1
|
Mozin E, Massouridès E, Mournetas V, Lièvre C, Bourdon A, Jackson DL, Packer JS, Seong J, Trapnell C, Le Guiner C, Adjali O, Pinset C, Mack DL, Dupont JB. Dystrophin deficiency impairs cell junction formation during embryonic myogenesis from pluripotent stem cells. iScience 2024; 27:110242. [PMID: 39040067 PMCID: PMC11261405 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the DMD gene lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a severe neuromuscular disorder affecting young boys as they acquire motor functions. DMD is typically diagnosed at 2-4 years of age, but the absence of dystrophin has negative impacts on skeletal muscles before overt symptoms appear in patients, which poses a serious challenge in current standards of care. Here, we investigated the consequences of dystrophin deficiency during skeletal muscle development. We used single-cell transcriptome profiling to characterize the myogenic trajectory of human pluripotent stem cells and showed that DMD cells bifurcate to an alternative branch when they reach the somite stage. Dystrophin deficiency was linked to marked dysregulations of cell junction proteins involved in the cell state transitions characteristic of embryonic somitogenesis. Altogether, this work demonstrates that in vitro, dystrophin deficiency has deleterious effects on cell-cell communication during myogenic development, which should be considered in future therapeutic strategies for DMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mozin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Clémence Lièvre
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Bourdon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Dana L. Jackson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Packer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Juyoung Seong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | | | - Oumeya Adjali
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christian Pinset
- Centre d’Etude des Cellules Souches, I-Stem, AFM, F-91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - David L. Mack
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miao Y, Pourquié O. Cellular and molecular control of vertebrate somitogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:517-533. [PMID: 38418851 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Segmentation is a fundamental feature of the vertebrate body plan. This metameric organization is first implemented by somitogenesis in the early embryo, when paired epithelial blocks called somites are rhythmically formed to flank the neural tube. Recent advances in in vitro models have offered new opportunities to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie somitogenesis. Notably, models derived from human pluripotent stem cells introduced an efficient proxy for studying this process during human development. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of somitogenesis gained from both in vivo studies and in vitro studies. We deconstruct the spatiotemporal dynamics of somitogenesis into four distinct modules: dynamic events in the presomitic mesoderm, segmental determination, somite anteroposterior polarity patterning, and epithelial morphogenesis. We first focus on the segmentation clock, as well as signalling and metabolic gradients along the tissue, before discussing the clock and wavefront and other models that account for segmental determination. We then detail the molecular and cellular mechanisms of anteroposterior polarity patterning and somite epithelialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Kim YS, Xue X, Miao Y, Kobayashi N, Sun S, Yan RZ, Yang Q, Pourquié O, Fu J. A human pluripotent stem cell-based somitogenesis model using microfluidics. Cell Stem Cell 2024:S1934-5909(24)00212-1. [PMID: 38981471 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Emerging human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based embryo models are useful for studying human embryogenesis. Particularly, there are hPSC-based somitogenesis models using free-floating culture that recapitulate somite formation. Somitogenesis in vivo involves intricately orchestrated biochemical and biomechanical events. However, none of the current somitogenesis models controls biochemical gradients or biomechanical signals in the culture, limiting their applicability to untangle complex biochemical-biomechanical interactions that drive somitogenesis. Herein, we develop a human somitogenesis model by confining hPSC-derived presomitic mesoderm (PSM) tissues in microfabricated trenches. Exogenous microfluidic morphogen gradients imposed on the PSM tissues cause axial patterning and trigger spontaneous rostral-to-caudal somite formation. A mechanical theory is developed to explain the size dependency between somites and the PSM. The microfluidic somitogenesis model is further exploited to reveal regulatory roles of cellular and tissue biomechanics in somite formation. This study presents a useful microengineered, hPSC-based model for understanding the biochemical and biomechanical events that guide somite formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yung Su Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Norio Kobayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robin Zhexuan Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mozin E, Massouridès E, Mournetas V, Lièvre C, Bourdon A, Jackson DL, Packer JS, Seong J, Trapnell C, Le Guiner C, Adjali O, Pinset C, Mack DL, Dupont JB. Dystrophin deficiency impairs cell junction formation during embryonic myogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.05.569919. [PMID: 38106055 PMCID: PMC10723310 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.569919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the DMD gene lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a severe X-linked neuromuscular disorder that manifests itself as young boys acquire motor functions. DMD is typically diagnosed at 2 to 4 years of age, but the absence of dystrophin negatively impacts muscle structure and function before overt symptoms appear in patients, which poses a serious challenge in the optimization of standards of care. In this report, we investigated the early consequences of dystrophin deficiency during skeletal muscle development. We used single-cell transcriptome profiling to characterize the myogenic trajectory of human pluripotent stem cells and showed that DMD cells bifurcate to an alternative branch when they reach the somite stage. Here, dystrophin deficiency was linked to marked dysregulations of cell junction protein families involved in the cell state transitions characteristic of embryonic somitogenesis. Altogether, this work demonstrates that in vitro, dystrophin deficiency has deleterious effects on cell-cell communication during myogenic development, which should be considered in future therapeutic strategies for DMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mozin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Clémence Lièvre
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Bourdon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Dana L Jackson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jonathan S Packer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Juyoung Seong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | | | - Oumeya Adjali
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christian Pinset
- Centre d’Etude des Cellules Souches, I-Stem, AFM, F-91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - David L Mack
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pappas MP, Kawakami H, Corcoran D, Chen KQ, Scott EP, Wong J, Gearhart MD, Nishinakamura R, Nakagawa Y, Kawakami Y. Sall4 regulates posterior trunk mesoderm development by promoting mesodermal gene expression and repressing neural genes in the mesoderm. Development 2024; 151:dev202649. [PMID: 38345319 PMCID: PMC10946440 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The trunk axial skeleton develops from paraxial mesoderm cells. Our recent study demonstrated that conditional knockout of the stem cell factor Sall4 in mice by TCre caused tail truncation and a disorganized axial skeleton posterior to the lumbar level. Based on this phenotype, we hypothesized that, in addition to the previously reported role of Sall4 in neuromesodermal progenitors, Sall4 is involved in the development of the paraxial mesoderm tissue. Analysis of gene expression and SALL4 binding suggests that Sall4 directly or indirectly regulates genes involved in presomitic mesoderm differentiation, somite formation and somite differentiation. Furthermore, ATAC-seq in TCre; Sall4 mutant posterior trunk mesoderm shows that Sall4 knockout reduces chromatin accessibility. We found that Sall4-dependent open chromatin status drives activation and repression of WNT signaling activators and repressors, respectively, to promote WNT signaling. Moreover, footprinting analysis of ATAC-seq data suggests that Sall4-dependent chromatin accessibility facilitates CTCF binding, which contributes to the repression of neural genes within the mesoderm. This study unveils multiple mechanisms by which Sall4 regulates paraxial mesoderm development by directing activation of mesodermal genes and repression of neural genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Pappas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dylan Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katherine Q. Chen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Earl Parker Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Julia Wong
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Micah D. Gearhart
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakagawa
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McDaniel C, Simsek MF, Chandel AS, Özbudak EM. Spatiotemporal control of pattern formation during somitogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk8937. [PMID: 38277458 PMCID: PMC10816718 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk8937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns widely occur in biological, chemical, and physical systems. Particularly, embryonic development displays a diverse gamut of repetitive patterns established in many tissues and organs. Branching treelike structures in lungs, kidneys, livers, pancreases, and mammary glands as well as digits and bones in appendages, teeth, and palates are just a few examples. A fascinating instance of repetitive patterning is the sequential segmentation of the primary body axis, which is conserved in all vertebrates and many arthropods and annelids. In these species, the body axis elongates at the posterior end of the embryo containing an unsegmented tissue. Meanwhile, segments sequentially bud off from the anterior end of the unsegmented tissue, laying down an exquisite repetitive pattern and creating a segmented body plan. In vertebrates, the paraxial mesoderm is sequentially divided into somites. In this review, we will discuss the most prominent models, the most puzzling experimental data, and outstanding questions in vertebrate somite segmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra McDaniel
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Systems Biology and Physiology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - M. Fethullah Simsek
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Angad Singh Chandel
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Systems Biology and Physiology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ertuğrul M. Özbudak
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Kim YS, Xue X, Kobayashi N, Sun S, Yang Q, Pourquié O, Fu J. A human pluripotent stem cell-based somitogenesis model using microfluidics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.29.564399. [PMID: 37961125 PMCID: PMC10634932 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.29.564399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based embryo models are useful for studying human embryogenesis. Particularly, there are hPSC-based somitogenesis models using free-floating culture that recapitulate somite formation. Somitogenesis in vivo involves intricately orchestrated bio-chemical and -mechanical events. However, none of the current somitogenesis models controls biochemical gradients or biomechanical signals in the culture, limiting their applicability to untangle complex biochemical-biomechanical interactions that drive somitogenesis. Here we report a new human somitogenesis model by confining hPSC-derived presomitic mesoderm (PSM) tissues in microfabricated trenches. Exogenous microfluidic morphogen gradients imposed on PSM cause axial patterning and trigger spontaneous rostral-to-caudal somite formation. A mechanical theory is developed to explain the size dependency between somites and PSM. The microfluidic somitogenesis model is further exploited to reveal regulatory roles of cellular and tissue biomechanics in somite formation. This study presents a useful microengineered, hPSC-based model for understanding the bio-chemical and -mechanical events that guide somite formation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The segmented body plan of vertebrates is established during somitogenesis, a well-studied process in model organisms; however, the details of this process in humans remain largely unknown owing to ethical and technical limitations. Despite recent advances with pluripotent stem cell-based approaches1-5, models that robustly recapitulate human somitogenesis in both space and time remain scarce. Here we introduce a pluripotent stem cell-derived mesoderm-based 3D model of human segmentation and somitogenesis-which we termed 'axioloid'-that captures accurately the oscillatory dynamics of the segmentation clock and the morphological and molecular characteristics of sequential somite formation in vitro. Axioloids show proper rostrocaudal patterning of forming segments and robust anterior-posterior FGF-WNT signalling gradients and retinoic acid signalling components. We identify an unexpected critical role of retinoic acid signalling in the stabilization of forming segments, indicating distinct, but also synergistic effects of retinoic acid and extracellular matrix on the formation and epithelialization of somites. Comparative analysis demonstrates marked similarities of axioloids to the human embryo, further validated by the presence of a Hox code in axioloids. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of axioloids for studying the pathogenesis of human congenital spine diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells with mutations in HES7 and MESP2. Our results indicate that axioloids represent a promising platform for the study of axial development and disease in humans.
