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Mondal M, Guo J, He P, Zhou D. Recent advances of oncolytic virus in cancer therapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2389-2402. [PMID: 32078405 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1723363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have been taking the front stage in biological therapy for cancer recently. The first and most potent virus to be used in oncolytic virotherapy is human adenovirus. Recently, ongoing extensive research has suggested that other viruses like herpes simplex virus (HSV) and measles virus can also be considered as potential candidates in cancer therapy. An HSV-based oncolytic virus, T-VEC, has completed phase Ш clinical trial and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in biological cancer therapy. Moreover, the vaccine strain of the measles virus has shown impressive results in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Considering their therapeutic efficacy, safety, and reduced side effects, the use of such engineered viruses in biological cancer therapy has the potential to establish a milestone in cancer research. In this review, we summarize the recent clinical advances in the use of oncolytic viruses in biological therapy for cancer. Additionally, this review evaluates the potential viral candidates for their benefits and shortcomings and sheds light on the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mondal
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China.,Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Jingao Guo
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Ping He
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
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Targeting CD46 Enhances Anti-Tumoral Activity of Adenovirus Type 5 for Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092694. [PMID: 30201920 PMCID: PMC6164063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD46 is generally overexpressed in many human cancers, representing a prime target for CD46-binding adenoviruses (Ads). This could help to overcome low anti-tumoral activity by coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR)-targeting cancer gene therapy viruses. However, because of scarce side-by-side information about CAR and CD46 expression levels in cancer cells, mixed observations of cancer therapeutic efficacy have been observed. This study evaluated Ad-mediated therapeutic efficacy using either CAR-targeting Ad5 or CD46-targeting Ad5/35 fiber chimera in bladder cancer cell lines. Compared with normal urothelia, bladder cancer tissue generally overexpressed both CAR and CD46. While CAR expression was not correlated with disease progression, CD46 expression was inversely correlated with tumor grade, stage, and risk grade. In bladder cancer cell lines, expression levels of CD46 and CAR were highly correlated with Ad5/35- and Ad5-mediated gene transduction and cytotoxicity, respectively. In a human EJ bladder cancer xenograft mouse model, with either overexpressed or suppressed CD46 expression levels, Ad5/35-tk followed by ganciclovir (GCV) treatment significantly affected tumor growth, whereas Ad5-tk/GCV had only minimal effects. Overall, our findings suggest that bladder cancer cells overexpress both CAR and CD46, and that adenoviral cancer gene therapy targeting CD46 represents a more suitable therapy option than a CAR-targeting therapy, especially in patients with low risk bladder cancers.
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Cho YS, Do MH, Kwon SY, Moon C, Kim K, Lee K, Lee SJ, Hemmi S, Joo YE, Kim MS, Jung C. Efficacy of CD46-targeting chimeric Ad5/35 adenoviral gene therapy for colorectal cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38210-38223. [PMID: 27203670 PMCID: PMC5122383 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD46 is a complement inhibitor membrane cofactor which also acts as a receptor for various microbes, including species B adenoviruses (Ads). While most Ad gene therapy vectors are derived from species C and infect cells through coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR), CAR expression is downregulated in many cancer cells, resulting inefficient Ad-based therapeutics. Despite a limited knowledge on the expression status of many cancer cells, an increasing number of cancer gene therapy studies include fiber-modified Ad vectors redirected to the more ubiquitously expressed CD46. Since our finding from tumor microarray indicate that CD46 was overexpressed in cancers of the prostate and colon, fiber chimeric Ad5/35 vectors that have infection tropism for CD46 were employed to demonstrate its efficacy in colorectal cancers (CRC). CD46-overexpressed cells showed a significantly higher response to Ad5/35-GFP and to Ad5/35-tk/GCV. While CRC cells express variable levels of CD46, CD46 expression was positively correlated with Ad5/35-mediated GFP fluorescence and accordingly its cell killing. Injection of Ad5/35-tk/GCV caused much greater tumor-suppression in mice bearing CD46-overexpressed cancer xenograft compared to mock group. Analysis of CRC samples revealed that patients with positive CD46 expression had a higher survival rate (p=0.031), carried tumors that were well-differentiated, but less invasive and metastatic, and with a low T stage (all p<0.05). Taken together, our study demonstrated that species B-based adenoviral gene therapy is a suitable approach for generally CD46-overexpressed CRC but would require careful consideration preceding CD46 analysis and categorizing CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Suk Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Manh-Hung Do
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Se-Young Kwon
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kwonseop Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Keesook Lee
- Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Genitourinary Cancer Branch, Research Institute of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chaeyong Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Sharma PK, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Raes G, Li L, Kim SW, Lu ZH, Arbeit JM, Fleming TP, Kaliberov SA, Goedegebuure SP, Curiel DT, Gillanders WE. Development of an adenovirus vector vaccine platform for targeting dendritic cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 25:27-38. [PMID: 29242639 PMCID: PMC5972836 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-017-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral (Ad) vector vaccines represent one of the most promising modern vaccine platforms, and Ad vector vaccines are currently being investigated in human clinical trials for infectious disease and cancer. Our studies have shown that specific targeting of adenovirus to dendritic cells dramatically enhanced vaccine efficacy. However, this was achieved using a molecular adapter, thereby necessitating a two component vector approach. To address the mandates of clinical translation of our strategy, we here sought to accomplish the goal of DC targeting with a single-component adenovirus vector approach. To redirect the specificity of Ad vector vaccines, we replaced the Ad fiber knob with fiber-fibritin chimeras fused to DC1.8, a single-domain antibody (sdAb) specific for murine immature DC. We engineered a fiber-fibritin-sdAb chimeric molecule using the coding sequence for DC1.8, and then replaced the native Ad5 fiber knob sequence by homologous recombination. The resulting Ad5 virus, Ad5FF1.8, expresses the chimeric fiber-fibritin sdAb chimera. Infection with Ad5FF1.8 dramatically enhances transgene expression in DC2.4 dendritic cells compared with infection with native Ad5. Ad5FF1.8 infection of bone marrow-derived DC demonstrates that Ad5FF1.8 selectively infects immature DC consistent with the known specificity of DC1.8. Thus, sdAb can be used to selectively redirect the tropism of Ad5 vector vaccines, providing the opportunity to engineer Ad vector vaccines that are specifically targeted to DC, or specific DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush K Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lijin Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel W Kim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhi-Hong Lu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Arbeit
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy P Fleming
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sergey A Kaliberov
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - William E Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Uusi-Kerttula H, Davies J, Coughlan L, Hulin-Curtis S, Jones R, Hanna L, Chester JD, Parker AL. Pseudotyped αvβ6 integrin-targeted adenovirus vectors for ovarian cancer therapies. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27926-37. [PMID: 27056886 PMCID: PMC5053699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Encouraging results from recent clinical trials are revitalizing the field of oncolytic virotherapies. Human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5/Ad5) is a common vector for its ease of manipulation, high production titers and capacity to transduce multiple cell types. However, effective clinical applications are hindered by poor tumor-selectivity and vector neutralization. We generated Ad5/kn48 by pseudotyping Ad5 with the fiber knob domain from the less seroprevalent HAdV-D48 (Ad48). The vector was shown to utilize coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) but not CD46 for cell entry. A 20-amino acid peptide NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART (A20) was inserted into the Ad5. Luc HI loop (Ad5.HI.A20) and Ad5/kn48 DG loop (Ad5/kn48.DG.A20) to target a prognostic cancer cell marker, αvβ6 integrin. Relative to the Ad5.Luc parent vector, Ad5.HI.A20, Ad5.KO1.HI.A20 (KO1, ablated CAR-binding) and Ad5/kn48.DG.A20 showed ~ 160-, 270- and 180-fold increased transduction in BT-20 breast carcinoma cells (αvβ6high). Primary human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cultures derived from clinical ascites provided a useful ex vivo model for intraperitoneal virotherapy. Ad5.HI.A20, Ad5.KO1.HI.A20 and Ad5/kn48.DG.A20 transduction was ~ 70-, 60- and 16-fold increased relative to Ad5.Luc in EOC cells (αvβ6high), respectively. A20 vectors transduced EOC cells at up to ~ 950-fold higher efficiency in the presence of neutralizing ovarian ascites, as compared to Ad5.Luc. Efficient transduction and enhanced cancer-selectivity via a non-native αvβ6-mediated route was demonstrated, even in the presence of pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity. Consequently, αvβ6-targeted Ad vectors may represent a promising platform for local intraperitoneal treatment of ovarian cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James Davies
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah Hulin-Curtis
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | | | - John D Chester
