1
|
Zeng Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Gao W, Zhang S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yu H. Multidepth quantitative analysis of liver cell viscoelastic properties: Fusion of nanoindentation and finite element modeling techniques. Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 39254440 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Liver cells are the basic functional unit of the liver. However, repeated or sustained injury leads to structural disorders of liver lobules, proliferation of fibrous tissue and changes in structure, thus increasing scar tissue. Cellular fibrosis affects tissue stiffness, shear force, and other cellular mechanical forces. Mechanical force characteristics can serve as important indicators of cell damage and cirrhosis. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used to study cell surface mechanics. However, characterization of the deep mechanical properties inside liver cells remains an underdeveloped field. In this work, cell nanoindentation was combined with finite element analysis to simulate and analyze the mechanical responses of liver cells at different depths in vitro and their internal responses and stress diffusion distributions after being subjected to normal stress. The sensitivities of the visco-hyperelastic parameters of the finite element model to the effects of the peak force and equilibrium force were compared. The force curves of alcohol-damaged liver cells at different depths were measured and compared with those of undamaged liver cells. The inverse analysis method was used to simulate the finite element model in vitro. Changes in the parameters of the cell model after injury were explored and analyzed, and their potential for characterizing hepatocellular injury and related treatments was evaluated. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This study aims to establish an in vitro hyperelastic model of liver cells and analyze the mechanical changes of cells in vitro. An analysis method combining finite element analysis model and nanoindentation was used to obtain the key parameters of the model. The multi-depth mechanical differences and internal structural changes of injured liver cells were analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianping Liu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Zuobin Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- JR3CN & IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, China
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yunqing Liu
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyue Yu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Herzog S, Fläschner G, Incaviglia I, Arias JC, Ponti A, Strohmeyer N, Nava MM, Müller DJ. Monitoring the mass, eigenfrequency, and quality factor of mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1751. [PMID: 38409119 PMCID: PMC10897412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mass is essential for the development and homeostasis of cells and multicellular organisms. However, cell mass is also tightly linked to cell mechanical properties, which depend on the time scales at which they are measured and change drastically at the cellular eigenfrequency. So far, it has not been possible to determine cell mass and eigenfrequency together. Here, we introduce microcantilevers oscillating in the Ångström range to monitor both fundamental physical properties of the cell. If the oscillation frequency is far below the cellular eigenfrequency, all cell compartments follow the cantilever motion, and the cell mass measurements are accurate. Yet, if the oscillating frequency approaches or lies above the cellular eigenfrequency, the mechanical response of the cell changes, and not all cellular components can follow the cantilever motions in phase. This energy loss caused by mechanical damping within the cell is described by the quality factor. We use these observations to examine living cells across externally applied mechanical frequency ranges and to measure their total mass, eigenfrequency, and quality factor. The three parameters open the door to better understand the mechanobiology of the cell and stimulate biotechnological and medical innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Herzog
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gotthold Fläschner
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
- Nanosurf AG, Gräubernstrasse 12, 4410, Liestal, Switzerland.
| | - Ilaria Incaviglia
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Casares Arias
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aaron Ponti
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nico Strohmeyer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michele M Nava
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen JMK, Liu Y, Nguyen L, Sidhaye VK, Robinson DN. Discovery and Quantitative Dissection of Cytokinesis Mechanisms Using Dictyostelium discoideum. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2814:1-27. [PMID: 38954194 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3894-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a versatile model for understanding many different cellular processes involving cell motility including chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and cytokinesis. Cytokinesis, in particular, is a model cell-shaped change process in which a cell separates into two daughter cells. D. discoideum has been used extensively to identify players in cytokinesis and understand how they comprise the mechanosensory and biochemical pathways of cytokinesis. In this chapter, we describe how we use cDNA library complementation with D. discoideum to discover potential regulators of cytokinesis. Once identified, these regulators are further analyzed through live cell imaging, immunofluorescence imaging, fluorescence correlation and cross-correlation spectroscopy, micropipette aspiration, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Collectively, these methods aid in detailing the mechanisms and signaling pathways that comprise cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M K Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology of Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yinan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology of Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ly Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Douglas N Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology of Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Okada A, Yumura S. Cleavage furrow positioning in dividing Dictyostelium cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:448-460. [PMID: 37650534 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Accurate placement of the cleavage furrow is crucial for successful cell division. Recent advancements have revealed that diverse mechanisms have evolved across different branches of the phylogenetic tree. Here, we employed Dictyostelium cells to validate previous models. We observed that during metaphase and early anaphase, mitotic spindles exhibited random rotary movements which ceased when the spindle elongated by approximately 7 μm. At this point, astral microtubules reached the polar cell cortex and fixed the spindle axis, causing cells to elongate by extending polar pseudopods and divide along the spindle axis. Therefore, the position of the furrow is determined when the spindle orientation is fixed. The distal ends of astral microtubules stimulate the extension of pseudopods at the polar cortex. One signal for pseudopod extension may be phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate in the cell membrane, but there appears to be another unknown signal. At the onset of polar pseudopod extension, cortical flow began from both poles toward the equator. We suggest that polar stimulation by astral microtubules determines the furrow position, induces polar pseudopod extension and cortical flow, and accumulates the elements necessary for the construction of the contractile ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Okada
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Yumura
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Petrov M, Sokolov I. Machine Learning Allows for Distinguishing Precancerous and Cancerous Human Epithelial Cervical Cells Using High-Resolution AFM Imaging of Adhesion Maps. Cells 2023; 12:2536. [PMID: 37947614 PMCID: PMC10650179 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the analysis of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images allowed us to distinguish normal from cancerous/precancerous human epithelial cervical cells using only the fractal dimension parameter. High-resolution maps of adhesion between the AFM probe and the cell surface were used in that study. However, the separation of cancerous and precancerous cells was rather poor (the area under the curve (AUC) was only 0.79, whereas the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 74%, 58%, and 84%, respectively). At the same time, the separation between premalignant and malignant cells is the most significant from a clinical point of view. Here, we show that the introduction of machine learning methods for the analysis of adhesion maps allows us to distinguish precancerous and cancerous cervical cells with rather good precision (AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are 0.93, 83%, 92%, and 78%, respectively). Substantial improvement in sensitivity is significant because of the unmet need in clinical practice to improve the screening of cervical cancer (a relatively low specificity can be compensated by combining this approach with other currently existing screening methods). The random forest decision tree algorithm was utilized in this study. The analysis was carried out using the data of six precancerous primary cell lines and six cancerous primary cell lines, each derived from different humans. The robustness of the classification was verified using K-fold cross-validation (K = 500). The results are statistically significant at p < 0.0001. Statistical significance was determined using the random shuffle method as a control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Petrov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