Collapse
|
9
|
Piatkowska AM, Adhikari K, Moverley AA, Turmaine M, Glazier JA, Plachta N, Evans SE, Stern CD. Sequential changes in cellular properties accompanying amniote somite formation. J Anat 2022; 242:417-435. [PMID: 36423208 PMCID: PMC9919497 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transient structures derived from the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM), involving mesenchyme-to-epithelial transition (MET) where the cells change their shape and polarize. Using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, we study the progression of these events along the tail-to-head axis of the embryo, which mirrors the progression of somitogenesis (younger cells located more caudally). SEM revealed that PSM epithelialization is a gradual process, which begins much earlier than previously thought, starting with the dorsalmost cells, then the medial ones, and then, simultaneously, the ventral and lateral cells, before a somite fully separates from the PSM. The core (internal) cells of the PSM and somites never epithelialize, which suggests that the core cells could be 'trapped' within the somitocoele after cells at the surfaces of the PSM undergo MET. Three-dimensional imaging of the distribution of the cell polarity markers PKCζ, PAR3, ZO1, the Golgi marker GM130 and the apical marker N-cadherin reveal that the pattern of polarization is distinctive for each marker and for each surface of the PSM, but the order of these events is not the same as the progression of cell elongation. These observations challenge some assumptions underlying existing models of somite formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M. Piatkowska
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building)LondonUK
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building)LondonUK,Present address:
The Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
| | - Adam A. Moverley
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building)LondonUK
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building)LondonUK
| | - James A. Glazier
- Department of Intelligent Systems EngineeringBiocomplexity InstituteBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Nicolas Plachta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 9‐123 Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Susan E. Evans
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building)LondonUK
| | - Claudio D. Stern
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building)LondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
False-positive IRESes from Hoxa9 and other genes resulting from errors in mammalian 5' UTR annotations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122170119. [PMID: 36037358 PMCID: PMC9456764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122170119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperconserved genomic sequences have great promise for understanding core biological processes. It has been recently proposed that scores of hyperconserved 5' untranslated regions (UTRs), also known as transcript leaders (hTLs), encode internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes) that drive cap-independent translation, in part, via interactions with ribosome expansion segments. However, the direct functional significance of such interactions has not yet been definitively demonstrated. We provide evidence that the putative IRESes previously reported in Hox gene hTLs are rarely included in transcript leaders. Instead, these regions function independently as transcriptional promoters. In addition, we find the proposed RNA structure of the putative Hoxa9 IRES is not conserved. Instead, sequences previously shown to be essential for putative IRES activity encode a hyperconserved transcription factor binding site (E-box) that contributes to its promoter activity and is bound by several transcription factors, including USF1 and USF2. Similar E-box sequences enhance the promoter activities of other putative Hoxa gene IRESes. Moreover, we provide evidence that the vast majority of hTLs with putative IRES activity overlap transcriptional promoters, enhancers, and 3' splice sites that are most likely responsible for their reported IRES activities. These results argue strongly against recently reported widespread IRES-like activities from hTLs and contradict proposed interactions between ribosomal expansion segment ES9S and putative IRESes. Furthermore, our work underscores the importance of accurate transcript annotations, controls in bicistronic reporter assays, and the power of synthesizing publicly available data from multiple sources.
Collapse
|
11
|
Limbach LE, Penick RL, Casseday RS, Hyland MA, Pontillo EA, Ayele AN, Pitts KM, Ackerman SD, Harty BL, Herbert AL, Monk KR, Petersen SC. Peripheral nerve development in zebrafish requires muscle patterning by tcf15/paraxis. Dev Biol 2022; 490:37-49. [PMID: 35820658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate peripheral nervous system (PNS) is an intricate network that conveys sensory and motor information throughout the body. During development, extracellular cues direct the migration of axons and glia through peripheral tissues. Currently, the suite of molecules that govern PNS axon-glial patterning is incompletely understood. To elucidate factors that are critical for peripheral nerve development, we characterized the novel zebrafish mutant, stl159, that exhibits abnormalities in PNS patterning. In these mutants, motor and sensory nerves that develop adjacent to axial muscle fail to extend normally, and neuromasts in the posterior lateral line system, as well as neural crest-derived melanocytes, are incorrectly positioned. The stl159 genetic lesion lies in the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor tcf15, which has been previously implicated in proper development of axial muscles. We find that targeted loss of tcf15 via CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing results in the PNS patterning abnormalities observed in stl159 mutants. Because tcf15 is expressed in developing muscle prior to nerve extension, rather than in neurons or glia, we predict that tcf15 non-cell-autonomously promotes peripheral nerve patterning in zebrafish through regulation of extracellular patterning cues. Our work underscores the importance of muscle-derived factors in PNS development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocky L Penick
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
| | - Rudy S Casseday
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Afomia N Ayele
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
| | | | - Sarah D Ackerman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Breanne L Harty
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy L Herbert
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah C Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA; Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pechriggl E, Blumer M, Tubbs RS, Olewnik Ł, Konschake M, Fortélny R, Stofferin H, Honis HR, Quinones S, Maranillo E, Sanudo J. Embryology of the Abdominal Wall and Associated Malformations—A Review. Front Surg 2022; 9:891896. [PMID: 35874129 PMCID: PMC9300894 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.891896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the incidence of congenital defects of the intraembryonic celom and its associated structures has increased over recent decades. Surgical treatment of abdominal and diaphragmatic malformations resulting in congenital hernia requires deep knowledge of ventral body closure and the separation of the primary body cavities during embryogenesis. The correct development of both structures requires the coordinated and fine-tuned synergy of different anlagen, including a set of molecules governing those processes. They have mainly been investigated in a range of vertebrate species (e.g., mouse, birds, and fish), but studies of embryogenesis in humans are rather rare because samples are seldom available. Therefore, we have to deal with a large body of conflicting data concerning the formation of the abdominal wall and the etiology of diaphragmatic defects. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge and focuses on the histological and molecular events leading to the establishment of the abdominal and thoracic cavities in several vertebrate species. In chronological order, we start with the onset of gastrulation, continue with the establishment of the three-dimensional body shape, and end with the partition of body cavities. We also discuss well-known human etiologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Pechriggl
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Blumer
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R. Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada, West Indies
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, United States
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Łukasz Olewnik
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marko Konschake
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: Marko Konschake
| | - René Fortélny
- Department of General, Visceral, and Oncological Surgery, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stofferin
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hanne Rose Honis
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sara Quinones
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Maranillo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sanudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Della Gaspera B, Weill L, Chanoine C. Evolution of Somite Compartmentalization: A View From Xenopus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790847. [PMID: 35111756 PMCID: PMC8802780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transitory metameric structures at the basis of the axial organization of vertebrate musculoskeletal system. During evolution, somites appear in the chordate phylum and compartmentalize mainly into the dermomyotome, the myotome, and the sclerotome in vertebrates. In this review, we summarized the existing literature about somite compartmentalization in Xenopus and compared it with other anamniote and amniote vertebrates. We also present and discuss a model that describes the evolutionary history of somite compartmentalization from ancestral chordates to amniote vertebrates. We propose that the ancestral organization of chordate somite, subdivided into a lateral compartment of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) and a medial primitive myotome, evolves through two major transitions. From ancestral chordates to vertebrates, the cell potency of MSCs may have evolved and gave rise to all new vertebrate compartments, i.e., the dermomyome, its hypaxial region, and the sclerotome. From anamniote to amniote vertebrates, the lateral MSC territory may expand to the whole somite at the expense of primitive myotome and may probably facilitate sclerotome formation. We propose that successive modifications of the cell potency of some type of embryonic progenitors could be one of major processes of the vertebrate evolution.
