1
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Moriguchi J, Koga T, Tsunoji N, Nishihara S, Akutagawa T, Masuya-Suzuki A, Tsunashima R. Solvent-assisted mechanochemical crystallization of the metal-free perovskite solid solution (H 2dabco, H 2hmta)NH 4(BF 4) 3. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:12181-12184. [PMID: 39282968 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc04010d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
All-proportional solid solutions of the metal-free perovskite (H2dabco1-y, H2hmtay)(NH4)(BF4)3 ((d,h)-BF4) were crystallized via a mechanochemical method. Their molecular dynamics depend on the ratio y with a compositional boundary at y = 0.43, where H2dabco2+ was deduced to be at a dynamic disorder state, even below phase transition temperature to a plastic crystalline phase seen at y = 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Moriguchi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan.
| | - Tomoe Koga
- Chemistry Course, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Nao Tsunoji
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Sadafumi Nishihara
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Atsuko Masuya-Suzuki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan.
- Chemistry Course, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Ryo Tsunashima
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan.
- Chemistry Course, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
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2
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Reynes J, Leon F, García F. Mechanochemistry for Organic and Inorganic Synthesis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:432-470. [PMID: 39371328 PMCID: PMC11450734 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has become an innovative and sustainable alternative to traditional solvent-based synthesis. Mechanochemistry rapidly expanded across a wide range of chemistry fields, including diverse organic compounds and active pharmaceutical ingredients, coordination compounds, organometallic complexes, main group frameworks, and technologically relevant materials. This Review aims to highlight recent advancements and accomplishments in mechanochemistry, underscoring its potential as a viable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional solution-based methods in the field of synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier
F. Reynes
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica. Facultad de
Química. Universidad de Oviedo. Ave. Julián Clavería
8, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias Spain
| | - Felix Leon
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química
Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio
49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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3
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Okamoto S, Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. Solution Dynamics of Covalent Open-[60]Fullerene Dimers. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400260. [PMID: 38710654 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The translational diffusivity of covalent open-[60]fullerene dimers in an organic solvent was found to be well describable by a prolate ellipsoid model while a monomeric open-[60]fullerene behaves like a sphere model. The water association dynamics were examined for two open-[60]fullerene dimers, showing a higher water affinity for the sp3-linked dimer relative to sp2-linked dimer owing to an effective orbital-orbital overlap identified by π(fullerene)→σ*(H2O) interactions as suggested by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Okamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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4
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Shao G, Liu YY, Niu C, Yin ZC, Ye SQ, Yao YR, Chen M, Chen JS, Xia XL, Yang S, Wang GW. Unexpected and divergent mechanosynthesis of furanoid-bridged fullerene dimers C 120O and C 120O 2. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04167d. [PMID: 39246362 PMCID: PMC11376007 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04167d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
An unexpected, divergent and efficient approach toward furanoid-bridged fullerene dimers C120O and C120O2 was established under different solvent-free ball-milling conditions by simply using pristine C60 as the starting material, water as the oxygen source and FeCl3 as the mediator. The structures of C120O and C120O2 were unambiguously established by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of control experiments. Furthermore, C120O2 has been applied in organic solar cells as the third component and exhibits good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Shao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chuang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241002 P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Chun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241002 P. R. China
| | - Shi-Qi Ye
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Muqing Chen
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan Guangdong 523808 P. R. China
| | - Jun-Shen Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Xu-Ling Xia
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241002 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu 730000 P. R. China
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5
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Onoe J, Noda Y, Wang Q, Harano K, Nakaya M, Nakayama T. Structures, fundamental properties, and potential applications of low-dimensional C 60 polymers and other nanocarbons: a review. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2346068. [PMID: 38774495 PMCID: PMC11107862 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2346068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Since carbon (C) atom has a variety of chemical bonds via hybridization between s and p atomic orbitals, it is well known that there are robust carbon materials. In particular, discovery of C60 has been an epoch making to cultivate nanocarbon fields. Since then, nanocarbon materials such as nanotube and graphene have been reported. It is interesting to note that C60 is soluble and volatile unlike nanotube and graphene. This indicates that C60 film is easy to be produced on any kinds of substrates, which is advantage for device fabrication. In particular, electron-/photo-induced C60 polymerization finally results in formation of one-dimensional (1D) metallic peanut-shaped and 2D dumbbell-shaped semiconducting C60 polymers, respectively. This enables us to control the physicochemical properties of C60 films using electron-/photo-lithography techniques. In this review, we focused on the structures, fundamental properties, and potential applications of the low-dimensional C60 polymers and other nanocarbons such as C60 peapods, wavy-structured graphene, and penta-nanotubes with topological defects. We hope this review will provide new insights for producing new novel nanocarbon materials and inspire broad readers to cultivate new further research in carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Onoe
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Noda
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja, Japan
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering/Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Koji Harano
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, and Division of International Collaborations and Public Relations, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masato Nakaya
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Nakayama
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, and Division of International Collaborations and Public Relations, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
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6
