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Li H, Xia N. The multifaceted roles of B lymphocytes in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1447391. [PMID: 39372417 PMCID: PMC11449700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1447391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that adaptive immune cells are important contributors to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD). In liver biopsies from MASLD patients, the accumulation of intrahepatic B cells is positively correlated with the MASLD activity score. Hepatic B-cell infiltration is observed in experimental models of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH). Intrahepatic B2 cells have been shown to contribute to MASLD/MASH by activating T cells, macrophages and hepatic stellate cells, and by producing pathogenic IgG antibodies. In mice fed a MASH diet, selective depletion of B2 cells reduces steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Intestinal B cells are metabolically activated in MASH and promote T-cell activation independently of TCR signaling. In addition, B cells have been shown to contribute to liver fibrosis by activating monocyte-derived macrophages through the secretion of IgA immunoglobulins. Furthermore, our recent study indicates that certain B cell subsets, very likely regulatory B cells, may play a protective role in MASLD. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of B cell functions and discusses future research directions on the different roles of B cells in MASLD and MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg
University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg
University, Mainz, Germany
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Friedrich V, Gerhard M. Vaccination against Helicobacter pylori - An approach for cancer prevention? Mol Aspects Med 2023; 92:101183. [PMID: 37018869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the most common chronic bacterial infection and the main cause of gastric cancer. Due to the increasing antimicrobial resistance of H. pylori, the development of an efficacious vaccine is a valid option to protect from disease or infection and ultimately prevent gastric cancer. However, despite more than 30 years of research, no vaccine has entered the market yet. This review highlights the most relevant previous preclinical and clinical studies to allow conclusions to be drawn on which parameters need special attention in the future to develop an efficacious vaccine against H. pylori and thus prevent gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Friedrich
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Trogerstrasse 30, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Trogerstrasse 30, Munich 81675, Germany.
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3
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Kotsiliti E, Leone V, Schuehle S, Govaere O, Li H, Wolf MJ, Horvatic H, Bierwirth S, Hundertmark J, Inverso D, Zizmare L, Sarusi-Portuguez A, Gupta R, O'Connor T, Giannou AD, Shiri AM, Schlesinger Y, Beccaria MG, Rennert C, Pfister D, Öllinger R, Gadjalova I, Ramadori P, Rahbari M, Rahbari N, Healy ME, Fernández-Vaquero M, Yahoo N, Janzen J, Singh I, Fan C, Liu X, Rau M, Feuchtenberger M, Schwaneck E, Wallace SJ, Cockell S, Wilson-Kanamori J, Ramachandran P, Kho C, Kendall TJ, Leblond AL, Keppler SJ, Bielecki P, Steiger K, Hofmann M, Rippe K, Zitzelsberger H, Weber A, Malek N, Luedde T, Vucur M, Augustin HG, Flavell R, Parnas O, Rad R, Pabst O, Henderson NC, Huber S, Macpherson A, Knolle P, Claassen M, Geier A, Trautwein C, Unger K, Elinav E, Waisman A, Abdullah Z, Haller D, Tacke F, Anstee QM, Heikenwalder M. Intestinal B cells license metabolic T-cell activation in NASH microbiota/antigen-independently and contribute to fibrosis by IgA-FcR signalling. J Hepatol 2023; 79:296-313. [PMID: 37224925 PMCID: PMC10360918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is aggravated by auto-aggressive T cells. The gut-liver axis contributes to NASH, but the mechanisms involved and the consequences for NASH-induced fibrosis and liver cancer remain unknown. We investigated the role of gastrointestinal B cells in the development of NASH, fibrosis and NASH-induced HCC. METHODS C57BL/6J wild-type (WT), B cell-deficient and different immunoglobulin-deficient or transgenic mice were fed distinct NASH-inducing diets or standard chow for 6 or 12 months, whereafter NASH, fibrosis, and NASH-induced HCC were assessed and analysed. Specific pathogen-free/germ-free WT and μMT mice (containing B cells only in the gastrointestinal tract) were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet, and treated with an anti-CD20 antibody, whereafter NASH and fibrosis were assessed. Tissue biopsy samples from patients with simple steatosis, NASH and cirrhosis were analysed to correlate the secretion of immunoglobulins to clinicopathological features. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis were performed in liver and gastrointestinal tissue to characterise immune cells in mice and humans. RESULTS Activated intestinal B cells were increased in mouse and human NASH samples and licensed metabolic T-cell activation to induce NASH independently of antigen specificity and gut microbiota. Genetic or therapeutic depletion of systemic or gastrointestinal B cells prevented or reverted NASH and liver fibrosis. IgA secretion was necessary for fibrosis induction by activating CD11b+CCR2+F4/80+CD11c-FCGR1+ hepatic myeloid cells through an IgA-FcR signalling axis. Similarly, patients with NASH had increased numbers of activated intestinal B cells; additionally, we observed a positive correlation between IgA levels and activated FcRg+ hepatic myeloid cells, as well the extent of liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal B cells and the IgA-FcR signalling axis represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of NASH. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS There is currently no effective treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is associated with a substantial healthcare burden and is a growing risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have previously shown that NASH is an auto-aggressive condition aggravated, amongst others, by T cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that B cells might have a role in disease induction and progression. Our present work highlights that B cells have a dual role in NASH pathogenesis, being implicated in the activation of auto-aggressive T cells and the development of fibrosis via activation of monocyte-derived macrophages by secreted immunoglobulins (e.g., IgA). Furthermore, we show that the absence of B cells prevented HCC development. B cell-intrinsic signalling pathways, secreted immunoglobulins, and interactions of B cells with other immune cells are potential targets for combinatorial NASH therapies against inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kotsiliti
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valentina Leone
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics (ZYTO), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar of the Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; Translational Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar of the Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Svenja Schuehle
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), University Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika J Wolf
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helena Horvatic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Bierwirth
- Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jana Hundertmark
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Donato Inverso
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany; European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laimdota Zizmare
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center (WSIC), Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Avital Sarusi-Portuguez
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Revant Gupta
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tracy O'Connor
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; North Park University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmad Mustafa Shiri
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yehuda Schlesinger
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maria Garcia Beccaria
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Rennert
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pfister
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar of the Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Iana Gadjalova
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rahbari
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nuh Rahbari
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc E Healy
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirian Fernández-Vaquero
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Neda Yahoo
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Janzen
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Indrabahadur Singh
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Emmy Noether Research Group Epigenetic Machineries and Cancer, Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chaofan Fan
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center at the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Rau
- Division of Hepatology, University-Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Feuchtenberger
- Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Kreiskliniken Altötting-Burghausen, Burghausen, Germany
| | - Eva Schwaneck
- Rheumatology, Medical Clinic II, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Wallace
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon Cockell
- School of Biomedical, Nutrition and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Wilson-Kanamori
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Celia Kho
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anne-Laure Leblond
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selina J Keppler
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Piotr Bielecki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; Comparative Experimental Pathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Rippe
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics (ZYTO), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nisar Malek
- Department Internal Medicine I, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany; European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Richard Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Oren Parnas
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar of the Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Olivier Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samuel Huber
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), University Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Claassen
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department Internal Medicine I, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, University-Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Trautwein
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center (WSIC), Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics (ZYTO), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Cancer-Microbiome Research Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center at the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK; Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Strugnell RA. When secretion turns into excretion - the different roles of IgA. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1076312. [PMID: 36618388 PMCID: PMC9812643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1076312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA deficiency is the commonest immunodeficiency affecting up to 1 in 700 individuals. The effects of IgA deficiency are difficult to see in many individuals, are mild in many fewer and severe in fewer still. While monovalent IgA is found in serum, dimeric IgA is secreted through mucosal surfaces where it helps to maintain epithelial homeostasis. Studies with knockout mice have taught us that there are subtle inflammatory consequences of removing secretory IgA (sIgA), and the best explanation for these changes can be related by the loss of the 'excretory' immune system. The excretion of antigens is a logical process in regulating the immune system, given the long half-life of complement fixing antibodies. But the function of IgA as an immune or inflammation regulator may go beyond antigen removal.