Collapse
|
14
|
Linde-Medina M, Smit TH. Molecular and Mechanical Cues for Somite Periodicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753446. [PMID: 34901002 PMCID: PMC8663771 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somitogenesis refers to the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm, a tissue located on the back of the embryo, into regularly spaced and sized pieces, i.e., the somites. This periodicity is important to assure, for example, the formation of a functional vertebral column. Prevailing models of somitogenesis are based on the existence of a gene regulatory network capable of generating a striped pattern of gene expression, which is subsequently translated into periodic tissue boundaries. An alternative view is that the pre-pattern that guides somitogenesis is not chemical, but of a mechanical origin. A striped pattern of mechanical strain can be formed in physically connected tissues expanding at different rates, as it occurs in the embryo. Here we argue that both molecular and mechanical cues could drive somite periodicity and suggest how they could be integrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodoor H. Smit
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Piatkowska AM, Evans SE, Stern CD. Cellular aspects of somite formation in vertebrates. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203732. [PMID: 34391979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate segmentation, the process that generates a regular arrangement of somites and thereby establishes the pattern of the adult body and of the musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems, was noticed many centuries ago. In the last few decades, there has been renewed interest in the process and especially in the molecular mechanisms that might account for its regularity and other spatial-temporal properties. Several models have been proposed but surprisingly, most of these do not provide clear links between the molecular mechanisms and the cell behaviours that generate the segmental pattern. Here we present a short survey of our current knowledge about the cellular aspects of vertebrate segmentation and the similarities and differences between different vertebrate groups in how they achieve their metameric pattern. Taking these variations into account should help to assess each of the models more appropriately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Piatkowska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
What we can learn from embryos to understand the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in tumor progression. Biochem J 2021; 478:1809-1825. [PMID: 33988704 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial plasticity involved the terminal and transitional stages that occur during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), both are essential at different stages of early embryonic development that have been co-opted by cancer cells to undergo tumor metastasis. These processes are regulated at multiple instances, whereas the post-transcriptional regulation of key genes mediated by microRNAs is gaining major attention as a common and conserved pathway. In this review, we focus on discussing the latest findings of the cellular and molecular basis of the less characterized process of MET during embryonic development, with special attention to the role of microRNAs. Although we take in consideration the necessity of being cautious when extrapolating the obtained evidence, we propose some commonalities between early embryonic development and cancer progression that can shed light into our current understanding of this complex event and might aid in the design of specific therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tyser RCV, Ibarra-Soria X, McDole K, Arcot Jayaram S, Godwin J, van den Brand TAH, Miranda AMA, Scialdone A, Keller PJ, Marioni JC, Srinivas S. Characterization of a common progenitor pool of the epicardium and myocardium. Science 2021; 371:eabb2986. [PMID: 33414188 PMCID: PMC7615359 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian heart is derived from multiple cell lineages; however, our understanding of when and how the diverse cardiac cell types arise is limited. We mapped the origin of the embryonic mouse heart at single-cell resolution using a combination of transcriptomic, imaging, and genetic lineage labeling approaches. This mapping provided a transcriptional and anatomic definition of cardiac progenitor types. Furthermore, it revealed a cardiac progenitor pool that is anatomically and transcriptionally distinct from currently known cardiac progenitors. Besides contributing to cardiomyocytes, these cells also represent the earliest progenitor of the epicardium, a source of trophic factors and cells during cardiac development and injury. This study provides detailed insights into the formation of early cardiac cell types, with particular relevance to the development of cell-based cardiac regenerative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C V Tyser
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Ximena Ibarra-Soria
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Katie McDole
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Satish Arcot Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Jonathan Godwin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Teun A H van den Brand
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Antonio M A Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philipp J Keller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Characterising open chromatin in chick embryos identifies cis-regulatory elements important for paraxial mesoderm formation and axis extension. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1157. [PMID: 33608545 PMCID: PMC7895974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Somites arising from paraxial mesoderm are a hallmark of the segmented vertebrate body plan. They form sequentially during axis extension and generate musculoskeletal cell lineages. How paraxial mesoderm becomes regionalised along the axis and how this correlates with dynamic changes of chromatin accessibility and the transcriptome remains unknown. Here, we report a spatiotemporal series of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq along the chick embryonic axis. Footprint analysis shows differential coverage of binding sites for several key transcription factors, including CDX2, LEF1 and members of HOX clusters. Associating accessible chromatin with nearby expressed genes identifies cis-regulatory elements (CRE) for TCF15 and MEOX1. We determine their spatiotemporal activity and evolutionary conservation in Xenopus and human. Epigenome silencing of endogenous CREs disrupts TCF15 and MEOX1 gene expression and recapitulates phenotypic abnormalities of anterior-posterior axis extension. Our integrated approach allows dissection of paraxial mesoderm regulatory circuits in vivo and has implications for investigating gene regulatory networks.
Collapse
|
19
|
Guibentif C, Griffiths JA, Imaz-Rosshandler I, Ghazanfar S, Nichols J, Wilson V, Göttgens B, Marioni JC. Diverse Routes toward Early Somites in the Mouse Embryo. Dev Cell 2021; 56:141-153.e6. [PMID: 33308481 PMCID: PMC7808755 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Somite formation is foundational to creating the vertebrate segmental body plan. Here, we describe three transcriptional trajectories toward somite formation in the early mouse embryo. Precursors of the anterior-most somites ingress through the primitive streak before E7 and migrate anteriorly by E7.5, while a second wave of more posterior somites develops in the vicinity of the streak. Finally, neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) are set aside for subsequent trunk somitogenesis. Single-cell profiling of T-/- chimeric embryos shows that the anterior somites develop in the absence of T and suggests a cell-autonomous function of T as a gatekeeper between paraxial mesoderm production and the building of the NMP pool. Moreover, we identify putative regulators of early T-independent somites and challenge the T-Sox2 cross-antagonism model in early NMPs. Our study highlights the concept of molecular flexibility during early cell-type specification, with broad relevance for pluripotent stem cell differentiation and disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Guibentif
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AW Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AW Cambridge, UK; Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan A Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
| | - Ivan Imaz-Rosshandler
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AW Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AW Cambridge, UK
| | - Shila Ghazanfar
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AW Cambridge, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerie Wilson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of the Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AW Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AW Cambridge, UK.
