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Wang P, Yuan D, Zhao X, Zhu P, Guo X, Jiang L, Xu N, Wang Z, Liu R, Wang Q, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Xu J, Liu Z, Song Y, Zhang Z, Yao Y, Feng Y, Tang X, Wang X, Gao R, Han Y, Yuan J. Inverse Association of Lipoprotein(a) on Long-Term Bleeding Risk in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: Insight from a Multicenter Cohort in Asia. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:684-694. [PMID: 37487540 PMCID: PMC11199048 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), has been recognized as a strong risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the relationship between Lp(a) and bleeding remains indistinct, especially in the secondary prevention population of coronary artery disease (CAD). This investigation aimed to evaluate the association of Lp(a) with long-term bleeding among patients with CAD. METHODS Based on a prospective multicenter cohort of patients with CAD consecutively enrolled from January 2015 to May 2019 in China, the current analysis included 16,150 participants. Thus, according to Lp(a) quintiles, all subjects were divided into five groups. The primary endpoint was bleeding at 2-year follow-up, and the secondary endpoint was major bleeding at 2-year follow-up. RESULTS A total of 2,747 (17.0%) bleeding and 525 (3.3%) major bleeding were recorded during a median follow-up of 2.0 years. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the highest bleeding incidence in Lp(a) quintile 1, compared with patients in Lp(a) quintiles 2 to 5 (p < 0.001), while the incidence of major bleeding seemed similar between the two groups. Moreover, restricted cubic spline analysis suggested that there was an L-shaped association between Lp(a) and 2-year bleeding after adjustment for potential confounding factors, whereas there was no significant association between Lp(a) and 2-year major bleeding. CONCLUSION There was an inverse and L-shaped association of Lp(a) with bleeding at 2-year follow-up in patients with CAD. More attention and effort should be made to increase the clinician awareness of Lp(a)'s role, as a novel marker for bleeding risk to better guide shared-decision making in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Deshan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Special Demand Medical Care Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Ru Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqing Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Runlin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Han
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinqing Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Bellomo TR, Liu Y, Gilliland TC, Miksenas H, Haidermota S, Wong M, Hu X, Cristino JR, Browne A, Plutzky J, Tsimikas S, Januzzi JL, Natarajan P. Associations between lipoprotein(a), oxidized phospholipids, and extracoronary vascular disease. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100585. [PMID: 38942114 PMCID: PMC11298641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The roles of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and related oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) in the development and progression of coronary disease is known, but their influence on extracoronary vascular disease is not well-established. We sought to evaluate associations between Lp(a), OxPL apolipoprotein B (OxPL-apoB), and apolipoprotein(a) (OxPL-apo(a)) with angiographic extracoronary vascular disease and incident major adverse limb events (MALEs). Four hundred forty-six participants who underwent coronary and/or peripheral angiography were followed up for a median of 3.7 years. Lp(a) and OxPLs were measured before angiography. Elevated Lp(a) was defined as ≥150 nmol/L. Elevated OxPL-apoB and OxPL-apo(a) were defined as greater than or equal to the 75th percentile (OxPL-apoB ≥8.2 nmol/L and OxPL-apo(a) ≥35.8 nmol/L, respectively). Elevated Lp(a) had a stronger association with the presence of extracoronary vascular disease compared to OxPLs and was minimally improved with the addition of OxPLs in multivariable models. Compared to participants with normal Lp(a) and OxPL concentrations, participants with elevated Lp(a) levels were twice as likely to experience a MALE (odds ratio: 2.14, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 4.44), and the strength of the association as well as the C statistic of 0.82 was largely unchanged with the addition of OxPL-apoB and OxPL-apo(a). Elevated Lp(a) and OxPLs are risk factors for progression and complications of extracoronary vascular disease. However, the addition of OxPLs to Lp(a) does not provide additional information about risk of extracoronary vascular disease. Therefore, Lp(a) alone captures the risk profile of Lp(a), OxPL-apoB, and OxPL-apo(a) in the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaque in peripheral arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Bellomo
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuxi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas C Gilliland
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Miksenas
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Haidermota
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Wong
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xingdi Hu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novartis, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | - Auris Browne
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novartis, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Jorge Plutzky
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James L Januzzi
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiology Division, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Wang G, Xia M, Liang C, Pu F, Liu S, Jia D. Prognostic value of elevated lipoprotein (a) in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1362893. [PMID: 38784168 PMCID: PMC11112025 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1362893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated lipoprotein (a) level was recognized as an independent risk factor for significant adverse cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Despite this recognition, the consensus in the literature regarding the prognostic significance of elevated lipoprotein (a) in ACS was also limited. Consequently, we conducted a thorough systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic relevance of elevated lipoprotein (a) level in individuals diagnosed with ACS. Methods and results A thorough literature review was conducted by systematically searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases until September 2023. This review specifically examined cohort studies exploring the prognostic implications of elevated lipoprotein (a) level in relation to major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including death, stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and coronary revascularization, in patients with ACS. The meta-analysis utilized aggregated multivariable hazard ratios (HR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) to evaluate prognostic implications between high and low lipoprotein (a) levels [the cut-off of high lipoprotein (a) level varies from 12.5 to 60 mg/dl]. Among 18,168 patients in the identified studies, elevated lipoprotein (a) was independently associated with increased MACE risk (HR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17-1.35, P < 0.00001) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05-1.76, P = 0.02) in ACS patients. In summary, elevated lipoprotein (a) levels independently forecast MACE and all-cause mortality in ACS patients. Assessing lipoprotein (a) levels appears promising for risk stratification in ACS, offering valuable insights for tailoring secondary prevention strategies. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO (CRD42023476543).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Wang
- The Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Maoyin Xia
- The Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Cai Liang
- The Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Pu
- The Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Sitai Liu
- Department of General Practice, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongxia Jia
- Department of General Practice, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
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Yuen T, Mancini GJ, Hegele RA, Pearson GJ. Consideration and Application of Lipoprotein(a) in the Risk Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adults. CJC Open 2024; 6:597-606. [PMID: 38559332 PMCID: PMC10980900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is an low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle in which apolipoprotein (apo) B is covalently bound to a plasminogen-like molecule called apo(a). A High level of Lp(a) has been demonstrated to be an independent, causal, and prevalent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), as well as aortic valve disease, through mechanisms that promote atherogenesis, inflammation, and thrombosis. With reliable and accessible assays, Lp(a) level has been established to be associated linearly with the risk for ASCVD. The 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Dyslipidemia Guidelines recommend measuring an Lp(a) level once in a person's lifetime as part of the initial lipid screening. The aim of this review is to provide an update and overview of the utility and application of Lp(a) level in the assessment and treatment of adults at risk for ASCVD, consistent with this guideline recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yuen
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - G.B. John Mancini
- University of British Columbia, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glen J. Pearson
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Tasdighi E, Adhikari R, Almaadawy O, Leucker TM, Blaha MJ. LP(a): Structure, Genetics, Associated Cardiovascular Risk, and Emerging Therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:135-157. [PMID: 37506332 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031023-100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a molecule bound to apolipoprotein(a) with some similarity to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), which has been found to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lp(a) appears to induce inflammation, atherogenesis, and thrombosis. Approximately 20% of the world's population has increased Lp(a) levels, determined predominantly by genetics. Current clinical practices for the management of dyslipidemia are ineffective in lowering Lp(a) levels. Evolving RNA-based therapeutics, such as the antisense oligonucleotide pelacarsen and small interfering RNA olpasiran, have shown promising results in reducing Lp(a) levels. Phase III pivotal cardiovascular outcome trials [Lp(a)HORIZON and OCEAN(a)] are ongoing to evaluate their efficacy in secondary prevention of major cardiovascular events in patients with elevated Lp(a). The future of cardiovascular residual risk reduction may transition to a personalized approach where further lowering of either LDL-C, triglycerides, or Lp(a) is selected after high-intensity statin therapy based on the individual risk profile and preferences of each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Tasdighi
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rishav Adhikari
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Omar Almaadawy
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thorsten M Leucker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Dai W, Castleberry M, Zheng Z. Tale of two systems: the intertwining duality of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2679-2696. [PMID: 37579878 PMCID: PMC10599797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is an enzymatic process that breaks down fibrin clots, while dyslipidemia refers to abnormal levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. Both fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism are critical mechanisms that regulate a myriad of functions in the body, and the imbalance of these mechanisms is linked to the development of pathologic conditions, such as thrombotic complications in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Accumulated evidence indicates the close relationship between the 2 seemingly distinct and complicated systems-fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. Observational studies in humans found that dyslipidemia, characterized by increased blood apoB-lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein, is associated with lower fibrinolytic potential. Genetic variants of some fibrinolytic regulators are associated with blood lipid levels, supporting a causal relationship between these regulators and lipoprotein metabolism. Mechanistic studies have elucidated many pathways that link the fibrinolytic system and lipoprotein metabolism. Moreover, profibrinolytic therapies improve lipid panels toward an overall cardiometabolic healthier phenotype, while some lipid-lowering treatments increase fibrinolytic potential. The complex relationship between lipoprotein and fibrinolysis warrants further research to improve our understanding of the bidirectional regulation between the mediators of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA.
