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Zhang P, Tan Z, Li C, Han Z, Zhou J, Yin Y. The correlation between serum total bile acid and adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and non-ICP hypercholanemia of pregnancy. Ann Med 2024; 56:2331059. [PMID: 38515230 PMCID: PMC10962286 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2331059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between excessive serum total bile acid (TBA) and adverse perinatal outcomes in individuals with non-intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (non-ICP) hypercholanemia has not been determined, and it is unclear if this link is similar to that observed in patients with ICP. OBJECTIVE To examine the adverse perinatal outcomes in two specific subcategories: those with ICP and those with non-ICP, including individuals with liver disease and asymptomatic hypercholanemia of pregnancy (AHP), at different levels of TBA. Investigate the correlation between TBA levels and adverse perinatal outcomes of ICP, liver disease, and AHP. METHODS From 2013 to 2021, pregnant women with excessive TBA levels were taken from the electronic medical record database of our hospital and categorized into three groups: ICP (n = 160), liver disease (n = 164), and AHP (n = 650). This was done as part of a retrospective cohort research project. Multivariable regression and subgroup analyses were performed to examine the association between TBA levels and adverse perinatal outcomes in each group. RESULTS The study found no significant differences in adverse perinatal outcomes between the ICP and liver disease groups at different TBA levels. However, at moderate TBA levels, both groups had a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes than the AHP group (p < 0.017). Among liver disease cases with TBA ≥ 100µmol/L, three cases of perinatal deaths (6.67%) associated with moderate-to-severe acute hepatitis occurred between 27 and 33 weeks of gestation. A 59% higher chance of perinatal death was found for every 10 µmol/L rise in TBA, even after significant variables and confounders were taken into account (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-2.40; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS If a pregnant woman has moderate-to-severe liver disease and TBA ≥ 100µmol/L, preterm termination of pregnancy (before 34 weeks) may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangmin Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyan Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhu Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Romero-Gutiérrez M, Alonso P, Berenguer M, Olveira A, González-Diéguez ML, Iruzubieta P, Masnou H, Delgado M, Hernández-Guerra M, Lorente S, Lázaro M, Moreno-Planas JM, González C, Fernández-Álvarez P, Cuenca F, Gómez J, García-Villareal L, Rodríguez O, Mariño Z. Reproductive and pregnancy control in Wilson disease patients in Spain. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 36:1340-1345. [PMID: 39166415 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Recommendations on pregnancy, lactation, and contraception in women with Wilson disease are briefly stated in international guidelines but are not entirely homogeneous. Data regarding the management of these special events among patients with Wilson disease in Spain are lacking. We used the Wilson Registry platform of the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver to question patients on their reproductive and gestational lives. METHODS This was a multicentre ambispective study including adult women with Wilson disease in the Spanish Wilson Registry interviewed about their contraception, childbearing, pregnancy, and lactation experiences. Clinical and analytical data were extracted from the registry. RESULTS The study included 92 women from 17 centres in Spain. Most (63%) reported having a previous pregnancy history. The rate of spontaneous miscarriages was 21.6%, mainly occurring in the first trimester and up to one third among undiagnosed patients. Most pregnant women received chelator therapy during pregnancy, but dose reduction was recommended in less than 10%. After delivery, artificial lactation predominated (60.3%) and its use was mainly based on physician's recommendations (68%). Up to 40% of the women included reported some concerns about their reproductive lives, mainly related to the potential drug toxicity to their children. Most of the patients considered the information given by specialists to be sufficient. CONCLUSION Gestational management among women with Wilson disease in Spain was found to be highly heterogeneous and frequently different from what is described in international guidelines. Education on rare liver diseases should be a priority for scientific societies in order to homogenize patient follow-up and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Romero-Gutiérrez
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Toledo
| | - Pablo Alonso
- Universidad Las Palmas Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
| | - Marina Berenguer
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, IISLaFe, Ciberehd, Valencia
| | - Antonio Olveira
- Hospital Universitario La Paz, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Madrid
| | | | - Paula Iruzubieta
- Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Santander
| | - Helena Masnou
- Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Badalona
| | - Manuel Delgado
- Hospital Universitario A Coruña, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, La Coruña
| | - Manuel Hernández-Guerra
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Santa Cruz Tenerife
| | - Sara Lorente
- Hospital Clínico Lozano Blesa de Zaragoza, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, IISS Aragón
| | - María Lázaro
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Zaragoza
| | - José María Moreno-Planas
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Albacete