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Yamamoto Y, Nagasato M, Yoshida T, Aoki K. Recent advances in genetic modification of adenovirus vectors for cancer treatment. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:831-837. [PMID: 28266780 PMCID: PMC5448613 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are widely used to deliver genes to a variety of cell types and have been used in a number of clinical trials for gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. However, several concerns must be addressed for the clinical use of adenovirus vectors. Selective delivery of a therapeutic gene by adenovirus vectors to target cancer is precluded by the widespread distribution of the primary cellular receptors. The systemic administration of adenoviruses results in hepatic tropism independent of the primary receptors. Adenoviruses induce strong innate and acquired immunity in vivo. Furthermore, several modifications to these vectors are necessary to enhance their oncolytic activity and ensure patient safety. As such, the adenovirus genome has been engineered to overcome these problems. The first part of the present review outlines recent progress in the genetic modification of adenovirus vectors for cancer treatment. In addition, several groups have recently developed cancer-targeting adenovirus vectors by using libraries that display random peptides on a fiber knob. Pancreatic cancer-targeting sequences have been isolated, and these oncolytic vectors have been shown by our group to be associated with a higher gene transduction efficiency and more potent oncolytic activity in cell lines, murine models, and surgical specimens of pancreatic cancer. In the second part of this review, we explain that combining cancer-targeting strategies can be a promising approach to increase the clinical usefulness of oncolytic adenovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagasato
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Aoki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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A Strategy for Cultivation of Retargeted Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses in Non-cancer Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00067-17. [PMID: 28250120 PMCID: PMC5411604 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00067-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) that has been approved for clinical practice and those HSVs in clinical trials are attenuated viruses, often with the neurovirulence gene γ134.5 and additional genes deleted. One strategy to engineer nonattenuated oncolytic HSVs consists of retargeting the viral tropism to a cancer-specific receptor of choice, exemplified by HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), which is present in breast, ovary, and other cancers, and in detargeting from the natural receptors. Because the HER2-retargeted HSVs strictly depend on this receptor for infection, the viruses employed in preclinical studies were cultivated in HER2-positive cancer cells. The production of clinical-grade viruses destined for humans should avoid the use of cancer cells. Here, we engineered the R-213 recombinant, by insertion of a 20-amino-acid (aa) short peptide (named GCN4) in the gH of R-LM113; this recombinant was retargeted to HER2 through insertion in gD of a single-chain antibody (scFv) to HER2. Next, we generated a Vero cell line expressing an artificial receptor (GCN4R) whose N terminus consists of an scFv to GCN4 and therefore is capable of interacting with GCN4 present in gH of R-213. R-213 replicated as well as R-LM113 in SK-OV-3 cells, implying that addition of the GCN4 peptide was not detrimental to gH. R-213 grew to relatively high titers in Vero-GCN4R cells, efficiently spread from cell to cell, and killed both Vero-GCN4R and SK-OV-3 cells, as expected for an oncolytic virus. Altogether, Vero-GCN4R cells represent an efficient system for cultivation of retargeted oncolytic HSVs in non-cancer cells. IMPORTANCE There is growing interest in viruses as oncolytic agents, which can be administered in combination with immunotherapeutic compounds, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. The oncolytic HSV approved for clinical practice and those in clinical trials are attenuated viruses. An alternative to attenuation is a cancer specificity achieved by tropism retargeting to selected cancer receptors. However, the retargeted oncolytic HSVs strictly depend on cancer receptors for infection. Here, we devised a strategy for in vitro cultivation of retargeted HSVs in non-cancer cells. The strategy envisions a double-retargeting approach: one retargeting is via gD to the cancer receptor, and the second retargeting is via gH to an artificial receptor expressed in Vero cells. The double-retargeted HSV uses alternatively the two receptors to infect cancer cells or producer cells. A universal non-cancer cell line for growth of clinical-grade retargeted HSVs represents a step forward in the translational phase.
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Uusi-Kerttula H, Hulin-Curtis S, Davies J, Parker AL. Oncolytic Adenovirus: Strategies and Insights for Vector Design and Immuno-Oncolytic Applications. Viruses 2015; 7:6009-42. [PMID: 26610547 PMCID: PMC4664994 DOI: 10.3390/v7112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ad) are commonly used both experimentally and clinically, including oncolytic virotherapy applications. In the clinical area, efficacy is frequently hampered by the high rates of neutralizing immunity, estimated as high as 90% in some populations that promote vector clearance and limit bioavailability for tumor targeting following systemic delivery. Active tumor targeting is also hampered by the ubiquitous nature of the Ad5 receptor, hCAR, as well as the lack of highly tumor-selective targeting ligands and suitable targeting strategies. Furthermore, significant off-target interactions between the viral vector and cellular and proteinaceous components of the bloodstream have been documented that promote uptake into non-target cells and determine dose-limiting toxicities. Novel strategies are therefore needed to overcome the obstacles that prevent efficacious Ad deployment for wider clinical applications. The use of less seroprevalent Ad serotypes, non-human serotypes, capsid pseudotyping, chemical shielding and genetic masking by heterologous peptide incorporation are all potential strategies to achieve efficient vector escape from humoral immune recognition. Conversely, selective vector arming with immunostimulatory agents can be utilized to enhance their oncolytic potential by activation of cancer-specific immune responses against the malignant tissues. This review presents recent advantages and pitfalls occurring in the field of adenoviral oncolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Sarah Hulin-Curtis
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - James Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Alan L Parker
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Abstract
In recent years, hundreds of genes have been linked to a variety of human diseases, and the field of gene therapy has emerged as a way to treat this wide range of diseases. The main goal of gene therapy is to find a gene delivery vehicle that can successfully target diseased cells and deliver therapeutic genes directly to their cellular compartment. The two main types of gene delivery vectors currently being investigated in clinical trials are recombinant viral vectors and synthetic nonviral vectors. Recombinant viral vectors take advantage of the evolutionarily optimized viral mechanisms to deliver genes, but they can be hard to specifically target in vivo and are also associated with serious side effects. Synthetic nonviral vectors are made out of highly biocompatible lipids or polymers, but they are much less efficient at delivering their genetic payload due to the lack of any active delivery mechanism. This mini review will introduce the current state of gene delivery in clinical trials, and discuss the specific challenges associated with each of these vectors. It will also highlight some specific gaps in knowledge that are limiting the advancement of this field and touch on the current areas of research being explored to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Liu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Rohrs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Peptide-based technologies to alter adenoviral vector tropism: ways and means for systemic treatment of cancer. Viruses 2014; 6:1540-63. [PMID: 24699364 PMCID: PMC4014709 DOI: 10.3390/v6041540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the fundamental progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of human diseases and the arrival of the post-genomic era, increasing numbers of therapeutic genes and cellular targets are available for gene therapy. Meanwhile, the most important challenge is to develop gene delivery vectors with high efficiency through target cell selectivity, in particular under in situ conditions. The most widely used vector system to transduce cells is based on adenovirus (Ad). Recent endeavors in the development of selective Ad vectors that target cells or tissues of interest and spare the alteration of all others have focused on the modification of the virus broad natural tropism. A popular way of Ad targeting is achieved by directing the vector towards distinct cellular receptors. Redirecting can be accomplished by linking custom-made peptides with specific affinity to cellular surface proteins via genetic integration, chemical coupling or bridging with dual-specific adapter molecules. Ideally, targeted vectors are incapable of entering cells via their native receptors. Such altered vectors offer new opportunities to delineate functional genomics in a natural environment and may enable efficient systemic therapeutic approaches. This review provides a summary of current state-of-the-art techniques to specifically target adenovirus-based gene delivery vectors.
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11
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Antibody neutralization of retargeted measles viruses. Virology 2014; 454-455:237-46. [PMID: 24725950 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The measles virus (MV) vaccine lineage is a promising oncolytic but prior exposure to the measles vaccine or wild-type MV strains limits treatment utility due to the presence of anti-measles antibodies. MV entry can be redirected by displaying a polypeptide ligand on the Hemagglutinin (H) C-terminus. We hypothesized that retargeted MV would escape neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing the H receptor-binding surface and be less susceptible to neutralization by human antisera. Using chimeric H proteins, with and without mutations that ablate MV receptor binding, we show that retargeted MVs escape mAbs that target the H receptor-binding surface by virtue of mutations that ablate infection via SLAM and CD46. However, C-terminally displayed domains do not mediate virus entry in the presence of human antibodies that bind to the underlying H domain. In conclusion, utility of retargeted oncolytic measles viruses does not extend to evasion of human serum neutralization.