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5
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Lagerquist MK, Gupta P, Sehic E, Horkeby KL, Scheffler JM, Nordqvist J, Lawenius L, Islander U, Corciulo C, Henning P, Carlsten H, Engdahl C. Reduction of mature B cells and immunoglobulins results in increased trabecular bone. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10670. [PMID: 36111205 PMCID: PMC9465004 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has a significant effect on bone remodeling and can result in bone loss via increased stimulation of osteoclasts. Activated immunoglobulins, especially autoantibodies, can increase osteoclastogenesis and are associated with pathological bone loss. Whether immunoglobulins and mature B lymphocytes are important for general bone architecture has not been completely determined. Here we demonstrate, using a transgenic mouse model, that reduction of mature B cells and immunoglobulins leads to increased trabecular bone mass compared to wild‐type (WT) littermate controls. This bone effect is associated with a decrease in the number of osteoclasts and reduced bone resorption, despite decreased expression of osteoprotegerin. We also demonstrate that the reduction of mature B cells and immunoglobulins do not prevent bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency or arthritis compared to WT littermate controls. In conclusion, the reduction of mature B cells and immunoglobulins results in disturbed regulation of trabecular bone turnover in healthy conditions but is dispensable for pathological bone loss. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K. Lagerquist
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Priti Gupta
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Edina Sehic
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Julia M. Scheffler
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jauquline Nordqvist
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lina Lawenius
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Islander
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Petra Henning
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Hans Carlsten
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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Ochs J, Nissimov N, Torke S, Freier M, Grondey K, Koch J, Klein M, Feldmann L, Gudd C, Bopp T, Häusser-Kinzel S, Weber MS. Proinflammatory CD20 + T cells contribute to CNS-directed autoimmunity. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabi4632. [PMID: 35353539 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The origin and function of CD20+ T cells are poorly understood. Here, we characterized CD20+ T cells in mice and humans and investigated how they are affected by anti-CD20 antibody treatment. We report that murine CD20+ T cells are unable to endogenously express the B cell lineage marker CD20; the development of CD20+ T cells in rodents requires the presence of CD20-expressing B cells. Our results demonstrated that both murine and human T cells acquire CD20 from B cells via trogocytosis while being activated by an antigen-presenting B cell. In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), expression of CD20 on T cells is associated with an up-regulation of activation markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules, suggesting high pathogenic potential. Supporting this hypothesis, CD20+ T cells expand during active EAE in rodents; furthermore, adoptive transfer of CD20+ T cells into EAE-diseased mice worsened histological and clinical severity. Of direct therapeutic relevance, we demonstrate that the exclusive therapeutic elimination of CD20+ T cells effectively ameliorates EAE, independent of B cells. The results support the hypothesis that CD20+ T cells arise upon B cell-T cell interaction and that depletion of CD20+ T cells might contribute to the success of anti-CD20 antibody therapies in MS and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Ochs
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nitzan Nissimov
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Torke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie Freier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Grondey
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julian Koch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Paul-Klein-Center for Immunintervention, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Linda Feldmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cathrin Gudd
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Paul-Klein-Center for Immunintervention, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Silke Häusser-Kinzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer-Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Mycobiota-induced IgA antibodies regulate fungal commensalism in the gut and are dysregulated in Crohn's disease. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1493-1504. [PMID: 34811531 PMCID: PMC8622360 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays an important role in gut barrier protection by shaping the resident microbiota community, restricting the growth of bacterial pathogens and enhancing host protective immunity via immunological exclusion. Here, we found that a portion of the microbiota-driven sIgA response is induced by and directed towards intestinal fungi. Analysis of the human gut mycobiota bound by sIgA revealed a preference for hyphae, a fungal morphotype associated with virulence. Candida albicans was a potent inducer of IgA class-switch recombination among plasma cells, via an interaction dependent on intestinal phagocytes and hyphal programming. Characterization of sIgA affinity and polyreactivity showed that hyphae-associated virulence factors were bound by these antibodies and that sIgA influenced C. albicans morphotypes in the murine gut. Furthermore, an increase in granular hyphal morphologies in patients with Crohn's disease compared with healthy controls correlated with a decrease in antifungal sIgA antibody titre with affinity to two hyphae-associated virulence factors. Thus, in addition to its importance in gut bacterial regulation, sIgA targets the uniquely fungal phenomenon of hyphal formation. Our findings indicate that antifungal sIgA produced in the gut can play a role in regulating intestinal fungal commensalism by coating fungal morphotypes linked to virulence, thereby providing a protective mechanism that might be dysregulated in patients with Crohn's disease.
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Isho B, Florescu A, Wang AA, Gommerman JL. Fantastic IgA plasma cells and where to find them. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:119-137. [PMID: 34046908 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IgA is produced in large quantities at mucosal surfaces by IgA+ plasma cells (PC), protecting the host from pathogens, and restricting commensal access to the subepithelium. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that IgA+ PC are not constrained to mucosal barrier sites. Rather, IgA+ PC may leave these sites where they provide both host defense and immunoregulatory function. In this review, we will outline how IgA+ PC are generated within the mucosae and how they subsequently migrate to their "classical" effector site, the gut lamina propria. From there we provide examples of IgA+ PC displacement from the gut to other parts of the body, referencing examples during homeostasis and inflammation. Lastly, we will speculate on mechanisms of IgA+ PC displacement to other tissues. Our aim is to provide a new perspective on how IgA+ PC are truly fantastic beasts of the immune system and identify new places to find them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baweleta Isho
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Angela A Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Suzuki K. Diversified IgA-Bacteria Interaction in Gut Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:105-116. [PMID: 32323273 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the major immunoglobulin isotype produced by the gut immune system, and many studies revealed key roles of IgA in establishing host-bacteria mutualism. This chapter will review current understandings for the function of gut IgA in regulating commensal microbiota. IgA specifically recognizes bacterial species that strongly stimulate host's immune responses, and suppresses their overgrowth or reduces the expressions of bacterial pro-inflammatory genes. On the other hand, IgA coatings on symbiotic bacteria enhance bacteria-mucus and bacteria-bacteria interactions, which induce production of metabolites enforcing mucosal barrier functions. Such diversified effects suggest that multiple factors may be involved in the mechanisms of IgA-bacteria interactions, including IgA specificity to microbial epitopes, mode of cellular responses of IgA synthesis (T-dependent and T-independent) and post-translational modifications of IgA proteins, such as glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi-Ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan.