- Departments of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Herrera-Reinoza N, Tortelli Junior TC, Teixeira FDS, Chammas R, Salvadori MC. Role of galectin-3 in the elastic response of radial growth phase melanoma cancer cells. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1353-1362. [PMID: 37070727 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is originated from the malignant transformation of the melanocytes and is characterized by a high rate of invasion, the more serious stage compromising deeper layers of the skin and eventually leading to the metastasis. A high mortality due to melanoma lesion persists because most of melanoma lesions are detected in advanced stages, which decreases the chances of survival. The identification of the principal mechanics implicated in the development and progression of melanoma is essential to devise new early diagnosis strategies. Cell mechanics is related with a lot of cellular functions and processes, for instance motility, differentiation, migration and invasion. In particular, the elastic modulus (Young's modulus) is a very explored parameter to describe the cell mechanical properties; most cancer cells reported in the literature smaller elasticity modulus. In this work, we show that the elastic modulus of melanoma cells lacking galectin-3 is significantly lower than those of melanoma cells expressing galectin-3. More interestingly, the gradient of elastic modulus in cells from the nuclear region towards the cell periphery is more pronounced in shGal3 cells. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: AFM imaging and force spectroscopy were used to investigate the morphology and elasticity properties of healthy HaCaT cells and melanoma cells WM1366, with (shSCR) and without (shGal3) expression of galectin-3. It is shown the effect of galectin-3 protein on the elastic properties of cells: the cells without expression of galectin-3 presents lower elastic modulus. By the results, we suggest here that galectin-3 could be used as an effective biomarker of malignancy in both melanoma diagnostic and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roger Chammas
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hahn KM, Itano MS, Loew LM, Vitriol EA. Celebrating the creative scientific life of Ken Jacobson. Biophys J 2023; 122:E1-E4. [PMID: 37643609 PMCID: PMC10541490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michelle S Itano
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leslie M Loew
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
How do cells stiffen? Biochem J 2022; 479:1825-1842. [PMID: 36094371 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell stiffness is an important characteristic of cells and their response to external stimuli. In this review, we survey methods used to measure cell stiffness, summarize stimuli that alter cell stiffness, and discuss signaling pathways and mechanisms that control cell stiffness. Several pathological states are characterized by changes in cell stiffness, suggesting this property can serve as a potential diagnostic marker or therapeutic target. Therefore, we consider the effect of cell stiffness on signaling and growth processes required for homeostasis and dysfunction in healthy and pathological states. Specifically, the composition and structure of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton are major determinants of cell stiffness, and studies have identified signaling pathways that affect cytoskeletal dynamics both directly and by altered gene expression. We present the results of studies interrogating the effects of biophysical and biochemical stimuli on the cytoskeleton and other cellular components and how these factors determine the stiffness of both individual cells and multicellular structures. Overall, these studies represent an intersection of the fields of polymer physics, protein biochemistry, and mechanics, and identify specific mechanisms involved in mediating cell stiffness that can serve as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu J, Tian Y, Yan J, Hu J, Wang Z, Liu X. The effects of measurement parameters on the cancerous cell nucleus characterization by atomic force microscopy in vitro. J Microsc 2022; 287:3-18. [PMID: 35411607 PMCID: PMC9322684 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is now responsible for the major leading cause of death worldwide. It is noteworthy that lung cancer has been recognised as the highest incidence (11.6%) and mortality (18.4%) for combined sexes among a variety of cancer diseases. Therefore, it is of great value to investigate the mechanical properties of lung cancerous cells for early diagnosis. This paper focus on the influence of measurement parameters on the measured central Young's moduli of single live A549 cell in vitro based on the force spectroscopy mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The effects of the measurement parameters on the measured central Young's moduli were analysed by fitting the force–depth curves utilising the Sneddon model. The results revealed that the Young's moduli of A549 cells increased with the larger indentation force, higher indentation speed, less retraction time, deeper Z length and lower purity percentage of serum. The Young's moduli of cells increased first and then decreased with the increasing dwell time. Hence, this research may have potential significance to provide reference for the standardised detection of a single cancerous cell in vitro using AFM methodologies. Cancer is now responsible for the majority leading cause of death worldwide and it is noteworthy that lung cancer has been recognised as the highest incidence (11.6%) and mortality (18.4%) for combined sexes among a variety of cancer diseases. Therefore, it is of great value to investigate the mechanical properties of lung cancerous cells for early diagnosis. This paper primarily investigated the morphological properties and the influence of measurement parameters on the measured local elastic moduli of single live A549 cell in vitro using the AFM‐based force spectroscopy mode. In practice, there are many factors for incorrect or inaccurate experimental results using AFM to measure the characteristics of live cells, such as non‐homogeneous nature of cells, probe geometry and size, mechanical analysis model, substrate stiffness and different measurement parameters. The various measurement parameters have become the huge impact factor to influence the measurement result. Hence, this research may have potential significance to provide reference for the standardised detection of a single cancerous cell in vitro using AFM methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Zhu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yanling Tian
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jin Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.,International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.,International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zuobin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.,International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xianping Liu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yamamoto K, Miura H, Ishida M, Mii Y, Kinoshita N, Takada S, Ueno N, Sawai S, Kondo Y, Aoki K. Optogenetic relaxation of actomyosin contractility uncovers mechanistic roles of cortical tension during cytokinesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7145. [PMID: 34880255 PMCID: PMC8654997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin contractility generated cooperatively by nonmuscle myosin II and actin filaments plays essential roles in a wide range of biological processes, such as cell motility, cytokinesis, and tissue morphogenesis. However, subcellular dynamics of actomyosin contractility underlying such processes remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate an optogenetic method to induce relaxation of actomyosin contractility at the subcellular level. The system, named OptoMYPT, combines a protein phosphatase 1c (PP1c)-binding domain of MYPT1 with an optogenetic dimerizer, so that it allows light-dependent recruitment of endogenous PP1c to the plasma membrane. Blue-light illumination is sufficient to induce dephosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains and a decrease in actomyosin contractile force in mammalian cells and Xenopus embryos. The OptoMYPT system is further employed to understand the mechanics of actomyosin-based cortical tension and contractile ring tension during cytokinesis. We find that the relaxation of cortical tension at both poles by OptoMYPT accelerated the furrow ingression rate, revealing that the cortical tension substantially antagonizes constriction of the cleavage furrow. Based on these results, the OptoMYPT system provides opportunities to understand cellular and tissue mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Haruko Miura
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Motohiko Ishida
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kinoshita
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- IRCC International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sawai
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Kondo
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- IRCC International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Esfahani SN, Resto Irizarry AM, Xue X, Lee SBD, Shao Y, Fu J. Micro/nanoengineered technologies for human pluripotent stem cells maintenance and differentiation. NANO TODAY 2021; 41:101310. [PMID: 34745321 PMCID: PMC8570530 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a promising source of cells for cell replacement-based therapies as well as modeling human development and diseases in vitro. However, achieving fate control of hPSC with a high yield and specificity remains challenging. The fate specification of hPSCs is regulated by biochemical and biomechanical cues in their environment. Driven by this knowledge, recent exciting advances in micro/nanoengineering have been leveraged to develop a broad range of tools for the generation of extracellular biomechanical and biochemical signals that determine the behavior of hPSCs. In this review, we summarize such micro/nanoengineered technologies for controlling hPSC fate and highlight the role of biochemical and biomechanical cues such as substrate rigidity, surface topography, and cellular confinement in the hPSC-based technologies that are on the horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samuel Byung-Deuk Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Phan TKT, Do TL, Tachibana K, Kihara T. Alpha-mangostin dephosphorylates ERM to induce adhesion and decrease surface stiffness in KG-1 cells. Hum Cell 2021; 35:189-198. [PMID: 34817798 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface stiffness is a unique indicator of various cellular states and events and needs to be tightly controlled. α-Mangostin, a natural compound with numerous bioactivities, reduces the mechanical stiffness of various cells; however, the mechanism by which it affects the actin cytoskeleton remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying α-mangostin activity on the surface stiffness of leukocytes. We treated spherical non-adherent myelomonocytic KG-1 cells with α-mangostin; it clearly reduced their surface stiffness and disrupted their microvilli. The α-mangostin-induced reduction in surface stiffness was inhibited by calyculin A, a protein phosphatase inhibitor. α-Mangostin also induced KG-1 cell adhesion to a fibronectin-coated surface. In KG-1 cells, a decrease in surface stiffness and the induction of cell adhesion are largely attributed to the dephosphorylation of ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins (ERMs); α-mangostin reduced the levels of phosphorylated ERMs. It further increased protein kinase C (PKC) activity. α-Mangostin-induced KG-1 cell adhesion and cell surface softness were inhibited by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X. The results of the present study suggest that α-mangostin decreases stiffness and induces adhesion of KG-1 cells via PKC activation and ERM dephosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kieu Trang Phan