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, CB10 1SA Cambridge, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, CB10 1SD Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jin L, Chen Y, Crossman DK, Datta A, Vu T, Mobley JA, Basu MK, Scarduzio M, Wang H, Chang C, Datta PK. STRAP regulates alternative splicing fidelity during lineage commitment of mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5941. [PMID: 33230114 PMCID: PMC7684319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is involved in cell fate decisions and embryonic development. However, regulation of these processes is poorly understood. Here, we have identified the serine threonine kinase receptor-associated protein (STRAP) as a putative spliceosome-associated factor. Upon Strap deletion, there are numerous AS events observed in mouse embryoid bodies (EBs) undergoing a neuroectoderm-like state. Global mapping of STRAP-RNA binding in mouse embryos by enhanced-CLIP sequencing (eCLIP-seq) reveals that STRAP preferably targets transcripts for nervous system development and regulates AS through preferred binding positions, as demonstrated for two neuronal-specific genes, Nnat and Mark3. We have found that STRAP involves in the assembly of 17S U2 snRNP proteins. Moreover, in Xenopus, loss of Strap leads to impeded lineage differentiation in embryos, delayed neural tube closure, and altered exon skipping. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unknown function of STRAP in mediating the splicing networks of lineage commitment, alteration of which may be involved in early embryonic lethality in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Yunjia Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Arunima Datta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Trung Vu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Malay Kumar Basu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mariangela Scarduzio
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutic, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Hengbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Pran K Datta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Duess JW, Gosemann JH, Puri P, Thompson J. Teratogenesis in the chick embryo following post-gastrulation exposure to Y-27632 -effect of Y-27632 on embryonic development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115277. [PMID: 33049266 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pyridine derivative Y-27632 inhibits Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) signaling, which is involved in numerous developmental processes during embryogenesis, primarily by controlling actin-cytoskeleton assembly and cell contractility. Somite formation requires rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and assists in major morphological mechanisms, including ventral body wall formation. Administration of Y-27632 impairs cytoskeletal arrangements in post-gastrulation chick embryos leading to ventral body wall defects (VBWD) at later stages of development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Y-27632 on somite development in post-gastrulation chick embryos during early embryogenesis. After 60 h incubation, embryos in shell-less culture were treated with Y-27632 or vehicle for controls. Following administration, abnormality rates were assessed. In treatment groups, embryos showed a kinked longitudinal body axis. Western blot confirmed impaired ROCK downstream signaling by decreased expression of phosphorylated cofilin-2. Histology, Lysotracker studies and RT-PCR demonstrated increased cell death in somites, the neural tube and the ectoderm. RT-PCR and Western blot of factors known to be involved during somitogenesis revealed reduced expression in the treatment group compared to controls. We hypothesize that administration of Y-27632 disrupts somite development causing axial kinking and embryo malformation, which may lead to VBWD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W Duess
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Jan-Hendrik Gosemann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Thompson
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Understanding paraxial mesoderm development and sclerotome specification for skeletal repair. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1166-1177. [PMID: 32788657 PMCID: PMC8080658 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are attractive regenerative therapy tools for skeletal tissues. However, a deep understanding of skeletal development is required in order to model this development with PSCs, and for the application of PSCs in clinical settings. Skeletal tissues originate from three types of cell populations: the paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest. The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the sclerotome mainly through somitogenesis. In this process, key developmental processes, including initiation of the segmentation clock, formation of the determination front, and the mesenchymal–epithelial transition, are sequentially coordinated. The sclerotome further forms vertebral columns and contributes to various other tissues, such as tendons, vessels (including the dorsal aorta), and even meninges. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these developmental processes, extensive studies have been conducted. These studies have demonstrated that a gradient of activities involving multiple signaling pathways specify the embryonic axis and induce cell-type-specific master transcription factors in a spatiotemporal manner. Moreover, applying the knowledge of mesoderm development, researchers have attempted to recapitulate the in vivo development processes in in vitro settings, using mouse and human PSCs. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art understanding of mesoderm development and in vitro modeling of mesoderm development using PSCs. We also discuss future perspectives on the use of PSCs to generate skeletal tissues for basic research and clinical applications. A deeper understanding of skeletal tissue development and improvements in tissue engineering will help pluripotent stem cell (PSC) therapies to reach their full potential for skeletal repair. The paraxial mesoderm, an embryonic germ layer, is crucial to the formation of healthy axial skeleton. Shoichiro Tani at the University of Tokyo, Japan, and co-workers reviewed current understanding of paraxial mesoderm development and studies involving in vitro PSC skeletal modeling. The formation of the paraxial mesoderm and associated connective tissues comprises multiple stages, and studies in vertebrate embryos have uncovered critical signaling pathways and cellular components important to PSC modeling. Although many individual cellular components can now be modeled, it remains challenging to recreate three-dimensional skeletal tissues. Such an achievement would facilitate a functioning model of bone metabolism, the next step in achieving skeletal regeneration.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hedgehog-FGF signaling axis patterns anterior mesoderm during gastrulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15712-15723. [PMID: 32561646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914167117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms used by embryos to pattern tissues across their axes has fascinated developmental biologists since the founding of embryology. Here, using single-cell technology, we interrogate complex patterning defects and define a Hedgehog (Hh)-fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling axis required for anterior mesoderm lineage development during gastrulation. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of Hh-deficient mesoderm revealed selective deficits in anterior mesoderm populations, culminating in defects to anterior embryonic structures, including the pharyngeal arches, heart, and anterior somites. Transcriptional profiling of Hh-deficient mesoderm during gastrulation revealed disruptions to both transcriptional patterning of the mesoderm and FGF signaling for mesoderm migration. Mesoderm-specific Fgf4/Fgf8 double-mutants recapitulated anterior mesoderm defects and Hh-dependent GLI transcription factors modulated enhancers at FGF gene loci. Cellular migration defects during gastrulation induced by Hh pathway antagonism were mitigated by the addition of FGF4 protein. These findings implicate a multicomponent signaling hierarchy activated by Hh ligands from the embryonic node and executed by FGF signals in nascent mesoderm to control anterior mesoderm patterning.
Collapse
|
24
|
Matsuda M, Yamanaka Y, Uemura M, Osawa M, Saito MK, Nagahashi A, Nishio M, Guo L, Ikegawa S, Sakurai S, Kihara S, Maurissen TL, Nakamura M, Matsumoto T, Yoshitomi H, Ikeya M, Kawakami N, Yamamoto T, Woltjen K, Ebisuya M, Toguchida J, Alev C. Recapitulating the human segmentation clock with pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2020; 580:124-129. [PMID: 32238941 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are increasingly used to model different aspects of embryogenesis and organ formation1. Despite recent advances in in vitro induction of major mesodermal lineages and cell types2,3, experimental model systems that can recapitulate more complex features of human mesoderm development and patterning are largely missing. Here we used induced pluripotent stem cells for the stepwise in vitro induction of presomitic mesoderm and its derivatives to model distinct aspects of human somitogenesis. We focused initially on modelling the human segmentation clock, a major biological concept believed to underlie the rhythmic and controlled emergence of somites, which give rise to the segmental pattern of the vertebrate axial skeleton. We observed oscillatory expression of core segmentation clock genes, including HES7 and DKK1, determined the period of the human segmentation clock to be around five hours, and demonstrated the presence of dynamic travelling-wave-like gene expression in in vitro-induced human presomitic mesoderm. Furthermore, we identified and compared oscillatory genes in human and mouse presomitic mesoderm derived from pluripotent stem cells, which revealed species-specific and shared molecular components and pathways associated with the putative mouse and human segmentation clocks. Using CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing technology, we then targeted genes for which mutations in patients with segmentation defects of the vertebrae, such as spondylocostal dysostosis, have been reported (HES7, LFNG, DLL3 and MESP2). Subsequent analysis of patient-like and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells revealed gene-specific alterations in oscillation, synchronization or differentiation properties. Our findings provide insights into the human segmentation clock as well as diseases associated with human axial skeletogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsuda
- Laboratory for Reconstitutive Developmental Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), Kobe, Japan.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoshihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maya Uemura
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Nagahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishio
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Long Guo
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Sakurai
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kihara
- Department of Fundamental Cell Technology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thomas L Maurissen
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakamura
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Matsumoto
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawakami
- Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Knut Woltjen
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Ebisuya
- Laboratory for Reconstitutive Developmental Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), Kobe, Japan. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Cantas Alev