| | | | - Ze Zheng
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes, are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite progress in prevention and treatment, recent trends show a stalling in the reduction of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, paralleled by increasing rates of cardiometabolic disease risk factors in young adults, underscoring the importance of risk assessments in this population. This review highlights the evidence for molecular biomarkers for early risk assessment in young individuals. We examine the utility of traditional biomarkers in young individuals and discuss novel, nontraditional biomarkers specific to pathways contributing to early cardiometabolic disease risk. Additionally, we explore emerging omic technologies and analytical approaches that could enhance risk assessment for cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman A Tahir
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
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8
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Torres M, Schenk A. Lipoprotein (a): Does It Play a Role in Pediatric Ischemic Stroke and Thrombosis? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023:10.1007/s11883-023-01102-5. [PMID: 37160656 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this paper is to describe the current understanding of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), clinical practice guidelines, and the potential pathophysiological mechanisms that appear to increase the risk of cardiovascular and thromboembolic events, specifically within the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS The proatherogenic and pro-thrombotic properties of Lp(a) may increase the risk of atherothrombotic disease. In adults, atherosclerotic plaques increase thrombotic risk, but antifibrinolytic and proinflammatory properties appear to have an important role in children. Although it is not well established in neonates, recent studies indicate the risk of incident thrombosis and ischemic stroke are approximately fourfold higher in children with elevated Lp(a) which also increases their risk of recurrent events. Despite this higher risk, Pediatric Lp(a) screening guidelines continue to vary among different medical societies and countries. The inconsistency is likely related to inconclusive evidence outside of observational studies and the lack of specific therapies for children with elevated levels. Additional research is needed to improve understanding of the pro-thrombotic mechanisms of Lp(a), appropriate screening guidelines for Lp(a) in the pediatric population, and to elucidate the short and long term effects of elevated Lp(a) on the risk of pediatric thrombosis and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Torres
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, 1500 Cooper St, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA.
| | - Allyson Schenk
- Department of Research Data Science and Analytics, Cook Children's Medical Center, 801 Seventh Avenue, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA
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9
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Lipoprotein(a) in Atherosclerotic Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030969. [PMID: 36770634 PMCID: PMC9918959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol-like particle bound to apolipoprotein(a). Increased Lp(a) levels are an independent, heritable causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) as they are largely determined by variations in the Lp(a) gene (LPA) locus encoding apo(a). Lp(a) is the preferential lipoprotein carrier for oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), and its role adversely affects vascular inflammation, atherosclerotic lesions, endothelial function and thrombogenicity, which pathophysiologically leads to cardiovascular (CV) events. Despite this crucial role of Lp(a), its measurement lacks a globally unified method, and, between different laboratories, results need standardization. Standard antilipidemic therapies, such as statins, fibrates and ezetimibe, have a mediocre effect on Lp(a) levels, although it is not yet clear whether such treatments can affect CV events and prognosis. This narrative review aims to summarize knowledge regarding the mechanisms mediating the effect of Lp(a) on inflammation, atherosclerosis and thrombosis and discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.
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10
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Crosstalk between neurological, cardiovascular, and lifestyle disorders: insulin and lipoproteins in the lead role. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:790-817. [PMID: 36149598 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and impaired lipoprotein metabolism contribute to a plethora of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. These alterations have been extensively linked with poor lifestyle choices, such as consumption of a high-fat diet, smoking, stress, and a redundant lifestyle. Moreover, these are also known to increase the co-morbidity of diseases like Type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, insulin and lipoproteins exert a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. However, the tripping of balance between the periphery and center may alter the normal functioning of the brain and lead to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, depression, and multiple sclerosis. These neurological disorders are further characterized by certain behavioral and molecular changes that show consistent overlap with alteration in insulin and lipoprotein signaling pathways. Therefore, targeting these two mechanisms not only reveals a way to manage the co-morbidities associated with the circle of the metabolic, central nervous system, and cardiovascular disorders but also exclusively work as a disease-modifying therapy for neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of insulin resistance and lipoproteins in the progression of various neurological conditions and discuss the therapeutic options currently in the clinical pipeline targeting these two mechanisms; in addition, challenges faced in designing these therapeutic approaches have also been touched upon briefly.
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Boffa MB. Beyond fibrinolysis: The confounding role of Lp(a) in thrombosis. Atherosclerosis 2022; 349:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Badescu MC, Rezus E, Ciocoiu M, Badulescu OV, Butnariu LI, Popescu D, Bratoiu I, Rezus C. Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Patients with Hereditary Thrombophilia/Hypofibrinolysis-From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020640. [PMID: 35054824 PMCID: PMC8776054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) usually has a clear etiology. Local infection or trauma, radiotherapy and drugs that disrupt the vascular supply or bone turnover in the jaws are its major contributors. The thrombotic occlusion of the bone’s venous outflow that occurs in individuals with hereditary thrombophilia and/or hypofibrinolysis has a less known impact on jaw health and healing capability. Our research provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date and systematized information on the prevalence and significance of hereditary thrombophilia and/or hypofibrinolysis states in ONJ. We found that hereditary prothrombotic abnormalities are common in patients with ONJ refractory to conventional medical and dental treatments. Thrombophilia traits usually coexist with hypofibrinolysis traits. We also found that frequently acquired prothrombotic abnormalities coexist with hereditary ones and enhance their negative effect on the bone. Therefore, we recommend a personalized therapeutic approach that addresses, in particular, the modifiable risk factors of ONJ. Patients will have clear benefits, as they will be relieved of persistent pain and repeated dental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Codruta Badescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.C.B.); (D.P.); (C.R.)
- III Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 1 Independence Boulevard, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Rezus
- Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- I Rheumatology Clinic, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa Street, 700661 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (O.V.B.)
| | - Manuela Ciocoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Oana Viola Badulescu
- Department of Pathophysiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Hematology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 1 Independence Boulevard, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (O.V.B.)
| | - Lacramioara Ionela Butnariu
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Diana Popescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.C.B.); (D.P.); (C.R.)
- III Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 1 Independence Boulevard, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Bratoiu
- Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- I Rheumatology Clinic, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa Street, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ciprian Rezus
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.C.B.); (D.P.); (C.R.)