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Wang H, Chi X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Liu Q, Zhao Z, Zhang D, Cui H, Liu H. Electromagnetic Mill-Promoted Palladium-Catalyzed Heck-Type Cyclization/Decarboxylative Coupling of ( Z)-1-Iodo-1,6-diene with Propiolic Acids. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5320-5327. [PMID: 38554091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Electromagnetic mill (EMM)-promoted solid-state cascade Heck-type cyclization/decarboxylative coupling of propiolic acid with (Z)-1-iodo-1,6-diene derivate was demonstrated. The reaction was realized via palladium catalysis, which is solvent-free and involves no additional heating. The collision between ferromagnetic rods could not only be a favor to the mixing between the solid substrates and the catalyst system, but also the thermogenic action could accelerate this transformation. More importantly, this EMM strategy realized multiple bond construction under mechanochemical conditions in one pot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Chi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Company Limited, No.1, Lutai Road, Zibo 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengdian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Daopeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyou Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, People's Republic of China
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7
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Harano K, Nakamuro T, Nakamura E. Cinematographic study of stochastic chemical events at atomic resolution. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:101-116. [PMID: 37864546 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of single-molecule atomic-resolution time-resolved electron microscopy (SMART-EM) has created a new field of 'cinematic chemistry,' allowing for the cinematographic recording of dynamic behaviors of organic and inorganic molecules and their assembly. However, the limited electron dose per frame of video images presents a major challenge in SMART-EM. Recent advances in direct electron counting cameras and techniques to enhance image quality through the implementation of a denoising algorithm have enabled the tracking of stochastic molecular motions and chemical reactions with sub-millisecond temporal resolution and sub-angstrom localization precision. This review showcases the development of dynamic molecular imaging using the SMART-EM technique, highlighting insights into nanomechanical behavior during molecular shuttle motion, pathways of multistep chemical reactions, and elucidation of crystallization processes at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Harano
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakamuro
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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8
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Said AA, Aydin E, Ugur E, Xu Z, Deger C, Vishal B, Vlk A, Dally P, Yildirim BK, Azmi R, Liu J, Jackson EA, Johnson HM, Gui M, Richter H, Pininti AR, Bristow H, Babics M, Razzaq A, Allen TG, Ledinský M, Yavuz I, Rand BP, De Wolf S. Sublimed C 60 for efficient and repeatable perovskite-based solar cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:708. [PMID: 38267408 PMCID: PMC10808237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermally evaporated C60 is a near-ubiquitous electron transport layer in state-of-the-art p-i-n perovskite-based solar cells. As perovskite photovoltaic technologies are moving toward industrialization, batch-to-batch reproducibility of device performances becomes crucial. Here, we show that commercial as-received (99.75% pure) C60 source materials may coalesce during repeated thermal evaporation processes, jeopardizing such reproducibility. We find that the coalescence is due to oxygen present in the initial source powder and leads to the formation of deep states within the perovskite bandgap, resulting in a systematic decrease in solar cell performance. However, further purification (through sublimation) of the C60 to 99.95% before evaporation is found to hinder coalescence, with the associated solar cell performances being fully reproducible after repeated processing. We verify the universality of this behavior on perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by demonstrating their open-circuit voltages and fill factors to remain at 1950 mV and 81% respectively, over eight repeated processes using the same sublimed C60 source material. Notably, one of these cells achieved a certified power conversion efficiency of 30.9%. These findings provide insights crucial for the advancement of perovskite photovoltaic technologies towards scaled production with high process yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Said
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Erkan Aydin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Esma Ugur
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhaojian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Caner Deger
- Department of Physics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Badri Vishal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aleš Vlk
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Cukrovarnická 10, Prague, 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pia Dally
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bumin K Yildirim
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Randi Azmi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiang Liu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Holly M Johnson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Manting Gui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | | | - Anil R Pininti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen Bristow
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maxime Babics
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Arsalan Razzaq
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas G Allen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Ledinský
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Cukrovarnická 10, Prague, 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ilhan Yavuz
- Department of Physics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Hashikawa Y, Okamoto S, Murata Y. Synthesis of inter-[60]fullerene conjugates with inherent chirality. Nat Commun 2024; 15:514. [PMID: 38225251 PMCID: PMC10789730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Coalescence of [60]fullerenes potentially produces hypothetical nanocarbon assemblies with non-naturally occurring topologies. Since the discovery of [60]fullerene in 1985, coalesced [60]fullerene oligomers have only been observed as transient species by transmission electron microscopy during an oligomerization process under a high electron acceleration voltage. Herein, we showcase the rational synthesis of covalent assemblies consisting of inherently chiral open-[60]fullerenes. The crystallographic analyses unveiled double-caged structures of non-conjugated and conjugated inter-[60]fullerene hybrids, in which the two [60]fullerene cages are bounds to each other through a covalent linkage. The former one further assembles via a heterochiral recognition so that four carbon cages are arranged in a tetrahedral manner both in solution and solid state. Reflecting radially-conjugated double π-surface nature, the inter-[60]fullerene conjugate exhibits strong electronic communication in its reduced states, intense absorption behavior, and chiroptical activity with a dissymmetry factor of 0.21 (at 674 nm) which breaks the record for known chiral organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Shu Okamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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10
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Sakai W, Gonnet L, Haruta N, Sato T, Baron M. Theoretical study on the mechanochemical reactivity in Diels-Alder reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:873-878. [PMID: 38087913 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04465c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions sometimes give different yields from those under solvent conditions, and such mechanochemical reactivities depend on the reactions. This study theoretically elucidates what governs mechanochemical reactivities, taking the Diels-Alder reactions as an example. Applying mechanical force can be regarded as the deformation of molecules, and the deformation in an orthogonal direction to a reaction mode can lower the reaction barrier. Here, we introduce a dimensionless cubic force constant, a mechanochemical reaction constant. It tells us how easily the deformation can lower a reaction barrier and enables us to compare the mechanochemical reactivities of different reactions. The constants correlate positively with the yields of the mechanochemical Diels-Alder reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Sakai