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Development of measles virus-based shielded oncolytic vectors: suitability of other paramyxovirus glycoproteins. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:109-16. [PMID: 23306608 PMCID: PMC3573219 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated neutralization may interfere with the efficacy of measles virus (MV) oncolysis. To circumvent vector neutralization, we sought to exchange the envelope glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F), with those from the non-cross reactive Tupaia paramyxovirus (TPMV). To sustain efficient particle assembly, we generated hybrid glycoproteins with the MV cytoplasmic tails and the TPMV ectodomains. Hybrid F-proteins that partially retained fusion function, and hybrid H-proteins that retained fusion support activity, were generated. However, when used in combination, the hybrid proteins did not support membrane fusion. An alternative strategy was developed based on a hybrid F protein and a truncated H protein that supported cell-cell fusion. A hybrid virus expressing these two proteins was rescued, and was able to spread by cell fusion, however was only capable of producing minimal amounts of particles. Lack of specific interactions between the matrix and the H-protein, in combination with sub-optimal F-protein processing and inefficient glycoprotein transport in the rescue cells, accounted for inefficient particle production. Ultimately, this interferes with applications for oncolytic virotherapy. Alternative strategies for the generation of shielded MV are discussed.
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Reetz J, Herchenröder O, Schmidt A, Pützer BM. Vector Technology and Cell Targeting: Peptide-Tagged Adenoviral Vectors as a Powerful Tool for Cell Specific Targeting. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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A myeloid cell-binding adenovirus efficiently targets gene transfer to the lung and escapes liver tropism. Gene Ther 2012; 20:733-41. [PMID: 23171918 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific and efficient gene delivery to the lung has been hampered by liver sequestration of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors. The complexity of Ad5 liver tropism has largely been unraveled, permitting improved efficacy of Ad5 gene delivery. However, Kupffer cell (KC) scavenging and elimination of Ad5 still represent major obstacles to lung gene delivery strategies. KC uptake substantially reduces bioavailability of Ad5 for target tissues and compensatory dose escalation leads to acute hepatotoxicity and a potent innate immune response. Here, we report a novel lung-targeting strategy through redirection of Ad5 binding to the concentrated leukocyte pool within the pulmonary microvasculature. We demonstrate that this leukocyte-binding approach retargets Ad5 specifically to lung endothelial cells and prevents KC uptake and hepatocyte transduction, resulting in 165,000-fold enhanced lung targeting, compared with Ad5. In addition, myeloid cell-specific binding is preserved in single-cell lung suspensions and only Ad.MBP-coated myeloid cells achieved efficient endothelial cell transduction ex vivo. These findings demonstrate that KC sequestration of Ad5 can be prevented through more efficient uptake of virions in target tissues and suggest that endothelial transduction is achieved by leukocyte-mediated 'hand-off' of Ad.
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Nishimoto T, Yamamoto Y, Yoshida K, Goto N, Ohnami S, Aoki K. Development of peritoneal tumor-targeting vector by in vivo screening with a random peptide-displaying adenovirus library. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45550. [PMID: 23029088 PMCID: PMC3447794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The targeting of gene transfer at the cell-entry level is one of the most attractive challenges in vector development. However, attempts to redirect adenovirus vectors to alternative receptors by engineering the capsid-coding region have shown limited success, because the proper targeting ligands on the cells of interest are generally unknown. To overcome this limitation, we have constructed a random peptide library displayed on the adenoviral fiber knob, and have successfully selected targeted vectors by screening the library on cancer cell lines in vitro. The infection of targeted vectors was considered to be mediated by specific receptors on target cells. However, the expression levels and kinds of cell surface receptors may be substantially different between in vitro culture and in vivo tumor tissue. Here, we screened the peptide display-adenovirus library in the peritoneal dissemination model of AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. The vector displaying a selected peptide (PFWSGAV) showed higher infectivity in the AsPC-1 peritoneal tumors but not in organs and other peritoneal tumors as compared with a non-targeted vector. Furthermore, the infectivity of the PFWSGAV-displaying vector for AsPC-1 peritoneal tumors was significantly higher than that of a vector displaying a peptide selected by in vitro screening, indicating the usefulness of in vivo screening in exploring the targeting vectors. This vector-screening system can facilitate the development of targeted adenovirus vectors for a variety of applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimoto
- Division of Gene and Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gene and Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yoshida
- Division of Gene and Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto
- Division of Gene and Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ohnami
- Central Radioisotope Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Aoki
- Division of Gene and Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Alberti MO, Roth JC, Ismail M, Tsuruta Y, Abraham E, Pereboeva L, Gerson SL, Curiel DT. Derivation of a myeloid cell-binding adenovirus for gene therapy of inflammation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37812. [PMID: 22624065 PMCID: PMC3356302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene therapy field is currently limited by the lack of vehicles that permit efficient gene delivery to specific cell or tissue subsets. Native viral vector tropisms offer a powerful platform for transgene delivery but remain nonspecific, requiring elevated viral doses to achieve efficacy. In order to improve upon these strategies, our group has focused on genetically engineering targeting domains into viral capsid proteins, particularly those based on adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). Our primary strategy is based on deletion of the fiber knob domain, to eliminate broad tissue specificity through the human coxsackie-and-adenovirus receptor (hCAR), with seamless incorporation of ligands to re-direct Ad tropism to cell types that express the cognate receptors. Previously, our group and others have demonstrated successful implementation of this strategy in order to specifically target Ad to a number of surface molecules expressed on immortalized cell lines. Here, we utilized phage biopanning to identify a myeloid cell-binding peptide (MBP), with the sequence WTLDRGY, and demonstrated that MBP can be successfully incorporated into a knob-deleted Ad5. The resulting virus, Ad.MBP, results in specific binding to primary myeloid cell types, as well as significantly higher transduction of these target populations ex vivo, compared to unmodified Ad5. These data are the first step in demonstrating Ad targeting to cell types associated with inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Alberti
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Justin C. Roth
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCR); (DTC)
| | - Mourad Ismail
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yuko Tsuruta
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Edward Abraham
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Larisa Pereboeva
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Stanton L. Gerson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David T. Curiel
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCR); (DTC)
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Msaouel P, Iankov ID, Allen C, Russell SJ, Galanis E. Oncolytic measles virus retargeting by ligand display. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 797:141-62. [PMID: 21948475 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-340-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in recent years, treatment of metastatic malignancies remains a significant challenge. There is an urgent need for development of novel therapeutic approaches. Virotherapy approaches have considerable potential, and among them measles virus (MV) vaccine strains have emerged as a promising oncolytic platform. Retargeted MV strains deriving from the Edmonston vaccine lineage (MV-Edm) have shown comparable antitumor efficacy to unmodified strains against receptor expressing tumor cells with improved therapeutic index. Here, we describe the construction, rescue, amplification, and titration of fully retargeted MV-Edm derivatives displaying tumor specific receptor binding ligands on the viral surface in combination with H protein CD46 and SLAM entry ablating mutations.