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Blin G, Sadurska D, Portero Migueles R, Chen N, Watson JA, Lowell S. Nessys: A new set of tools for the automated detection of nuclei within intact tissues and dense 3D cultures. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000388. [PMID: 31398189 PMCID: PMC6703695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for measuring the properties of individual cells within their native 3D environment will enable a deeper understanding of embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and tumorigenesis. However, current methods for segmenting nuclei in 3D tissues are not designed for situations in which nuclei are densely packed, nonspherical, or heterogeneous in shape, size, or texture, all of which are true of many embryonic and adult tissue types as well as in many cases for cells differentiating in culture. Here, we overcome this bottleneck by devising a novel method based on labelling the nuclear envelope (NE) and automatically distinguishing individual nuclei using a tree-structured ridge-tracing method followed by shape ranking according to a trained classifier. The method is fast and makes it possible to process images that are larger than the computer's memory. We consistently obtain accurate segmentation rates of >90%, even for challenging images such as mid-gestation embryos or 3D cultures. We provide a 3D editor and inspector for the manual curation of the segmentation results as well as a program to assess the accuracy of the segmentation. We have also generated a live reporter of the NE that can be used to track live cells in 3 dimensions over time. We use this to monitor the history of cell interactions and occurrences of neighbour exchange within cultures of pluripotent cells during differentiation. We provide these tools in an open-access user-friendly format.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Blin
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daina Sadurska
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Portero Migueles
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Naiming Chen
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julia A. Watson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Razy-Krajka F, Stolfi A. Regulation and evolution of muscle development in tunicates. EvoDevo 2019; 10:13. [PMID: 31249657 PMCID: PMC6589888 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, studies on tunicate muscle formation have revealed many principles of cell fate specification, gene regulation, morphogenesis, and evolution. Here, we review the key studies that have probed the development of all the various muscle cell types in a wide variety of tunicate species. We seize this occasion to explore the implications and questions raised by these findings in the broader context of muscle evolution in chordates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Magli A, Baik J, Mills LJ, Kwak IY, Dillon BS, Mondragon Gonzalez R, Stafford DA, Swanson SA, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Garry DJ, Dynlacht BD, Perlingeiro RCR. Time-dependent Pax3-mediated chromatin remodeling and cooperation with Six4 and Tead2 specify the skeletal myogenic lineage in developing mesoderm. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000153. [PMID: 30807574 PMCID: PMC6390996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional mechanisms driving lineage specification during development are still largely unknown, as the interplay of multiple transcription factors makes it difficult to dissect these molecular events. Using a cell-based differentiation platform to probe transcription function, we investigated the role of the key paraxial mesoderm and skeletal myogenic commitment factors-mesogenin 1 (Msgn1), T-box 6 (Tbx6), forkhead box C1 (Foxc1), paired box 3 (Pax3), Paraxis, mesenchyme homeobox 1 (Meox1), sine oculis-related homeobox 1 (Six1), and myogenic factor 5 (Myf5)-in paraxial mesoderm and skeletal myogenesis. From this study, we define a genetic hierarchy, with Pax3 emerging as the gatekeeper between the presomitic mesoderm and the myogenic lineage. By assaying chromatin accessibility, genomic binding and transcription profiling in mesodermal cells from mouse and human Pax3-induced embryonic stem cells and Pax3-null embryonic day (E)9.5 mouse embryos, we identified conserved Pax3 functions in the activation of the skeletal myogenic lineage through modulation of Hedgehog, Notch, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways. In addition, we demonstrate that Pax3 molecular function involves chromatin remodeling of its bound elements through an increase in chromatin accessibility and cooperation with sine oculis-related homeobox 4 (Six4) and TEA domain family member 2 (Tead2) factors. To our knowledge, these data provide the first integrated analysis of Pax3 function, demonstrating its ability to remodel chromatin in mesodermal cells from developing embryos and proving a mechanistic footing for the transcriptional hierarchy driving myogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Magli
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - June Baik
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Mills
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Il-Youp Kwak
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bridget S. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Mondragon Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David A. Stafford
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - James A. Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rita C. R. Perlingeiro
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Development of the axial skeleton is a complex, stepwise process that relies on intricate signaling and coordinated cellular differentiation. Disruptions to this process can result in a myriad of skeletal malformations that range in severity. The notochord and the sclerotome are embryonic tissues that give rise to the major components of the intervertebral discs and the vertebral bodies of the spinal column. Through a number of mouse models and characterization of congenital abnormalities in human patients, various growth factors, transcription factors, and other signaling proteins have been demonstrated to have critical roles in the development of the axial skeleton. Balance between opposing growth factors as well as other environmental cues allows for cell fate specification and divergence of tissue types during development. Furthermore, characterization of progenitor cells for specific cell lineages has furthered the understanding of specific spatiotemporal cues that cells need in order to initiate and complete development of distinct tissues. Identifying specific marker genes that can distinguish between the various embryonic and mature cell types is also of importance. Clinically, understanding developmental clues can aid in the generation of therapeutics for musculoskeletal disease through the process of developmental engineering. Studies into potential stem cell therapies are based on knowledge of the normal processes that occur in the embryo, which can then be applied to stepwise tissue engineering strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The patterning of the spine of a zebrafish is controlled by the notochord, a rod-like structure that supports and instructs the developing embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Gloria Arratia
- Department of Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ziermann JM, Diogo R, Noden DM. Neural crest and the patterning of vertebrate craniofacial muscles. Genesis 2018; 56:e23097. [PMID: 29659153 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of craniofacial muscles overtly begins with the activation of lineage-specific markers at precise, evolutionarily conserved locations within prechordal, lateral, and both unsegmented and somitic paraxial mesoderm populations. Although these initial programming events occur without influence of neural crest cells, the subsequent movements and differentiation stages of most head muscles are neural crest-dependent. Incorporating both descriptive and experimental studies, this review examines each stage of myogenesis up through the formation of attachments to their skeletal partners. We present the similarities among developing muscle groups, including comparisons with trunk myogenesis, but emphasize the morphogenetic processes that are unique to each group and sometimes subsets of muscles within a group. These groups include branchial (pharyngeal) arches, which encompass both those with clear homologues in all vertebrate classes and those unique to one, for example, mammalian facial muscles, and also extraocular, laryngeal, tongue, and neck muscles. The presence of several distinct processes underlying neural crest:myoblast/myocyte interactions and behaviors is not surprising, given the wide range of both quantitative and qualitative variations in craniofacial muscle organization achieved during vertebrate evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Drew M Noden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
A prominent anatomical feature of the peripheral nervous system is the segmentation of mixed (motor, sensory and autonomic) spinal nerves alongside the spinal cord. During early development their axon growth cones avoid the developing vertebral elements by traversing the anterior/cranial half of each somite-derived sclerotome, so ensuring the separation of spinal nerves from vertebral bones as axons extend towards their peripheral targets. A glycoprotein expressed on the surface of posterior half-sclerotome cells confines growth cones to the anterior half-sclerotomes by contact repulsion. A closely similar glycoprotein is expressed in avian and mammalian grey matter, where we hypothesize it may have evolved to regulate neural plasticity in birds and mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Keynes
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body and loss of its function or its regenerative properties results in debilitating musculoskeletal disorders. Understanding the mechanisms that drive skeletal muscle formation will not only help to unravel the molecular basis of skeletal muscle diseases, but also provide a roadmap for recapitulating skeletal myogenesis in vitro from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSCs have become an important tool for probing developmental questions, while differentiated cell types allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Berti F, Nogueira JM, Wöhrle S, Sobreira DR, Hawrot K, Dietrich S. Time course and side-by-side analysis of mesodermal, pre-myogenic, myogenic and differentiated cell markers in the chicken model for skeletal muscle formation. J Anat 2016; 227:361-82. [PMID: 26278933 PMCID: PMC4560570 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken is a well-established model for amniote (including human) skeletal muscle formation because the developmental anatomy of chicken skeletal muscle matches that of mammals. The accessibility of the chicken in the egg as well as the sequencing of its genome and novel molecular techniques have raised the profile of this model. Over the years, a number of regulatory and marker genes have been identified that are suited to monitor the progress of skeletal myogenesis both in wildtype and in experimental embryos. However, in the various studies, differing markers at different stages of development have been used. Moreover, contradictory results on the hierarchy of regulatory factors are now emerging, and clearly, factors need to be able to cooperate. Thus, a reference paper describing in detail and side-by-side the time course of marker gene expression during avian myogenesis is needed. We comparatively analysed onset and expression patterns of the key markers for the chicken immature paraxial mesoderm, for muscle-competent cells, for cells committed to myogenesis and for cells entering terminal differentiation. We performed this analysis from stages when the first paraxial mesoderm is being laid down to the stage when mesoderm formation comes to a conclusion. Our data show that, although the sequence of marker gene expression is the same at the various stages of development, the timing of the expression onset is quite different. Moreover, marker gene expression in myogenic cells being deployed from the dorsomedial and ventrolateral lips of the dermomyotome is different from those being deployed from the rostrocaudal lips, suggesting different molecular programs. Furthermore, expression of Myosin Heavy Chain genes is overlapping but different along the length of a myotube. Finally, Mef2c is the most likely partner of Mrf proteins, and, in contrast to the mouse and more alike frog and zebrafish fish, chicken Mrf4 is co-expressed with MyoG as cells enter terminal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Berti