- III Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 1 Independence Boulevard, 700111 Iasi, Romania
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13
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Miles LA, Vago JP, Sousa LP, Parmer RJ. Functions of the plasminogen receptor Plg-R KT. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2468-2481. [PMID: 32662180 PMCID: PMC7722214 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plg-RKT is a structurally unique transmembrane plasminogen receptor with both N- and C-terminal domains exposed on the extracellular face of the cell. Its C-terminal lysine functions to tether plasminogen to cell surfaces. Overexpression of Plg-RKT increases cell surface plasminogen binding capacity while genetic deletion of Plg-RKT decreases plasminogen binding. Plasminogen binding to Plg-RKT results in promotion of plasminogen activation to the broad spectrum serine protease plasmin. This function is promoted by the physical association of Plg-RKT with the urokinase receptor (uPAR). Plg-RKT is broadly expressed in cells and tissues throughout the organism and its sequence is remarkably conserved phylogenetically. Plg-RKT also is required for lactation and, thus, is necessary for survival of the species. This review provides an overview of established and emerging functions of Plg-RKT and highlights major roles for Plg-RKT in both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. While the roles for Plg-RKT in the inflammatory response are predominantly plasmin(ogen)-dependent, its role in lactation requires both plasminogen-dependent and plasminogen-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, the functions of Plg-RKT are dependent on sex. In view of the broad tissue distribution of Plg-RKT , its role in a broad array of physiological and pathological processes should provide a fruitful area for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Juliana P. Vago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P. Sousa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG, Kamstrup PR. Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Risk of Ischemic Stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 74:54-66. [PMID: 31272552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High lipoprotein(a) is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction and aortic valve stenosis. Previous studies have examined the association of lipoprotein(a) and risk of stroke; however, the results are conflicting. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test if high lipoprotein(a) is associated with high risk of ischemic stroke observationally and causally from human genetics. METHODS The study included 49,699 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study and 10,813 individuals from the Copenhagen City Heart Study with measurements of plasma lipoprotein(a), LPA kringle-IV type 2 number of repeats, and LPA rs10455872. The endpoint of ischemic stroke was ascertained from Danish national health registries and validated by medical doctors. RESULTS Compared with individuals with lipoprotein(a) levels <10 mg/dl (<18 nmol/l: first to 50th percentile), the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for ischemic stroke was 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.24 to 2.05) for individuals with lipoprotein(a) levels >93mg/dl (>199 nmol/L: 96th to 100th percentile). In observational analyses for a 50 mg/dl (105 nmol/l) higher lipoprotein(a) level the age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio for ischemic stroke was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.13 to 1.28), while the corresponding age- and sex-adjusted genetic causal risk ratio for KIV-2 number of repeats was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.43) and for rs10455872 was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.06 to 1.51). The highest absolute 10-year risk of ischemic stroke was 17% in active smoking individuals >70 years of age with hypertension and lipoprotein(a) levels >93 mg/dl (>199 nmol/l: 96th to 100th percentile). In the Copenhagen City Heart Study, risk estimates for high levels of lipoprotein(a) were in the same direction but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS In a large contemporary general population study, high plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) were associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke both observationally and causally from human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Langsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia R Kamstrup
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bartens W, Nauck M, Schollmeyer P, Wanner C. Elevated Llpoprotein(A) and Fibrinogen Serum Levels Increase the Cardiovascular Risk in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686089601600109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo analyze the relationship between lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and fibrinogen as potential cardiovascular risk factors in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).PatientsA total of 47 uremic patients receiving CAPD, 21 with coronary artery disease (CAD), 26 without CAD.MeasurementsLp(a) levels were determined by an immunoradiometric assay. Since Lp(a) serum concentrations vary depending on the size, apoprotein(a) [apo(a)] isoforms were determined (Westernblot). Fibrinogen was quantified according to Clauss.ResultsThe mean Lp(a) serum concentration was 43 ± 5 mg/dL (SEM) (median 33 mg/dL) in CAPD patients and 21 ± 2 mg/dL (8 mg/dL) in controls (p < 0.01). Patients with low molecular weight apo(a) isoforms exhibited substantially elevated Lp(a) levels when compared with patients with high molecular isoforms (p < 0.01). In addition, we found elevated fibrinogen levels in the CAPD patients (538 ± 61 mg/dL) compared with healthy controls (288 ± 46 mg/dL). Twenty-one CAPD patients (45%) were suffering from CAD. Patients with CAD had higher Lp(a) levels (54 ± 5 mg/dL vs 34 ± 4 mg/dL) as well as higher fibrinogen concentrations (628 ± 59 mg/dL vs 459 ± 46 mg/dL). Furthermore, a positive correlation between the fibrinogen levels and the Lp(a) serum concentration was observed (r = 0.45, p = 0.01).ConclusionWe suggest that elevated Lp(a) levels are influenced by the allelic variation of the apo(a) isoform. In addition to the typical dyslipidemia found in CAPD patients, high levels of Lp(a) and fibrinogen may contribute to the elevated risk of coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Bartens
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Clinic Freiburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Clinic Freiburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Schollmeyer
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Clinic Freiburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Wanner
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Clinic Freiburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Jawi MM, Frohlich J, Chan SY. Lipoprotein(a) the Insurgent: A New Insight into the Structure, Function, Metabolism, Pathogenicity, and Medications Affecting Lipoprotein(a) Molecule. J Lipids 2020; 2020:3491764. [PMID: 32099678 PMCID: PMC7016456 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3491764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], aka "Lp little a", was discovered in the 1960s in the lab of the Norwegian physician Kåre Berg. Since then, we have greatly improved our knowledge of lipids and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lp(a) is an enigmatic class of lipoprotein that is exclusively formed in the liver and comprises two main components, a single copy of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 (apo-B100) tethered to a single copy of a protein denoted as apolipoprotein(a) apo(a). Plasma levels of Lp(a) increase soon after birth to a steady concentration within a few months of life. In adults, Lp(a) levels range widely from <2 to 2500 mg/L. Evidence that elevated Lp(a) levels >300 mg/L contribute to CVD is significant. The improvement of isoform-independent assays, together with the insight from epidemiologic studies, meta-analyses, genome-wide association studies, and Mendelian randomization studies, has established Lp(a) as the single most common independent genetically inherited causal risk factor for CVD. This breakthrough elevated Lp(a) from a biomarker of atherosclerotic risk to a target of therapy. With the emergence of promising second-generation antisense therapy, we hope that we can answer the question of whether Lp(a) is ready for prime-time clinic use. In this review, we present an update on the metabolism, pathophysiology, and current/future medical interventions for high levels of Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Motasim M. Jawi
- Healthy Heart Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Clinical PhysiologyCorrection: Department of Physiology, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box: 24, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiri Frohlich
- Healthy Heart Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Sammy Y. Chan
- Healthy Heart Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Konrad E, Güralp O, Shaalan W, Elzarkaa AA, Moftah R, Alemam D, Malik E, Soliman AA. Correlation of elevated levels of lipoprotein(a), high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein with severity of preeclampsia: a prospective longitudinal study. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2019; 40:53-58. [DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2019.1603214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Konrad
- Fakultät für Medizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften, University Women’s Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Onur Güralp
- Fakultät für Medizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften, University Women’s Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Waleed Shaalan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alaa A. Elzarkaa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Reham Moftah
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa Alemam
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Mansura, Mansura, Egypt
| | - Eduard Malik
- Fakultät für Medizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften, University Women’s Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Amr A. Soliman
- Fakultät für Medizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften, University Women’s Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Wang Z, Zhai X, Xue M, Cheng W, Hu H. Prognostic value of lipoprotein (a) level in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:150. [PMID: 31286992 PMCID: PMC6615167 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated lipoprotein (a) is recognized as a risk factor for incident cardiovascular events in the general population and established cardiovascular disease patients. However, there are conflicting findings on the prognostic utility of elevated lipoprotein (a) level in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of elevated lipoprotein (a) level in CAD patients. Methods and results A systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase databases was conducted until April 16, 2019. Observational studies reporting the prognostic value of elevated lipoprotein (a) level for cardiac events (cardiac death and acute coronary syndrome), cardiovascular events (death, stroke, acute coronary syndrome or coronary revascularisation), cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality in CAD patients were included. Pooled multivariable adjusted risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the highest vs. the lowest lipoprotein (a) level were utilized to calculate the prognostic value. Seventeen studies enrolling 283,328 patients were identified. Meta-analysis indicated that elevated lipoprotein (a) level was independently associated with an increased risk of cardiac events (RR 1.78; 95% CI 1.31–2.42) and cardiovascular events (RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.17–1.42) in CAD patients. However, elevated lipoprotein (a) level was not significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.43; 95% CI 0.94–2.18) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.35; 95% CI 0.93–1.95). Conclusions Elevated lipoprotein (a) level is an independent predictor of cardiac and cardiovascular events in CAD patients. Measurement of lipoprotein (a) level has potential to improve the risk stratification among patients with CAD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1092-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimiao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan city, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xincheng Zhai
- Department of Geriatrics, Municipal Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo City, 255000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan city, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan city, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hesheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, NO. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan city, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China.