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10
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Pumpuang A, Phunpang R, Ekchariyawat P, Dulsuk A, Loupha S, Kwawong K, Charoensawat Y, Thiansukhon E, Day NPJ, Burtnick MN, Brett PJ, West TE, Chantratita N. Distinct classes and subclasses of antibodies to hemolysin co-regulated protein 1 and O-polysaccharide and correlation with clinical characteristics of melioidosis patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13972. [PMID: 31562344 PMCID: PMC6764960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a tropical infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei that results in high mortality. Hemolysin co-regulated protein 1 (Hcp1) and O-polysaccharide (OPS) are vaccine candidates and potential diagnostic antigens. The correlation of classes/subclasses of antibodies against these antigens with clinical characteristics of melioidosis patients is unknown. Antibodies in plasma samples from melioidosis patients and healthy donors were quantified by ELISA and compared with clinical features. In melioidosis patients, Hcp1 induced high IgG levels. OPS induced high IgG and IgA levels. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) to discriminate melioidosis cases from healthy donors was highest for anti-Hcp1 IgG (0.92) compared to anti-Hcp1 IgA or IgM. In contrast, AUROCC for anti-OPS for IgG (0.91) and IgA (0.92) were comparable. Anti-Hcp1 IgG1 and anti-OPS IgG2 had the greatest AUROCCs (0.87 and 0.95, respectively) compared to other IgG subclasses for each antigen. Survivors had significantly higher anti-Hcp1 IgG3 levels than non-survivors. Male melioidosis patients with diabetes had higher anti-OPS IgA levels than males without diabetes. Thus, diverse and specific antibody responses are associated with distinct clinical characteristics in melioidosis, confirming the diagnostic utility of these responses and providing new insights into immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Pumpuang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Phunpang
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peeraya Ekchariyawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adul Dulsuk
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriorn Loupha
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kochnipa Kwawong
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowaree Charoensawat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary N Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Paul J Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - T Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, and International Respiratory and Severe Illness Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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11
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IgA Responses to Microbiota. Immunity 2019; 49:211-224. [PMID: 30134201 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various immune mechanisms are deployed in the mucosa to confront the immense diversity of resident bacteria. A substantial fraction of the commensal microbiota is coated with immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies, and recent findings have established the identities of these bacteria under homeostatic and disease conditions. Here we review the current understanding of IgA biology, and present a framework wherein two distinct types of humoral immunity coexist in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Homeostatic IgA responses employ a polyreactive repertoire to bind a broad but taxonomically distinct subset of microbiota. In contrast, mucosal pathogens and vaccines elicit high-affinity, T cell-dependent antibody responses. This model raises fundamental questions including how polyreactive IgA specificities are generated, how these antibodies exert effector functions, and how they exist together with other immune responses during homeostasis and disease.
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12
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Negron A, Robinson RR, Stüve O, Forsthuber TG. The role of B cells in multiple sclerosis: Current and future therapies. Cell Immunol 2018; 339:10-23. [PMID: 31130183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While it was long held that T cells were the primary mediators of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, the beneficial effects observed in response to treatment with Rituximab (RTX), a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting CD20, shed light on a key contributor to MS that had been previously underappreciated: B cells. This has been reaffirmed by results from clinical trials testing the efficacy of subsequently developed B cell-depleting mAbs targeting CD20 as well as studies revisiting the effects of previous disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) on B cell subsets thought to modulate disease severity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the complex roles of B cells in MS pathogenesis and current and potential future B cell-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Negron
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Rachel R Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, USA
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13
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Krishnamoorthy M, Buhari FHM, Zhao T, Brauer PM, Burrows K, Cao EY, Moxley-Paquette V, Mortha A, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Treanor B. The ion channel TRPM7 is required for B cell lymphopoiesis. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/533/eaan2693. [PMID: 29871911 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) family is a large family of widely expressed ion channels that regulate the intracellular concentration of ions and metals and respond to various chemical and physical stimuli. TRP subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7) is unusual in that it contains both an ion channel and a kinase domain. TRPM7 is a divalent cation channel with preference for Ca2+ and Mg2+ It is required for the survival of DT40 cells, a B cell line; however, deletion of TRPM7 in T cells does not impair their development. We found that expression of TRPM7 was required for B cell development in mice. Mice that lacked TRPM7 in B cells failed to generate peripheral B cells because of a developmental block at the pro-B cell stage. The loss of TRPM7 kinase activity alone did not affect the proportion of peripheral mature B cells or the development of B cells in the bone marrow. However, supplementation with a high concentration of extracellular Mg2+ partially rescued the development of TRPM7-deficient B cells in vitro. Thus, our findings identify a critical role for TRPM7 ion channel activity in B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithunah Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | | | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric Yixiao Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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14
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The H2B deubiquitinase Usp22 promotes antibody class switch recombination by facilitating non-homologous end joining. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29520062 PMCID: PMC5843634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Class switch recombination (CSR) has a fundamental function during humoral immune response and involves the induction and subsequent repair of DNA breaks in the immunoglobulin (Ig) switch regions. Here we show the role of Usp22, the SAGA complex deubiquitinase that removes ubiquitin from H2B-K120, in the repair of programmed DNA breaks in vivo. Ablation of Usp22 in primary B cells results in defects in γH2AX and impairs the classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ), affecting both V(D)J recombination and CSR. Surprisingly, Usp22 depletion causes defects in CSR to various Ig isotypes, but not IgA. We further demonstrate that IgG CSR primarily relies on c-NHEJ, whereas CSR to IgA is more reliant on the alternative end joining pathway, indicating that CSR to different isotypes involves distinct DNA repair pathways. Hence, Usp22 is the first deubiquitinase reported to regulate both V(D)J recombination and CSR in vivo by facilitating c-NHEJ.