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18
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Poulin KL, Tong G, Vorobyova O, Pool M, Kothary R, Parks RJ. Use of Cre/loxP recombination to swap cell binding motifs on the adenoviral capsid protein IX. Virology 2011; 420:146-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Silver J, Mei YF. Transduction and oncolytic profile of a potent replication-competent adenovirus 11p vector (RCAd11pGFP) in colon carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17532. [PMID: 21455297 PMCID: PMC3063781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-competent adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors promise to be more efficient gene delivery vehicles than their replication-deficient counterparts, and chimeric Ad5 vectors that are capable of targeting CD46 are more effective than Ad5 vectors with native fibers. Although several strategies have been used to improve gene transduction and oncolysis, either by modifying their tropism or enhancing their replication capacity, some tumor cells are still relatively refractory to infection by chimeric Ad5. The oncolytic effects of the vectors are apparent in certain tumors but not in others. Here, we report the biological and oncolytic profiles of a replication-competent adenovirus 11p vector (RCAd11pGFP) in colon carcinoma cells. CD46 was abundantly expressed in all cells studied; however, the transduction efficiency of RCAd11pGFP varied. RCAd11pGFP efficiently transduced HT-29, HCT-8, and LS174T cells, but it transduced T84 cells, derived from a colon cancer metastasis in the lung, less efficiently. Interestingly, RCAd11p replicated more rapidly in the T84 cells than in HCT-8 and LS174T cells and as rapidly as in HT-29 cells. Cell toxicity and proliferation assays indicated that RCAd11pGFP had the highest cell-killing activities in HT29 and T84 cells, the latter of which also expressed the highest levels of glycoproteins of the carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) family. In vivo experiments showed significant growth inhibition of T84 and HT-29 tumors in xenograft mice treated with either RCAd11pGFP or Ad11pwt compared to untreated controls. Thus, RCAd11pGFP has a potent cytotoxic effect on colon carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Silver
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ya-Fang Mei
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Pützer BM, Schmidt A. Vector Technology and Cell Targeting: Peptide-Tagged Adenoviral Vectors as a Powerful Tool for Cell Specific Targeting. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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21
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Matthews QL, Fatima A, Tang Y, Perry BA, Tsuruta Y, Komarova S, Timares L, Zhao C, Makarova N, Borovjagin AV, Stewart PL, Wu H, Blackwell JL, Curiel DT. HIV antigen incorporation within adenovirus hexon hypervariable 2 for a novel HIV vaccine approach. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11815. [PMID: 20676400 PMCID: PMC2910733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral (Ad) vectors have been used for a variety of vaccine applications including cancer and infectious diseases. Traditionally, Ad-based vaccines are designed to express antigens through transgene expression of a given antigen. However, in some cases these conventional Ad-based vaccines have had sub-optimal clinical results. These sub-optimal results are attributed in part to pre-existing Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) immunity. In order to circumvent the need for antigen expression via transgene incorporation, the “antigen capsid-incorporation” strategy has been developed and used for Ad-based vaccine development in the context of a few diseases. This strategy embodies the incorporation of antigenic peptides within the capsid structure of viral vectors. The major capsid protein hexon has been utilized for these capsid incorporation strategies due to hexon's natural role in the generation of anti-Ad immune response and its numerical representation within the Ad virion. Using this strategy, we have developed the means to incorporate heterologous peptide epitopes specifically within the major surface-exposed domains of the Ad capsid protein hexon. Our study herein focuses on generation of multivalent vaccine vectors presenting HIV antigens within the Ad capsid protein hexon, as well as expressing an HIV antigen as a transgene. These novel vectors utilize HVR2 as an incorporation site for a twenty-four amino acid region of the HIV membrane proximal ectodomain region (MPER), derived from HIV glycoprotein gp41 (gp41). Our study herein illustrates that our multivalent anti-HIV vectors elicit a cellular anti-HIV response. Furthermore, vaccinations with these vectors, which present HIV antigens at HVR2, elicit a HIV epitope-specific humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiana L. Matthews
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Aiman Fatima
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yizhe Tang
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Vision Science Graduate Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Perry
- Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuko Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Laura Timares
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Anton V. Borovjagin
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Phoebe L. Stewart
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hongju Wu
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - David T. Curiel
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Komarova S, Roth J, Alvarez R, Curiel DT, Pereboeva L. Targeting of mesenchymal stem cells to ovarian tumors via an artificial receptor. J Ovarian Res 2010; 3:12. [PMID: 20500878 PMCID: PMC2883983 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal Progenitor/Stem Cells (MSC) respond to homing cues providing an important mechanism to deliver therapeutics to sites of injury and tumors. This property has been confirmed by many investigators, however, the efficiency of tumor homing needs to be improved for effective therapeutic delivery. We investigated the feasibility of enhancing MSC tumor targeting by expressing an artificial tumor-binding receptor on the MSC surface. Methods Human MSC expressing an artificial receptor that binds to erbB2, a tumor cell marker, were obtained by transduction with genetically modified adenoviral vectors encoding an artificial receptor (MSC-AR). MSC-AR properties were tested in vitro in cell binding assays and in vivo using two model systems: transient transgenic mice that express human erbB2 in the lungs and ovarian xenograft tumor model. The levels of luciferase-labeled MSCs in erbB2-expressing targeted sites were evaluated by measuring luciferase activity using luciferase assay and imaging. Results The expression of AR enhanced binding of MSC-AR to erbB2-expressing cells in vitro, compared to unmodified MSCs. Furthermore, we have tested the properties of erbB2-targeted MSCs in vivo and demonstrated an increased retention of MSC-AR in lungs expressing erbB2. We have also confirmed increased numbers of erbB2-targeted MSCs in ovarian tumors, compared to unmodified MSC. The kinetic of tumor targeting by ip injected MSC was also investigated. Conclusion These data demonstrate that targeting abilities of MSCs can be enhanced via introduction of artificial receptors. The application of this strategy for tumor cell-based delivery could increase a number of cell carriers in tumors and enhance efficacy of cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Komarova
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294- 2172, USA.
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Dharmapuri S, Peruzzi D, Aurisicchio L. Engineered adenovirus serotypes for overcoming anti-vector immunity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1279-87. [PMID: 19645630 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903187053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad)-based gene transfer has been successfully utilised in gene therapy and vaccine applications. To date, an increasing number of human clinical trials utilise recombinant Ad-based vectors as a gene transfer platform. In particular, progress has been made recently in utilising Ad-based vectors as a vaccine platform in HIV, cancer immunotherapy approaches and in vaccination for other infections. Despite these successes, the scientific and bio-industrial communities have recently recognised that innate and pre-existing immunity against Ad vectors can constitute a serious obstacle to the development and application of this technology. It is essential to overcome vector-mediated immune responses, such as production of inflammatory cytokines and pre-existing immunity to Ad, because the induction of these responses not only shortens the period of gene expression but also leads to serious side effects. This review focuses on the biology of Ad infection and the approaches that are being adopted to overcome immunity against the Ad-based vectors.
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Kashentseva EA, Douglas JT, Zinn KR, Curiel DT, Dmitriev IP. Targeting of adenovirus serotype 5 pseudotyped with short fiber from serotype 41 to c-erbB2-positive cells using bispecific single-chain diabody. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:443-61. [PMID: 19285990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to alter the broad native tropism of human adenovirus for virus targeting to c-erbB2-positive cancer cells. First, we engineered a single-chain antibody (scFv) against the c-erbB2 oncoprotein into minor capsid protein IX (pIX) of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in a manner commensurate with virion integrity and binding to the soluble extracellular c-erbB2 domain. To ablate native viral tropism and facilitate binding of the pIX-incorporated scFv to cellular c-erbB2, we replaced the Ad5 fiber with the Ad41 short (41s) fiber devoid of all known cell-binding determinants. The resultant Ad5F41sIX6.5 vector demonstrated increased cell binding and gene transfer as compared to the Ad5F41s control; however, this augmentation of virus infectivity was not c-erbB2 specific. Incorporation of a six-histidine (His(6)) peptide into the C-terminus of the 41s fiber protein resulted in markedly increased Ad5F41s6H infectivity in 293AR cells, which express a membrane-anchored scFv against the C-terminal oligohistidine tag, as compared to the Ad5F41s vector and the parental 293 cells. These data suggested that a 41s-fiber-incorporated His(6) tag could serve for attachment of an adapter protein designed to guide Ad5F41s6H infection in a c-erbB2-specific manner. We therefore engineered a bispecific scFv diabody (scDb) combining affinities for both c-erbB2 and the His(6) tag and showed its ability to provide up to 25-fold increase of Ad5F41s6H infectivity in c-erbB2-positive cells. Thus, Ad5 fiber replacement by a His(6)-tagged 41s fiber coupled with virus targeting mediated by an scDb adapter represents a promising strategy to confer Ad5 vector tropism for c-erbB2-positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Kashentseva