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Ellis KL, Chakraborty A, Moses EK, Watts GF. To test, or not to test: that is the question for the future of lipoprotein(a). Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 17:241-250. [PMID: 30916582 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2019.1596799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a potent, highly heritable and common risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Evidence for a causal association between elevated Lp(a) and ASCVD has been provided by large epidemiological investigations that have demonstrated a curvilinear association with increased risk, as well as from genetic examinations and cellular and transgenic animal studies. Although there are several therapies available for lowering Lp(a), none are selective for Lp(a) and there is no clinical trial data that has specifically shown that lowering Lp(a) reduces the risk of ASCVD. Hence, screening for elevated Lp(a) is not routinely incorporated into clinical practice. Areas covered: This paper reviews the current evidence supporting the causal role of Lp(a) in the primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD, screening approaches for high Lp(a), current guidelines on testing Lp(a), and barriers to the routine screening of elevated Lp(a) in clinical practice. Expert opinion: At present, there is a moderate level of evidence supporting the routine screening of elevated Lp(a). Current guidelines recommend testing for elevated Lp(a) in individuals at intermediate or high risk of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Ellis
- a Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia and School of Biomedical Sciences , Curtin University , Perth , Australia.,b School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- b School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Eric K Moses
- a Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia and School of Biomedical Sciences , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- b School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia.,c Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology , Royal Perth Hospital , Perth , Australia
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20
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Bicuspid aortic valve, atherosclerosis and changes of lipid metabolism: Are there pathological molecular links? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:231-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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McCormick SPA, Schneider WJ. Lipoprotein(a) catabolism: a case of multiple receptors. Pathology 2018; 51:155-164. [PMID: 30595508 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing plasma lipoprotein similar in structure to low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Lp(a) is more complex than LDL due to the presence of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], a large glycoprotein sharing extensive homology with plasminogen, which confers some unique properties onto Lp(a) particles. ApoB and apo(a) are essential for the assembly and catabolism of Lp(a); however, other proteins associated with the particle may modify its metabolism. Lp(a) specifically carries a cargo of oxidised phospholipids (OxPL) bound to apo(a) which stimulates many proinflammatory pathways in cells of the arterial wall, a key property underlying its pathogenicity and association with cardiovascular disease (CVD). While the liver and kidney are the major tissues implicated in Lp(a) clearance, the pathways for Lp(a) uptake appear to be complex and are still under investigation. Biochemical studies have revealed an exceptional array of receptors that associate with Lp(a) either via its apoB, apo(a), or OxPL components. These receptors fall into five main categories, namely 'classical' lipoprotein receptors, toll-like and scavenger receptors, lectins, and plasminogen receptors. The roles of these receptors have largely been dissected by genetic manipulation in cells or mice, although their relative physiological importance for removal of Lp(a) from the circulation remains unclear. The LPA gene encoding apo(a) has an overwhelming effect on Lp(a) levels which precludes any clear associations between potential Lp(a) receptor genes and Lp(a) levels in population studies. Targeted approaches and the selection of unique Lp(a) phenotypes within populations has nevertheless allowed for some associations to be made. Few of the proposed Lp(a) receptors can specifically be manipulated with current drugs and, as such, it is not currently clear whether any of these receptors could provide relevant targets for therapeutic manipulation of Lp(a) levels. This review summarises the current status of knowledge about receptor-mediated pathways for Lp(a) catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P A McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Romagnuolo R, Scipione CA, Bazzi ZA, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. Inhibition of pericellular plasminogen activation by apolipoprotein(a): Roles of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and integrins α Mβ 2 and α Vβ 3. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:11-21. [PMID: 29852400 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a causal risk factor for cardiovascular disorders including coronary heart disease and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)), the unique glycoprotein component of Lp(a), contains sequences homologous to plasminogen. Plasminogen activation is markedly accelerated in the presence of cell surface receptors and can be inhibited in this context by apo(a). METHODS We evaluated the role of potential receptors in regulating plasminogen activation and the ability of apo(a) to mediate inhibition of plasminogen activation on vascular and monocytic/macrophage cells through knockdown (siRNA or blocking antibodies) or overexpression of various candidate receptors. Binding assays were conducted to determine apo(a) and plasminogen receptor interactions. RESULTS The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) modulates plasminogen activation as well as plasminogen and apo(a) binding on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cells, and THP-1 macrophages as determined through uPAR knockdown and overexpression. Apo(a) variants lacking either the kringle V or the strong lysine binding site in kringle IV type 10 are not able to bind to uPAR to the same extent as wild-type apo(a). Plasminogen activation is also modulated, albeit to a lower extent, through the Mac-1 (αMβ2) integrin on HUVECs and THP-1 monocytes. Integrin αVβ3 can regulate plasminogen activation on THP-1 monocytes and to a lesser extent on HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate cell type-specific roles for uPAR, αMβ2, and αVβ3 in promoting plasminogen activation and mediate the inhibitory effects of apo(a) in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Romagnuolo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Corey A Scipione
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Zainab A Bazzi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Michael B Boffa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
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Hojs R, Ekart R, Dvorsak B, Gorenjak M. Hemodialysis Vascular Access Thrombosis and Lipoprotein(A). J Vasc Access 2018; 1:84-7. [PMID: 17638232 DOI: 10.1177/112972980000100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular access remains the Achilles's heel of successful hemodialysis and thrombosis is the leading cause of vascular access failure. Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels in hemodialysis patients were reported, and in some studies were also associated with hemodialysis vascular access thrombosis. Patients and Methods In our study 84 hemodialysis patients with native arteriovenous fistula were included. Two groups of patients were defined: group A including 61 patients with their vascular access either never or only once thrombosed, and group B including 23 patients with two or more thromboses of their vascular access. We determined serum concentrations of Lp(a) in all our patients. Results Average serum Lp(a) concentration for all the patients included in the study was 0.273 ± 0.31 g/l. No relationship was found between serum Lp(a) concentrations and age, gender and duration of dialysis treatment. Serum Lp(a) concentrations were higher in group A than in group B patients (0.301 g/l versus 0.198 g/l), but the difference was not statistically significant. There was also no statistically significant difference between group A and group B regarding age, gender and duration of hemodialysis treatment. The use of a cut-off value for Lp(a) of 0.3 g/l and 0.57 g/l also failed to provide a significant difference between group A and B patients. Conclusion We found no significant differences in Lp(a) concentrations between group A (thrombosis-non-prone) and group B (thrombosis-prone) patients. Our results suggest that Lp(a) is not an independent risk factor for vascular access occlusion in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hojs
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Nephrology, Teaching Hospital Maribor, Maribor - Slovenia
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Scipione CA, Koschinsky ML, Boffa MB. Lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: New perspectives from basic and translational science. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 55:33-54. [PMID: 29262744 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1415866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) are a causal risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). Genetic, epidemiological and in vitro data provide strong evidence for a pathogenic role for Lp(a) in the progression of atherothrombotic disease. Despite these advancements and a race to develop new Lp(a) lowering therapies, there are still many unanswered and emerging questions about the metabolism and pathophysiology of Lp(a). New studies have drawn attention to Lp(a) as a contributor to novel pathogenic processes, yet the mechanisms underlying the contribution of Lp(a) to CVD remain enigmatic. New therapeutics show promise in lowering plasma Lp(a) levels, although the complete mechanisms of Lp(a) lowering are not fully understood. Specific agents targeted to apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)), namely antisense oligonucleotide therapy, demonstrate potential to decrease Lp(a) to levels below the 30-50 mg/dL (75-150 nmol/L) CVD risk threshold. This therapeutic approach should aid in assessing the benefit of lowering Lp(a) in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Scipione