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Júlia Meireles Nogueira
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Svenja Wöhrle
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Débora Rodrigues Sobreira
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katarzyna Hawrot
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Susanne Dietrich
- Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kalcheim C. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions during Neural Crest and Somite Development. J Clin Med 2015; 5:jcm5010001. [PMID: 26712793 PMCID: PMC4730126 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a central process during embryonic development that affects selected progenitor cells of all three germ layers. In addition to driving the onset of cellular migrations and subsequent tissue morphogenesis, the dynamic conversions of epithelium into mesenchyme and vice-versa are intimately associated with the segregation of homogeneous precursors into distinct fates. The neural crest and somites, progenitors of the peripheral nervous system and of skeletal tissues, respectively, beautifully illustrate the significance of EMT to the above processes. Ongoing studies progressively elucidate the gene networks underlying EMT in each system, highlighting the similarities and differences between them. Knowledge of the mechanistic logic of this normal ontogenetic process should provide important insights to the understanding of pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis, which shares some common molecular themes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Kalcheim
- Edmond and Lili Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fleming A, Kishida MG, Kimmel CB, Keynes RJ. Building the backbone: the development and evolution of vertebral patterning. Development 2015; 142:1733-44. [PMID: 25968309 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The segmented vertebral column comprises a repeat series of vertebrae, each consisting of two key components: the vertebral body (or centrum) and the vertebral arches. Despite being a defining feature of the vertebrates, much remains to be understood about vertebral development and evolution. Particular controversy surrounds whether vertebral component structures are homologous across vertebrates, how somite and vertebral patterning are connected, and the developmental origin of vertebral bone-mineralizing cells. Here, we assemble evidence from ichthyologists, palaeontologists and developmental biologists to consider these issues. Vertebral arch elements were present in early stem vertebrates, whereas centra arose later. We argue that centra are homologous among jawed vertebrates, and review evidence in teleosts that the notochord plays an instructive role in segmental patterning, alongside the somites, and contributes to mineralization. By clarifying the evolutionary relationship between centra and arches, and their varying modes of skeletal mineralization, we can better appreciate the detailed mechanisms that regulate and diversify vertebral patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Marcia G Kishida
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Charles B Kimmel
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Roger J Keynes
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Akagi T, Kuure S, Uranishi K, Koide H, Costantini F, Yokota T. ETS-related transcription factors ETV4 and ETV5 are involved in proliferation and induction of differentiation-associated genes in embryonic stem (ES) cells. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26224636 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.675595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency and self-renewal capacity of embryonic stem (ES) cells is regulated by several transcription factors. Here, we show that the ETS-related transcription factors Etv4 and Etv5 (Etv4/5) are specifically expressed in undifferentiated ES cells, and suppression of Oct3/4 results in down-regulation of Etv4/5. Simultaneous deletion of Etv4 and Etv5 (Etv4/5 double knock-out (dKO)) in ES cells resulted in a flat, epithelial cell-like appearance, whereas the morphology changed into compact colonies in a 2i medium (containing two inhibitors for GSK3 and MEK/ERK). Expression levels of self-renewal marker genes, including Oct3/4 and Nanog, were similar between wild-type and dKO ES cells, whereas proliferation of Etv4/5 dKO ES cells was decreased with overexpression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p16/p19, p15, and p57). A differentiation assay revealed that the embryoid bodies derived from Etv4/5 dKO ES cells were smaller than the control, and expression of ectoderm marker genes, including Fgf5, Sox1, and Pax3, was not induced in dKO-derived embryoid bodies. Microarray analysis demonstrated that stem cell-related genes, including Tcf15, Gbx2, Lrh1, Zic3, and Baf60c, were significantly repressed in Etv4/5 dKO ES cells. The artificial expression of Etv4 and/or Etv5 in Etv4/5 dKO ES cells induced re-expression of Tcf15 and Gbx2. These results indicate that Etv4 and Etv5, potentially through regulation of Gbx2 and Tcf15, are involved in the ES cell proliferation and induction of differentiation-associated genes in ES cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Akagi
- From the Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan,
| | - Satu Kuure
- the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland, and
| | - Kousuke Uranishi
- From the Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koide
- From the Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Frank Costantini
- the Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Takashi Yokota
- From the Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sánchez RS, Sánchez SS. Paraxis is required for somite morphogenesis and differentiation in Xenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:973-87. [PMID: 26010523 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most vertebrates, the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm involves the formation of metameric units called somites through a mesenchymal-epithelial transition. However, this process is different in Xenopus laevis because it does not form an epithelial somite. Xenopus somitogenesis is characterized by a complex cells rearrangement that requires the coordinated regulation of cell shape, adhesion, and motility. The molecular mechanisms that control these cell behaviors underlying somite formation are little known. Although the Paraxis has been implicated in the epithelialization of somite in chick and mouse, its role in Xenopus somite morphogenesis has not been determined. RESULTS Using a morpholino and hormone-inducible construction approaches, we showed that both gain and loss of function of paraxis affect somite elongation, rotation and alignment, causing a severe disorganization of somitic tissue. We further found that depletion or overexpression of paraxis in the somite led to the downregulation or upregulation, respectively, of cell adhesion expression markers. Finally, we demonstrated that paraxis is necessary for the proper expression of myotomal and sclerotomal differentiation markers. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that paraxis regulates the cell rearrangements that take place during the somitogenesis of Xenopus by regulating cell adhesion. Furthermore, paraxis is also required for somite differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romel Sebastián Sánchez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, San Miguel de Tucumán (T4000ILI), Argentina
| | - Sara Serafina Sánchez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, San Miguel de Tucumán (T4000ILI), Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Passamaneck YJ, Hejnol A, Martindale MQ. Mesodermal gene expression during the embryonic and larval development of the articulate brachiopod Terebratalia transversa. EvoDevo 2015; 6:10. [PMID: 25897375 PMCID: PMC4404124 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brachiopods undergo radial cleavage, which is distinct from the stereotyped development of closely related spiralian taxa. The mesoderm has been inferred to derive from the archenteron walls following gastrulation, and the primary mesoderm derivative in the larva is a complex musculature. To investigate the specification and differentiation of the mesoderm in the articulate brachiopod Terebratalia transversa, we have identified orthologs of genes involved in mesoderm development in other taxa and investigated their spatial and temporal expression during the embryonic and larval development of T. transversa. Results Orthologs of 17 developmental regulatory genes with roles in the development of the mesoderm in other bilaterian animals were found to be expressed in the developing mesoderm of T. transversa. Five genes, Tt.twist, Tt.GATA456, Tt.dachshund, Tt.mPrx, and Tt.NK1, were found to have expression throughout the archenteron wall at the radial gastrula stage, shortly after the initiation of gastrulation. Three additional genes, Tt.Pax1/9, Tt.MyoD, and Tt.Six1/2, showed expression at this stage in only a portion of the archenteron wall. Tt.eya, Tt.FoxC, Tt.FoxF, Tt.Mox, Tt.paraxis, Tt.Limpet, and Tt.Mef2 all showed initial mesodermal expression during later gastrula or early larval stages. At the late larval stage, Tt.dachshund, Tt.Limpet, and Tt.Mef2 showed expression in nearly all mesoderm cells, while all other genes were localized to specific regions of the mesoderm. Tt.FoxD and Tt.noggin both showed expression in the ventral mesoderm at the larval stages, with gastrula expression patterns in the archenteron roof and blastopore lip, respectively. Conclusions Expression analyses support conserved roles for developmental regulators in the specification and differentiation of the mesoderm during the development of T. transversa. Expression of multiple mesodermal factors in the archenteron wall during gastrulation supports previous morphological observations that this region gives rise to larval mesoderm. Localized expression domains during gastrulation and larval development evidence early regionalization of the mesoderm and provide a basis for hypotheses regarding the molecular regulation underlying the complex system of musculature observed in the larva. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0004-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yale J Passamaneck
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, PBRC, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA ; The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate, 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Coppiello G, Collantes M, Sirerol-Piquer MS, Vandenwijngaert S, Schoors S, Swinnen M, Vandersmissen I, Herijgers P, Topal B, van Loon J, Goffin J, Prósper F, Carmeliet P, García-Verdugo JM, Janssens S, Peñuelas I, Aranguren XL, Luttun A. Meox2/Tcf15 heterodimers program the heart capillary endothelium for cardiac fatty acid uptake. Circulation 2015; 131:815-26. [PMID: 25561514 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular endothelium in different organs is specialized to fulfill the particular needs of parenchymal cells. However, specific information about heart capillary endothelial cells (ECs) is lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS Using microarray profiling on freshly isolated ECs from heart, brain, and liver, we revealed a genetic signature for microvascular heart ECs and identified Meox2/Tcf15 heterodimers as novel transcriptional determinants. This signature was largely shared with skeletal muscle and adipose tissue endothelium and was enriched in genes encoding fatty acid (FA) transport-related proteins. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we showed that Meox2/Tcf15 mediate FA uptake in heart ECs, in part, by driving endothelial CD36 and lipoprotein lipase expression and facilitate FA transport across heart ECs. Combined Meox2 and Tcf15 haplodeficiency impaired FA uptake in heart ECs and reduced FA transfer to cardiomyocytes. In the long term, this combined haplodeficiency resulted in impaired cardiac contractility. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight a regulatory role for ECs in FA transfer to the heart parenchyma and unveil 2 of its intrinsic regulators. Our insights could be used to develop new strategies based on endothelial Meox2/Tcf15 targeting to modulate FA transfer to the heart and remedy cardiac dysfunction resulting from altered energy substrate usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Coppiello
