj, Iran
| | - S A R Rezaee
- c Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
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44
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Martins JP, Kennedy PJ, Santos HA, Barrias C, Sarmento B. A comprehensive review of the neonatal Fc receptor and its application in drug delivery. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 161:22-39. [PMID: 27016466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) biology and function have demonstrated that this receptor, primarily identified for the transfer of passive immunity from mother infant, is involved in several biological and immunological processes. In fact, FcRn is responsible for the long half-life of IgG and albumin in the serum, by creating an intracellular protein reservoir, which is protected from lysosomal degradation and, importantly, trafficked across the cell. Such discovery has led researchers to hypothesize the role for this unique receptor in the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents. A great amount of FcRn-based strategies are already under extensive investigation, in which FcRn reveals to have profound impact on the biodistribution and half-life extension of therapeutic agents. This review summarizes the main findings on FcRn biology, function and distribution throughout different tissues, together with the main advances on the FcRn-based therapeutic opportunities and model systems, which indicate that this receptor is a potential target for therapeutic regimen modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrick J Kennedy
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI -00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Barrias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde and Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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Abstract
This article focuses on a novel vaccine strategy known as vector-mediated antibody gene transfer, with a particular focus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This strategy provides a solution to the problem of current vaccines that fail to generate neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV-1 infection and AIDS. Antibody gene transfer allows for predetermination of antibody affinity and specificity prior to "immunization" and avoids the need for an active humoral immune response against the HIV envelope protein. This approach uses recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors, which have been shown to transduce muscle with high efficiency and direct the long-term expression of a variety of transgenes, to deliver the gene encoding a broadly neutralizing antibody into the muscle. Following rAAV vector gene delivery, the broadly neutralizing antibodies are endogenously synthesized in myofibers and passively distributed to the circulatory system. This is an improvement over classical passive immunization strategies that administer antibody proteins to the host to provide protection from infection. Vector-mediated gene transfer studies in mice and monkeys with anti-HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-neutralizing antibodies demonstrated long-lasting neutralizing activity in serum with complete protection against intravenous challenge with virulent HIV and SIV. These results indicate that existing potent anti-HIV antibodies can be rapidly moved into the clinic. However, this methodology need not be confined to HIV. The general strategy of vector-mediated antibody gene transfer can be applied to other difficult vaccine targets such as hepatitis C virus, malaria, respiratory syncytial virus, and tuberculosis.
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Scharf L, Wang H, Gao H, Chen S, McDowall AW, Bjorkman PJ. Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 8ANC195 Recognizes Closed and Open States of HIV-1 Env. Cell 2015; 162:1379-90. [PMID: 26359989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) spike contains limited epitopes for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs); thus, most neutralizing antibodies are strain specific. The 8ANC195 epitope, defined by crystal and electron microscopy (EM) structures of bNAb 8ANC195 complexed with monomeric gp120 and trimeric Env, respectively, spans the gp120 and gp41 Env subunits. To investigate 8ANC195's gp41 epitope at higher resolution, we solved a 3.58 Å crystal structure of 8ANC195 complexed with fully glycosylated Env trimer, revealing 8ANC195 insertion into a glycan shield gap to contact gp120 and gp41 glycans and protein residues. To determine whether 8ANC195 recognizes the CD4-bound open Env conformation that leads to co-receptor binding and fusion, one of several known conformations of virion-associated Env, we solved EM structures of an Env/CD4/CD4-induced antibody/8ANC195 complex. 8ANC195 binding partially closed the CD4-bound trimer, confirming structural plasticity of Env by revealing a previously unseen conformation. 8ANC195's ability to bind different Env conformations suggests advantages for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Scharf
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Haoqing Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Han Gao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Songye Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alasdair W McDowall
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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47
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Bioanalytical approaches to assess the proteolytic stability of therapeutic fusion proteins. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:3035-51. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic fusion proteins (TFPs) are designed to improve the therapeutic profile of an endogenous protein or protein fragment with a limited dose frequency providing the desired pharmacological activity in vivo. Fusion of a therapeutic protein to a half-life extension or targeting domain can improve the disposition of the molecule or introduce a novel mechanism of action. Prolonged exposure and altered biodistribution of an endogenous protein through fusion technology increases the potential for local protein unfolding during circulation increasing the chance for partial proteolysis of the therapeutic domain. Characterizing the proteolytic liabilities of a TFP can guide engineering efforts to inhibit or hinder partial proteolysis. This review focuses on considerations and techniques for evaluating the stability of a TFP both in vivo and in vitro.
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48
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Wycoff K, Maclean J, Belle A, Yu L, Tran Y, Roy C, Hayden F. Anti-infective immunoadhesins from plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1078-93. [PMID: 26242703 PMCID: PMC4749143 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunoadhesins are recombinant proteins that combine the ligand-binding region of a receptor or adhesion molecule with immunoglobulin constant domains. All FDA-approved immunoadhesins are designed to modulate the interaction of a human receptor with its normal ligand, such as Etanercept (Enbrel(®) ), which interferes with the binding of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) to the TNF-alpha receptor and is used to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Like antibodies, immunoadhesins have long circulating half-lives, are readily purified by affinity-based methods and have the avidity advantages conferred by bivalency. Immunoadhesins that incorporate normal cellular receptors for viruses or bacterial toxins hold great, but as yet unrealized, potential for treating infectious disease. As decoy receptors, immunoadhesins have potential advantages over pathogen-targeted monoclonal antibodies. Planet Biotechnology has specialized in developing anti-infective immunoadhesins using plant expression systems. An immunoadhesin incorporating the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin, CMG2, potently blocks toxin activity in vitro and protects animals against inhalational anthrax. An immunoadhesin based on the receptor for human rhinovirus, ICAM-1, potently blocks infection of human cells by one of the major causes of the common cold. An immunoadhesin targeting the MERS coronavirus is in an early stage of development. We describe here the unique challenges involved in designing and developing immunoadhesins targeting infectious diseases in the hope of inspiring further research into this promising class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lloyd Yu
- Planet Biotechnology Inc., Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Y Tran
- Planet Biotechnology Inc., Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Chad Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Frederick Hayden
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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49
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The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, as a target for drug delivery and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 91:109-24. [PMID: 25703189 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based drugs are arguably the most successful class of protein therapeutics due in part to their remarkably long blood circulation. This arises from IgG interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. FcRn is the central regulator of IgG and albumin homeostasis throughout life and is increasingly being recognized as an important player in autoimmune disease, mucosal immunity, and tumor immune surveillance. Various engineering approaches that hijack or disrupt the FcRn-mediated transport pathway have been devised to develop long-lasting and non-invasive protein therapeutics, protein subunit vaccines, and therapeutics for treatment of autoimmune and infectious disease. In this review, we highlight the diverse biological functions of FcRn, emerging therapeutic opportunities, as well as the associated challenges of targeting FcRn for drug delivery and disease therapy.
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50
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Abstract
The purpose of making a "biobetter" biologic is to improve on the salient characteristics of a known biologic for which there is, minimally, clinical proof of concept or, maximally, marketed product data. There already are several examples in which second-generation or biobetter biologics have been generated by improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an innovative drug, including Neulasta(®) [a PEGylated, longer-half-life version of Neupogen(®) (filgrastim)] and Aranesp(®) [a longer-half-life version of Epogen(®) (epoetin-α)]. This review describes the use of protein fusion technologies such as Fc fusion proteins, fusion to human serum albumin, fusion to carboxy-terminal peptide, and other polypeptide fusion approaches to make biobetter drugs with more desirable pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Strohl
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, SH31-21757, 1400 Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA,
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