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Health Care System, 458 Minh Khai, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ly Do
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tachibana
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takanori Kihara
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Applications of atomic force microscopy in modern biology. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:103-111. [PMID: 33600596 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) is an emerging tool to investigate mechanical properties of biomolecules and their responses to mechanical forces, and one of the most-used techniques for mechanical manipulation is the atomic force microscope (AFM). AFM was invented as an imaging tool which can be used to image biomolecules in sub-molecular resolution in physiological conditions. It can also be used as a molecular force probe for applying mechanical forces on biomolecules. In this brief review, we will provide exciting examples from recent literature which show how the advances in AFM have enabled us to gain deep insights into mechanical properties and mechanobiology of biomolecules. AFM has been applied to study mechanical properties of cells, tissues, microorganisms, viruses as well as biological macromolecules such as proteins. It has found applications in biomedical fields like cancer biology, where it has been used both in the diagnostic phases as well as drug discovery. AFM has been able to answer questions pertaining to mechanosensing by neurons, and mechanical changes in viruses during infection by the viral particles as well as the fundamental processes such as cell division. Fundamental questions related to protein folding have also been answered by SMFS like determination of energy landscape properties of variety of proteins and their correlation with their biological functions. A multipronged approach is needed to diversify the research, as a combination with optical spectroscopy and computer-based steered molecular dynamic simulations along with SMFS can help us gain further insights into the field of biophysics and modern biology.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bian K, Gerber C, Heinrich AJ, Müller DJ, Scheuring S, Jiang Y. Scanning probe microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
15
|
Li M, Xi N, Liu L. Peak force tapping atomic force microscopy for advancing cell and molecular biology. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8358-8375. [PMID: 33913463 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01303c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The advent of atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides an exciting tool to detect molecular and cellular behaviors under aqueous conditions. AFM is able to not only visualize the surface topography of the specimens, but also can quantify the mechanical properties of the specimens by force spectroscopy assay. Nevertheless, integrating AFM topographic imaging with force spectroscopy assay has long been limited due to the low spatiotemporal resolution. In recent years, the appearance of a new AFM imaging mode called peak force tapping (PFT) has shattered this limit. PFT allows AFM to simultaneously acquire the topography and mechanical properties of biological samples with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. The practical applications of PFT in the field of life sciences in the past decade have demonstrated the excellent capabilities of PFT in characterizing the fine structures and mechanics of living biological systems in their native states, offering novel possibilities to reveal the underlying mechanisms guiding physiological/pathological activities. In this paper, the recent progress in cell and molecular biology that has been made with the utilization of PFT is summarized, and future perspectives for further progression and biomedical applications of PFT are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China and Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ning Xi
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China and Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Inhibition of polar actin assembly by astral microtubules is required for cytokinesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2409. [PMID: 33893302 PMCID: PMC8065111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, the actin cytoskeleton is partitioned into two spatially distinct actin isoform specific networks: a β-actin network that generates the equatorial contractile ring, and a γ-actin network that localizes to the cell cortex. Here we demonstrate that the opposing regulation of the β- and γ-actin networks is required for successful cytokinesis. While activation of the formin DIAPH3 at the cytokinetic furrow underlies β-actin filament production, we show that the γ-actin network is specifically depleted at the cell poles through the localized deactivation of the formin DIAPH1. During anaphase, CLIP170 is delivered by astral microtubules and displaces IQGAP1 from DIAPH1, leading to formin autoinhibition, a decrease in cortical stiffness and localized membrane blebbing. The contemporaneous production of a β-actin contractile ring at the cell equator and loss of γ-actin from the poles is required to generate a stable cytokinetic furrow and for the completion of cell division. During cell division, the actin cytoskeletal network at both the equatorial contractile ring and cell cortex are known to play a role, but the regulation of γ-actin during cytokinesis is less well understood. Here, the authors show that recruitment of β-actin to the contractile ring and loss of γ-actin from the cell poles is required for completion of cell division.
Collapse
|
17
|
Liao TT, Cheng WC, Yang CY, Chen YQ, Su SH, Yeh TY, Lan HY, Lee CC, Lin HH, Lin CC, Lu RH, Chiou AET, Jiang JK, Hwang WL. The microRNA-210-Stathmin1 Axis Decreases Cell Stiffness to Facilitate the Invasiveness of Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081833. [PMID: 33921319 PMCID: PMC8069838 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis of tumor cells is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. Concurrent therapy with surgical removal of primary and metastatic lesions is the main approach for cancer therapy. Currently, therapeutic resistant properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to drive malignant cancer progression, including metastasis. Our study aimed to identify molecular tools dedicated to the detection and treatment of CSCs. We confirmed that microRNA-210-3p (miR-210) was upregulated in colorectal stem-like cancer cells, which targeted stathmin1 (STMN1), to decrease cell elasticity for increasing mobility. We envision that strategies for softening cellular elasticity will reduce the onset of CSC-orientated metastasis. Abstract Cell migration is critical for regional dissemination and distal metastasis of cancer cells, which remain the major causes of poor prognosis and death in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Although cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular deformability contribute to the migration of cancer cells and metastasis, the mechanisms governing the migratory ability of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a nongenetic source of tumor heterogeneity, are unclear. Here, we expanded colorectal CSCs (CRCSCs) as colonospheres and showed that CRCSCs exhibited higher cell motility in transwell migration assays and 3D invasion assays and greater deformability in particle tracking microrheology than did their parental CRC cells. Mechanistically, in CRCSCs, microRNA-210-3p (miR-210) targeted stathmin1 (STMN1), which is known for inducing microtubule destabilization, to decrease cell elasticity in order to facilitate cell motility without affecting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) status. Clinically, the miR-210-STMN1 axis was activated in CRC patients with liver metastasis and correlated with a worse clinical outcome. This study elucidates a miRNA-oriented mechanism regulating the deformability of CRCSCs beyond the EMT process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Tsen Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.-T.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yung Yang
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
- General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Quan Chen
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Han Su
- Institution of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (S.-H.S.); (T.-Y.Y.)
| | - Tzu-Yu Yeh
- Institution of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (S.-H.S.); (T.-Y.Y.)
| | - Hsin-Yi Lan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.-T.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chan Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Hsin Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwa Lu
- Department of Surgery, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Arthur Er-Terg Chiou
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Jeng-Kai Jiang
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-K.J.); (W.-L.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2826-7000 (ext. 65832) (W.-L.H.)