- a Department of Advanced Diagnostics , Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN , Toronto , Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- b Robarts Research Institute , Western University , London , Canada.,c Department of Physiology & Pharmacology , Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University , London , Canada
| | - Michael B Boffa
- d Department of Biochemistry , Western University , London , Canada
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Duran CL, Howell DW, Dave JM, Smith RL, Torrie ME, Essner JJ, Bayless KJ. Molecular Regulation of Sprouting Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:153-235. [PMID: 29357127 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at first met with some opposition. Once overcome, the angiogenesis field has flourished due to studies on tumor angiogenesis and various developmental models that can be genetically manipulated, including mice and zebrafish. In addition, new discoveries have been aided by the ability to isolate primary endothelial cells, which has allowed dissection of various steps within angiogenesis. This review will summarize the molecular events that control angiogenesis downstream of biochemical factors such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and lipids. These and other stimuli have been linked to regulation of junctional molecules and cell surface receptors. In addition, the contribution of cytoskeletal elements and regulatory proteins has revealed an intricate role for mobilization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in response to cues that activate the endothelium. Activating stimuli also affect various focal adhesion proteins, scaffold proteins, intracellular kinases, and second messengers. Finally, metalloproteinases, which facilitate matrix degradation and the formation of new blood vessels, are discussed, along with our knowledge of crosstalk between the various subclasses of these molecules throughout the text. Compr Physiol 8:153-235, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Howell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie E Torrie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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Ellis KL, Boffa MB, Sahebkar A, Koschinsky ML, Watts GF. The renaissance of lipoprotein(a): Brave new world for preventive cardiology? Prog Lipid Res 2017; 68:57-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Langsted A, Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG. High Lipoprotein(a) and Low Risk of Major Bleeding in Brain and Airways in the General Population: a Mendelian Randomization Study. Clin Chem 2017; 63:1714-1723. [PMID: 28877919 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.276931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological role of lipoprotein(a) is unclear; however, lipoprotein(a) may play a role in hemostasis and wound healing. We tested the hypothesis that high lipoprotein(a) concentrations are associated with low risk of major bleeding in the brain and airways both observationally and causally (from human genetics). METHODS We examined 109169 individuals from the Copenhagen City Heart Study and the Copenhagen General Population study, 2 similar prospective studies conducted in the Danish general population. Individuals had information on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations (n = 59980), LPA kringle-IV type 2 (KIV-2) number of repeats (n = 98965), and/or LPA single-nucleotide polymorphism rs10455872 associated with high lipoprotein(a) concentrations (n = 109 169), and information on hospital contacts or death due to major bleeding in brain and airways from registers. RESULTS Using extreme phenotypes or genotypes, the multifactorially adjusted hazard ratio for major bleeding in the brain and airways was 0.84 (95%CI: 0.71-0.99) for lipoprotein(a), >800 mg/L vs <110 mg/L; 0.83 (0.73-0.96) for KIV-2, <24 vs >35 number of repeats; and 0.89 (0.81-0.97) for rs10455872 carriers (heterozygotes + homozygotes) vs noncarriers. The corresponding hazard ratios were 0.89 (0.82-0.98) for heterozygotes and 0.59 (0.36-0.98) for homozygotes separately vs rs10455872 noncarriers. Also, for a 1 standard deviation higher lipoprotein(a) (= 310 mg/L), the hazard ratio for major bleeding in the brain and airways was 0.95 (95%CI: 0.91-1.00) observationally, 0.89 (0.80-0.98) causally based on LPA KIV-2 number of repeats, and 0.94 (0.87-1.02) causally based on LPA rs10455872. CONCLUSIONS High lipoprotein(a) concentrations were associated with lower risk of major bleeding in the brain and airways observationally and causally. This indicates that lipoprotein(a) may play a role in hemostasis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Langsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia R Kamstrup
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and .,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- CJ Packard
- Institute of Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow
| | - J. Shepherd
- Institute of Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow
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Sönmez H, Süer S, Ulutin T, Kökoglu E, Uçişik N. The Relationship of Various Factors in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107602969800400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the levels of lipid parameters, fibronectin, tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor (t-PA-PAI-1) complex and si alidase in patients with coronary heart disease and a control group. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and lipoprotein Lp(a), levels in patients with coronary heart disease were found to be significantly higher than in the control group (p < .001). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in patient group were significantly lower than control group (p < .001). Plasma fibronectin and t-PA-PAI-1 complex levels in patients with coronary heart disease were found to be significantly higher than control group (p < .05 and p < .001, respectively). In addition, we found that serum sialidase levels in patients with coronary heart disease were significantly higher than in the control group (p < .001). The electrophoretic mobility of lipoproteins from patients with coronary heart dis ease was found to be greater than those from the control group. As a result Lp(a) may play an important role in the pathogen esis of atherosclerosis by causing foam cell formation because of interacting with LDL or fibronectin and by interfering with the fibrinolytic system because of binding to plasminogen re ceptors. In addition, modifications of Lp(a) (including desi alylation) may effect these events. Key words: Coronary heart disease—tPA-PAI-1 complex-Fibronectin-sialidase-Lipid parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Sönmez
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul
| | - Selma Süer
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul
| | - Turgut Ulutin
- Genetic and Teratology Research Center, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul
| | - Emine Kökoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul
| | - Nergiz Uçişik
- Department of Cardiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Turkey
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Park SH, Rha SW, Choi BG, Park JY, Jeon U, Seo HS, Kim EJ, Na JO, Choi CU, Kim JW, Lim HE, Park CG, Oh DJ. Impact of high lipoprotein(a) levels on in-stent restenosis and long-term clinical outcomes of angina pectoris patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents in Asian population. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:588-95. [PMID: 25865336 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is known to be associated with cardiovascular complications and atherothrombotic properties in general populations. However, it has not been examined whether Lp(a) levels are able to predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES). A total of 595 consecutive patients with angina pectoris who underwent elective PCI with DES were enrolled from 2004 to 2010. The patients were divided into two groups according to the levels of Lp(a): Lp(a) < 50 mg/dL (n = 485 patients), and Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL (n = 111 patients). The 6-9-month angiographic outcomes and 3-year cumulative major clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Binary restenosis occurred in 26 of 133 lesions (19.8%) in the high Lp(a) group and 43 of 550 lesions (7.9%) in the low Lp(a) group (P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the reference vessel diameter, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, total lesion length, and Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL were predictors of binary restenosis. In the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, Lp(a) > 50 mg/dL was significantly associated with the 3-year adverse clinical outcomes including any myocardial infarction, revascularization (target lesion revascularization (TLR) and target vessel revascularization (TVR)), TLR-major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), TVR-MACE, and All-MACEs. In our study, high Lp(a) level ≥ 50 mg/dL in angina pectoris patients undergoing elective PCI with DES was significantly associated with binary restenosis and 3-year adverse clinical outcomes in an Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seung-Woon Rha
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung-Geol Choi
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Medical University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ung Jeon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hong-Seog Seo