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Collantes
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - María Salomé Sirerol-Piquer
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Vandenwijngaert
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Schoors
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa Swinnen
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Ine Vandersmissen
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Herijgers
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Baki Topal
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes van Loon
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Goffin
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Felipe Prósper
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Janssens
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Iván Peñuelas
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Xabier L Aranguren
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium
| | - Aernout Luttun
- From Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (G.C., I.V., X.L.A., A.L.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Unit (S.V., M.S., S.J.), Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB/Department of Oncology (S.S., P.C.), and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Experimental Cardiac Surgery Unit (P.H.), KULeuven, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra/MicroPET Research Unit CIMA-CUN (M.C., I.P.), and Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (F.P., X.L.A), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain (M.S.S.-P., J.M.G.-V.); and Departments of Abdominal Surgery (B.T.) and Neurosurgery (J.v.L., J.G.), University Hospitals Leuven/KULeuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
This review will focus on the use of the chicken and quail as model systems to analyze myogenesis and as such will emphasize the experimental approaches that are strongest in these systems-the amenability of the avian embryo to manipulation and in ovo observation. During somite differentiation, a wide spectrum of developmental processes occur such as cellular differentiation, migration, and fusion. Cell lineage studies combined with recent advancements in cell imaging allow these biological phenomena to be readily observed and hypotheses tested extremely rapidly-a strength that is restricted to the avian system. A clear weakness of the chicken in the past has been genetic approaches to modulate gene function. Recent advances in the electroporation of expression vectors, siRNA constructs, and use of tissue specific reporters have opened the door to increasingly sophisticated experiments that address questions of interest not only to the somite/muscle field in particular but also fundamental to biology in general. Importantly, an ever-growing body of evidence indicates that somite differentiation in birds is indistinguishable to that of mammals; therefore, these avian studies complement the complex genetic models of the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Hirst
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia,
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Morosan-Puopolo G, Balakrishnan-Renuka A, Yusuf F, Chen J, Dai F, Zoidl G, Lüdtke THW, Kispert A, Theiss C, Abdelsabour-Khalaf M, Brand-Saberi B. Wnt11 is required for oriented migration of dermogenic progenitor cells from the dorsomedial lip of the avian dermomyotome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92679. [PMID: 24671096 PMCID: PMC3966816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic origin of the dermis in vertebrates can be traced back to the dermomyotome of the somites, the lateral plate mesoderm and the neural crest. The dermal precursors directly overlying the neural tube display a unique dense arrangement and are the first to induce skin appendage formation in vertebrate embryos. These dermal precursor cells have been shown to derive from the dorsomedial lip of the dermomyotome (DML). Based on its expression pattern in the DML, Wnt11 is a candidate regulator of dorsal dermis formation. Using EGFP-based cell labelling and time-lapse imaging, we show that the Wnt11 expressing DML is the source of the dense dorsal dermis. Loss-of-function studies in chicken embryos show that Wnt11 is indeed essential for the formation of dense dermis competent to support cutaneous appendage formation. Our findings show that dermogenic progenitors cannot leave the DML to form dense dorsal dermis following Wnt11 silencing. No alterations were noticeable in the patterning or in the epithelial state of the dermomyotome including the DML. Furthermore, we show that Wnt11 expression is regulated in a manner similar to the previously described early dermal marker cDermo-1. The analysis of Wnt11 mutant mice exhibits an underdeveloped dorsal dermis and strongly supports our gene silencing data in chicken embryos. We conclude that Wnt11 is required for dense dermis and subsequent cutaneous appendage formation, by influencing the cell fate decision of the cells in the DML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Morosan-Puopolo
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ajeesh Balakrishnan-Renuka
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Faisal Yusuf
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jingchen Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fangping Dai
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Zoidl
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Timo H.-W. Lüdtke
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mohammed Abdelsabour-Khalaf
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Borchin B, Chen J, Barberi T. Derivation and FACS-mediated purification of PAX3+/PAX7+ skeletal muscle precursors from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:620-31. [PMID: 24371814 PMCID: PMC3871395 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) constitute a promising resource for use in cell-based therapies and a valuable in vitro model for studying early human development and disease. Despite significant advancements in the derivation of specific fates from hPSCs, the generation of skeletal muscle remains challenging and is mostly dependent on transgene expression. Here, we describe a method based on the use of a small-molecule GSK3β inhibitor to derive skeletal muscle from several hPSC lines. We show that early GSK3β inhibition is sufficient to create the conditions necessary for highly effective derivation of muscle cells. Moreover, we developed a strategy for stringent fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based purification of emerging PAX3+/PAX7+ muscle precursors that are able to differentiate in postsort cultures into mature myocytes. This transgene-free, efficient protocol provides an essential tool for producing myogenic cells for in vivo preclinical studies, in vitro screenings, and disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Borchin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Joseph Chen
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tiziano Barberi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rowton M, Ramos P, Anderson DM, Rhee JM, Cunliffe HE, Rawls A. Regulation of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition by PARAXIS during somitogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1332-44. [PMID: 24038871 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic alterations in cell shape, migration, and adhesion play a central role in tissue morphogenesis during embryonic development and congenital disease. The mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition that occurs during vertebrate somitogenesis is required for proper patterning of the axial musculoskeletal system. Somitic MET is initiated in the presomitic mesoderm by PARAXIS-dependent changes in cell adhesion, cell polarity, and the composition of the extracellular matrix. However, the target genes downstream of the transcription factor PARAXIS remain poorly described. RESULTS A genome-wide comparison of gene expression in the anterior presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites of Paraxis(-/-) embryos resulted in a set of deregulated genes enriched for factors associated with extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal organization and cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion. The greatest change in expression was seen in fibroblast activation protein alpha (Fap), encoding a dipeptidyl peptidase capable of increasing fibronectin and collagen fiber organization in extracellular matrix. Further, downstream genes in the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways were downregulated, predicting that PARAXIS participates in positive feedback loops in both pathways. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that PARAXIS initiates and stabilizes somite epithelialization by integrating signals from multiple pathways to control the reorganization of the ECM, cytoskeleton, and adhesion junctions during MET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rowton
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Craft AM, Ahmed N, Rockel JS, Baht GS, Alman BA, Kandel RA, Grigoriadis AE, Keller GM. Specification of chondrocytes and cartilage tissues from embryonic stem cells. Development 2013; 140:2597-610. [PMID: 23715552 DOI: 10.1242/dev.087890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis primarily affects the articular cartilage of synovial joints. Cell and/or cartilage replacement is a promising therapy, provided there is access to appropriate tissue and sufficient numbers of articular chondrocytes. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent a potentially unlimited source of chondrocytes and tissues as they can generate a broad spectrum of cell types under appropriate conditions in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that mouse ESC-derived chondrogenic mesoderm arises from a Flk-1(-)/Pdgfrα(+) (F(-)P(+)) population that emerges in a defined temporal pattern following the development of an early cardiogenic F(-)P(+) population. Specification of the late-arising F(-)P(+) population with BMP4 generated a highly enriched population of chondrocytes expressing genes associated with growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes. By contrast, specification with Gdf5, together with inhibition of hedgehog and BMP signaling pathways, generated a population of non-hypertrophic chondrocytes that displayed properties of articular chondrocytes. The two chondrocyte populations retained their hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic properties when induced to generate spatially organized proteoglycan-rich cartilage-like tissue in vitro. Transplantation of either type of chondrocyte, or tissue generated from them, into immunodeficient recipients resulted in the development of cartilage tissue and bone within an 8-week period. Significant ossification was not observed when the tissue was transplanted into osteoblast-depleted mice or into diffusion chambers that prevent vascularization. Thus, through stage-specific manipulation of appropriate signaling pathways it is possible to efficiently and reproducibly derive hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic chondrocyte populations from mouse ESCs that are able to generate distinct cartilage-like tissue in vitro and maintain a cartilage tissue phenotype within an avascular and/or osteoblast-free niche in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April M Craft