| | - Wei-Lun Hwang
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-K.J.); (W.-L.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2826-7000 (ext. 65832) (W.-L.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li G, Lee C, Read AT, Wang K, Ha J, Kuhn M, Navarro I, Cui J, Young K, Gorijavolu R, Sulchek T, Kopczynski C, Farsiu S, Samples J, Challa P, Ethier CR, Stamer WD. Anti-fibrotic activity of a rho-kinase inhibitor restores outflow function and intraocular pressure homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:60831. [PMID: 33783352 PMCID: PMC8009676 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used as an ophthalmic medication. A common, sight-threatening adverse event of glucocorticoid usage is ocular hypertension, caused by dysfunction of the conventional outflow pathway. We report that netarsudil, a rho-kinase inhibitor, decreased glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in patients whose intraocular pressures were poorly controlled by standard medications. Mechanistic studies in our established mouse model of glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension show that netarsudil both prevented and reduced intraocular pressure elevation. Further, netarsudil attenuated characteristic steroid-induced pathologies as assessed by quantification of outflow function and tissue stiffness, and morphological and immunohistochemical indicators of tissue fibrosis. Thus, rho-kinase inhibitors act directly on conventional outflow cells to prevent or attenuate fibrotic disease processes in glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in an immune-privileged environment. Moreover, these data motivate the need for a randomized prospective clinical study to determine whether netarsudil is indeed superior to first-line anti-glaucoma drugs in lowering steroid-induced ocular hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - A Thomas Read
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Jungmin Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - Megan Kuhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Iris Navarro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Jenny Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Katherine Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Rahul Gorijavolu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | | | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - John Samples
- Washington State University Floyd Elson School of Medicine, Spokane, United States
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fujii Y, Koizumi WC, Imai T, Yokobori M, Matsuo T, Oka K, Hotta K, Okajima T. Spatiotemporal dynamics of single cell stiffness in the early developing ascidian chordate embryo. Commun Biol 2021; 4:341. [PMID: 33727646 PMCID: PMC7966737 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the developmental processes of embryos, cells undergo massive deformation and division that are regulated by mechanical cues. However, little is known about how embryonic cells change their mechanical properties during different cleavage stages. Here, using atomic force microscopy, we investigated the stiffness of cells in ascidian embryos from the fertilised egg to the stage before gastrulation. In both animal and vegetal hemispheres, we observed a Rho kinase (ROCK)-independent cell stiffening that the cell stiffness exhibited a remarkable increase at the timing of cell division where cortical actin filaments were organized. Furthermore, in the vegetal hemisphere, we observed another mechanical behaviour, i.e., a ROCK-associated cell stiffening, which was retained even after cell division or occurred without division and propagated sequentially toward adjacent cells, displaying a characteristic cell-to-cell mechanical variation. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of embryonic cells are regulated at the single cell level in different germ layers. Fujii et al. investigate the stiffness of cells in ascidian embryos from the fertilised egg to the stage before gastrulation. They find two types of cell stiffening, occurring during cell division and in the interphase, the latter of which is associated with the Rho kinase pathway. They conclude that the mechanical properties of early embryonic cells are regulated specifically at the single cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru C Koizumi
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taichi Imai
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Megumi Yokobori
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takaharu Okajima
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kelkar M, Bohec P, Charras G. Mechanics of the cellular actin cortex: From signalling to shape change. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
21
|
Valotteau C, Dumitru AC, Lecordier L, Alsteens D, Pays E, Pérez-Morga D, Dufrêne YF. Multiparametric Atomic Force Microscopy Identifies Multiple Structural and Physical Heterogeneities on the Surface of Trypanosoma brucei. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20953-20959. [PMID: 32875230 PMCID: PMC7450619 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A unique feature of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is the presence of an outer layer made of densely packed variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs), which enables the cells to survive in the bloodstream. Although the VSG coat is critical to pathogenesis, how exactly the glycoproteins are organized at the nanoscale is poorly understood. Here, we show that multiparametric atomic force microscopy is a powerful nanoimaging tool for the structural and mechanical characterization of trypanosomes, in a label-free manner and in buffer solution. Directly correlated images of the structure and elasticity of trypanosomes enable us to identify multiple nanoscale mechanical heterogeneities on the cell surface. On a ∼250 nm scale, regions of softer (Young's modulus ∼50 kPa) and stiffer (∼100 kPa) elasticity alternate, revealing variations of the VSG coat and underlying structures. Our nanoimaging experiments show that the T. brucei cell surface is more heterogeneous than previously anticipated and offer promising prospects for the design of trypanocidal drugs targeting cell surface components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Valotteau
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Andra C. Dumitru
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory
of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université
Libre de Bruxelles, 12
rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory
of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université
Libre de Bruxelles, 12
rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory
of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université
Libre de Bruxelles, 12
rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Walloon
Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), B-1300 Wavre, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Taubenberger AV, Baum B, Matthews HK. The Mechanics of Mitotic Cell Rounding. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:687. [PMID: 32850812 PMCID: PMC7423972 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When animal cells enter mitosis, they round up to become spherical. This shape change is accompanied by changes in mechanical properties. Multiple studies using different measurement methods have revealed that cell surface tension, intracellular pressure and cortical stiffness increase upon entry into mitosis. These cell-scale, biophysical changes are driven by alterations in the composition and architecture of the contractile acto-myosin cortex together with osmotic swelling and enable a mitotic cell to exert force against the environment. When the ability of cells to round is limited, for example by physical confinement, cells suffer severe defects in spindle assembly and cell division. The requirement to push against the environment to create space for spindle formation is especially important for cells dividing in tissues. Here we summarize the evidence and the tools used to show that cells exert rounding forces in mitosis in vitro and in vivo, review the molecular basis for this force generation and discuss its function for ensuring successful cell division in single cells and for cells dividing in normal or diseased tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Adeniba OO, Corbin EA, Ganguli A, Kim Y, Bashir R. Simultaneous time-varying viscosity, elasticity, and mass measurements of single adherent cancer cells across cell cycle. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12803. [PMID: 32733047 PMCID: PMC7393350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biophysical studies on single cells have linked cell mechanics to physiology, functionality and disease. Evaluation of mass and viscoelasticity versus cell cycle can provide further insights into cell cycle progression and the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer. Using our pedestal microelectromechanical systems resonant sensors, we have developed a non-contact interferometric measurement technique that simultaneously tracks the dynamic changes in the viscoelastic moduli and mass of adherent colon (HT-29) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells from the interphase through mitosis and then to the cytokinesis stages of their growth cycle. We show that by combining three optomechanical parameters in an optical path length equation and a two-degree-of-freedom model, we can simultaneously extract the viscoelasticity and mass as a function of the nano-scaled membrane fluctuation of each adherent cell. Our measurements are able to discern between soft and stiff cells across the cell cycle and demonstrated sharp viscoelastic changes due to cortical stiffening around mitosis. Cell rounding before division can be detected by measurement of mechanical coupling between the cells and the sensors. Our measurement device and method can provide for new insights into the mechanics of single adherent cells versus time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olaoluwa O Adeniba
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Elise A Corbin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Anurup Ganguli
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yongdeok Kim