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Lori Gonnet
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, 81013 Albi Cedex 09, France
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Naoki Haruta
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tohru Sato
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Michel Baron
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, 81013 Albi Cedex 09, France
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11
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Kappe M, Schiller A, Gruber E, Jank D, Gatt M, Schöpfer G, Ončák M, Ellis AM, Scheier P. Spectroscopy of C60+ and C120+ in the mid-infrared. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204302. [PMID: 38010328 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared spectra of C60+ and C120+, obtained via helium messenger spectroscopy, are reported. For C60+, new absorption features have been found just above the discrete vibrational spectrum of the ion. The absorption profile, which is broad and contains little structure, is assigned to one or more electronic absorption transitions and is in good agreement with predictions from time-dependent density functional theory. It seems likely that the transitions observed correspond to excitation from the 2A1u electronic ground state to one or both of the low-lying 2E1u and 2E2u electronic states previously identified as dark states of C60+. These states presumably become optically bright through vibronic coupling and specifically the Jahn-Teller effect. In the case of C120+, the simplest positively charged oligomer of C60, we present the first vibrational spectrum of this ion. Through a comparison with theory, vibrational features are best explained by a peanut-shaped structure for C120+, maintained by covalent bonding between the two C60 units. We have also discovered electronic transitions for C120+, which, similar to C60+, lie just above the vibrational spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kappe
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schiller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Jank
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Gatt
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriel Schöpfer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrew M Ellis
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Sobov PA, Kuzmin AV, Khasanov SS, Shestakov AF, Otsuka A, Yamochi H, Kitagawa H, Konarev DV. Paramagnetic {[Fe(CO) 2] 2-μ 2-η 2:η 2-η 2:η 2-(C 60) 2} 2- Dimer Bridged by Iron Atoms and C-C Bonds: Effect of Starting Iron Carbonyls on Structures and Properties of Negatively Charged Iron-Bridged Fullerene Dimers. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17736-17744. [PMID: 37850881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The reaction between an excess of Fe(CO)5 with {Cryptand(K+)}(C60•-) produced the salt {Cryptand(K+)}2{[Fe(CO)2]2-μ2-η2:η2-η2:η2-(C60)2}2-·4C6H4Cl2 (1) containing negatively charged iron-bridged fullerene dimers. In these dimers, the C60 cages are linked via two Fe(CO)2 fragments, forming short Fe-C(C60) bonds with a length of 2.070(3) Å and via two intercage C-C bonds with a length of 1.566(3) Å. Interfullerene center-to-center distance is short, being 9.02 Å. Thus, the coordination-induced dimerization of fullerenes is observed in 1. The dimer is negatively charged, with additional negative electron density mainly localized on iron atoms and, to a lesser extent, on the C60 cages, as revealed by optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. These dimers have a diamagnetic singlet ground state with a small singlet-triplet gap of 25 K; consequently, they transfer to a paramagnetic state with two S = 1/2 spins per dimer above 50 K. Previously, different dimers with isomeric structures were obtained starting from {Cryptand(K+)}(C60•-) and Fe3(CO)12. However, these dimers exhibit diamagnetic properties, owing to the formation of a Fe-Fe bond. In contrast, in dimer 1, the Fe atoms are positioned too far apart to form such a bond, preserving the spin on Fe. We assume that both dimers are formed through the same [Fe(CO)3](C60•-) intermediate, but the subsequent interaction of this intermediate with Fe3(CO)12 or its dimerization yields different dimers. Therefore, the starting carbonyls can control the structures and properties of the resulting dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Sobov
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kuzmin
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow region 142432, Russia
| | - Salavat S Khasanov
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow region 142432, Russia
| | - Alexander F Shestakov
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Akihiro Otsuka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamochi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Dmitri V Konarev
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
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13
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Reynes JF, Isoni V, García F. Tinkering with Mechanochemical Tools for Scale Up. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300819. [PMID: 37114517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry provides an environmentally benign platform to develop more sustainable chemical processes by limiting raw materials, energy use, and waste generation while using physically smaller equipment. A continuously growing research community has steadily showcased examples of beneficial mechanochemistry applications at both the laboratory and the preparative scale. In contrast to solution-based chemistry, mechanochemical processes have not yet been standardized, and thus scaling up is still a nascent discipline. The purpose of this Minireview is to highlight similarities, differences and challenges of the various approaches that have been successfully applied for a range of chemical applications at various scales. We hope to provide a discussion starting point for those interested in further developing mechanochemical processes for commercial use and/or industrialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valerio Isoni
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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14
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Fujishiro K, Morinaka Y, Ono Y, Tanaka T, Scott LT, Ito H, Itami K. Lithium-Mediated Mechanochemical Cyclodehydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8163-8175. [PMID: 37011146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodehydrogenation is an essential synthetic method for the preparation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds, and nanographenes. Among the many examples, anionic cyclodehydrogenation using potassium(0) has attracted synthetic chemists because of its irreplaceable reactivity and utility in obtaining rylene structures from binaphthyl derivatives. However, existing methods are difficult to use in terms of practicality, pyrophoricity, and lack of scalability and applicability. Herein, we report the development of a lithium(0)-mediated mechanochemical anionic cyclodehydrogenation reaction for the first time. This reaction could be easily performed using a conventional and easy-to-handle lithium(0) wire at room temperature, even under air, and the reaction of 1,1'-binaphthyl is complete within 30 min to afford perylene in 94% yield. Using this novel and user-friendly protocol, we investigated substrate scope, reaction mechanism, and gram-scale synthesis. As a result, remarkable applicability and practicality over previous methods, as well as limitations, were comprehensively studied by computational studies and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrated two-, three-, and five-fold cyclodehydrogenations for the synthesis of novel nanographenes. In particular, quinterrylene ([5]rylene or pentarylene), the longest nonsubstituted molecular rylene, was synthesized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Fujishiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuta Morinaka
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Yohei Ono
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Tosoh Corporation, 3-8-2 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8623, Japan