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung-Ju Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Oh Na
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Ung Choi
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Won Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Euy Lim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Gyu Park
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Joo Oh
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. Lipoprotein (a): truly a direct prothrombotic factor in cardiovascular disease? J Lipid Res 2015; 57:745-57. [PMID: 26647358 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r060582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] have been determined to be a causal risk factor for coronary heart disease, and may similarly play a role in other atherothrombotic disorders. Lp(a) consists of a lipoprotein moiety indistinguishable from LDL, as well as the plasminogen-related glycoprotein, apo(a). Therefore, the pathogenic role for Lp(a) has traditionally been considered to reflect a dual function of its similarity to LDL, causing atherosclerosis, and its similarity to plasminogen, causing thrombosis through inhibition of fibrinolysis. This postulate remains highly speculative, however, because it has been difficult to separate the prothrombotic/antifibrinolytic functions of Lp(a) from its proatherosclerotic functions. This review surveys the current landscape surrounding these issues: the biochemical basis for procoagulant and antifibrinolytic effects of Lp(a) is summarized and the evidence addressing the role of Lp(a) in both arterial and venous thrombosis is discussed. While elevated Lp(a) appears to be primarily predisposing to thrombotic events in the arterial tree, the fact that most of these are precipitated by underlying atherosclerosis continues to confound our understanding of the true pathogenic roles of Lp(a) and, therefore, the most appropriate therapeutic target through which to mitigate the harmful effects of this lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Boffa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Monocyte subset distribution in patients with stable atherosclerosis and elevated levels of lipoprotein(a). J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:533-41. [PMID: 26228671 PMCID: PMC4533224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a proatherogenic plasma lipoprotein currently established as an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic disease and as a predictor for acute thrombotic complications. In addition, Lp(a) is the major carrier of proinflammatory oxidized phospholipids (OxPL). Today, atherosclerosis is considered to be an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall in which monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages are crucially involved. Circulating monocytes can be divided according to their surface expression pattern of CD14 and CD16 into at least 3 subsets with distinct inflammatory and atherogenic potential. Objective The aim of this study was to examine whether elevated levels of Lp(a) and OxPL on apolipoprotein B-100–containing lipoproteins (OxPL/apoB) are associated with changes in monocyte subset distribution. Methods We included 90 patients with stable coronary artery disease. Lp(a) and OxPL/apoB were measured, and monocyte subsets were identified as classical monocytes (CMs; CD14++CD16−), intermediate monocytes (IMs; CD14++CD16+), and nonclassical monocytes (NCMs; CD14+CD16++) by flow cytometry. Results In patients with elevated levels of Lp(a) (>50 mg/dL), monocyte subset distribution was skewed toward an increase in the proportion of IM (7.0 ± 3.8% vs 5.2 ± 3.0%; P = .026), whereas CM (82.6 ± 6.5% vs 82.0 ± 6.8%; P = .73) and NCM (10.5 ± 5.3 vs 12.8 ± 6.0; P = .10) were not significantly different. This association was independent of clinical risk factors, choice of statin treatment regime, and inflammatory markers. In addition, OxPL/apoB was higher in patients with elevated Lp(a) and correlated with IM but not CM and NCM. Conclusions In conclusion, we provide a potential link between elevated levels of Lp(a) and a proatherogenic distribution of monocyte subtypes in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease. Lipoprotein(a) serves as an independent risk factor in atherosclerotic disease. Monocyte subsets exhibit distinct inflammatory and atherogenic properties. Patients with elevated levels of Lp(a) show a shift towards intermediate monocytes. This association was independent of clinical properties and inflammatory markers. Those patients also exhibited higher OxPL/apoB concentrations.
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Romagnuolo R, Marcovina SM, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. Inhibition of plasminogen activation by apo(a): role of carboxyl-terminal lysines and identification of inhibitory domains in apo(a). J Lipid Res 2014; 55:625-34. [PMID: 24478033 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m036566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apo(a), the distinguishing protein component of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], exhibits sequence similarity to plasminogen and can inhibit binding of plasminogen to cell surfaces. Plasmin generated on the surface of vascular cells plays a role in cell migration and proliferation, two of the fibroproliferative inflammatory events that underlie atherosclerosis. The ability of apo(a) to inhibit pericellular plasminogen activation on vascular cells was therefore evaluated. Two isoforms of apo(a), 12K and 17K, were found to significantly decrease tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated plasminogen activation on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and THP-1 monocytes and macrophages. Lp(a) purified from human plasma decreased plasminogen activation on THP-1 monocytes and HUVECs but not on THP-1 macrophages. Removal of kringle V or the strong lysine binding site in kringle IV10 completely abolished the inhibitory effect of apo(a). Treatment with carboxypeptidase B to assess the roles of carboxyl-terminal lysines in cellular receptors leads in most cases to decreases in plasminogen activation as well as plasminogen and apo(a) binding; however, inhibition of plasminogen activation by apo(a) was unaffected. Our findings directly demonstrate that apo(a) inhibits pericellular plasminogen activation in all three cell types, although binding of apo(a) to cell-surface receptors containing carboxyl-terminal lysines does not appear to play a major role in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Romagnuolo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; and
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Nakagami H, Koriyama H, Morishita R. Therapeutic Vaccines for Hypertension and Dyslipidemia. Int Heart J 2014; 55:96-100. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.13-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and Fukui University
| | - Hiroshi Koriyama
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and Fukui University
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
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Malaguarnera G, Gagliano C, Bucolo C, Vacante M, Salomone S, Malaguarnera M, Leonardi DG, Motta M, Drago F, Avitabile T. Lipoprotein(a) serum levels in diabetic patients with retinopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:943505. [PMID: 23862162 PMCID: PMC3687764 DOI: 10.1155/2013/943505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherogenic lipoproteins, such as total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, oxidized low density lipoprotein, and triglycerides, are associated with progression of retinopathy. Aim. To evaluate the relationship between lipoprotein(a) and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled 145 diabetic consecutive patients (82 females, 63 males; mean age 66.8 ± 12 years, mean duration of diabetes 9.4 ± 6.8 years). Presence and severity of retinopathy were evaluated. Serum lipid profile, including Lp(a) level, was assessed. RESULTS High Lp(a) levels have been observed in 54 (78.3%) subjects and normal levels in 13 (18.85%) subjects as regards diabetic patients with retinopathy. Lp(a) levels were high in 15 subjects (21.75%) and normal in 63 subjects (91.35%) as regards patients without retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Lp(a) levels are increased in a significant percentage of patients with retinopathy compared to diabetic patients without retinopathy. The impact of Lp(a) levels on diabetic retinopathy needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malaguarnera
- International Ph D Program in Neuropharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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Inhibition of neointima formation through DNA vaccination for apolipoprotein(a): a new therapeutic strategy for lipoprotein(a). Sci Rep 2013; 3:1600. [PMID: 23549288 PMCID: PMC3615337 DOI: 10.1038/srep01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an unique lipoprotein consisting of the glycoprotein apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] in low-density lipoprotein. Although Lp(a) is a well-known independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, there is no drugs to decrease plasma Lp(a) level. Thus, to inhibit the biological activity of Lp(a), we developed DNA vaccine for apo(a) by the targeting to the selected 12 hydrophilic amino acids in the kringle-4 type 2 domain of apo(a). Hepatitis B virus core protein was used as an epitope carrier to enhance the immunogenicity. Intramuscular immunization with apo(a) vaccine resulted in the significant inhibition of neointima formation in carotid artery ligation model using Lp(a) transgenic mice, associated with anti-apo(a) antibody and decrease in vascular Lp(a) deposition. Overall, this study provided the first evidence that the pro-atherosclerotic actions of Lp(a) could be prevented by DNA vaccine directed against apo(a), suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy to treat cardiovascular diseases related to high Lp(a).