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Nishimoto T, Yoshida K, Miura Y, Kobayashi A, Hara H, Ohnami S, Kurisu K, Yoshida T, Aoki K. Oncolytic virus therapy for pancreatic cancer using the adenovirus library displaying random peptides on the fiber knob. Gene Ther 2009; 16:669-80. [PMID: 19225547 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A conditionally replicative adenovirus is a novel anticancer agent designed to replicate selectively in tumor cells. However, a leak of the virus into systemic circulation from the tumors often causes ectopic infection of various organs. Therefore, suppression of naive viral tropism and addition of tumor-targeting potential are necessary to secure patient safety and increase the therapeutic effect of an oncolytic adenovirus in the clinical setting. We have recently developed a direct selection method of targeted vector from a random peptide library displayed on an adenoviral fiber knob to overcome the limitation that many cell type-specific ligands for targeted adenovirus vectors are not known. Here we examined whether the addition of a tumor-targeting ligand to a replication-competent adenovirus ablated for naive tropism enhances its therapeutic index. First, a peptide-display adenovirus library was screened on a pancreatic cancer cell line (AsPC-1), and particular peptide sequences were selected. The replication-competent adenovirus displaying the selected ligand (AdDeltaCAR-SYE) showed higher oncolytic potency in several other pancreatic cancer cell lines as well as AsPC-1 compared with the untargeted adenovirus (AdDeltaCAR). An intratumoral injection of AdDeltaCAR-SYE significantly suppressed the growth of AsPC-1 subcutaneous tumors, and an analysis of adenovirus titer in the tumors revealed an effective replication of the virus in the tumors. Ectopic liver gene transduction following the intratumoral injection of AdDeltaCAR-SYE was not increased compared with the AdDeltaCAR. The results showed that a tumor-targeting strategy using an adenovirus library is promising for optimizing the safety and efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishimoto
- Section for Studies on Host-Immune Response, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Peruzzi D, Dharmapuri S, Cirillo A, Bruni BE, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Colloca S, Ciliberto G, La Monica N, Aurisicchio L. A novel chimpanzee serotype-based adenoviral vector as delivery tool for cancer vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27:1293-300. [PMID: 19162112 PMCID: PMC7115565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of adenovirus (Ad) as vaccine vectors is hindered by pre-existing immunity to human Ads in most of the human population. In order to overcome this limitation, uncommon alternative Ad serotypes need to be utilized. In this study, an E1-E3 deleted recombinant Ad based on the chimpanzee serotype 3 (ChAd3) was engineered to express human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) protein or rat neu extracellular/transmembrane domains (ECD.TM). ChAd3 vectors were tested in CEA transgenic (CEA.Tg) and BALB/NeuT mice, which show immunologic tolerance to these antigens. ChAd3 is capable of inducing an immune response comparable to that of hAd5 serotype-based vectors, thus breaking tolerance to tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and achieving anti-tumor effects. Of importance is that ChAd3 can overcome hAd5 pre-existing immunity and work in conjunction with DNA electroporation (DNA-EP) and other Ad vaccines based on common human serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Peruzzi
- Oncology/Functional Department, IRBM-Merck Research Labs-via Pontina Km30.6, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Secreted and intracellular proteins including antibodies, cytokines, major histocompatibility complex molecules, antigens, and enzymes can be redirected to and anchored on the surface of mammalian cells to reveal novel functions and properties such as reducing systemic toxicity, altering the in vivo distribution of drugs and extending the range of useful drugs, creating novel, specific signaling receptors and reshaping protein immunogenicity. The present review highlights progress in designing vectors to target and retain chimeric proteins on the surface of mammalian cells. Comparison of chimeric proteins indicates that selection of the proper cytoplasmic domain and introduction of oligiosaccharides near the cell surface can dramatically enhance surface expression, especially for single-chain antibodies. We also describe progress and limitations of employing surface-tethered proteins for preferential activation of prodrugs at cancer cells, imaging gene expression in living animals, performing high-throughput screening, selectively activating immune cells in tumors, producing new adhesion molecules, creating local immune privileged sites, limiting the distribution of soluble factors such as cytokines, and enhancing polypeptide immunogenicity. Surface-anchored chimeric proteins represent a rich source for developing new techniques and creating novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lu Cheng
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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San Martín C, Glasgow JN, Borovjagin A, Beatty MS, Kashentseva EA, T. Curiel D, Marabini R, Dmitriev IP. Localization of the N-terminus of minor coat protein IIIa in the adenovirus capsid. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:923-34. [PMID: 18786542 PMCID: PMC2652759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Minor coat protein IIIa is conserved in all adenoviruses (Ads) and is required for correct viral assembly, but its precise function in capsid organization is unknown. The latest Ad capsid model proposes that IIIa is located underneath the vertex region. To obtain experimental evidence on the location of IIIa and to further define its role, we engineered the IIIa gene to encode heterologous N-terminal peptide extensions. Recombinant Ad variants with IIIa encoding six-histidine (6His) tag, 6His, and FLAG peptides, or with 6His linked to FLAG with a (Gly(4)Ser)(3) linker were rescued and analyzed for virus yield, capsid incorporation of heterologous peptides, and capsid stability. Longer extensions could not be rescued. Western blot analysis confirmed that the modified IIIa proteins were expressed in infected cells and incorporated into virions. In the Ad encoding the 6His-linker-FLAG-IIIa gene, the 6His tag was present in light particles, but not in mature virions. Immunoelectron microscopy of this virus showed that the FLAG epitope is not accessible to antibodies on the viral particles. Three-dimensional electron microscopy and difference mapping located the IIIa N-terminal extension beneath the vertex complex, wedged at the interface between the penton base and peripentonal hexons, therefore supporting the latest proposed model. The position of the IIIa N-terminus and its low tolerance for modification provide new clues for understanding the role of this minor coat protein in Ad capsid assembly and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen San Martín
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joel N. Glasgow
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anton Borovjagin
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Matthew S. Beatty
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Elena A. Kashentseva
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David T. Curiel
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Roberto Marabini
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 11, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor P. Dmitriev
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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29
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Schagen FHE, Graat HCA, Carette JE, Vellinga J, van Geer MA, Hoeben RC, Dermody TS, van Beusechem VW. Replacement of native adenovirus receptor-binding sites with a new attachment moiety diminishes hepatic tropism and enhances bioavailability in mice. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:783-94. [PMID: 18627267 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo efficacy of adenoviral vectors (AdVs) in gene delivery strategies is hampered by the broad tissue tropism of the virus and its efficient binding to human erythrocytes. To circumvent these limitations, we developed a prototype AdV lacking native binding sites. We replaced the adenoviral fiber with a chimeric molecule consisting of the fiber tail domain, the reovirus sigma1 oligomerization domain, and a polyhistidine tag as model targeting moiety. We also abolished the integrin-binding motif in the penton base protein. The chimeric attachment molecule was efficiently incorporated onto AdV capsids, allowed efficient propagation of AdV without requirement for complementing fiber and conferred highly specific tropism to the AdV. Importantly, the targeted AdV exhibited markedly reduced tropism for liver cells. In comparison with control AdV with native tropism, the targeted AdV showed 1000-fold reduced transduction of HepG2 cells and 10,000-fold reduced transduction of mouse liver cells in freshly isolated liver slices. After intravenous inoculation of C57BL/6 mice, the targeted AdV exhibited delayed clearance in comparison with the native AdV, leaving approximately 10-fold greater levels in the blood 2 hr after inoculation. For all tissues analyzed, the targeted AdV displayed significantly reduced in vivo transduction in comparison with the native vector. Furthermore, in contrast to the native AdV, the targeted AdV did not bind human erythrocytes. Together, our findings suggest that the targeted AdV design described here provides a promising platform for systemic in vivo gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik H E Schagen
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, 1181 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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A strategy for genetic modification of the spike-encoding segment of human reovirus T3D for reovirus targeting. Gene Ther 2008; 15:1567-78. [PMID: 18650851 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human Orthoreovirus Type 3 Dearing is not pathogenic to humans and has been evaluated clinically as an oncolytic agent. Its transduction efficiency and the tumor cell selectivity may be enhanced by incorporating ligands for alternative receptors. However, the genetic modification of reoviruses has been difficult, and genetic targeting of reoviruses has not been reported so far. Here we describe a technique for generating genetically targeted reoviruses. The propagation of wild-type reoviruses on cells expressing a modified sigma 1-encoding segment embedded in a conventional RNA polymerase II transcript leads to substitution of the wild-type genome segment by the modified version. This technique was used for generating reoviruses that are genetically targeted to an artificial receptor expressed on U118MG cells. These cells lack the junction adhesion molecule-1 and therefore resist infection by wild-type reoviruses. The targeted reoviruses were engineered to carry the ligand for this receptor at the C terminus of the sigma 1 spike protein. This demonstrates that the C terminus of the sigma 1 protein is a suitable locale for the insertion of oligopeptide ligands and that targeting of reoviruses is feasible. The genetically targeted viruses can be propagated using the modified U118MG cells as helper cells. This technique may be applicable for the improvement of human reoviruses as oncolytic agents.