| | - Lawrence T Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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15
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Bartalucci E, Schumacher C, Hendrickx L, Puccetti F, d'Anciães Almeida Silva I, Dervişoğlu R, Puttreddy R, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Disentangling the Effect of Pressure and Mixing on a Mechanochemical Bromination Reaction by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203466. [PMID: 36445819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including compressive stresses, have a significant impact on chemical reactions. Besides the preparative opportunities, mechanochemical conditions benefit from the absence of any organic solvent, the possibility of a significant synthetic acceleration and unique reaction pathways. Together with an accurate characterization of ball-milling products, the development of a deeper mechanistic understanding of the occurring transformations at a molecular level is critical for fully grasping the potential of organic mechanosynthesis. We herein studied a bromination of a cyclic sulfoximine in a mixer mill and used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural characterization of the reaction products. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) was applied for elucidating the product mixtures taken from the milling jar without introducing any further post-processing on the sample. Ex situ 13 C-detected NMR spectra of ball-milling products showed the formation of a crystalline solid phase with the regioselective bromination of the S-aryl group of the heterocycle in position 4. Completion is reached in less than 30 minutes as deduced from the NMR spectra. The bromination can also be achieved by magnetic stirring, but then, a longer reaction time is required. Mixing the solid educts in the NMR rotor allows to get in situ insights into the reaction and enables the detection of a reaction intermediate. The pressure alone induced in the rotor by MAS is not sufficient to lead to full conversion and the reaction occurs on slower time scales than in the ball mill, which is crucial for analysing mixtures taken from the milling jar by solid-state NMR. Our data suggest that on top of centrifugal forces, an efficient mixing of the starting materials is required for reaching a complete reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leeroy Hendrickx
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rıza Dervişoğlu
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Pan F, Ni K, Xu T, Chen H, Wang Y, Gong K, Liu C, Li X, Lin ML, Li S, Wang X, Yan W, Yin W, Tan PH, Sun L, Yu D, Ruoff RS, Zhu Y. Long-range ordered porous carbons produced from C 60. Nature 2023; 614:95-101. [PMID: 36631612 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon structures with covalent bonds connecting C60 molecules have been reported1-3, but their production methods typically result in very small amounts of sample, which restrict the detailed characterization and exploration necessary for potential applications. We report the gram-scale preparation of a new type of carbon, long-range ordered porous carbon (LOPC), from C60 powder catalysed by α-Li3N at ambient pressure. LOPC consists of connected broken C60 cages that maintain long-range periodicity, and has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, magic-angle spinning solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and neutron scattering. Numerical simulations based on a neural network show that LOPC is a metastable structure produced during the transformation from fullerene-type to graphene-type carbons. At a lower temperature, shorter annealing time or by using less α-Li3N, a well-known polymerized C60 crystal forms owing to the electron transfer from α-Li3N to C60. The carbon K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure shows a higher degree of delocalization of electrons in LOPC than in C60(s). The electrical conductivity is 1.17 × 10-2 S cm-1 at room temperature, and conduction at T < 30 K appears to result from a combination of metallic-like transport over short distances punctuated by carrier hopping. The preparation of LOPC enables the discovery of other crystalline carbons starting from C60(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kun Ni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center and Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaican Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, China
| | - Yusong Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Cai Liu
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Miao-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyuan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wensheng Yan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center and Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea. .,School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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17
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Gonnet L, Borchers TH, Lennox CB, Vainauskas J, Teoh Y, Titi HM, Barrett CJ, Koenig SG, Nagapudi K, Friščić T. The " η-sweet-spot" ( ηmax) in liquid-assisted mechanochemistry: polymorph control and the role of a liquid additive as either a catalyst or an inhibitor in resonant acoustic mixing (RAM). Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:128-149. [PMID: 36239309 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) offers a simple, efficient route for mechanochemical synthesis in the absence of milling media or bulk solvents. Here, we show the use of RAM to conduct the copper-catalysed coupling of sulfonamides and carbodiimides. This coupling was previously reported to take place only by mechanochemical ball milling, while in conventional solution environments it is not efficient, or does not take place at all. The results demonstrate RAM as a suitable methodology to conduct reactions previously accessed only by ball milling and provide a detailed, systematic overview of how the amount of liquid additive, measured by the ratio of liquid volume to weight of reactants (η, in μL mg-1), can affect the course of a mechanochemical reaction and the polymorphic composition of its product. Switching from ball milling to RAM allowed for the discovery of a new polymorph of the model sulfonylguanidine obtained by catalytic coupling of di(cyclohexyl)carbodiimide (DCC) and p-toluenesulfonamide, and the ability to control reaction temperature in RAM enabled in situ control of the polymorphic behaviour of this nascent product. We show that the reaction conversion for a given reaction time does not change monotonically but, instead, achieves a maximum for a well-defined η-value. This "η-sweet-spot" of conversion is herein designated ηmax. The herein explored reactions demonstrate sensitivity to η on the order of 0.01 μL mg-1, which corresponds to an amount of liquid additive below 5 mol% compared to the reactants, and is at least one to two orders of magnitude lower than the η-value typically considered in the design of liquid-assisted ball milling mechanochemical reactions. Such sensitivity suggests that strategies to optimise liquid-assisted mechanochemical reactions should systematically evaluate η-values at increments of 0.01 μL mg-1, or even finer. At η-values other than ηmax the reaction conversion drops off, demonstrating that the same liquid additive can act either as a catalyst or an inhibitor of a mechanochemical reaction, depending on the amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Gonnet
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Tristan H Borchers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Cameron B Lennox
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Jogirdas Vainauskas
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Yong Teoh
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Hatem M Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Stefan G Koenig
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada. .,School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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18