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Desbiolles BXE, Hannebelle MTM, de Coulon E, Bertsch A, Rohr S, Fantner GE, Renaud P. Volcano-Shaped Scanning Probe Microscopy Probe for Combined Force-Electrogram Recordings from Excitable Cells. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4520-4529. [PMID: 32426984 PMCID: PMC7291358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy based approaches have led to remarkable advances in the field of mechanobiology. However, linking the mechanical cues to biological responses requires complementary techniques capable of recording these physiological characteristics. In this study, we present an instrument for combined optical, force, and electrical measurements based on a novel type of scanning probe microscopy cantilever composed of a protruding volcano-shaped nanopatterned microelectrode (nanovolcano probe) at the tip of a suspended microcantilever. This probe enables simultaneous force and electrical recordings from single cells. Successful impedance measurements on mechanically stimulated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in situ were achieved using these nanovolcano probes. Furthermore, proof of concept experiments demonstrated that extracellular field potentials (electrogram) together with contraction displacement curves could simultaneously be recorded. These features render the nanovolcano probe especially suited for mechanobiological studies aiming at linking mechanical stimuli to electrophysiological responses of single cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. X. E. Desbiolles
- Laboratory
of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - M. T. M Hannebelle
- Laboratory
of Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - E. de Coulon
- Laboratory
of Cellular Optics II, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - A. Bertsch
- Laboratory
of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - S. Rohr
- Laboratory
of Cellular Optics II, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - G. E. Fantner
- Laboratory
of Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - P. Renaud
- Laboratory
of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nguyen TL, Polanco ER, Patananan AN, Zangle TA, Teitell MA. Cell viscoelasticity is linked to fluctuations in cell biomass distributions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7403. [PMID: 32366921 PMCID: PMC7198624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The viscoelastic properties of mammalian cells can vary with biological state, such as during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition in cancer, and therefore may serve as a useful physical biomarker. To characterize stiffness, conventional techniques use cell contact or invasive probes and as a result are low throughput, labor intensive, and limited by probe placement. Here, we show that measurements of biomass fluctuations in cells using quantitative phase imaging (QPI) provides a probe-free, contact-free method for quantifying changes in cell viscoelasticity. In particular, QPI measurements reveal a characteristic underdamped response of changes in cell biomass distributions versus time. The effective stiffness and viscosity values extracted from these oscillations in cell biomass distributions correlate with effective cell stiffness and viscosity measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This result is consistent for multiple cell lines with varying degrees of cytoskeleton disruption and during the EMT. Overall, our study demonstrates that QPI can reproducibly quantify cell viscoelasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thang L Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Edward R Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Alexander N Patananan
- Deparment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas A Zangle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Deparment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bui VC, Nguyen TH. Direct monitoring of drug-induced mechanical response of individual cells by atomic force microscopy. J Mol Recognit 2020; 33:e2847. [PMID: 32212218 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical characteristics of individual cells play a vital role in many biological processes and are considered as indicators of the cells' states. Disturbances including methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and cytochalasin D (cytoD) are known to significantly affect the state of cells, but little is known about the real-time response of single cells to these drugs in their physiological condition. Here, nanoindentation-based atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the elasticity of human embryonic kidney cells in the presence and absence of these pharmaceuticals. The results showed that depletion of cholesterol in the plasma membrane with MβCD resulted in cell stiffening whereas depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton by cytoD resulted in cell softening. Using AFM for real-time measurements, we observed that cells mechanically responded right after these drugs were added. In more detail, the cell´s elasticity suddenly increased with increasing instability upon cholesterol extraction while it is rapidly decreased without changing cellular stability upon depolymerizing actin cytoskeleton. These results demonstrated that actin cytoskeleton and cholesterol contributed differently to the cell mechanical characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Chien Bui
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,ZIK HIKE, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thi-Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques, Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Phan TKT, Shahbazzadeh F, Kihara T. Alpha-mangostin reduces mechanical stiffness of various cells. Hum Cell 2020; 33:347-355. [PMID: 32078151 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-mangostin (α-mangostin) has been identified as a naturally occurring compound with potential anticancer properties. It can induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. Moreover, α-mangostin reduces the mechanical stiffness of lung cancer cells. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of α-mangostin on the mechanical stiffness of various cells, as well as cell viability. The following cell types were examined: human fibroblast TIG-1 cells, human cancerous HeLa cells, human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells, mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, and human myeloblasts KG-1 cells. Cells were treated with α-mangostin, and then examined for cell viability, actin cytoskeletal structures, and surface mechanical stiffness using atomic force microscopy. α-Mangostin demonstrated cytotoxicity against TIG-1, HeLa, HEK293, and KG-1 cells, but not against RAW 264.7 cells. The cytotoxic effect of α-mangostin varies according to cell type. On the other hand, α-mangostin reduced the mechanical stiffness of all cell types, including RAW 264.7 cells. Upon treatment with α-mangostin, F-actin was slightly reduced but the actin cytoskeletal structures were little altered in these cells. Thus, reducing mechanical stiffness of animal cells is an inherent effect of α-mangostin. Our results show that α-mangostin is a naturally occurring compound with potential to change the actin cytoskeletal micro-structures and reduce the surface stiffness of various cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kieu Trang Phan
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Fahimeh Shahbazzadeh
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Takanori Kihara
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Puzzi L, Borin D, Gurha P, Lombardi R, Martinelli V, Weiss M, Andolfi L, Lazzarino M, Mestroni L, Marian AJ, Sbaizero O. Knock Down of Plakophillin 2 Dysregulates Adhesion Pathway through Upregulation of miR200b and Alters the Mechanical Properties in Cardiac Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121639. [PMID: 31847412 PMCID: PMC6952926 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations in genes encoding intercalated disk/desmosome proteins, such as plakophilin 2 (PKP2), cause arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). Desmosomes are responsible for myocyte–myocyte attachment and maintaining mechanical integrity of the myocardium. Methods: We knocked down Pkp2 in HL-1 mouse atrial cardiomyocytes (HL-1Pkp2-shRNA) and characterized their biomechanical properties. Gene expression was analyzed by RNA-Sequencing, microarray, and qPCR. Immunofluorescence was used to detect changes in cytoskeleton and focal adhesion. Antagomirs were used to knock down expression of selected microRNA (miR) in the rescue experiments. Results: Knockdown of Pkp2 was associated with decreased cardiomyocyte stiffness and work of detachment, and increased plasticity index. Altered mechanical properties were associated with impaired actin cytoskeleton in HL-1Pkp2-shRNA cells. Analysis of differentially expressed genes identified focal adhesion and actin cytoskeleton amongst the most dysregulated pathways, and miR200 family (a, b, and 429) as the most upregulated miRs in HL-1Pkp2-shRNA cells. Knockdown of miR-200b but not miR-200a, miR-429, by sequence-specific shRNAs partially rescued integrin-α1 (Itga1) levels, actin organization, cell adhesion (on collagen), and stiffness. Conclusions: PKP2 deficiency alters cardiomyocytes adhesion through a mechanism that involves upregulation of miR-200b and suppression of Itga1 expression. These findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of altered mechanosensing in ACM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puzzi
- Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniele Borin
- Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Priyatansh Gurha
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Centre and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.G.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Raffaella Lombardi
- Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Valentina Martinelli
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Marek Weiss
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Laura Andolfi
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (L.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Lazzarino
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (L.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Luisa Mestroni
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Ali J. Marian
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Centre and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.G.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Orfeo Sbaizero
- Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.P.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-040-558-3770