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31
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Abstract
Use of cells as therapeutic carriers has increased in the past few years and has developed as a distinct concept and delivery method. Cell-based vehicles are particularly attractive for delivery of biotherapeutic agents that are difficult to synthesize, have reduced half-lives, limited tissue penetrance or are rapidly inactivated upon direct in vivo introduction. Initial studies using cell-based approaches served to identify some of the key factors for the success of this type of therapeutic delivery. These factors include the efficiency of cell loading with a therapeutic payload, the means of cell loading and the nature of therapeutics that cells can carry. However, one important aspect of cell-based delivery yet to be fully investigated is the process of actual delivery of the cell payload in vivo. In this regard, the potential ability of cell carriers to provide site-specific or targeted delivery of therapeutics deserves special attention. The present review focuses on a variety of targeting approaches that may be utilized to improve cell-based therapeutic delivery strategies. The different aspects of targeting that can be applied to cell vehicles will be discussed, including physical methods for directing cell distribution, intrinsic cell-mediated homing mechanisms and the feasibility of engineering cells with novel targeting mechanisms. Development of cell targeting strategies will further advance cell vehicle applications, broaden the applicability of this delivery approach and potentiate therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Roth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Human Gene Therapy, The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2172, USA.
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32
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Saini V, Martyshkin DV, Mirov SB, Perez A, Perkins G, Ellisman MH, Towner VD, Wu H, Pereboeva L, Borovjagin A, Curiel DT, Everts M. An adenoviral platform for selective self-assembly and targeted delivery of nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:262-269. [PMID: 18200644 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) can be used for the diagnosis, imaging, and therapy of tumors and cardiovascular disease. However, targeted delivery of NPs to specific cells remains a major limitation for clinical realization of these potential treatment options. Herein, a novel strategy for the specific coupling of NPs to a targeted adenoviral (Ad) platform to deliver NPs to specific cells is defined. Genetic manipulation of the gene-therapy vector is combined with a specific chemical coupling strategy. In particular, a high-affinity interaction between a sequence of six-histidine amino acid residues genetically incorporated into Ad capsid proteins and nickel(II) nitrilotriacetic acid on the surface of gold NPs is employed. The selective self-assembly of gold NPs and Ad vectors into multifunctional platforms does not negatively affect the targeting of Ad to specific cells. This opens the possibility of using Ad vectors for targeted NP delivery, thereby providing a new type of combinatorial approach for the treatment of diseases that involves both nanotechnology and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Saini
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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33
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Sebestyen Z, de Vrij J, Magnusson M, Debets R, Willemsen R. An oncolytic adenovirus redirected with a tumor-specific T-cell receptor. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11309-16. [PMID: 18056457 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To improve safety and specificity of oncolytic adenoviruses, we introduced T-cell receptors (TCR) specific for a unique class of truly tumor-specific antigens into the adenoviral fiber protein. The adenoviral fiber knob responsible for attachment to the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) on target cells was replaced by a single-chain TCR (scTCR) molecule with specificity for the melanoma-associated cancer-testis antigen MAGE-A1, presented by HLA-A1, and an extrinsic trimerization motif in a replicating Ad5 vector (Ad5.R1-scTCR). The production of the recombinant virus was initiated in a novel producer cell line that expressed an antibody-based hexon-specific receptor (293T-AdR) in the cell membrane. This new production system allowed CAR-independent and target antigen-independent propagation of Ad5.R1-scTCR. Infection with adenovirus bearing the scTCR-based fiber resulted in an efficient killing of target tumor cells. The infection was cell type specific because only HLA-A1(+)/MAGE-A1(+) melanoma cells were killed, and thus, this retargeting strategy provides a versatile tool for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Sebestyen
- Tumor Immunology Group, Unit of Clinical and Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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34
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Kurachi S, Koizumi N, Tashiro K, Sakurai H, Sakurai F, Kawabata K, Nakagawa S, Mizuguchi H. Modification of pIX or hexon based on fiberless Ad vectors is not effective for targeted Ad vectors. J Control Release 2008; 127:88-95. [PMID: 18258327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vector application in gene therapy is limited by its naïve tropism. We previously developed protein IX (pIX)-modified and hexon-modified Ad vectors in order to alter Ad vector tropism. However, these modified Ad vectors failed to infect cells with the foreign ligands displayed in the pIX or hexon. We hypothesized that steric hindrance by fiber proteins might have prevented the ligand-mediated transduction, as fibers are the outmost capsid proteins of Ad vectors. Therefore, we generated a series of fiberless Ad vectors and investigated their gene expression properties. Unexpectively, however, pIX- or hexon-modified fiberless Ad vector did not achieve any gene expression (the gene expression level by these vectors was similar to the background level). These results might be caused by the fact that the fiberless particles were weaker against physical burdens. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first reported attempt to develop fiberless Ad vectors containing foreign ligands in the pIX or hexon region. The drawback of the lower stability of fiberless Ad vectors must be overcome to develop targeted Ad vectors based on such vectors. This study could provide basic information for the development of effective targeted Ad vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Kurachi
- Laboratory of Gene Transfer and Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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35
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Zeng Y, Pinard M, Jaime J, Bourget L, Uyen Le P, O'Connor-McCourt MD, Gilbert R, Massie B. A ligand-pseudoreceptor system based onde novo designed peptides for the generation of adenoviral vectors with altered tropism. J Gene Med 2008; 10:355-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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36
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Abstract
The clinical challenges of skeletal regenerative medicine have motivated significant advances in cellular and tissue engineering in recent years. In particular, advances in molecular biology have provided the tools necessary for the design of gene-based strategies for skeletal tissue repair. Consequently, genetic engineering has emerged as a promising method to address the need for sustained and robust cellular differentiation and extracellular matrix production. As a result, gene therapy has been established as a conventional approach to enhance cellular activities for skeletal tissue repair. Recent literature clearly demonstrates that genetic engineering is a principal factor in constructing effective methods for tissue engineering approaches to bone, cartilage, and connective tissue regeneration. This review highlights this literature, including advances in the development of efficacious gene carriers, novel cell sources, successful delivery strategies, and optimal target genes. The current status of the field and the challenges impeding the clinical realization of these approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Gersbach
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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37
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Miura Y, Yoshida K, Nishimoto T, Hatanaka K, Ohnami S, Asaka M, Douglas JT, Curiel DT, Yoshida T, Aoki K. Direct selection of targeted adenovirus vectors by random peptide display on the fiber knob. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1448-60. [PMID: 17700705 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of gene transfer at the level of cell entry is one of the most attractive challenges in vector development. However, attempts to redirect adenovirus vectors to alternative receptors by engineering the capsid-coding region have shown limited success because proper targeting ligand-receptor systems on the cells of interest are generally unknown. Systematic approaches to generate adenovirus vectors targeting any given cell type need to be developed to achieve this goal. Here, we constructed an adenovirus library that was generated by a Cre-lox-mediated in vitro recombination between an adenoviral fiber-modified plasmid library and genomic DNA to display random peptides on a fiber knob. As proof of concept, we screened the adenovirus display library on a glioma cell line and observed selection of several particular peptide sequences. The targeted vector carrying the most frequently isolated peptide significantly enhanced gene transduction in the glioma cell line but not in many other cell lines. Because the insertion of a pre-selected peptide into a fiber knob often fails to generate an adenovirus vector, the selection of targeting peptides is highly useful in the context of the adenoviral capsid. This vector-screening system can facilitate the development of a targeted adenovirus vector for a variety of applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miura
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Niu G, Xiong Z, Cheng Z, Cai W, Gambhir SS, Xing L, Chen X. In vivo bioluminescence tumor imaging of RGD peptide-modified adenoviral vector encoding firefly luciferase reporter gene. Mol Imaging Biol 2007; 9:126-34. [PMID: 17297551 PMCID: PMC4165526 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-007-0079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of chemically modified human adenovirus (Ad) vectors for tumor retargeting. PROCEDURES E1- and E3-deleted Ad vectors carrying firefly luciferase reporter gene under cytomegalovirus promoter (AdLuc) was surface-modified with cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides through a bifunctional poly(ethyleneglycol) linker (RGD-PEG-AdLuc) for integrin alpha(v)beta(3) specific delivery. The Coxsackie and adenovirus viral receptor (CAR) and integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in various tumor cell lines was determined by reverse transcriptase PCR and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Bioluminescence imaging was performed in vitro and in vivo to evaluate RGD-modified AdLuc infectivity. RESULTS RGD-PEG-AdLuc abrogated the native CAR tropism and exhibited significantly enhanced transduction efficiency of integrin-positive tumors than AdLuc through intravenous administration. CONCLUSION This approach provides a robust platform for site-specific gene delivery and noninvasive monitoring of the transgene delivery efficacy and homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Zhengming Xiong