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Izumi T, Nakaya M, Onoe J. Kinetic study of photopolymerization and depolymerization in C60 films using in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for development of C60-based thermoelectric materials. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Niu C, Xu Z, Huang X, Wang WF, Yin ZC, Wang GW. Electrosynthesis of Decorated Basket Molecules: [60]Fullerene-Fused 12-Membered Macrolactones. Org Lett 2022; 24:5530-5534. [PMID: 35862872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrosynthesis of decorated basket molecules, that is, [60]fullerene-fused 12-membered macrolactones, has been achieved efficiently for the first time by the electrochemical reduction of [60]fullerene-fused 6-membered lactones and subsequent ring expansion with 1,2-bis(1-bromoalkyl)benzenes. The observed isomeric distributions of the obtained macrolactones are elucidated by theoretical calculations. The product structures have been firmly established by single-crystal X-ray analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Niu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xinmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Feng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Chun Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
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20
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Wang C, Yue C, Smith A, Mack J. Rate enhancement of using silica gel as a practical, efficient grinding auxiliary to break π-π stacking under mechanochemical conditions. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Xuan M, Schumacher C, Bolm C, Göstl R, Herrmann A. The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon-Rich π-Conjugated Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105497. [PMID: 35048569 PMCID: PMC9259731 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry uses mechanical force to break, form, and manipulate chemical bonds to achieve functional transformations and syntheses. Over the last years, many innovative applications of mechanochemistry have been developed. Specifically for the synthesis and activation of carbon-rich π-conjugated materials, mechanochemistry offers reaction pathways that either are inaccessible with other stimuli, such as light and heat, or improve reaction yields, energy consumption, and substrate scope. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in this research field combining the viewpoints of polymer and trituration mechanochemistry. The highlighted mechanochemical transformations include π-conjugated materials as optical force probes, the force-induced release of small dye molecules, and the mechanochemical synthesis of polyacetylene, carbon allotropes, and other π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xuan
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
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22
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Kumar A, Dutta S, Kim S, Kwon T, Patil SS, Kumari N, Jeevanandham S, Lee IS. Solid-State Reaction Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials: Strategies and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12748-12863. [PMID: 35715344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) with unique structures and compositions can give rise to exotic physicochemical properties and applications. Despite the advancement in solution-based methods, scalable access to a wide range of crystal phases and intricate compositions is still challenging. Solid-state reaction (SSR) syntheses have high potential owing to their flexibility toward multielemental phases under feasibly high temperatures and solvent-free conditions as well as their scalability and simplicity. Controlling the nanoscale features through SSRs demands a strategic nanospace-confinement approach due to the risk of heat-induced reshaping and sintering. Here, we describe advanced SSR strategies for NM synthesis, focusing on mechanistic insights, novel nanoscale phenomena, and underlying principles using a series of examples under different categories. After introducing the history of classical SSRs, key theories, and definitions central to the topic, we categorize various modern SSR strategies based on the surrounding solid-state media used for nanostructure growth, conversion, and migration under nanospace or dimensional confinement. This comprehensive review will advance the quest for new materials design, synthesis, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Soumen Dutta
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seonock Kim
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Taewan Kwon
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Santosh S Patil
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Nitee Kumari
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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23
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Ranu B, Egorov I, Mukherjee A, Santra S, Kopchuk D, Kovalev I, Zyryanov G, Majee A, Chupakhin O, Liu Y. Mechanochemically Induced Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions under Ball Milling. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya Egorov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B N Yeltsin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Anindita Mukherjee
- Ural'skij federal'nyj universitet imeni pervogo Prezidenta Rossii B N El'cina RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Sougata Santra
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B N Yeltsin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Dmitry Kopchuk
- Institute of Organic Synthesis UB RAS RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | - Grigory Zyryanov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B N Yeltsin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | - Oleg Chupakhin
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B N Yeltsin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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24
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Shimizu T, Lungerich D, Harano K, Nakamura E. Time-Resolved Imaging of Stochastic Cascade Reactions over a Submillisecond to Second Time Range at the Angstrom Level. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9797-9805. [PMID: 35609254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical reactions, such as multistep catalytic cycles, are cascade reactions in which a series of transient intermediates appear and disappear stochastically over an extended period. The mechanisms of such reactions are challenging to study, even in ultrafast pump-probe experiments. The dimerization of a van der Waals dimer of [60]fullerene producing a short carbon nanotube is a typical cascade reaction and is probably the most frequently studied in carbon materials chemistry. As many as 23 intermediates were predicted by theory, but only the first stable one has been verified experimentally. With the aid of fast electron microscopy, we obtained cinematographic recordings of individual molecules at a maximum frame rate of 1600 frames per second. Using Chambolle total variation algorithm processing and automated cross-correlation image matching analysis, we report on the identification of several metastable intermediates by their shape and size. Although the reaction events occurred stochastically, varying the lifetime of each intermediate accordingly, the average lifetime for each intermediate structure could be obtained from statistical analysis of many cinematographic images for the cascade reaction. Among the shortest-living intermediates, we detected one that lasted less than 3 ms in three independent cascade reactions. We anticipate that the rapid technological development of microscopy and image processing will soon initiate an era of cinematographic studies of chemical reactions and cinematic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Nanomedicine (CNM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), IBS Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Mechanochemical Dimerization of Aldoximes to Furoxans. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082604. [PMID: 35458802 PMCID: PMC9027020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent-free mechanical milling is a new, environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology that is now widely used in the field of organic synthesis. The mechanochemical solvent-free synthesis of furoxans from aldoximes was achieved through dimerization of the in situ generated nitrile oxides in the presence of sodium chloride, Oxone and a base. A variety of furoxans was obtained with up to a 92% yield. The present protocol has the advantages of high reaction efficiency and mild reaction conditions.