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Thanassoulis G, Campbell CY, Owens DS, Smith JG, Smith AV, Peloso GM, Kerr KF, Pechlivanis S, Budoff MJ, Harris TB, Malhotra R, O'Brien KD, Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Allison MA, Aspelund T, Criqui MH, Heckbert SR, Hwang SJ, Liu Y, Sjogren M, van der Pals J, Kälsch H, Mühleisen TW, Nöthen MM, Cupples LA, Caslake M, Di Angelantonio E, Danesh J, Rotter JI, Sigurdsson S, Wong Q, Erbel R, Kathiresan S, Melander O, Gudnason V, O'Donnell CJ, Post WS. Genetic associations with valvular calcification and aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:503-12. [PMID: 23388002 PMCID: PMC3766627 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1109034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available regarding genetic contributions to valvular calcification, which is an important precursor of clinical valve disease. METHODS We determined genomewide associations with the presence of aortic-valve calcification (among 6942 participants) and mitral annular calcification (among 3795 participants), as detected by computed tomographic (CT) scanning; the study population for this analysis included persons of white European ancestry from three cohorts participating in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium (discovery population). Findings were replicated in independent cohorts of persons with either CT-detected valvular calcification or clinical aortic stenosis. RESULTS One SNP in the lipoprotein(a) (LPA) locus (rs10455872) reached genomewide significance for the presence of aortic-valve calcification (odds ratio per allele, 2.05; P=9.0×10(-10)), a finding that was replicated in additional white European, African-American, and Hispanic-American cohorts (P<0.05 for all comparisons). Genetically determined Lp(a) levels, as predicted by LPA genotype, were also associated with aortic-valve calcification, supporting a causal role for Lp(a). In prospective analyses, LPA genotype was associated with incident aortic stenosis (hazard ratio per allele, 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 2.15) and aortic-valve replacement (hazard ratio, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.27) in a large Swedish cohort; the association with incident aortic stenosis was also replicated in an independent Danish cohort. Two SNPs (rs17659543 and rs13415097) near the proinflammatory gene IL1F9 achieved genomewide significance for mitral annular calcification (P=1.5×10(-8) and P=1.8×10(-8), respectively), but the findings were not replicated consistently. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in the LPA locus, mediated by Lp(a) levels, is associated with aortic-valve calcification across multiple ethnic groups and with incident clinical aortic stenosis. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- George Thanassoulis
- Department of Medicine and the Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal
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Chakraborty B, Vishnoi G, Goswami B, Gowda SH, Chowdhury D, Agarwal S. Lipoprotein(a), ferritin, and albumin in acute phase reaction predicts severity and mortality of acute ischemic stroke in North Indian Patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 22:e159-67. [PMID: 23253530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of stroke. We studied the behavior of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], ferritin, and albumin as acute phase reactants and their roles in the severity and mortality of stroke. METHODS We recruited 100 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke and 120 controls. Blood samples were drawn on days 1 and 7 and at both 3 and 6 months. Stroke was classified using Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification. Stroke severity was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Prognosis at 6 months was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale, and mortality was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), Lp(a), ferritin, and albumin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoturbidimetry, and chemiluminescence commercial kits, respectively. RESULTS Levels of IL-6, Lp(a), and ferritin were consistently higher among cases than controls (P < .0001). Serum Lp(a) levels peaked at day 7 after stroke and tapered thereafter. Albumin levels were lower than controls on admission day and increased subsequently. In our study, Lp(a) acted as an acute phase reactant while albumin acted as a negative acute phase reactant. There was no association between Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment subtype and elevated serum levels of Lp(a), albumin, and ferritin. Lp(a) and ferritin were high in patients with severe stroke. Albumin was negatively correlated with stroke severity. Serum levels of Lp(a) ≥ 77 mg/dL, albumin ≤ 3.5 g/dL, and ferritin ≥ 370 ng/dL is associated with a significantly increased risk of having a poorer outcome in stroke. Serum levels of Lp(a) >77 mg/dL and albumin <3.5 g/dL were also associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS High levels of Lp(a) and ferritin and low levels of albumin are associated with increased severity and poorer long term prognosis of stroke. Patients with admission levels of Lp(a) >77 mg/dL and albumin <3.5 g/dL had increased mortality.
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O’Connor P, Cooke T, Feely J. Effects of HMG Co-A Reductase Inhibitors on Lipids and Lipoprotein(a) in Hypercholesterolaemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03258403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Helgadottir A, Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Holm H, Patel RS, Gudnason T, Jones GT, van Rij AM, Eapen DJ, Baas AF, Tregouet DA, Morange PE, Emmerich J, Lindblad B, Gottsäter A, Kiemeny LA, Lindholt JS, Sakalihasan N, Ferrell RE, Carey DJ, Elmore JR, Tsao PS, Grarup N, Jørgensen T, Witte DR, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Pola R, Gaetani E, Magnadottir HB, Wijmenga C, Tromp G, Ronkainen A, Ruigrok YM, Blankensteijn JD, Mueller T, Wells PS, Corral J, Soria JM, Souto JC, Peden JF, Jalilzadeh S, Mayosi BM, Keavney B, Strawbridge RJ, Sabater-Lleal M, Gertow K, Baldassarre D, Nyyssönen K, Rauramaa R, Smit AJ, Mannarino E, Giral P, Tremoli E, de Faire U, Humphries SE, Hamsten A, Haraldsdottir V, Olafsson I, Magnusson MK, Samani NJ, Levey AI, Markus HS, Kostulas K, Dichgans M, Berger K, Kuhlenbäumer G, Ringelstein EB, Stoll M, Seedorf U, Rothwell PM, Powell JT, Kuivaniemi H, Onundarson PT, Valdimarsson E, Matthiasson SE, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorgeirsson G, Quyyumi AA, Watkins H, Farrall M, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. Apolipoprotein(a) Genetic Sequence Variants Associated With Systemic Atherosclerosis and Coronary Atherosclerotic Burden But Not With Venous Thromboembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:722-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bukan N, Kandemir O, Nas T, Gulbahar O, Unal A, Cayci B. Maternal cardiac risks in pre-eclamptic patients. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 25:912-4. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.600363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Flood EC, Hajjar KA. The annexin A2 system and vascular homeostasis. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 54:59-67. [PMID: 21440088 PMCID: PMC3109204 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Optimal fibrin balance requires precisely controlled plasmin generation on the surface of endothelial cells, which line the blood vessel wall. As a co-receptor for plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which are key factors in plasmin generation, the annexin A2 (A2) complex promotes vascular fibrinolysis. The intracellular A2 complex is a heterotetramer of two A2 monomers and two copies of the associated protein, p11. In response to endothelial cell activation, A2 is phosphorylated by src-kinase, and translocated to the cell surface in a highly regulated manner. Over-expression of A2 is seen in acute promyelocytic leukemia during the early hemorrhagic phase, while high titer antibodies to A2, as in antiphospholipid syndrome or cerebral venous thrombosis, are associated with thrombosis. In experimental hyperhomocysteinemia, moreover, derivatization of A2 by homocysteine leads to intravascular fibrin accumulation and dysangiogenesis, features that phenocopy the Anxa2(-/-) mouse. Exogenous A2 may also offer a novel therapeutic approach to ischemic thrombotic stroke, as administration of A2 in conjunction with conventional tPA-based thrombolytic therapy improved outcome in an animal model. Here, we discuss the role of the A2 system in vascular homeostasis, the molecular interactions that regulate its profibrinolytic activity, and its potential role in the pathogenesis and treatment of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle C. Flood
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katherine A. Hajjar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update of the literature describing the link between lipoprotein a and vascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS There is evidence that elevated plasma lipoprotein a levels are associated with coronary heart disease, stroke and other manifestations of atherosclerosis. Several mechanisms may be implicated, including proinflammatory actions and impaired fibrinolysis. SUMMARY Lipoprotein a potentially represents a useful tool for risk stratification in the primary and secondary prevention setting. However, there are still unresolved methodological issues regarding the measurement of lipoprotein a levels. Targeting lipoprotein a in order to reduce vascular risk is hampered by the lack of well tolerated and effective pharmacological interventions. Moreover, it has not yet been established whether such a reduction will result in fewer vascular events. The risk attributed to lipoprotein a may be reduced by aggressively tackling other vascular risk factors, such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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The Effects of Extended Release Niacin in Combination with Omega 3 Fatty Acid Supplements in the Treatment of Elevated Lipoprotein (a). CHOLESTEROL 2010; 2010:306147. [PMID: 21490914 PMCID: PMC3065818 DOI: 10.1155/2010/306147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To assess the effectiveness of niacin/fish oil combination therapy in reducing Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels after twelve weeks of therapy.
Background. Lipoprotein (a) accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions and promotes smooth muscle cell growth and is both atherogenic and thrombogenic. A clinical trials of combination therapy for the reduction of Lp(a) has not been previously reported.
Methods. The study was an observational study following subjects with an elevated Lp(a) (>70 nmol/L) to assess impact of 12 weeks of combination Omega 3FA, niacin, and the Mediterranean diet on Lp(a).