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Janel S, Popoff M, Barois N, Werkmeister E, Divoux S, Perez F, Lafont F. Stiffness tomography of eukaryotic intracellular compartments by atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10320-10328. [PMID: 31106790 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08955h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Precise localization and biophysical characterization of cellular structures is a key to the understanding of biological processes happening both inside the cell and at the cell surface. Atomic force microscopy is a powerful tool to study the cell surface - topography, elasticity, viscosity, interactions - and also the viscoelastic behavior of the underlying cytoplasm, cytoskeleton or the nucleus. Here, we demonstrate the ability of atomic force microscopy to also map and characterize organelles and microorganisms inside cells, at the nanoscale, by combining stiffness tomography with super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy. By using this correlative approach, we could both identify and characterize intracellular compartments. The validation of this approach was performed by monitoring the stiffening effect according to the metabolic status of the mitochondria in living cells in real-time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Janel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Development of a novel multiphysical approach for the characterization of mechanical properties of musculotendinous tissues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7733. [PMID: 31118478 PMCID: PMC6531478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is a lack of well-validated protocols that allow for the analysis of the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon tissues. Further, there are no reports regarding characterization of mouse skeletal muscle and tendon mechanical properties in vivo using elastography thereby limiting the ability to monitor changes in these tissues during disease progression or response to therapy. Therefore, we sought to develop novel protocols for the characterization of mechanical properties in musculotendinous tissues using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultrasound elastography. Given that TIEG1 knockout (KO) mice exhibit well characterized defects in the mechanical properties of skeletal muscle and tendon tissue, we have chosen to use this model system in the present study. Using TIEG1 knockout and wild-type mice, we have devised an AFM protocol that does not rely on the use of glue or chemical agents for muscle and tendon fiber immobilization during acquisition of transversal cartographies of elasticity and topography. Additionally, since AFM cannot be employed on live animals, we have also developed an ultrasound elastography protocol using a new linear transducer, SLH20-6 (resolution: 38 µm, footprint: 2.38 cm), to characterize the musculotendinous system in vivo. This protocol allows for the identification of changes in muscle and tendon elasticities. Such innovative technological approaches have no equivalent to date, promise to accelerate our understanding of musculotendinous mechanical properties and have numerous research and clinical applications.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kang JH, Miettinen TP, Chen L, Olcum S, Katsikis G, Doyle PS, Manalis SR. Noninvasive monitoring of single-cell mechanics by acoustic scattering. Nat Methods 2019; 16:263-269. [PMID: 30742041 PMCID: PMC6420125 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring mechanics of the same cell throughout the cell cycle has been hampered by the invasiveness of mechanical measurements. Here, we quantify mechanical properties via acoustic scattering of waves from a cell inside a fluid-filled vibrating cantilever with a temporal resolution of <1 min. Through simulations, experiments with hydrogels and chemically perturbed cells, we show that our readout, the size-normalized acoustic scattering (SNACS), measures stiffness. We demonstrate the noninvasiveness of SNACS over successive cell cycles using measurements that result in < 15 nm deformations. Cells maintain constant SNACS throughout interphase but exhibit dynamic changes during mitosis. Our work provides a basis for understanding how growing cells maintain mechanical integrity and demonstrates that acoustic scattering can non-invasively probe subtle and transient dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Kang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Teemu P Miettinen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lynna Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Selim Olcum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Georgios Katsikis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Trel'ová D, Salgarella AR, Ricotti L, Giudetti G, Cutrone A, Šrámková P, Zahoranová A, Chorvát D, Haško D, Canale C, Micera S, Kronek J, Menciassi A, Lacík I. Soft Hydrogel Zwitterionic Coatings Minimize Fibroblast and Macrophage Adhesion on Polyimide Substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1085-1099. [PMID: 29792034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Minimizing the foreign body reaction to polyimide-based implanted devices plays a pivotal role in several biomedical applications. In this work, we propose materials exhibiting nonbiofouling properties and a Young's modulus reflecting that of soft human tissues. We describe the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro validation of poly(carboxybetaine) hydrogel coatings covalently attached to polyimide substrates via a photolabile 4-azidophenyl group, incorporated in poly(carboxybetaine) chains at two concentrations of 1.6 and 3.1 mol %. The presence of coatings was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. White light interferometry was used to evaluate the coating continuity and thickness (between 3 and 6 μm under dry conditions). Confocal laser scanning microscopy allowed us to quantify the thickness of the swollen hydrogel coatings that ranged between 13 and 32 μm. The different hydrogel formulations resulted in stiffness values ranging from 2 to 19 kPa and led to different fibroblast and macrophage responses in vitro. Both cell types showed a minimum adhesion on the softest hydrogel type. In addition, both the overall macrophage activation and cytotoxicity were observed to be negligible for all of the tested material formulations. These results are a promising starting point toward future advanced implantable systems. In particular, such technology paves the way for novel neural interfaces able to minimize the fibrotic reaction, once implanted in vivo, and to maximize their long-term stability and functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dušana Trel'ová
- Department for Biomaterials Research , Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dúbravská cesta 9 , 845 41 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Alice Rita Salgarella
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Viale R. Piaggio 34 , 56025 Pontedera ( PI ), Italy
| | - Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Viale R. Piaggio 34 , 56025 Pontedera ( PI ), Italy
| | - Guido Giudetti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Viale R. Piaggio 34 , 56025 Pontedera ( PI ), Italy
| | - Annarita Cutrone
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Viale R. Piaggio 34 , 56025 Pontedera ( PI ), Italy
- SMANIA srl, via G. Volpe 12 , 56121 Pisa , Italy
| | - Petra Šrámková
- Department for Biomaterials Research , Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dúbravská cesta 9 , 845 41 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Anna Zahoranová
- Department for Biomaterials Research , Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dúbravská cesta 9 , 845 41 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Dušan Chorvát
- International Laser Centre , Ilkovičova 3 , Bratislava 841 04 , Slovak Republic
| | - Daniel Haško
- International Laser Centre , Ilkovičova 3 , Bratislava 841 04 , Slovak Republic
| | - Claudio Canale
- Department of Physics , University of Genova , Via dodecaneso 33 , 16133 Genova , Italy
- Department of Nanophysics , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Viale R. Piaggio 34 , 56025 Pontedera ( PI ), Italy
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering , Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne , 1015 , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research , Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dúbravská cesta 9 , 845 41 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Viale R. Piaggio 34 , 56025 Pontedera ( PI ), Italy
| | - Igor Lacík
- Department for Biomaterials Research , Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dúbravská cesta 9 , 845 41 Bratislava , Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang L, Zhao L, Ouyang PK, Chen P. Insight into the role of cholesterol in modulation of morphology and mechanical properties of CHO-K1 cells: An in situ AFM study. Front Chem Sci Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-018-1775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
Cell's elasticity is an integrative parameter summarizing the biophysical outcome of many known and unknown cellular processes. This includes intracellular signaling, cytoskeletal activity, changes of cell volume and morphology, and many others. Not only intracellular processes defines a cell's elasticity but also environmental factors like their biochemical and biophysical surrounding. Therefore, cell mechanics represents a comprehensive variable of life. A cell in its standard conditions shows variabilities of biochemical and biophysical processes resulting in a certain range of cell's elasticity. Changes of the standard conditions, endogenously or exogenously induced, are frequently paralleled by changes of cell elasticity. Therefore cell elasticity could serve as parameter to characterize different states of a cell. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) combines high spatial resolution with very high force sensitivity and allows investigating mechanical properties of living cells under physiological conditions. However, elastic moduli reported in the literature showed a large variability, sometimes by an order of magnitude (or even more) for the same cell type assessed in different labs. Clearly, a prerequisite for the use of cell elasticity to describe the actual cell status is a standardized procedure that allows obtaining comparable values of a cell independent from the instrument, from the lab and operator. Biologically derived variations of elasticity could not be reduced due to the nature of living cells but technically and methodologically derived variations could be minimized by a standardized procedure.This chapter provides a Standardized Nanomechanical AFM Procedure (SNAP) that reduces strongly the variability of results obtained on soft samples and living cells by a reliable method to calibrate AFM cantilevers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Schillers
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ford AJ, Rajagopalan P. Measuring Cytoplasmic Stiffness of Fibroblasts as a Function of Location and Substrate Rigidity Using Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3974-3982. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