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Magli A, Schnettler E, Rinaldi F, Bremer P, Perlingeiro RCR. Functional dissection of Pax3 in paraxial mesoderm development and myogenesis. Stem Cells 2013; 31:59-70. [PMID: 23081715 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The paired box transcription factor Pax3 is well-known as a major regulator of embryonic myogenesis. Before Pax3 expression becomes restricted to the dermomyotome, this transcription factor is also expressed in the developing somites. The role of Pax3 at this early stage is unclear, in particular because of the scarce frequency of Pax3-positive cells in the early mouse embryo. Inducible gene expression in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represents an excellent tool to overcome this limitation, since it can provide large quantities of otherwise rare embryonic populations expressing a factor of interest. Here we used engineered mouse ESCs to perform a functional analysis of Pax3 with the aim to identify the molecular determinants involved in the early functions of this transcription factor. We find that Pax3 induction during embryoid body differentiation results in the upregulation of genes expressed in the presomitic and somitic mesoderm. Moreover, we show that paraxial mesoderm induced by transient expression of Pax3 is not irreversibly committed to myogenesis rather requires sustained Pax3 expression. Using a series of deletion mutants of Pax3, which differentially affect its transcriptional activity, we map protein domains necessary for induction of paraxial mesoderm and induction of the myogenic program. The paired, homeo-, and transcriptional activation domains were each required for both processes, however, the paired-c-terminal RED domain showed a paraxial mesoderm-specific activity that was dispensable for myogenesis. These findings demonstrate and provide mechanistic insight into an early role for Pax3 in the generation of paraxial mesoderm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Magli
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lopez TP, Fan CM. Dynamic CREB family activity drives segmentation and posterior polarity specification in mammalian somitogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2019-27. [PMID: 23671110 PMCID: PMC3670316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The segmented body plan of vertebrates is prefigured by reiterated embryonic mesodermal structures called somites. In the mouse embryo, timely somite formation from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) is controlled by the "segmentation clock," a molecular oscillator that triggers progressive waves of Notch activity throughout the PSM. Notch clock activity is suppressed in the posterior PSM by FGF signaling until it crosses a determination front at which its net activity is sufficiently high to effect segmentation. Here, Notch and Wnt signaling directs somite anterior/posterior (A/P) polarity specification and boundary formation via regulation of the segmentation effector gene Mesoderm posterior 2. How Notch and Wnt signaling becomes coordinated at this front is incompletely defined. Here we show that the activity of the cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors exhibits Wnt3a-dependent oscillatory behavior near the determination front and is in unison with Notch activity. Inhibition of CREB family in the mesoderm causes defects in somite segmentation and a loss in somite posterior polarity leading to fusions of vertebrae and ribs. Among the CREB family downstream genes, several are known to be regulated by Wnt3a. Of those, we show that the CREB family occupies a conserved binding site in the promoter region of Delta-like 1, encoding a Notch ligand, in the anterior PSM as a mechanism to specify posterior identity of somites. Together, these data support that the CREB family acts at the determination front to modulate Wnt signaling and strengthen Notch signaling as a means to orchestrate cells for somite segmentation and anterior/posterior patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Peter Lopez
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; and
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; and
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Paschaki M, Schneider C, Rhinn M, Thibault-Carpentier C, Dembélé D, Niederreither K, Dollé P. Transcriptomic analysis of murine embryos lacking endogenous retinoic acid signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62274. [PMID: 23638021 PMCID: PMC3634737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an active derivative of the liposoluble vitamin A (retinol), acts as an important signaling molecule during embryonic development, regulating phenomenons as diverse as anterior-posterior axial patterning, forebrain and optic vesicle development, specification of hindbrain rhombomeres, pharyngeal arches and second heart field, somitogenesis, and differentiation of spinal cord neurons. This small molecule directly triggers gene activation by binding to nuclear receptors (RARs), switching them from potential repressors to transcriptional activators. The repertoire of RA-regulated genes in embryonic tissues is poorly characterized. We performed a comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of murine wild-type and Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 null-mutant (Raldh2−/−) embryos — unable to synthesize RA from maternally-derived retinol — using Affymetrix DNA microarrays. Transcriptomic changes were analyzed in two embryonic regions: anterior tissues including forebrain and optic vesicle, and posterior (trunk) tissues, at early stages preceding the appearance of overt phenotypic abnormalities. Several genes expected to be downregulated under RA deficiency appeared in the transcriptome data (e.g. Emx2, Foxg1 anteriorly, Cdx1, Hoxa1, Rarb posteriorly), whereas reverse-transcriptase-PCR and in situ hybridization performed for additional selected genes validated the changes identified through microarray analysis. Altogether, the affected genes belonged to numerous molecular pathways and cellular/organismal functions, demonstrating the pleiotropic nature of RA-dependent events. In both tissue samples, genes upregulated were more numerous than those downregulated, probably due to feedback regulatory loops. Bioinformatic analyses highlighted groups (clusters) of genes displaying similar behaviors in mutant tissues, and biological functions most significantly affected (e.g. mTOR, VEGF, ILK signaling in forebrain tissues; pyrimidine and purine metabolism, calcium signaling, one carbon metabolism in posterior tissues). Overall, these data give an overview of the gene expression changes resulting from embryonic RA deficiency, and provide new candidate genes and pathways that may help understanding retinoid-dependent molecular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Paschaki
- Developmental Biology and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Unité 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Carole Schneider
- Developmental Biology and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Unité 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Muriel Rhinn
- Developmental Biology and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Unité 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Christelle Thibault-Carpentier
- Biochips platform, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Unité 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Doulaye Dembélé
- Biochips platform, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Unité 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen Niederreither
- Developmental Biology and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Unité 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Developmental Biology and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Unité 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Davies O, Lin CY, Radzisheuskaya A, Zhou X, Taube J, Blin G, Waterhouse A, Smith A, Lowell S. Tcf15 primes pluripotent cells for differentiation. Cell Rep 2013; 3:472-84. [PMID: 23395635 PMCID: PMC3607254 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The events that prime pluripotent cells for differentiation are not well understood. Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation (Id) proteins, which are inhibitors of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor activity, contribute to pluripotency by blocking sequential transitions toward differentiation. Using yeast-two-hybrid screens, we have identified Id-regulated transcription factors that are expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). One of these, Tcf15, is also expressed in the embryonic day 4.5 embryo and is specifically associated with a novel subpopulation of primed ESCs. An Id-resistant form of Tcf15 rapidly downregulates Nanog and accelerates somatic lineage commitment. We propose that because Tcf15 can be held in an inactive state through Id activity, it may prime pluripotent cells for entry to somatic lineages upon downregulation of Id. We also find that Tcf15 expression is dependent on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, providing an explanation for how FGF can prime for differentiation without driving cells out of the pluripotent state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen R. Davies
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Chia-Yi Lin
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Aliaksandra Radzisheuskaya
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Xinzhi Zhou
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Jessica Taube
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Guillaume Blin
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Andrew J.H. Smith
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sally Lowell
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Williams T, Blachuta B, Hegna TA, Nagy LM. Decoupling elongation and segmentation: notch involvement in anostracan crustacean segmentation. Evol Dev 2012; 14:372-82. [PMID: 22765208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2012.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Repeated body segments are a key feature of arthropods. The formation of body segments occurs via distinct developmental pathways within different arthropod clades. Although some species form their segments simultaneously without any accompanying measurable growth, most arthropods add segments sequentially from the posterior of the growing embryo or larva. The use of Notch signaling is increasingly emerging as a common feature of sequential segmentation throughout the Bilateria, as inferred from both the expression of proteins required for Notch signaling and the genetic or pharmacological disruption of Notch signaling. In this study, we demonstrate that blocking Notch signaling by blocking γ-secretase activity causes a specific, repeatable effect on segmentation in two different anostracan crustaceans, Artemia franciscana and Thamnocephalus platyurus. We observe that segmentation posterior to the third or fourth trunk segment is arrested. Despite this marked effect on segment addition, other aspects of segmentation are unaffected. In the segments that develop, segment size and boundaries between segments appear normal, engrailed stripes are normal in size and alignment, and overall growth is unaffected. By demonstrating Notch involvement in crustacean segmentation, our findings expand the evidence that Notch plays a crucial role in sequential segmentation in arthropods. At the same time, our observations contribute to an emerging picture that loss-of-function Notch phenotypes differ significantly between arthropods suggesting variability in the role of Notch in the regulation of sequential segmentation. This variability in the function of Notch in arthropod segmentation confounds inferences of homology with vertebrates and lophotrochozoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terri Williams
- Department of Biology, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|