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26
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Manipulating Reaction Energy Coordinate Landscape of Mechanochemical Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082570. [PMID: 35458767 PMCID: PMC9027841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral vicinal diamines, a unique class of optically-active building blocks, play a crucial role in material design, pharmaceutical, and catalysis. Traditionally, their syntheses are all solvent-based approaches, which make organic solvent an indispensable part of their production. As part of our program aiming to develop chemical processes with reduced carbon footprints, we recently reported a highly practical and environmentally-friendly synthetic route to chiral vicinal diamines by solvent-free mechanochemical diaza-Cope rearrangement. We herein showed that a new protocol by co-milling with common laboratory solid additives, such as silica gel, can significantly enhance the efficiency of the reaction, compared to reactions in the absence of additives. One possible explanation is the Lewis acidic nature of additives that accelerates a key Schiff base formation step. Reaction monitoring experiments tracing all the reaction species, including reactants, intermediates, and product, suggested that the reaction profile is distinctly different from ball-milling reactions without additives. Collectively, this work demonstrated that additive effect is a powerful tool to manipulate a reaction pathway in mechanochemical diazo-Cope rearrangement pathway, and this is expected to find broad interest in organic synthesis using mechanical force as an energy input.
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27
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Fully conjugated azacorannulene dimer as large diaza[80]fullerene fragment. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1498. [PMID: 35314682 PMCID: PMC8938435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA fully conjugated azacorannulene dimer with a large π-surface (76π system) was successfully synthesized from a fully conjugated bifunctional polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylide. This molecule represents an example of diaza[80]fullerene (C78N2) fragment molecule bearing two internal nitrogen atoms. X-ray crystallography analysis shows its boat-shaped structure with two terminal azacorannulenes bent in the same direction. The molecular shape leads to unique selective association with a dumbbell-shaped C60 dimer (C120) over C60 through shape recognition. Owing to its large π-surface and a narrow HOMO–LUMO gap, the azacorannulene dimer exhibits red fluorescence with a quantum yield of up to 31%. The utilization of the fully conjugated bifunctional azomethine ylide is a powerful method for the bottom-up synthesis of large multiazafullerene fragments, providing a step towards the selective total synthesis of multiazafullerenes.
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28
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Kubota K, Kondo K, Seo T, Ito H. Insight into the Reactivity Profile of Solid-State Aryl Bromides in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions Using Ball Milling. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1748-3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in solid-state organic synthesis using ball milling, insight into the unique reactivity of solid-state substrates, which is often different from that in solution, has been poorly explored. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the reactivity and melting points of aryl halides in solid-state Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions and the effect of reaction temperature on these processes. We found that aryl halides with high melting points showed significantly low reactivity in the solid-state cross-coupling near room temperature, but the reactions were notably accelerated by increasing the reaction temperature. Given that the reaction temperature is much lower than the melting points of these substrates, the acceleration effect is most likely ascribed to the weakening of the intermolecular interactions between the substrate molecules in the solid-state. The present study provides important perspectives for the rational design of efficient solid-state organic transformations using ball milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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29
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Tkachenko NV, Chen WX, Morgan HWT, Muñoz-castro A, Boldyrev A, Sun ZM. Sn 368‒: A 2.7 nm Naked Aromatic Tin Rod. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6223-6226. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01745h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesize naked tin cluster anion Sn368‒, representing the first example of pure Sn nanowire assembled through oxidative coupling reactions of a super atomic cluster Sn94-. Theoretical...