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15
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16
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El-Zaatari M, Bass AJ, Bowlby R, Zhang M, Syu LJ, Yang Y, Grasberger H, Shreiner A, Tan B, Bishu S, Leung WK, Todisco A, Kamada N, Cascalho M, Dlugosz AA, Kao JY. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1, Increased in Human Gastric Pre-Neoplasia, Promotes Inflammation and Metaplasia in Mice and Is Associated With Type II Hypersensitivity/Autoimmunity. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:140-153.e17. [PMID: 28912017 PMCID: PMC5742059 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation increases the risk of cancer by mechanisms that are not well understood. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-binding enzyme that regulates the immune response via catabolization and regulation of tryptophan availability for immune cell uptake. IDO1 expression is increased during the transition from chronic inflammation to gastric metaplasia. We investigated whether IDO1 contributes to the inflammatory response that mediates loss of parietal cells leading to metaplasia. METHODS Chronic gastric inflammation was induced in Ido1-/- and CB57BL/6 (control) mice by gavage with Helicobacter felis or overexpression of interferon gamma in gastric parietal cells. We also performed studies in Jh-/- mice, which are devoid of B cells. Gastric tissues were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry, immunostaining, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Plasma samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gastric tissues were obtained from 20 patients with gastric metaplasia and 20 patients without gastric metaplasia (controls) and analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; gastric tissue arrays were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We collected genetic information on gastric cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. RESULTS H felis gavage induced significantly lower levels of pseudopyloric metaplasia in Ido1-/- mice, which had lower frequencies of gastric B cells, than in control mice. Blood plasma from H felis-infected control mice had increased levels of autoantibodies against parietal cells, compared to uninfected control mice, but this increase was lower in Ido1-/- mice. Chronically inflamed stomachs of Ido1-/- mice had significantly lower frequencies of natural killer cells in contact with parietal cells, compared with stomachs of control mice. Jh-/- mice had lower levels of pseudopyloric metaplasia than control mice in response to H felis infection. Human gastric pre-neoplasia and carcinoma specimens had increased levels of IDO1 messenger RNA compared with control gastric tissues, and IDO1 protein colocalized with B cells. Co-clustering of IDO1 messenger RNA with B-cell markers was corroborated by The Cancer Genome Atlas database. CONCLUSIONS IDO1 mediates gastric metaplasia by regulating the B-cell compartment. This process appears to be associated with type II hypersensitivity/autoimmunity. The role of autoimmunity in the progression of pseudopyloric metaplasia warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Adam J. Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reanne Bowlby
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Li-Jyun Syu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yitian Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Helmut Grasberger
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Shreiner
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bei Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shrinivas Bishu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wai K. Leung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrzej A. Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Y. Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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See JX, Chandramathi S, Abdulla MA, Vadivelu J, Shankar EM. Persistent infection due to a small-colony variant of Burkholderia pseudomallei leads to PD-1 upregulation on circulating immune cells and mononuclear infiltration in viscera of experimental BALB/c mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005702. [PMID: 28820897 PMCID: PMC5562302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease endemic across South East Asia and Northern Australia. The etiological agent, Burkholderia pseudomallei (B.pseudomallei), is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacterium residing in the soil and muddy water across endemic regions of the tropical world. The bacterium is known to cause persistent infections by remaining latent within host cells for prolonged duration. Reactivation of the recrudescent disease often occurs in elders whose immunity wanes. Moreover, recurrence rates in melioidosis patients can be up to ~13% despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, suggestive of bacterial persistence and inefficacy of antibiotic regimens. The mechanisms behind bacterial persistence in the host remain unclear, and hence understanding host immunity during persistent B. pseudomallei infections may help designing potential immunotherapy. Methodology/Principal findings A persistent infection was generated using a small-colony variant (SCV) and a wild-type (WT) B. pseudomallei in BALB/c mice via intranasal administration. Infected mice that survived for >60 days were sacrificed. Lungs, livers, spleens, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were harvested for experimental investigations. Histopathological changes of organs were observed in the infected mice, suggestive of successful establishment of persistent infections. Moreover, natural killer (NK) cell frequency was increased in SCV- and WT-infected mice. We observed programmed death-1 (PD-1) upregulation on B cells of SCV- and WT-infected mice. Interestingly, PD-1 upregulation was only observed on NK cells and monocytes of SCV-infected mice. In contrast, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) downregulation was seen on NK cells of WT-infected mice, and on monocytes of SCV- and WT-infected mice. Conclusions/Significance The SCV and the WT of B. pseudomallei distinctly upregulated PD-1 expression on B cells, NK cells, and monocytes to dampen host immunity, which likely facilitates bacterial persistence. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway appears to play an important role in the persistence of B. pseudomallei in the host. B. pseudomallei is a bacterium that causes melioidosis, a disease endemic in Southeastern Asia and Northern Australia. It is estimated that melioidosis leads to 89,000 deaths worldwide each year. Nevertheless, melioidosis continues to remain a neglected tropical disease that is not even on the list of neglected tropical diseases of the World Health Organization. Furthermore, the disease has a high mortality and recurrence rate, which can be up to 40% and 13%, respectively. It has also been well documented that B. pseudomallei causes latent/persistent infections for a prolonged period without showing apparent symptoms in the infected individual. The mechanisms that are responsible for bacterial persistence in the host remain unclear. Our results demonstrated that B. pseudomallei were able to upregulate PD-1 expression on B cells, NK cells, and/or monocytes during persistent diseases, which likely diminish optimal host immunity. The weakened host immunity in turns facilitates persistence of the bacterium. Interestingly, the SCV had a higher PD-1 expression on distinct immune cells compared to the WT, which might explain its frequent association with persistent infections. Immunotherapies by targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could serve as a better treatment than the conventional antibiotic regimens, which cause a high rate of recurrence in melioidosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang See
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samudi Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (SC); (EMS); (JV)
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (SC); (EMS); (JV)
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Division of Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
- * E-mail: (SC); (EMS); (JV)
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Dullaers M, Schuijs MJ, Willart M, Fierens K, Van Moorleghem J, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. House dust mite-driven asthma and allergen-specific T cells depend on B cells when the amount of inhaled allergen is limiting. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 140:76-88.e7. [PMID: 27746238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is a CD4 TH2-lymphocyte driven disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia. B cells can present antigens to CD4 T cells and produce IgE immunoglobulins that arm effector cells; however, mouse models are inconclusive on whether B cells are necessary for asthma development. OBJECTIVES We sought to address the role of B cells in a house dust mite (HDM)-driven TH2-high asthma mouse model. METHODS Wild-type and B cell-deficient muMT mice were sensitized and challenged through the airways with HDM extracts. The antigen-presenting capacities of B cells were studied by using new T-cell receptor transgenic 1-DER mice specific for the Der p 1 allergen. RESULTS In vitro-activated B cells from HDM-exposed mice presented antigen to 1-DER T cells and induced a TH2 phenotype. In vivo B cells were dispensable for activation of naive 1-DER T cells but necessary for full expansion of primed 1-DER T cells. At high HDM challenge doses, B cells were not required for development of pulmonary asthmatic features yet contributed to TH2 expansion in the mediastinal lymph nodes but not in the lungs. When the amount of challenge allergen was decreased, muMT mice had reduced asthma features. Under these limiting conditions, B cells contributed also to expansion of TH2 effector cells in the lungs and central memory T cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes. CONCLUSION B cells are a major part of the adaptive immune response to inhaled HDM allergen, particularly when the amount of inhaled allergen is low, by expanding allergen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Dullaers
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monique Willart
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kaat Fierens
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Van Moorleghem
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Prigent J, Lorin V, Kök A, Hieu T, Bourgeau S, Mouquet H. Scarcity of autoreactive human blood IgA + memory B cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2340-2351. [PMID: 27469325 PMCID: PMC5113776 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Class‐switched memory B cells are key components of the “reactive” humoral immunity, which ensures a fast and massive secretion of high‐affinity antigen‐specific antibodies upon antigenic challenge. In humans, IgA class‐switched (IgA+) memory B cells and IgA antibodies are abundant in the blood. Although circulating IgA+ memory B cells and their corresponding secreted immunoglobulins likely possess major protective and/or regulatory immune roles, little is known about their specificity and function. Here, we show that IgA+ and IgG+ memory B‐cell antibodies cloned from the same healthy humans share common immunoglobulin gene features. IgA and IgG memory antibodies have comparable lack of reactivity to vaccines, common mucosa‐tropic viruses and commensal bacteria. However, the IgA+ memory B‐cell compartment contains fewer polyreactive clones and importantly, only rare self‐reactive clones compared to IgG+ memory B cells. Self‐reactivity of IgAs is acquired following B‐cell affinity maturation but not antibody class switching. Together, our data suggest the existence of different regulatory mechanisms for removing autoreactive clones from the IgG+ and IgA+ memory B‐cell repertoires, and/or different maturation pathways potentially reflecting the distinct nature and localization of the cognate antigens recognized by individual B‐cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Prigent
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-URA 1961, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-URA 1961, Paris, France
| | - Ayrin Kök
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-URA 1961, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Hieu
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-URA 1961, Paris, France
| | - Salomé Bourgeau
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-URA 1961, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS-URA 1961, Paris, France.