Precisely controlled cell deformations are key to cell migration, division and tissue morphogenesis, and have been implicated in cell differentiation during development, as well as cancer progression. In animal cells, shape changes are primarily driven by the cellular cortex, a thin actomyosin network that lies directly underneath the plasma membrane. Myosin-generated forces create tension in the cortical network, and gradients in tension lead to cellular deformations. Recent studies have provided important insight into the molecular control of cortical tension by progressively unveiling cortex composition and organization. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review our current understanding of cortex composition and architecture. We then discuss how the microscopic properties of the cortex control cortical tension. While many open questions remain, it is now clear that cortical tension can be modulated through both cortex composition and organization, providing multiple levels of regulation for this key cellular property during cell and tissue morphogenesis. Summary: A summary of the composition, architecture, mechanics and function of the cellular actin cortex, which determines the shape of animal cells, and, thus, provides the foundation for cell and tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Chugh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Biophysical characteristics of hematopoietic cells during division. Exp Cell Res 2018; 367:132-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
38
|
Wang J, Liu M, Shen Y, Sun J, Shao Z, Czajkowsky DM. Compressive Force Spectroscopy: From Living Cells to Single Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E960. [PMID: 29570665 PMCID: PMC5979447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most successful applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in biology involves monitoring the effect of force on single biological molecules, often referred to as force spectroscopy. Such studies generally entail the application of pulling forces of different magnitudes and velocities upon individual molecules to resolve individualistic unfolding/separation pathways and the quantification of the force-dependent rate constants. However, a less recognized variation of this method, the application of compressive force, actually pre-dates many of these "tensile" force spectroscopic studies. Further, beyond being limited to the study of single molecules, these compressive force spectroscopic investigations have spanned samples as large as living cells to smaller, multi-molecular complexes such as viruses down to single protein molecules. Correspondingly, these studies have enabled the detailed characterization of individual cell states, subtle differences between seemingly identical viral structures, as well as the quantification of rate constants of functionally important, structural transitions in single proteins. Here, we briefly review some of the recent achievements that have been obtained with compressive force spectroscopy using AFM and highlight exciting areas of its future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Meijun Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yi Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jielin Sun
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Daniel Mark Czajkowsky
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jiang N, You M, Wang Y, Huang Y, Xie S, Lin Y, Yang H. Probing the biophysical properties of tumor cells during mitosis by atomic force microscopy. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1209-1215. [PMID: 29550968 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis is an important physiological event accompanying with dramatic changes of cellar biophysical properties. Failure of mitosis results in cell death or chromosome aneuploidy. In this study, we used atomic force microscopy to probe and compare the biophysical properties of tumor cells at different stages during mitosis. The rounding forces of MCF-7 cells oscillated during mitosis. At anaphase, the average elasticity of cells was higher than that at other phases. Cholesterol depletion with M[Formula: see text]CD led to an increase in the average elasticity, whereas the average roughness of membrane surface decreased at the absence of cholesterol. Our study indicated that the distribution of actin filaments could affect the biophysical properties of tumor cells and cellular morphology during mitosis. Furthermore, the biophysical properties of tumor cells were also regulated by membrane cholesterol during mitosis. This work provides a new detection approach for monitoring tumor cell development at single cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningcheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Minghai You
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yide Huang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Shusen Xie
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yazawa K, Numata K, Norma-Rashid Y. Morphological and mechanical properties of flexible resilin joints on damselfly wings (Rhinocypha spp.). PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513694 PMCID: PMC5841740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilin functions as an elastic spring that demonstrates extraordinary extensibility and elasticity. Here we use combined techniques, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to illuminate the structure and study the function of wing flexibility in damselflies, focusing on the genus Rhinocypha. Morphological studies using LSCM and SEM revealed that resilin patches and cuticular spikes were widespread along the longitudinal veins on both dorsal and ventral wing surfaces. Nanoindentation was performed by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), where the wing samples were divided into three sections (membrane of the wing, mobile and immobile joints). The resulting topographic images revealed the presence of various sizes of nanostructures for all sample sections. The elasticity range values were: membrane (0.04 to 0.16 GPa), mobile joint (1.1 to 2.0 GPa) and immobile joint (1.8 to 6.0 GPa). The elastomeric and glycine-rich biopolymer, resilin was shown to be an important protein responsible for the elasticity and wing flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Yazawa
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Norma-Rashid
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sokolov I, Dokukin ME. AFM Indentation Analysis of Cells to Study Cell Mechanics and Pericellular Coat. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1814:449-468. [PMID: 29956249 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8591-3_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation analysis of cells is a unique method of measuring stiffness of the cell body and physical properties of its pericellular coat. These cell parameters correlate with cells of abnormality and diseases. Viable biological cells can be studied with this method directly in a culture dish with no special preparation. Here we describe a step-by-step method to analyze the AFM force-indentation curves to derive cell mechanics (the modulus of elasticity of the cell body) and the parameters of the pericellular coat (density and the thickness of the coat layer). Technical details, potential difficulties, and points of special attention are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
- Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Maxim E Dokukin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu W, Wu C. Rheological Study of Soft Matters: A Review of Microrheology and Microrheometers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Physics; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong 999077
| | - Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong 999077
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Combining confocal and atomic force microscopy to quantify single-virus binding to mammalian cell surfaces. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:2275-2292. [PMID: 28981124 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past five years, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based approaches have evolved into a powerful multiparametric tool set capable of imaging the surfaces of biological samples ranging from single receptors to membranes and tissues. One of these approaches, force-distance curve-based AFM (FD-based AFM), uses a probing tip functionalized with a ligand to image living cells at high-resolution and simultaneously localize and characterize specific ligand-receptor binding events. Analyzing data from FD-based AFM experiments using appropriate probabilistic models allows quantification of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters that describe the free-energy landscape of the ligand-receptor bond. We have recently developed an FD-based AFM approach to quantify the binding events of single enveloped viruses to surface receptors of living animal cells while simultaneously observing them by fluorescence microscopy. This approach has provided insights into the early stages of the interaction between a virus and a cell. Applied to a model virus, we probed the specific interaction with cells expressing viral cognate receptors and measured the affinity of the interaction. Furthermore, we observed that the virus rapidly established specific multivalent interactions and found that each bond formed in sequence strengthened the attachment of the virus to the cell. Here we describe detailed procedures for probing the specific interactions of viruses with living cells; these procedures cover tip preparation, cell sample preparation, step-by-step FD-based AFM imaging and data analysis. Experienced microscopists should be able to master the entire set of protocols in 1 month.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wong AD, Searson PC. Mitosis-Mediated Intravasation in a Tissue-Engineered Tumor-Microvessel Platform. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6453-6461. [PMID: 28923855 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intravasation involves the migration of tumor cells across the local endothelium and escape into vessel flow. Although tumor cell invasiveness has been correlated to increased intravasation, the details of transendothelial migration and detachment into circulation are still unclear. Here, we analyzed the intravasation of invasive human breast cancer cells within a tissue-engineered microvessel model of the tumor microenvironment. Using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we captured 2,330 hours of tumor cell interactions with functional microvessels and provide evidence for a mitosis-mediated mechanism where tumor cells located along the vessel periphery are able to disrupt the vessel endothelium through cell division and detach into circulation. This model provides a framework for understanding the physical and biological parameters of the tumor microenvironment that mediate intravasation of tumor cells across an intact endothelium. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6453-61. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wong