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
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39
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Allen C, Vongpunsawad S, Nakamura T, James CD, Schroeder M, Cattaneo R, Giannini C, Krempski J, Peng KW, Goble JM, Uhm JH, Russell SJ, Galanis E. Retargeted oncolytic measles strains entering via the EGFRvIII receptor maintain significant antitumor activity against gliomas with increased tumor specificity. Cancer Res 2007; 66:11840-50. [PMID: 17178881 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the best-characterized genetic alterations in gliomas is the amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, present in approximately 40% of glioblastoma multiforme, and frequently associated with the EGFRvIII gene rearrangement. We have previously shown that attenuated vaccine strains of measles virus have potent antitumor activity against gliomas, and identified H protein mutations, which ablate recognition of the natural measles virus receptors CD46 and SLAM. Retargeted recombinant viruses were generated from the measles Edmonston-NSe vaccine strain displaying a single-chain antibody against EGFRvIII at the COOH terminus of H and containing the marker green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene in position 1. Two different H mutants were employed: H(SNS) (V451S, Y481N, and A527S)-CD46 blind, and H(AA) (Y481A and R533A)-CD46 and SLAM blind. MV-GFP virus was used as a positive control. Both EGFRvIII-retargeted viruses had significant antitumor activity against EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma multiforme but no cytopathic effect against normal cells. In an orthotopic model of EGFRvIII-expressing GBM39 xenografts, there was comparable therapeutic efficacy between retargeted strains and unmodified MV-GFP and statistically significant prolongation of survival in treated animals compared with the control group (P = 0.001). Formation of syncytia was observed in tumors treated with retargeted viruses, with a surrounding infiltrate consisting of macrophages and natural killer cells. In summary, EGFRvIII-retargeted oncolytic measles virus strains have comparable therapeutic efficacy with the unmodified MV-GFP strain against EGFRvIII-expressing glioma lines and xenografts with improved therapeutic index, a finding with potential translational implications in glioma virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Allen
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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40
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Sergeeva A, Kolonin MG, Molldrem JJ, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Display technologies: application for the discovery of drug and gene delivery agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:1622-54. [PMID: 17123658 PMCID: PMC1847402 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of molecular diversity of cell surface proteomes in disease is essential for the development of targeted therapies. Progress in targeted therapeutics requires establishing effective approaches for high-throughput identification of agents specific for clinically relevant cell surface markers. Over the past decade, a number of platform strategies have been developed to screen polypeptide libraries for ligands targeting receptors selectively expressed in the context of various cell surface proteomes. Streamlined procedures for identification of ligand-receptor pairs that could serve as targets in disease diagnosis, profiling, imaging and therapy have relied on the display technologies, in which polypeptides with desired binding profiles can be serially selected, in a process called biopanning, based on their physical linkage with the encoding nucleic acid. These technologies include virus/phage display, cell display, ribosomal display, mRNA display and covalent DNA display (CDT), with phage display being by far the most utilized. The scope of this review is the recent advancements in the display technologies with a particular emphasis on molecular mapping of cell surface proteomes with peptide phage display. Prospective applications of targeted compounds derived from display libraries in the discovery of targeted drugs and gene therapy vectors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sergeeva
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mikhail G. Kolonin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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41
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Bayo-Puxan N, Cascallo M, Gros A, Huch M, Fillat C, Alemany R. Role of the putative heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan-binding site of the adenovirus type 5 fiber shaft on liver detargeting and knob-mediated retargeting. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2487-2495. [PMID: 16894186 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver tropism hampers systemic administration of adenovirus in gene therapy and virotherapy. In consequence, tumour targeting requires the combination of capsid modifications that abrogate liver transduction and redirect adenoviral vectors to tumour cells. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), integrins and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HSG) are receptors involved in adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) entry into cells. The in vitro and in vivo properties of Ad5 vectors unable to bind CAR, integrins and HSG with and without Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) inserted at the HI loop of the fiber were studied. As was previously observed with CAR-ablated vectors, CAR and integrin double binding-ablated vectors transduced hepatocytes less efficiently in vitro but not in vivo. On the contrary, the role of HSG on Ad5 infectivity was evident in vitro only when CAR binding was abrogated, but the shaft mutation that ablated HSG binding on the background of a normal capsid was sufficient to abrogate liver transduction in vivo. The insertion of amino acids RGD at the HI loop in a shaft-mutated fiber only partially rescued integrin-mediated infectivity. These results indicate that the shaft mutation precluded HSG binding and affected the structure of the fiber. The insertion of ligands at the hexon or protein IX may be required to benefit from the fiber shaft mutation-detargeting properties.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Integrins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Bayo-Puxan
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Av. Gran Via s/n Km 2.7, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Cascallo
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Av. Gran Via s/n Km 2.7, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alena Gros
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Av. Gran Via s/n Km 2.7, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ramon Alemany
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Av. Gran Via s/n Km 2.7, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Majhen D, Ambriović-Ristov A. Adenoviral vectors--how to use them in cancer gene therapy? Virus Res 2006; 119:121-33. [PMID: 16533542 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is most often described as a technique for introducing the foreign genetic material into cells with a correction of a dysfunctional gene as its final goal. Today, it is well known that cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. Besides classical methods for cancer treatment new strategies against cancer are needed. Although originally being designed as a treatment for monogenetic illness, soon after, gene therapy appeared as a potential new strategy in cancer therapy. One of the widely used vectors for cancer gene therapy is adenovirus. In this review we have described molecular biology of adenoviruses and basis for construction of adenoviral vectors. We have also described concepts for cancer gene therapy including their in vitro and in vivo application. Special attention is drawn toward retargeting of adenovirus as a new approach in vector design for cancer gene therapy, in order to restrict transgene expression in tumor tissue. This approach uses biophysical as well as genetic characteristics of tumor itself and its supporting tissue, allowing new "bypass" in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragomira Majhen
- Laboratory for Genotoxic Agents, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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43
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Schagen FHE, Wensveen FM, Carette JE, Dermody TS, Gerritsen WR, van Beusechem VW. Genetic targeting of adenovirus vectors using a reovirus sigma1-based attachment protein. Mol Ther 2006; 13:997-1005. [PMID: 16515889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting adenovirus vectors (AdV's) for selective transduction of specific cell types requires ablation of native adenovirus tropism and introduction of a unique target-binding moiety. To bring these requirements within reach, we developed a novel strategy to target AdV's genetically that relies on replacement of the entire adenovirus fiber protein with a fusion molecule comprising the virion-anchoring domain of fiber and the oligomerization domain of reovirus attachment protein sigma1. The chimeric molecule forms trimers, is transported to the nucleus, and assembles onto the adenovirus capsid. In contrast to previously reported genetically targeted vectors, the AdV presented herein propagates efficiently without a requirement for complementing fiber. Due to ablation of the native adenovirus tropism, the infectivity of this AdV was at least 35-fold reduced on 293 cells. Importantly, a His tag incorporated into the chimeric attachment protein conferred His-tag-dependent tropism to the AdV, which resulted in a 12- to 40-fold greater transduction efficiency on two different cell lines expressing a His-tag-binding receptor. In addition, the infection efficiency was strongly reduced by preincubation with a His-tag-specific Ab. Thus, this sigma1-based chimeric attachment molecule provides a promising new platform for the generation of truly targeted AdV's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik H E Schagen
- Division of Gene Therapy, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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44