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Identification of Liver Epithelial Cell-derived Ig Expression in μ chain-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23669. [PMID: 27020674 PMCID: PMC4810322 DOI: 10.1038/srep23669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that B cells are not the only source of immunoglobulin (Ig). To investigate this discovery further, we used μMT mice, which have a disruption of the first transmembrane exon of the μ heavy chain and do not express the membrane form of IgM. These mice lack mature B cells and thus serve as a good model to explore Ig expression by liver epithelial cells. We found that Ig heavy chains (μ, δ, γ and α) and light chains (κ and λ) were expressed in sorted liver epithelial cells of μMT mice. Surprisingly, each heavy chain class showed its respective variable region sequence characteristics in their variable region, instead of sharing the same VDJ usage, which suggests that class switching does not occur in liver epithelial cells. Moreover, the γ and α chains, but not the μ and δ chains, showed mutations in the variable region, thus indicating that different classes of Ig have different activities. Our findings support the concept that non-B cells, liver epithelial cells here, can produce different classes of Ig.
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Sherif LS, Raouf RKA, Sayede RME, Wakkadd ASE, Shoaib AR, Ali HM, Refay ASE. Glutathione Transferase as a Potential Marker for Gut Epithelial Injury versus the Protective Role of Breast Milk sIgA in Infants with Rota Virus Gastroenteritis. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:676-80. [PMID: 27275307 PMCID: PMC4877907 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) plays an important protective role in the recognition and clearance of enteric pathogens. AIM: This study was designed to assess if mucosal integrity “measured by secretory IgA (SIgA)” is a protective factor from more epithelial alteration “measured by glutathione transferase” in infants with Rota gastroenteritis and its relation to infants’ feeding pattern. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 79 infants aged 6 months and less from those diagnosed as having gastroenteritis and admitted to Gastroenteritis Department in Abo El Rish Pediatric Hospital, Cairo University. Plasma glutathione s-transferases and Stool SIgA were measured using ELISA technique. Rota virus detection was done by Reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS: SIgA was found to be significantly positive in exclusive breast fed infants, Glutathione transferase was significantly more frequently positive in Rota positive cases than Rota negative cases by Reverse transcriptase PCR. A significant negative correlation between Glutathione transferase and Secretory IgA was found, (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Breast feeding should be encouraged and highly recommended in the first two years of life as it provides Secretory IgA to breast fed infants who in turn protect them against epithelial damage caused by Rota viral gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna S Sherif
- National Research Centre, Department of Child Health, Giza, Egypt
| | - Randaa K Abdel Raouf
- Institute of Postgraduate Childhood Studies - Department of Medical Studies, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ashraf R Shoaib
- National Research Centre, Department of Virology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Ali
- National Research Centre, Department of Cell Biology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira S El Refay
- National Research Centre, Department of Child Health, Giza, Egypt
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Björkman A, Du L, Felgentreff K, Rosner C, Pankaj Kamdar R, Kokaraki G, Matsumoto Y, Davies EG, van der Burg M, Notarangelo LD, Hammarström L, Pan-Hammarström Q. DNA-PKcs Is Involved in Ig Class Switch Recombination in Human B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5608-15. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Wingender G, Birkholz AM, Sag D, Farber E, Chitale S, Howell AR, Kronenberg M. Selective Conditions Are Required for the Induction of Invariant NKT Cell Hyporesponsiveness by Antigenic Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3838-48. [PMID: 26355152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of invariant (i)NKT cells with the model Ag α-galactosylceramide induces rapid production of multiple cytokines, impacting a wide variety of different immune reactions. In contrast, following secondary activation with α-galactosylceramide, the behavior of iNKT cells is altered for months, with the production of most cytokines being strongly reduced. The requirements for the induction of this hyporesponsive state, however, remain poorly defined. In this study, we show that Th1-biasing iNKT cell Ags could induce iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness, as long as a minimum antigenic affinity was reached. In contrast, the Th2-biasing Ag OCH did not induce a hyporesponsive state, nor did cytokine-driven iNKT cell activation by LPS or infections. Furthermore, although dendritic cells and B cells have been reported to be essential for iNKT cell stimulation, neither dendritic cells nor B cells were required to induce iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness. Therefore, our data indicate that whereas some bone marrow-derived cells could induce iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness, selective conditions, dependent on the structure and potency of the Ag, were required to induce hyporesponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey; Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Elisa Farber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Sampada Chitale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Stavnezer J, Schrader CE. IgH chain class switch recombination: mechanism and regulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:5370-8. [PMID: 25411432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IgH class switching occurs rapidly after activation of mature naive B cells, resulting in a switch from expression of IgM and IgD to expression of IgG, IgE, or IgA; this switch improves the ability of Abs to remove the pathogen that induces the humoral immune response. Class switching occurs by a deletional recombination between two switch regions, each of which is associated with a H chain constant region gene. Class switch recombination (CSR) is instigated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase, which converts cytosines in switch regions to uracils. The uracils are subsequently removed by two DNA-repair pathways, resulting in mutations, single-strand DNA breaks, and the double-strand breaks required for CSR. We discuss several aspects of CSR, including how CSR is induced, CSR in B cell progenitors, the roles of transcription and chromosomal looping in CSR, and the roles of certain DNA-repair enzymes in CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Stavnezer
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Carol E Schrader
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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25
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Slack E, Balmer ML, Macpherson AJ. B cells as a critical node in the microbiota-host immune system network. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:50-66. [PMID: 24942681 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutualism with our intestinal microbiota is a prerequisite for healthy existence. This requires physical separation of the majority of the microbiota from the host (by secreted antimicrobials, mucus, and the intestinal epithelium) and active immune control of the low numbers of microbes that overcome these physical and chemical barriers, even in healthy individuals. In this review, we address how B-cell responses to members of the intestinal microbiota form a robust network with mucus, epithelial integrity, follicular helper T cells, innate immunity, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues to maintain host-microbiota mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Slack
- Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Kato LM, Kawamoto S, Maruya M, Fagarasan S. The role of the adaptive immune system in regulation of gut microbiota. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:67-75. [PMID: 24942682 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut nourishes rich bacterial communities that affect profoundly the functions of the immune system. The relationship between gut microbiota and the immune system is one of reciprocity. The microbiota contributes to nutrient processing and the development, maturation, and function of the immune system. Conversely, the immune system, particularly the adaptive immune system, plays a key role in shaping the repertoire of gut microbiota. The fitness of host immune system is reflected in the gut microbiota, and deficiencies in either innate or adaptive immunity impact on diversity and structures of bacterial communities in the gut. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that underlie this reciprocity and emphasize how the adaptive immune system via immunoglobulins (i.e. IgA) contributes to diversification and balance of gut microbiota required for immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Kato
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
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27
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Gutzeit C, Magri G, Cerutti A. Intestinal IgA production and its role in host-microbe interaction. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:76-85. [PMID: 24942683 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complex and diverse communities of bacteria establish mutualistic and symbiotic relationships with the gut after birth. The intestinal immune system responds to bacterial colonization by acquiring a state of hypo-responsiveness against commensals and active readiness against pathogens. The resulting homeostatic balance involves a continuous dialog between the microbiota and lymphocytes with the intermediation of epithelial and dendritic cells. This dialog causes massive production of immunoglobulin A (IgA), a non-inflammatory antibody specialized in mucosal protection. Here, we discuss recent advances on the regulation of intestinal IgA responses and their role in host-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gutzeit
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Chorny A, Cerutti A. Regulation and Function of Mucosal IgA and IgD. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
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Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