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30
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Takahashi R, Seo T, Kubota K, Ito H. Palladium-Catalyzed Solid-State Polyfluoroarylation of Aryl Halides Using Mechanochemistry. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikuro Takahashi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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31
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Yang Y, Juríček M. Fullerene Wires Assembled Inside Carbon Nanohoops. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100468. [PMID: 34825520 PMCID: PMC9298906 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-nanohoop structures featuring one or more round-shaped cavities represent ideal supramolecular hosts for spherical fullerenes, with potential to form host-guest complexes that perform as organic semiconductors in the solid state. Due to the tight complexation between the shape-complementary hosts and guests, carbon nanohoops have the potential to shield fullerenes from water and oxygen, known to perturb the electron-transport process. Many nanohoop receptors have been found to form host-guest complexes with fullerenes. However, there is only a little or no control over the long-range order of encapsulated fullerenes in the solid state. Consequently, the potential of these complexes to perform as organic semiconductors is rarely evaluated. Herein, we present a survey of all known nanohoop-fullerene complexes, for which the solid-state structures were obtained. We discuss and propose instances where the inclusion fullerene guests form discrete supramolecular wires, which might open up possibilities for their use in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057ZurichSwitzerland
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32
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Yang Y, Huangfu S, Sato S, Juríček M. Cycloparaphenylene Double Nanohoop: Structure, Lamellar Packing, and Encapsulation of C 60 in the Solid State. Org Lett 2021; 23:7943-7948. [PMID: 34558903 PMCID: PMC8524662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new member of the cycloparaphenylene double-nanohoop family was synthesized. Its π-framework features two oval cavities that display different shapes depending on the crystallization conditions. Incorporation of the peropyrene bridge within the nanoring cycles via bay-regions alleviates steric effects and thus allows 1:1 complexation with C60 in the solid state. This nanocarbon adopts a lamellar packing motif, and our results suggest that the structural adjustment of this double nanohoop could enable its use in supramolecular and semiconductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shangxiong Huangfu
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Nano cobalt ferrite encapsulated‐silica particles bearing melamine as an easily recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3‐
c
]pyrazoles under green conditions. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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34
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Wang G. Fullerene Mechanochemistry: Serendipitous Discovery of
Dumb‐Bell‐Shaped C
120
and Beyond. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan‐Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China
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35
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Sustainability Assessment of Mechanochemistry by Using the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2145-2162. [PMID: 33835716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has been growing into a widely accepted alternative for chemical synthesis. In addition to their efficiency and practicality, mechanochemical reactions are also recognized for their sustainability. The association between mechanochemistry and Green Chemistry often originates from the solvent-free nature of most mechanochemical protocols, which can reduce waste production. However, mechanochemistry satisfies more than one of the Principles of Green Chemistry. In this Review we will present a series of examples that will clearly illustrate how mechanochemistry can significantly contribute to the fulfillment of Green Chemistry in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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36
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Seo T, Toyoshima N, Kubota K, Ito H. Tackling Solubility Issues in Organic Synthesis: Solid-State Cross-Coupling of Insoluble Aryl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6165-6175. [PMID: 33784464 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional organic synthesis generally relies on the use of liquid organic solvents to dissolve the reactants. Therefore, reactions of sparingly soluble or insoluble substrates are challenging and often ineffective. The development of a solvent-independent solid-state approach that overcomes this longstanding solubility issue would provide innovative synthetic solutions and access to new areas of chemical space. Here, we report extremely fast and highly efficient solid-state palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions via a high-temperature ball-milling technique. This solid-state protocol enables the highly efficient cross-couplings of insoluble aryl halides with large polyaromatic structures that are barely reactive under conventional solution-based conditions. Notably, we discovered a new luminescent organic material with a strong red emission. This material was prepared via the solid-state coupling of Pigment violet 23, a compound that has so far not been involved in molecular transformations due to its extremely low solubility. This study thus provides a practical method for accessing unexplored areas of chemical space through molecular transformations of insoluble organic compounds that cannot be carried out by any other approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Naoki Toyoshima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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37
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Xu H, Zhang Z, Weng MY, Chen H. Liquid-Assisted Mechanosynthesis of trans-2,3-Dihydropyrroles from Chalcones and Enaminones. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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38
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Su Y, Chen Z, Tian H, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Xie S, Zheng L. Implications of Nitrogen Doping on Geometrical and Electronic Structure of the Fullerene Dimers. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Su
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zuo‐Chang Chen
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Han‐Rui Tian
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yun‐Yan Xu
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Su‐Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Lan‐Sun Zheng
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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39
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40
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Recent Advances on Copper Complexes as Visible Light Photoinitiators and (Photo) Redox Initiators of Polymerization. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes are used in numerous chemical and photochemical processes in organic chemistry. Metal complexes have not been excluded from the interest of polymerists to convert liquid resins into solid materials. If iridium complexes have demonstrated their remarkable photochemical reactivity in polymerization, their high costs and their attested toxicities have rapidly discarded these complexes for further developments. Conversely, copper complexes are a blooming field of research in (photo) polymerization due to their low cost, easy syntheses, long-living excited state lifetimes, and their remarkable chemical and photochemical stabilities. Copper complexes can also be synthesized in solution and by mechanochemistry, paving the way towards the synthesis of photoinitiators by Green synthetic approaches. In this review, an overview of the different copper complexes reported to date is presented. Copper complexes are versatile candidates for polymerization, as these complexes are now widely used not only in photopolymerization, but also in redox and photoassisted redox polymerization processes.
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41
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Reaction of Aldoximes with Sodium Chloride and Oxone under Ball-Milling Conditions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163719. [PMID: 32824070 PMCID: PMC7463692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The solvent-free mechanochemical reaction has aroused increasing interest among scientists. Mechanical ball-milling can implement reactions under mild conditions, shorten the reaction time, and improve the reaction efficiency. Particularly, the most attractive characteristic of mechanochemistry is that it can alter the reaction pathway. However, few such examples have been reported so far. In this paper, we report the reaction of aldoximes with NaCl and Oxone under ball-milling conditions to afford N-acyloxyimidoyl chlorides, which are different from those of the liquid-phase counterpart.