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Verheije MH, Würdinger T, van Beusechem VW, de Haan CAM, Gerritsen WR, Rottier PJM. Redirecting coronavirus to a nonnative receptor through a virus-encoded targeting adapter. J Virol 2006; 80:1250-60. [PMID: 16415002 PMCID: PMC1346946 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.3.1250-1260.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine hepatitis coronavirus (MHV)-A59 infection depends on the interaction of its spike (S) protein with the cellular receptor mCEACAM1a present on murine cells. Human cells lack this receptor and are therefore not susceptible to MHV. Specific alleviation of the tropism barrier by redirecting MHV to a tumor-specific receptor could lead to a virus with appealing properties for tumor therapy. To demonstrate that MHV can be retargeted to a nonnative receptor on human cells, we produced bispecific adapter proteins composed of the N-terminal D1 domain of mCEACAM1a linked to a short targeting peptide, the six-amino-acid His tag. Preincubation of MHV with the adapter proteins and subsequent inoculation of human cells expressing an artificial His receptor resulted in infection of these otherwise nonsusceptible cells and led to subsequent production of progeny virus. To generate a self-targeted virus able to establish multiround infection of the target cells, we subsequently incorporated the gene encoding the bispecific adapter protein as an additional expression cassette into the MHV genome through targeted RNA recombination. When inoculated onto murine LR7 cells, the resulting recombinant virus indeed expressed the adapter protein. Furthermore, inoculation of human target cells with the virus resulted in a His receptor-specific infection that was multiround. Extensive cell-cell fusion and rapid cell killing of infected target cells was observed. Our results show that MHV can be genetically redirected via adapters composed of the S protein binding part of mCEACAM1a and a targeting peptide recognizing a nonnative receptor expressed on human cells, consequently leading to rapid cell death. The results provide interesting leads for further investigations of the use of coronaviruses as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Verheije
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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45
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Burova E, Ioffe E. Chromatographic purification of recombinant adenoviral and adeno-associated viral vectors: methods and implications. Gene Ther 2006; 12 Suppl 1:S5-17. [PMID: 16231055 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, recombinant adenoviral and adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been exploited in a number of gene delivery approaches. The use of these vectors in clinical gene transfer has increased the demand for their characterization, production and purification. Although the classical method of adenovirus or AAV purification by density gradient centrifugation is effective on a small scale, chromatographic separation is the most versatile and powerful method for large-scale production of recombinant adenovirus or AAV. This review describes different chromatographic modes for adenovirus or AAV purification and process development, as well as the utility of different purification steps for virus production. Advances in the development of viral vectors for gene therapy, such as the discovery of new AAV serotypes, adenoviral and AAV retargeting and improved production of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors, require further development of efficient purification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Burova
- Regeneron Parmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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46
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Working PK, Lin A, Borellini F. Meeting product development challenges in manufacturing clinical grade oncolytic adenoviruses. Oncogene 2005; 24:7792-801. [PMID: 16299538 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses have been considered for use as anticancer therapy for decades, and numerous means of conferring tumor selectivity have been developed. As with any new therapy, the trip from the laboratory bench to the clinic has revealed a number of significant development hurdles. Viral therapies are subject to specific regulations and must meet a variety of well-defined criteria for purity, potency, stability, and product characterization prior to their use in the clinic. Published regulatory guidelines, although developed specifically for biotechnology-derived products, are applicable to the production of oncolytic adenoviruses and other cell-based products, and they should be consulted early during development. Most importantly, both the manufacturing process and the development of characterization and release assays should be science-driven, use the best available science and technology, and must consider the unique nature of the product: a living, and mutatable, virus. Potentially significant impacts on product quality and safety stem from the possibility of genetic instability related to over-engineering the viruses (as evidenced by their recombination and/or occasional reversion to wild-type virus during manufacturing). This report provides examples of some of the critical components affecting the development and production of clinical grade material and summarizes the significant progress made in recent years.
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Abstract
The prognosis of patients with some kinds of cancers whose patients are often found unresectable upon diagnosis is still dismal. In these fields, development of a new therapeutic modality is needed and gene therapy represents one promising strategy. So far, numerous cancer gene therapy clinical trials based on these principles have been carried out and have shown the safety of such modalities, but have fallen short of the initial expectations to cure cancers. In this review, we would like to make a problem-oriented discussion of current status of cancer gene therapy research by using mainly gastrointestinal cancers as an example. In order to overcome obstacles for full realization of cancer gene therapy, numerous researches have been conducted by many researchers. Various cancer-selective and non-selective genes, as well as lytic viruses themselves have been employed for gene therapy. In the context of gene delivery method, different kinds of viral and non-viral strategies have been utilized. In addition, surrogate assays, such as soluble markers and imaging, have been developed for safer and more informative clinical trials. Many experiments and clinical trials to date have figured out current obstacles for the realization of an effective cancer gene therapy modality. Tireless efforts to overcome such hurdles and continuous infusion of novel concepts into this field should lead to break through technologies and the cure of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamamoto
- BMR2-410, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2172, USA
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48
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Borovjagin AV, Krendelchtchikov A, Ramesh N, Yu DC, Douglas JT, Curiel DT. Complex mosaicism is a novel approach to infectivity enhancement of adenovirus type 5-based vectors. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:475-86. [PMID: 15706356 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) for cancer therapy is limited by deficiency of its primary cell attachment receptor, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), on cancer cells. Ad5 retargeting to alternate receptors through fiber genetic modification can be used to circumvent CAR dependence of its tropism, and thereby achieve infectivity enhancement. Here we propose and test a novel "complex mosaicism" approach for fiber modification, which combines serotype chimerism with peptide ligand(s) incorporation in a single-fiber molecule. We incorporated integrin-binding peptide RGD-4C in the HI-loop, at the carboxy (C)-terminus, or both locales of the Ad3 knob, in the context of Ad5/3 chimera fiber in order to retarget simultaneously the Ad vector to integrins and Ad3 receptors. The infectivity enhancement of the fiber modifications was assessed in various cancer cell lines as cancer-targeting models. Replication-defective complex mosaic Ad-luc vectors bearing chimeric fiber (F.5/3), with or without C-terminal RGD-modification of Ad3 knob, demonstrated up to 55-fold gene transfer increase in bladder cancer cell lines. Although this augmentation was primarily due to Ad3 receptor targeting, some contribution of RGD-mediated integrin-targeting was also observed, suggesting that complex mosaic modification can function in a dual-receptor targeting via a single Ad3 fiber knob.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Borovjagin
- VectorLogics Inc., 550 South 11th Street, CRC-122A, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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49
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Shayakhmetov DM, Gaggar A, Ni S, Li ZY, Lieber A. Adenovirus binding to blood factors results in liver cell infection and hepatotoxicity. J Virol 2005; 79:7478-91. [PMID: 15919903 PMCID: PMC1143681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.12.7478-7491.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ad) are efficient vehicles for gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, they are a promising tool in gene therapy, particularly in the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, preclinical and clinical studies undertaken during the last decade have revealed a series of problems that limit both the safety and efficacy of Ad vectors, specifically after intravenous application. Major obstacles to clinical use include innate toxicity and Ad sequestration by nontarget tissues. The factors and mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. The majority of intravenously injected Ad particles are sequestered by the liver, which in turn causes an inflammatory response characterized by acute transaminitis and vascular damage. Here, we describe a novel pathway that is used by Ad for infection of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells upon intravenous virus application in mice. We found that blood factors play a major role in targeting Ad vectors to hepatic cells. We demonstrated that coagulation factor IX and complement component C4-binding protein can bind the Ad fiber knob domain and provide a bridge for virus uptake through cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. An Ad vector, Ad5mut, which contained mutations in the fiber knob domain ablating blood factor binding, demonstrated significantly reduced infection of liver cells and liver toxicity in vivo. This study contributes to a better understanding of adenovirus-host interactions for intravenously applied vectors. It also provides a rationale for novel strategies to target adenovirus vector to specific tissues and to reduce virus-associated toxicity after systemic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Shayakhmetov
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic genes to the lungs is an attractive strategy to correct a variety of pulmonary dysfunctions such as cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, and lung cancer. Different delivery routes such as intratracheal instillation, aerosol and intravenous injection have been utilized with varying degrees of efficiency. Both viral and non-viral vectors, with their respective strengths and weaknesses, have achieved significant levels of transgene expression in the lungs. However, the application of gene therapy for the treatment of pulmonary disease has been handicapped by various barriers to the delivery vectors such as serum proteins during intravenous delivery, and surfactant proteins and mucus in the airway lumen during topical application of therapeutic genes. Immune and cytokine responses against the delivery vehicle are also major problems encountered in pulmonary gene therapy. Despite these shortcomings much progress has been made to enhance the efficiency, as well as lower the toxicity of gene therapy vehicles in the treatment of pulmonary disorders such as cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Gautam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
| | - Clifford J. Waldrep
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
| | - Charles L. Densmore
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
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