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Umiker BR, McDonald G, Larbi A, Medina CO, Hobeika E, Reth M, Imanishi-Kari T. Production of IgG autoantibody requires expression of activation-induced deaminase in early-developing B cells in a mouse model of SLE. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3093-108. [PMID: 25044405 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of pathogenic IgG antinuclear antibodies. Pathogenic IgG autoantibody production requires B-cell activation, leading to the production of activation-induced deaminase (AID) and class switching of IgM genes to IgG. To understand how and when B cells are activated to produce these IgG autoantibodies, we studied cells from 564Igi, a mouse model of SLE. 564Igi mice develop a disease profile closely resembling that found in human SLE patients, including the presence of IgG antinucleic acid Abs. We have generated 564Igi mice that conditionally express an activation-induced cytidine deaminase transgene (Aicda(tg) ), either in all B cells or only in mature B cells. Here, we show that class-switched pathogenic IgG autoantibodies were produced only in 564Igi mice in which AID was functional in early-developing B cells, resulting in loss of tolerance. Furthermore, we show that the absence of AID in early-developing B cells also results in increased production of self-reactive IgM, indicating that AID, through somatic hypermutation, contributes to tolerance. Our results suggest that the pathophysiology of clinical SLE might also be dependent on AID expression in early-developing B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Umiker
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Clemons KV, Martinez M, Chen V, Liu M, Yoon HJ, Stevens DA. Protection against experimental aspergillosis by heat-killed yeast is not antibody dependent. Med Mycol 2014; 52:422-6. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Kumar S, Wuerffel R, Achour I, Lajoie B, Sen R, Dekker J, Feeney AJ, Kenter AL. Flexible ordering of antibody class switch and V(D)J joining during B-cell ontogeny. Genes Dev 2014; 27:2439-44. [PMID: 24240234 PMCID: PMC3841733 DOI: 10.1101/gad.227165.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Omenn syndrome is a severe immunodeficiency disease commonly arising from hypomorphic RAG recombinase gene mutations. RAG recombinase mediates V(D)J joining during early B-lymphocyte development in the bone marrow (BM). V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination are thought to partition between the BM and secondary lymphoid organs. Kenter and colleagues show that V(D)J joining and switching are interchangeably inducible in the BM. This study has important implications for the development of Omenn syndrome, autoimmune diseases, and leukemia. V(D)J joining is mediated by RAG recombinase during early B-lymphocyte development in the bone marrow (BM). Activation-induced deaminase initiates isotype switching in mature B cells of secondary lymphoid structures. Previous studies questioned the strict ontological partitioning of these processes. We show that pro-B cells undergo robust switching to a subset of immunoglobulin H (IgH) isotypes. Chromatin studies reveal that in pro-B cells, the spatial organization of the Igh locus may restrict switching to this subset of isotypes. We demonstrate that in the BM, V(D)J joining and switching are interchangeably inducible, providing an explanation for the hyper-IgE phenotype of Omenn syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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33
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Abstract
The development and function of B lymphocytes critically depend on the non-germline B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). In addition to the diverse antigen-recognition regions, whose coding sequences are generated by the somatic DNA rearrangement, the variety of the constant domains of the Heavy Chain (HC) portion contributes to the multiplicity of the BCR types. The functions of particular classes of the HC, particularly in the context of the membrane BCR, are not completely understood. The expression of the various classes of the HC correlates with the distinct stages of B-cell development, types of B-cell subsets, and their effector functions. In this chapter, we summarize and discuss the accumulated knowledge on the role of the μ, δ, and γ HC isotypes of the conventional and precursor BCR in B-cell differentiation, selection, and engagement with (auto)antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Surova
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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34
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Short KR, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Langereis JD, Chew KY, Job ER, Armitage CW, Hatcher B, Fujihashi K, Reading PC, Hermans PW, Wijburg OL, Diavatopoulos DA. Antibodies mediate formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in the middle ear and facilitate secondary pneumococcal otitis media. Infect Immun 2014; 82:364-70. [PMID: 24191297 PMCID: PMC3911859 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01104-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) (a middle ear infection) is a common childhood illness that can leave some children with permanent hearing loss. OM can arise following infection with a variety of different pathogens, including a coinfection with influenza A virus (IAV) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). We and others have demonstrated that coinfection with IAV facilitates the replication of pneumococci in the middle ear. Specifically, we used a mouse model of OM to show that IAV facilitates the outgrowth of S. pneumoniae in the middle ear by inducing middle ear inflammation. Here, we seek to understand how the host inflammatory response facilitates bacterial outgrowth in the middle ear. Using B cell-deficient infant mice, we show that antibodies play a crucial role in facilitating pneumococcal replication. We subsequently show that this is due to antibody-dependent neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in the middle ear, which, instead of clearing the infection, allows the bacteria to replicate. We further demonstrate the importance of these NETs as a potential therapeutic target through the transtympanic administration of a DNase, which effectively reduces the bacterial load in the middle ear. Taken together, these data provide novel insight into how pneumococci are able to replicate in the middle ear cavity and induce disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R. Short
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jeroen D. Langereis
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Keng Yih Chew
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma R. Job
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles W. Armitage
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brandon Hatcher
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter W. Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Odilia L. Wijburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dimitri A. Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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35
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Communication between B-Cells and Microbiota for the Maintenance of Intestinal Homeostasis. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This manuscript reviews current knowledge and recent findings regarding antibody-independent functions of B cells in transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Until recently the functions of B cells in transplantation have been attributed almost entirely to the antibodies they produce. However, the results of recent trials of B-cell-depleting agents for treatment of antibody-mediated rejection as well as auto-immune disease raised awareness that B cells mediate functions independent of antibody synthesis. SUMMARY These 'nonclassical' functions place B cells at the center of immune regulation with the power to enhance or inhibit immunity.
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37
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Abstract
The field of lymphotoxin biology has seen many advances in the past decade. Notably, a role for lymphotoxin as a key effector cytokine has emerged to add to its foundational contribution to lymphoid organogenesis. It is now clear that lymphotoxin contributes to host defense for a wide variety of pathogens, and the lymphotoxin receptor is a defining feature of and regulatory mechanism in both innate and adaptive immunities. Specifically, lymphotoxin contributes to Th education, licensing of IL-22 production from type 3 innate lymphoid cells, and even maintains innate myeloid populations within the fully developed lymph node. Most recently, lymphotoxin has been implicated in regulation of the microbiota and metabolic disease. Early studies revealed that lymphotoxin might influence composition of the commensal microbiota through its regulation of immunological compartmentalization in the gut. Additionally, several epidemiological studies have linked polymorphisms in lymphotoxin to metabolic disease. Studies exploring the role of lymphotoxin in metabolic disease have demonstrated that lymphotoxin may influence metabolism both directly in the liver and indirectly through regulation of gut immune responses. It now appears that lymphotoxin may bridge the gap between altered composition of the commensal microbiota and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Upadhyay V, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin signalling in immune homeostasis and the control of microorganisms. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:270-9. [PMID: 23524463 PMCID: PMC3900493 DOI: 10.1038/nri3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily that was originally thought to be functionally redundant to TNF, but these proteins were later found to have independent roles in driving lymphoid organogenesis. More recently, LT-mediated signalling has been shown to actively contribute to effector immune responses. LT regulates dendritic cell and CD4(+) T cell homeostasis in the steady state and determines the functions of these cells during pathogenic challenges. The LT receptor pathway is essential for controlling pathogens and even contributes to the regulation of the intestinal microbiota, with recent data suggesting that LT-induced changes in the microbiota promote metabolic disease. In this Review, we discuss these newly defined roles for LT, with a particular focus on how the LT receptor pathway regulates innate and adaptive immune responses to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Both CpG methylation and activation-induced deaminase are required for the fragility of the human bcl-2 major breakpoint region: implications for the timing of the breaks in the t(14;18) translocation. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:947-57. [PMID: 23263985 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01436-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The t(14;18) chromosomal translocation typically involves breakage at the bcl-2 major breakpoint region (MBR) to cause human follicular lymphoma. A theory to explain the striking propensity of the MBR breaks at three CpG clusters within the 175-bp MBR region invoked activation-induced deaminase (AID). In a test of that theory, we used here minichromosomal substrates in human pre-B cell lines. Consistent with the essential elements of the theory, we found that the MBR breakage process is indeed highly dependent on DNA methylation at the CpG sites and highly dependent on the AID enzyme to create lesions at peak locations within the MBR. Interestingly, breakage of the phosphodiester bonds at the AID-initiated MBR lesions is RAG dependent, but, unexpectedly, most are also dependent on Artemis. We found that Artemis is capable of nicking small heteroduplex structures and is even able to nick single-base mismatches. This raises the possibility that activated Artemis, derived from the unjoined D to J(H) DNA ends at the IgH locus on chromosome 14, nicks AID-generated TG mismatches at methyl CpG sites, and this would explain why the breaks at the chromosome 18 MBR occur within the same time window as those on chromosome 14.