Results. Twenty three patients were enrolled with 7 patients lost to follow up and 2 patients stopped due to adverse events. The average Lp(a) reduction in the remaining 14 subjects after 12 weeks of combination therapy was 23% ± 17% [P = .003] with a significant association of the reduction of Lp(a) with increasing baseline levels of Lp(a) [R2 = 0.633, P = .001].
Conclusions. There was a significant reduction in Lp(a) levels with combination therapy. A more pronounced effect was noted in patients with higher baseline levels of Lp(a).
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Kamstrup PR. Lipoprotein(a) and ischemic heart disease--a causal association? A review. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:15-23. [PMID: 20106478 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize present evidence of a causal association of lipoprotein(a) with risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Evidence for causality includes reproducible associations of a proposed risk factor with risk of disease in epidemiological studies, evidence from in vitro and animal studies in support of pathophysiological effects of the risk factor, and preferably evidence from randomized clinical trials documenting reduced morbidity in response to interventions targeting the risk factor. Elevated and in particular extreme lipoprotein(a) levels have in prospective studies repeatedly been associated with increased risk of IHD, although results from early studies are inconsistent. Data from in vitro and animal studies implicate lipoprotein(a), consisting of a low density lipoprotein particle covalently bound to the plasminogen-like glycoprotein apolipoprotein(a), in both atherosclerosis and thrombosis, including accumulation of lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic plaques and attenuation of t-PA mediated plasminogen activation. No randomized clinical trial of the effect of lowering lipoprotein(a) levels on IHD prevention has ever been conducted. Lacking evidence from randomized clinical trials, genetic studies, such as Mendelian randomization studies, can also support claims of causality. Levels of lipoprotein(a) are primarily determined by variation in the LPA gene coding for the apolipoprotein(a) moiety of lipoprotein(a), and genetic epidemiologic studies have documented association of LPA copy number variants, influencing levels of lipoprotein(a), with risk of IHD. In conclusion, results from epidemiologic, in vitro, animal, and genetic epidemiologic studies support a causal association of lipoprotein(a) with risk of IHD, while results from randomized clinical trials are presently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia R Kamstrup
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Giovanetti F, Gargiulo M, Laghi L, D'Addato S, Maioli F, Muccini N, Borghi C, Stella A. Lipoprotein(a) and other serum lipid subfractions influencing primary patency after infrainguinal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. J Endovasc Ther 2009; 16:389-96. [PMID: 19642794 DOI: 10.1583/09-2733.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of serum lipid subfraction concentrations on arterial patency after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in patients with infrainguinal peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD). METHODS From January 2007 to June 2008, a prospective study was conducted involving 39 patients (29 men; mean age 68.6+/-10.0 years) with infrainguinal PAOD in 41 limbs who had preprocedural lipid assessment and underwent successful PTA (<30% residual stenosis). Patient demographics, Fontaine clinical stage classification, Texas University Classification of ulcers, coexisting medical conditions, endovascular procedures, and lipid profiles were collected in a database. Follow-up included clinical and duplex ultrasound evaluation at discharge and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. To analyze any correlation between various lipid subfractions and the loss of primary patency (Cox proportional hazards modeling), the patients were dichotomized into high and low groups according to these thresholds: LDL-C >100 mg/dL, HDL-C <40 mg/dL, Lp(a) >30 mg/dL, and an Apo(B)/Apo(A) ratio >0.8 mg/dL. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 7.5 months (range 3-12). After 1, 3, and 6 months, the primary patency rates by Kaplan-Meier analysis were 94.9%, 73.7%, and 64.1%, respectively. Restenosis at 6 months was significantly related to female gender (HR 95.9, 95% CI 6.8 to 1352.5, p = 0.001), HDL-C <40 mg/dL (HR 86.9, 95% CI 6.4 to 1183.1, p = 0.001), LDL-C >100 mg/dL (HR 9.6, 95% CI 1.6 to 57.4, p = 0.013), and Lp(a) >30 mg/dL (HR 6.1, 95% CI 1.4 to 26.3, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Lp(a), LDL-C, and HDL-C are independent risk factors for restenosis after infrainguinal PTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giovanetti
- Department of Specialized Vascular Surgery and Anesthesiology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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Sagastagoitia JD, Vacas M, Saez Y, Sáez de Lafuente JP, Santos M, Lafita M, Molinero E, Iriarte JA. Lipoproteína (a), dímero-D y apolipoproteína A-1 como indicadores de la presencia y gravedad de la enfermedad coronaria. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 132:689-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Singla S, Kaur K, Kaur G, Kaur H, Kaur J, Jaswal S. Lipoprotein (a) in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Relation to LDL:HDL ratio and glycemic control. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2009; 29:80-4. [PMID: 20142873 PMCID: PMC2812755 DOI: 10.4103/0973-3930.53125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] concentrations are predictive of coronary artery disease (CAD). Type 2 diabetes mellitus also leads to dyslipidemia, like elevated triglyceride levels and low HDL levels, which are known risk factors for CAD. This study was designed to investigate the levels of Lp (a) in type 2 diabetic patients and their association with LDL: HDL ratio and glycemic control. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 60 patients of type 2 diabetes and 50 age and sex matched controls. The Lp(a) levels in the diabetic group were compared with the control group and the relationship between the Lp(a) levels and LDL: HDL ratio was evaluated. Diabetic group was further divided into three subgroups according to levels of glycated hemoglobin. Lp(a) levels and glycated hemoglobin in controlled and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus were also compared to find out any correlation between them. Statistical analysis was done using the students 't' test and Chi square test. RESULTS Lp(a) levels were found to be significantly increased in the diabetic group as compared to the control group (P< 0.001). LDL: HDL ratio was also increased in the diabetic group as compared to the control group. Lp(a) levels showed no association with LDL: HDL ratio and degree of glycemic control in these patients. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that Lp(a) levels are increased in type 2 diabetic patients. The elevated Lp(a) levels do not reflect the glycemic status and are also independent of increase in LDL:HDL ratio suggesting different metabolic pathways and the genetic connection for LDL and Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Singla
- Department of Biochemistry, Govt Medical College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kiranjeet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Govt Medical College, Patiala, India
| | - Gurdeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Govt Medical College, Patiala, India
| | - Habir Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Govt Medical College, Patiala, India
| | - Jasbinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Govt Medical College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shivani Jaswal
- Department of Biochemistry, Govt Medical College, Chandigarh, India
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Syrris P, Schwartzman R, Jeffery S, Kaski JC, Carter N. Polymorphism in apolipoprotein(a) kringle IV 37(Met/Thr): frequency in a London population and its association with coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 2009; 20:870-2. [PMID: 9377824 PMCID: PMC6655524 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960201014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A raised concentration of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in human plasma has been considered as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Apolipoprotein(a) and plasminogen genes are exceptionally similar to a variable number of plasminogen-like kringle IV repeats in the apo(a) gene. Polymorphisms have been previously identified in the apolipoprotein(a) kringle IV 37. HYPOTHESIS In order to determine the frequency of the apolipoprotein(a) kringle IV 37 Met66-->Thr polymorphism in a London-based population and to assess the relationship of this polymorphism with CAD in Caucasian patients, we genotyped two groups of people of different ethnic origin (Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean) for the mutation using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. METHODS The first group consisted of 182 unrelated Caucasian patients (107 men and 75 women, mean age 59.7 +/- 10.2 years) recruited at St. George's Hospital. They were defined as patients with 0, 1 or > or = 2 vessel disease patients depending on the degree of stenosis in none, one, or several major epicardial arteries. The second group comprised 64 unrelated patients of Afro-Caribbean origin attending a hypertension clinic at St. George's Hospital. RESULTS It was shown that the prevalence of the Met66-->Thr mutation is markedly higher in Caucasians than in Afro-Caribbeans and that this mutation is not associated with either Lp(a) levels or severity of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Syrris
- Medical Genetics Unit, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, U.K
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