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lohrer MF, Hanna DM, Liu Y, Wang KH, Liu FT, Laurence TA, Liu GY. Applying Pattern Recognition to High-Resolution Images to Determine Cellular Signaling Status. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2017; 16:438-446. [PMID: 28644811 PMCID: PMC5633003 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2017.2717871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two frequently used tools to acquire high- resolution images of cells are scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The former provides a nanometer resolution view of cellular features rapidly and with high throughput, while the latter enables visualizing hydrated and living cells. In current practice, these images are viewed by eye to determine cellular status, e.g., activated versus resting. Automatic and quantitative data analysis is lacking. This paper develops an algorithm of pattern recognition that works very effectively for AFM and SEM images. Using rat basophilic leukemia cells, our approach creates a support vector machine to automatically classify resting and activated cells. Ten-fold cross-validation with cells that are known to be activated or resting gives a good estimate of the generalized classification results. The pattern recognition of AFM images achieves 100% accuracy, while SEM reaches 95.4% for our images as well as images published in prior literature. This outcome suggests that our methodology could become an important and frequently used tool for researchers utilizing AFM and SEM for structural characterization as well as determining cellular signaling status and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Lohrer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester MI 48309, USA
| | - Darrin M. Hanna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester MI 48309, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ted A. Laurence
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Gang-Yu Liu
- Department of chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Laskowski PR, Pfreundschuh M, Stauffer M, Ucurum Z, Fotiadis D, Müller DJ. High-Resolution Imaging and Multiparametric Characterization of Native Membranes by Combining Confocal Microscopy and an Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Toolbox. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8292-8301. [PMID: 28745869 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand how membrane proteins function requires characterizing their structure, assembly, and inter- and intramolecular interactions in physiologically relevant conditions. Conventionally, such multiparametric insight is revealed by applying different biophysical methods. Here we introduce the combination of confocal microscopy, force-distance curve-based (FD-based) atomic force microscopy (AFM), and single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) for the identification of native membranes and the subsequent multiparametric analysis of their membrane proteins. As a well-studied model system, we use native purple membrane from Halobacterium salinarum, whose membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin was His-tagged to bind nitrilotriacetate (NTA) ligands. First, by confocal microscopy we localize the extracellular and cytoplasmic surfaces of purple membrane. Then, we apply AFM to image single bacteriorhodopsins approaching sub-nanometer resolution. Afterwards, the binding of NTA ligands to bacteriorhodopsins is localized and quantified by FD-based AFM. Finally, we apply AFM-based SMFS to characterize the (un)folding of the membrane protein and to structurally map inter- and intramolecular interactions. The multimethodological approach is generally applicable to characterize biological membranes and membrane proteins at physiologically relevant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel R Laskowski
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Pfreundschuh
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Stauffer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern , 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zöhre Ucurum
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern , 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern , 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Standardized Nanomechanical Atomic Force Microscopy Procedure (SNAP) for Measuring Soft and Biological Samples. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5117. [PMID: 28698636 PMCID: PMC5505948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a procedure that allows a reliable determination of the elastic (Young's) modulus of soft samples, including living cells, by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The standardized nanomechanical AFM procedure (SNAP) ensures the precise adjustment of the AFM optical lever system, a prerequisite for all kinds of force spectroscopy methods, to obtain reliable values independent of the instrument, laboratory and operator. Measurements of soft hydrogel samples with a well-defined elastic modulus using different AFMs revealed that the uncertainties in the determination of the deflection sensitivity and subsequently cantilever's spring constant were the main sources of error. SNAP eliminates those errors by calculating the correct deflection sensitivity based on spring constants determined with a vibrometer. The procedure was validated within a large network of European laboratories by measuring the elastic properties of gels and living cells, showing that its application reduces the variability in elastic moduli of hydrogels down to 1%, and increased the consistency of living cells elasticity measurements by a factor of two. The high reproducibility of elasticity measurements provided by SNAP could improve significantly the applicability of cell mechanics as a quantitative marker to discriminate between cell types and conditions.
Collapse
|
48
|
Interfacing 3D magnetic twisting cytometry with confocal fluorescence microscopy to image force responses in living cells. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:1437-1450. [PMID: 28686583 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cells and tissues can undergo a variety of biological and structural changes in response to mechanical forces. Only a few existing techniques are available for quantification of structural changes at high resolution in response to forces applied along different directions. 3D-magnetic twisting cytometry (3D-MTC) is a technique for applying local mechanical stresses to living cells. Here we describe a protocol for interfacing 3D-MTC with confocal fluorescence microscopy. In 3D-MTC, ferromagnetic beads are bound to the cell surface via surface receptors, followed by their magnetization in any desired direction. A magnetic twisting field in a different direction is then applied to generate rotational shear stresses in any desired direction. This protocol describes how to combine magnetic-field-induced mechanical stimulation with confocal fluorescence microscopy and provides an optional extension for super-resolution imaging using stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy. This technology allows for rapid real-time acquisition of a living cell's mechanical responses to forces via specific receptors and for quantifying structural and biochemical changes in the same cell using confocal fluorescence microscopy or STED. The integrated 3D-MTC-microscopy platform takes ∼20 d to construct, and the experimental procedures require ∼4 d when carried out by a life sciences graduate student.
Collapse
|
49
|
Chugh P, Clark AG, Smith MB, Cassani DAD, Dierkes K, Ragab A, Roux PP, Charras G, Salbreux G, Paluch EK. Actin cortex architecture regulates cell surface tension. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:689-697. [PMID: 28530659 PMCID: PMC5536221 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal cell shape is largely determined by the cortex, a thin actin network underlying the plasma membrane in which myosin-driven stresses generate contractile tension. Tension gradients result in local contractions and drive cell deformations. Previous cortical tension regulation studies have focused on myosin motors. Here, we show that cortical actin network architecture is equally important. First, we observe that actin cortex thickness and tension are inversely correlated during cell-cycle progression. We then show that the actin filament length regulators CFL1, CAPZB and DIAPH1 regulate mitotic cortex thickness and find that both increasing and decreasing thickness decreases tension in mitosis. This suggests that the mitotic cortex is poised close to a tension maximum. Finally, using a computational model, we identify a physical mechanism by which maximum tension is achieved at intermediate actin filament lengths. Our results indicate that actin network architecture, alongside myosin activity, is key to cell surface tension regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Chugh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B. Smith
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Davide A. D. Cassani
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Dierkes
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anan Ragab
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe P. Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ewa K. Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abdelwahab MT, Kalyoncu E, Onur T, Baykara MZ, Seker UOS. Genetically-Tunable Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Functional Amyloid Nanofibers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4337-4345. [PMID: 28388843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are highly ordered, complex, dynamic material systems including cells, carbohydrates, and proteins. They are known to be resistant against chemical, physical, and biological disturbances. These superior properties make them promising candidates for next generation biomaterials. Here we investigated the morphological and mechanical properties (in terms of Young's modulus) of genetically-engineered bacterial amyloid nanofibers of Escherichia coli (E. coli) by imaging and force spectroscopy conducted via atomic force microscopy (AFM). In particular, we tuned the expression and biochemical properties of the major and minor biofilm proteins of E. coli (CsgA and CsgB, respectively). Using appropriate mutants, amyloid nanofibers constituting biofilm backbones are formed with different combinations of CsgA and CsgB, as well as the optional addition of tagging sequences. AFM imaging and force spectroscopy are used to probe the morphology and measure the Young's moduli of biofilm protein nanofibers as a function of protein composition. The obtained results reveal that genetically-controlled secretion of biofilm protein components may lead to the rational tuning of Young's moduli of biofilms as promising candidates at the bionano interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tarek Abdelwahab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ebuzer Kalyoncu
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Tugce Onur
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Z Baykara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Urartu Ozgur Safak Seker
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|