| | - Concepción González
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Toledo
| | | | - Francisca Cuenca
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Madrid
| | - Judith Gómez
- Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Burgos
| | - Luis García-Villareal
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, IUIBS ULPGC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
| | - Olga Rodríguez
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Toledo
| | - Zoe Mariño
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, ERN-RARE Liver, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Taibl KR, Dunlop AL, Smith MR, Walker DI, Ryan PB, Panuwet P, Corwin EJ, Kannan K, Jones DP, Marsit CJ, Tan Y, Liang D, Eick SM, Barr DB. Association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with the antioxidant bilirubin across pregnancy. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 223:184-192. [PMID: 39097204 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mechanistic and preliminary human studies, prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is associated with oxidative stress, a potential contributor to maternal liver disease. Bilirubin is an endogenous antioxidant abundant in the liver that may serve as a physiological modulator of oxidative stress in pregnant people. Hence, our objective was to estimate the association between repeated measures of PFAS and bilirubin during pregnancy. METHODS The study population included 332 participants in the Atlanta African American Maternal-Child Cohort between 2014 and 2020. Serum samples were collected up to two times (early pregnancy: 6-18 gestational weeks; late pregnancy: 21-36 gestational weeks) for the measurement of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and total bilirubin. We analyzed single PFAS with linear mixed effect regression and a mixture of the four PFAS with quantile g-computation. Models were repeated with a multiplicative interaction term to explore effect modification by study visit. RESULTS Overall, PFHxS was positively associated with bilirubin (β = 0.08, 95 % CI = 0.01, 0.15). We also found during late pregnancy, there was a positive association of PFHxS and the PFAS mixture with bilirubin (β = 0.12, 95 % CI = 0.02, 0.22; ψ = 0.19, 95 % CI = 0.03, 0.34, respectively). Finally, study visit modified the PFOA-bilirubin association (interaction p-value = 0.09), which was greater during early pregnancy (β = 0.08, 95 % CI = 0.01, 0.15). CONCLUSION In a prospective cohort of pregnant African Americans, an increase in PFOA, PFHxS, and the PFAS mixture was associated with an increase in bilirubin. Our results suggest that, depending on pregnancy stage, prenatal PFAS exposure disrupts the maternal liver antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin R Taibl
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne L Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Corwin
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, NY, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youran Tan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Eick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Katiyar H, Yadav S, Singh S, Mishra AK, Pradhan M, Lingaiah R, Goel A. Evaluation of Serum Calprotectin as an Alternative Diagnostic Marker for Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5644. [PMID: 39337132 PMCID: PMC11433286 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13185644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is characterised by unexplained intense pruritus during pregnancy. While serum bile acid (BA) is the standard diagnostic marker for ICP, we explored the potential of serum calprotectin as an alternative diagnostic marker for ICP. Methods: Leftover serum specimens with known serum BA levels, collected from non-pregnant women and pregnant women with an ICP, were used to measure serum calprotectin levels using the Human calprotectin L1/S100-A8/A9 ELISA kit. Results: Serum calprotectin levels were measured in 79 pregnant women with ICP (median [interquartile range] 28 year; serum BA 20 [13.7-35.7] μMol/L; calprotectin159 pg/mL [122.2-212.3]); 43 pregnant women without ICP (age 28 years; serum BA 3.6 [2.1-5.8] μMol/L; calprotectin 146.5 pg/mL [75.8-194.8]), and 59 non-pregnant women (age 28 years; serum BA 3.5 [1.6-5.1 μMol/L; calprotectin 82.4 pg/mL [48.8-137.2]). Compared to non-pregnant women, calprotectin levels were significantly elevated among pregnant women with (p < 0.001) or without ICP (p = 0.01). Calprotectin levels were comparable between pregnant women with and without ICP (p = 0.15). The areas under the ROC curve, to differentiate the presence and absence of ICP, were 0.940 (0.903-0.977; p < 0.001) and 0.681 (0.604-0.759; p < 0.001) for BA and calprotectin, respectively. Conclusions: Serum calprotectin is raised in pregnant women regardless of the presence or absence of ICP and had an inferior diagnostic performance for ICP compared to BA. This information is crucial for understanding the challenges in ICP diagnosis and the limitations of serum calprotectin as an alternative marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Katiyar
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India; (H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- Department of Maternal & Reproductive Health, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India; (S.Y.); (M.P.)
| | - Surender Singh
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India; (H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India; (H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Mandakini Pradhan
- Department of Maternal & Reproductive Health, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India; (S.Y.); (M.P.)
| | - Raghavendra Lingaiah
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India;
| | - Amit Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India; (H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.M.)