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42
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Konarev DV. Radical anion and coordination compounds of polyconjugated molecules:potential organic materials with unusual magnetic, conducting and optical properties. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Seo T, Kubota K, Ito H. Selective Mechanochemical Monoarylation of Unbiased Dibromoarenes by in Situ Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9884-9889. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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44
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Pressure-Induced Dimerization of C60 at Room Temperature as Revealed by an In Situ Spectroscopy Study Using an Infrared Laser. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using in situ high-pressure Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, the polymerization and structure evaluation of C60 were studied up to 16 GPa at room temperature. The use of an 830 nm laser successfully eliminated the photo-polymerization of C60, which has interfered with the pressure effect in previous studies when a laser with a shorter wavelength was used as excitation. It was found that face-centered cubic (fcc) structured C60 transformed into simple cubic (sc) C60 due to the hint of free rotation for the C60 at 0.3 GPa. The pressure-induced dimerization of C60 was found to occur at about 3.2 GPa at room temperature. Our results suggest the benefit and importance of the choice of the infrared laser as the excitation laser.
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45
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Kaabel S, Friščić T, Auclair K. Mechanoenzymatic Transformations in the Absence of Bulk Water: A More Natural Way of Using Enzymes. Chembiochem 2019; 21:742-758. [PMID: 31651073 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kaabel
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
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46
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Abstract
As the influence of translation rates on protein folding and function has come to light, the mechanisms by which translation speed is modulated have become an important issue. One mechanism entails the generation of force by the nascent protein. Cotranslational processes, such as nascent protein folding, the emergence of unfolded nascent chain segments from the ribosome's exit tunnel, and insertion of the nascent chain into or translocation of the nascent chain through membranes, can generate forces that are transmitted back to the peptidyl transferase center and affect translation rates. In this Perspective, we examine the processes that generate these forces, the mechanisms of transmission along the ribosomal exit tunnel to the peptidyl transferase center, and the effects of force on the ribosome's catalytic cycle. We also discuss the physical models that have been developed to predict and explain force generation for individual processes and speculate about other processes that may generate forces that have yet to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leininger
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Karthik Narayan
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Carol Deutsch
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Edward P. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Institute for CyberScience, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Laboratoire SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068 Université de Toulouse UPS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
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48
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Friščić T, Mottillo C, Titi HM. Mechanochemistry for Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1018-1029. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Laboratoire SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068 Université de Toulouse UPS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
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Ardila‐Fierro KJ, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Mechanosynthesis of Odd-Numbered Tetraaryl[n]cumulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12945-12949. [PMID: 31265746 PMCID: PMC6773223 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A mechanochemical synthesis of one-dimensional carbon allotrope carbyne model compounds, namely tetraaryl[n]cumulenes (n=3, 5) was realized. Central for the mechanosynthesis of the cumulenic carbon nanostructures were the development of a mechanochemical Favorskii alkynylation-type reaction and the implementation of a solvent-free, acid-free reductive elimination with tin(II) chloride by ball milling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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50
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Abstract
Inter-synthetic-carbon-allotrope (SCA) architectures are constructed by hybridizing different types of carbon allotropes such as 0D-fullerene, 1D-carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and 2D-graphene. Also hybridizations of different fullerene families (e.g., empty fullerene, heterofullerenes, and endohedral fullerenes as well as their isomers) are considered as inter-SCA architectures and represent an emerging class of nanofunctional materials. Such highly integrated hybrids are quite promising, since they hold the potential of combining unique properties of each building block. For instance, hybridization of 2D-graphene, a synthetic carbon allotrope with outstanding chemical/physical properties, with 0D-fullerenes leads to materials with both outstanding solid state properties (e.g., electron mobility, flexibility, transparency, and mechanical stability) and distinct molecular properties (spatially resolved and tailor-made exohedral cage functionalization and endohedral guest encapsulation). Therefore, such integrated hybrids have potential as multifunctional nanocarbon materials applicable, for example, in energy storage, electronic devices, solar cells, or advanced sensors. Recognizing these significant advantages, a series of methods and techniques has been developed to synthesize such integrated hybrids. Based on in-depth understanding of fullerene chemistry, interfullerene hybrids where multiple fullerenes are linked together have been synthesized and fully characterized. However, due to the difficulty in functionalizing graphene or CNTs as a result of their poor dispersibility and weak reactivity the corresponding hybrids including these macromolecular forms are less explored. Furthermore, few approaches toward such systems reported so far inevitably involve some drawbacks such as low degree of addition and low production ability. This Account presents the concepts and strategies of our studies on the construction of inter-SCA hybrids. We first emphasize on our efficient "reductive functionalization route" as a versatile strategy for graphene/CNT functionalization. In sharp contrast to previous approaches, our strategy enables unprecedented functionalization of graphene/CNT without damaging their structures. As a consequence, the door for cross-dimensional architectures via hybridizing graphene/CNT with fullerenes has been opened. We will then summarize the diverse inter-SCA hybrids that we recently synthesized, ranging from interfullerene hybrids to those of cross-dimensional graphene/CNT-(endo)fullerenes hybrids as well as CNTs networks. For interfullerene hybrids, different types of fullerenes including empty fullerenes, heterofullerenes, and endohedral fullerenes have been employed. Finally, the prospects on the future challenges on inter-SCA hybrids are envisioned. This Account will provide fundamental insight into construction of inter-SCA hybrids and stimulate further efforts toward research on this emerging topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hirsch Andreas
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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