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Ghosh S, Hoselton SA, Schuh JM. μ-chain-deficient mice possess B-1 cells and produce IgG and IgE, but not IgA, following systemic sensitization and inhalational challenge in a fungal asthma model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1322-9. [PMID: 22732592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is often difficult to treat and results in morbidity associated with chronic airway changes. This study assessed the requirement for B cells and their products in the allergic pulmonary phenotype in a murine model of fungal allergic asthma that mimics allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. C57BL/6 and μMT mice (assumed to lack peripheral B cells) were sensitized with Aspergillus fumigatus extract and challenged with two inhalation exposures of live conidia to induce airway disease. Airway hyperresponsiveness after methacholine challenge, peribronchovascular inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, and fibrotic remodeling of the airways was similar between μMT mice and their wild-type counterparts (C57BL/6). Surprisingly, even in the absence of the μ-chain, these μMT mice produced IgE and IgG Abs, although the Abs induced did not have specificity for A. fumigatus Ags. In contrast, IgA was not detected in either the lavage fluid or serum of μMT mice that had been exposed to A. fumigatus. Our findings also reveal the existence of CD19(+)CD9(+)IgD(+) B-1 cells in the lungs of the μMT animals. These data show the μMT mice to have a developmental pathway independent of the canonical μ-chain route that allows for their survival upon antigenic challenge with A. fumigatus conidia, although this pathway does not seem to allow for the normal development of Ag-specific repertoires. Additionally, this study shows that IgA is not required for either clearance or containment of A. fumigatus in the murine lung, as fungal outgrowth was not observed in the μMT animals after multiple inhalation exposures to live conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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Amin R, Carrion C, Decourt C, Pinaud E, Cogné M. Deletion of the α immunoglobulin chain membrane-anchoring region reduces but does not abolish IgA secretion. Immunology 2012; 136:54-63. [PMID: 22250990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Class switching and plasma cell differentiation occur at a high level within all mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. The different classes of membrane immunoglobulin heavy chains are associated with the Igα/Igβ heterodimer within the B-cell receptor (BCR). Whether BCR isotypes convey specific signals adapted to the corresponding differentiation stages remains debated but IgG and IgA membranes have been suggested to promote plasma cell differentiation. We investigated the impact of blocking expression of the IgA-class BCR through a 'αΔtail' targeted mutation, deleting the Cα immunoglobulin gene membrane exon. This allowed us to evaluate to what extent class switching and plasma cell differentiation can be concurrent processes, allowing some αΔtail(+/+) B cells with an IgM BCR to directly differentiate into IgA plasma cells and yield serum secreted IgA in spite of the absence of membrane IgA(+) B lymphocytes. By contrast, in secretions the secretory IgA was very low, indicating that J-chain-positive plasma cells producing secretory IgA overwhelmingly differentiate from previously class-switched membrane IgA(+) memory B cells. In addition, although mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues are a major site for plasma cell accumulation, αΔtail(+/+) mice showed that the gut B-cell lineage homeostasis is not polarized toward plasma cell differentiation through a specific influence of the membrane IgA BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Amin
- Université de Limoges, CNRS, UMR7276, Contrôle des Réponses Immunes B et Lymphoproliférations, Limoges, France.
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Slack E, Balmer ML, Fritz JH, Hapfelmeier S. Functional flexibility of intestinal IgA - broadening the fine line. Front Immunol 2012; 3:100. [PMID: 22563329 PMCID: PMC3342566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria outnumber our own human cells in conditions of both health and disease. It has long been recognized that secretory antibody, particularly IgA, is produced in response to these microbes and hypothesized that this must play an important role in defining the relationship between a host and its intestinal microbes. However, the exact role of IgA and the mechanisms by which IgA can act are only beginning to be understood. In this review we attempt to unravel the complex interaction between so-called “natural,” “primitive” (T-cell-independent), and “classical” IgA responses, the nature of the intestinal microbiota/intestinal pathogens and the highly flexible dynamic homeostasis of the mucosal immune system. Such an analysis reveals that low-affinity IgA is sufficient to protect the host from excess mucosal immune activation induced by harmless commensal microbes. However, affinity-maturation of “classical” IgA is essential to provide protection from more invasive commensal species such as segmented filamentous bacteria and from true pathogens such as Salmonellatyphimurium. Thus a correlation is revealed between “sophistication” of the IgA response and aggressiveness of the challenge. A second emerging theme is that more-invasive species take advantage of host inflammatory mechanisms to more successfully compete with the resident microbiota. In many cases, the function of IgA may be to limit such inflammatory responses, either directly by coagulating or inhibiting virulence of bacteria before they can interact with the host or by modulating immune signaling induced by host recognition. Therefore IgA appears to provide an added layer of robustness in the intestinal ecosystem, promoting “commensal-like” behavior of its residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Slack
- Institute for Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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Macpherson AJ, Geuking MB, Slack E, Hapfelmeier S, McCoy KD. The habitat, double life, citizenship, and forgetfulness of IgA. Immunol Rev 2012; 245:132-46. [PMID: 22168417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the main secretory immunoglobulin of mucous membranes and is powerfully induced by the presence of commensal microbes in the intestine. B cells undergo class switch recombination to IgA in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, particularly mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and Peyer's patches, through both T-dependent and T-independent pathways. IgA B cells primed in the mucosa traffic from the intestinal lymphoid structures, initially through the lymphatics and then join the bloodstream, to home back to the intestinal mucosa as IgA-secreting plasma cells. Once induced, anti-bacterial IgA can be extremely long-lived but is replaced if there is induction of additional IgA specificities by other microbes. The mucosal immune system is anatomically separated from the systemic immune system by the MLNs, which act as a firewall to prevent penetration of live intestinal bacteria to systemic sites. Dendritic cells sample intestinal bacteria and induce B cells to switch to IgA. In contrast, intestinal macrophages are adept at killing extracellular bacteria and are able to clear bacteria that have crossed the mucus and epithelial barriers. There is both a continuum between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and compartmentalization of the mucosal immune system from systemic immunity that function to preserve host microbial mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Maurice Müller Laboratories, University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Bemark M, Boysen P, Lycke NY. Induction of gut IgA production through T cell-dependent and T cell-independent pathways. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:97-116. [PMID: 22260403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut immune system protects against mucosal pathogens, maintains a mutualistic relationship with the microbiota, and establishes tolerance against food antigens. This requires a balance between immune effector responses and induction of tolerance. Disturbances of this strictly regulated balance can lead to infections or the development inflammatory diseases and allergies. Production of secretory IgA is a unique effector function at mucosal surfaces, and basal mechanisms regulating IgA production have been the focus of much recent research. These investigations have aimed at understanding how long-term IgA-mediated mucosal immunity can best be achieved by oral or sublingual vaccination, or at analyzing the relationship between IgA production, the composition of the gut microbiota, and protection from allergies and autoimmunity. This research has lead to a better understanding of the IgA system; but at the same time seemingly conflicting data have been generated. Here, we discuss how gut IgA production is controlled, with special focus on how differences between T cell-dependent and T cell-independent IgA production may explain some of these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in CD4+ T cells is associated with a unique IL-10-producing subset that increases with age. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29141. [PMID: 22216188 PMCID: PMC3247255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), produced by the Aicda gene, is essential for the immunoglobulin gene (Ig) alterations that form immune memory. Using a Cre-mediated genetic system, we unexpectedly found CD4+ T cells that had expressed Aicda (exAID cells) as well as B cells. ExAID cells increased with age, reaching up to 25% of the CD4+ and B220+ cell populations. ExAID B cells remained IgM+, suggesting that class-switched memory B cells do not accumulate in the spleen. In T cells, AID was expressed in a subset that produced IFN-γ and IL-10 but little IL-4 or IL-17, and showed no evidence of genetic mutation. Interestingly, the endogenous Aicda expression in T cells was enhanced in the absence of B cells, indicating that the process is independent from the germinal center reaction. These results suggest that in addition to its roles in B cells, AID may have previously unappreciated roles in T-cell function or tumorigenesis.
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46
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Duong BH, Ota T, Aoki-Ota M, Cooper AB, Ait-Azzouzene D, Vela JL, Gavin AL, Nemazee D. Negative selection by IgM superantigen defines a B cell central tolerance compartment and reveals mutations allowing escape. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5596-605. [PMID: 22043016 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To analyze B lymphocyte central tolerance in a polyclonal immune system, mice were engineered to express a superantigen reactive to IgM of allotype b (IgM(b)). IgM(b/b) mice carrying superantigen were severely B cell lymphopenic, but small numbers of B cells matured. Their sera contained low levels of IgG and occasionally high levels of IgA. In bone marrow, immature B cells were normal in number, but internalized IgM and had a unique gene expression profile, compared with those expressing high levels of surface IgM, including elevated recombinase activator gene expression. A comparable B cell population was defined in wild-type bone marrows, with an abundance suggesting that at steady state ∼20% of normal developing B cells are constantly encountering autoantigens in situ. In superantigen-expressing mice, as well as in mice carrying the 3H9 anti-DNA IgH transgene, or 3H9 H along with mutation in the murine κ-deleting element RS, IgM internalization was correlated with CD19 downmodulation. CD19(low) bone marrow cells from 3H9;RS(-/-) mice were enriched in L chains that promote DNA binding. Our results suggest that central tolerance and attendant L chain receptor editing affect a large fraction of normal developing B cells. IgH(a/b) mice carrying the superantigen had a ∼50% loss in follicular B cell numbers, suggesting that escape from central tolerance by receptor editing from one IgH allele to another was not a major mechanism. IgM(b) superantigen hosts reconstituted with experimental bone marrow were demonstrated to be useful in revealing pathways involved in central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Hoa Duong
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Kuraoka M, McWilliams L, Kelsoe G. AID expression during B-cell development: searching for answers. Immunol Res 2011; 49:3-13. [PMID: 21136202 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) by germinal center (GC) B cells drives the processes of immunoglobulin (Ig) somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) necessary for the generation of high affinity IgG serum antibody and the memory B-cell compartment. Increasing evidence indicates that AID is also expressed at low levels in developing B cells but to date, this early, developmentally regulated AID expression has no known function. Does the timing and extent of AID expression in developmentally immature, non-GC B cells provide clues to reveal its physiologic role?
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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48
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Neutralizing antibodies against AAV serotypes 1, 2, 6, and 9 in sera of commonly used animal models. Mol Ther 2011; 20:73-83. [PMID: 21915102 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are promising gene delivery vehicles for human gene transfer. One significant obstacle to AAV-based gene therapy is the high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in humans. Until now, it was thought that, except for nonhuman primates, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies are not a problem in small or large animal models for gene therapy. Here, we demonstrate that sera of several animal models of cardiovascular diseases harbor pre-existing antibodies against the cardiotropic AAV serotypes AAV1, AAV6, and AAV9 and against AAV2. The neutralizing antibody titers vary widely both between species and between serotypes. Of all species tested, rats displayed the lowest levels of neutralizing antibodies. Surprisingly, naive mice obtained directly from commercial vendors harbored neutralizing antibodies. Of the large animal models tested, the neutralization of AAV6 transduction by dog sera was especially pronounced. Sera of sheep and rabbits showed modest neutralization of AAV transduction whereas porcine sera strongly inhibited transduction by all AAV serotypes and displayed the largest variation between individual animals. Importantly, neutralizing antibody titers as low as 1/4 completely prevented in vivo transduction by AAV9 in rats. Our results suggest that prescreening of animals for neutralizing antibodies will be important for future gene transfer experiments in these animal models.
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Allenspach K. Clinical immunology and immunopathology of the canine and feline intestine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:345-60. [PMID: 21486640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is at the forefront of defense against invading pathogens, but at the same time, it must maintain tolerance toward commensals and food antigens in the intestinal lumen. The interplay between the innate immune response and commensal microorganisms is essential to maintaining this balance. Great progress has been made in identifying some of the genetic predispositions underlying inflammatory bowel disease in certain breeds, such as the German shepherd dog. Several immunologic markers are discussed with respect to their clinical usefulness in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7PT, UK.
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Eliasson DG, Helgeby A, Schön K, Nygren C, El-Bakkouri K, Fiers W, Saelens X, Lövgren KB, Nyström I, Lycke NY. A novel non-toxic combined CTA1-DD and ISCOMS adjuvant vector for effective mucosal immunization against influenza virus. Vaccine 2011; 29:3951-61. [PMID: 21481325 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that by using non-toxic fractions of saponin combined with CTA1-DD we can achieve a safe and above all highly efficacious mucosal adjuvant vector. We optimized the construction, tested the requirements for function and evaluated proof-of-concept in an influenza A virus challenge model. We demonstrated that the CTA1-3M2e-DD/ISCOMS vector provided 100% protection against mortality and greatly reduced morbidity in the mouse model. The immunogenicity of the vector was superior to other vaccine formulations using the ISCOM or CTA1-DD adjuvants alone. The versatility of the vector was best exemplified by the many options to insert, incorporate or admix vaccine antigens with the vector. Furthermore, the CTA1-3M2e-DD/ISCOMS could be kept 1 year at 4°C or as a freeze-dried powder without affecting immunogenicity or adjuvanticity of the vector. Strong serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses were elicited and CD4 T cell responses were greatly enhanced after intranasal administration of the combined vector. Together these findings hold promise for the combined vector as a mucosal vaccine against influenza virus infections including pandemic influenza. The CTA1-DD/ISCOMS technology represents a breakthrough in mucosal vaccine vector design which successfully combines immunomodulation and targeting in a safe and stable particulate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Grdic Eliasson
- MIVAC - Mucosal Immunobiology & Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Göteborg, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
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