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Hobson SR, Cohen ER, Gandhi S, Jain V, Niles KM, Roy-Lacroix MÈ, Wo BL. Guideline No. 452: Diagnosis and Management of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2024; 46:102618. [PMID: 39089469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2024.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the current evidence and to make recommendations for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. TARGET POPULATION Pregnant people with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. OPTIONS Diagnosing the condition using fasting or non-fasting bile acids, classifying disease severity, determining what treatment to offer, establishing how to monitor for antenatal fetal wellbeing, identifying when to perform elective birth. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS Individuals with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy are at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes including preterm birth, neonatal respiratory distress and admission to a neonatal intensive care unit, with an increased risk of stillbirth when bile acid levels are ≥100 μmol/L. There is inequity in bile acid testing availability and timely access to results, along with uncertainly of how to treat, monitor. and ultimately deliver these pregnancies. Optimization of diagnostic and management protocols can improve maternal and fetal postnatal outcomes. EVIDENCE Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 2023, using medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords related to pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, bile acids, pruritis, ursodeoxycholic acid, and stillbirth. This document presents an abstraction of the evidence rather than a methodological review. VALIDATION METHODS The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations). INTENDED AUDIENCE Obstetric care providers, including obstetricians, family physicians, nurses, midwives, maternal-fetal medicine specialists, and radiologists. SOCIAL MEDIA ABSTRACT Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy requires adequate diagnosis with non-fasting bile acid levels which guide optimal management and delivery timing. SUMMARY STATEMENTS RECOMMENDATIONS.
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Dam B. Navigating the Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: An Autobiographical Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e66770. [PMID: 39280363 PMCID: PMC11393478 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a liver condition commonly occurring during pregnancy, with an unclear etiology. This condition not only causes significant discomfort for the mother due to severe itching but also poses serious risks to the fetus. Effective and timely management of ICP, including diagnosis, consistent monitoring, and treatment, is crucial to mitigate maternal discomfort and prevent fetal complications. The challenges in managing ICP include the absence of clear initial diagnostic criteria, delays in lab results, evolving treatment guidelines, and the financial burden of therapy. This case report shares the author's personal encounter with ICP, detailing the diagnosis, treatment pathway, impacts on the newborn, and the emotional journey during and after pregnancy. This report aims to enhance understanding and awareness of ICP, particularly among populations in the United States where the disease is less prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barna Dam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kumudini Women's Medical College, Tangail, BGD
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7
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Hobson SR, Cohen ER, Gandhi S, Jain V, Niles KM, Roy-Lacroix MÈ, Wo BL. Directive clinique n o 452 : Diagnostic et prise en charge de la cholestase intrahépatique de la grossesse. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2024; 46:102619. [PMID: 39089470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2024.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
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8
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Gao Q, Ma Y, Qu X, Zheng X. Risk factors in patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy: the role of abortion, total bilirubin and serum creatinine. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 310:153-159. [PMID: 37910196 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a relatively rare obstetric emergency usually accompanied by fatal complications. Numerous studies have evaluated the potential risk factors for outcomes in patients with AFLP. But rare studies evaluated the predictive ability, sensitivity and specificity of the risk factors for maternal mortality. Thus, in this multicenter research, we aimed to further prove the predictive ability of the MELD model, investigated the prognostic value of history of abortion (HOA), total bilirubin (TBiL) and serum creatinine (SCr) and explored new predictive models for predicting maternal mortality in patients with AFLP. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 133 hospitalised patients with AFLP in four Chinese tertiary hospitals between January 2009 and April 2014. RESULTS The maximal AUC amongst three independent risk factors for maternal death was TBiL with a cut-off point of > 131.9 μmol/L, showing a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 55.9%. The threshold of the RF model for maternal mortality was - 1.629 and the AUC was 0.876, with an 81.8% sensitivity and an 80.2% specificity. The AUC for MELD model to predict maternal death was 0.894, and the best cut-off point was 28 with a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity of 84.7%. CONCLUSIONS Both the MELD model and the RF model showed good efficacy in predicting the maternal mortality in patients with ALFP (AUC = 0.894 and 0.876, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital, NO.56 Nanyuemiao Street, Tongchuan District, Dazhou, 635000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dachuan People's Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangde Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital, NO.56 Nanyuemiao Street, Tongchuan District, Dazhou, 635000, Sichuan, China.
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Kumar SS, Collings AT, Wunker C, Athanasiadis DI, DeLong CG, Hong JS, Ansari MT, Abou-Setta A, Oliver E, Berghella V, Alli V, Hassan I, Hollands C, Sylla P, Slater BJ, Palazzo F. SAGES guidelines for the use of laparoscopy during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 2024; 38:2947-2963. [PMID: 38700549 PMCID: PMC11133165 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-024-10810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When pregnant patients present with nonobstetric pathology, the physicians caring for them may be uncertain about the optimal management strategy. The aim of this guideline is to develop evidence-based recommendations for pregnant patients presenting with common surgical pathologies including appendicitis, biliary disease, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Guidelines Committee convened a working group to address these issues. The group generated five key questions and completed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. An expert panel then met to form evidence-based recommendations according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Expert opinion was utilized when the available evidence was deemed insufficient. RESULTS The expert panel agreed on ten recommendations addressing the management of appendicitis, biliary disease, and IBD during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Conditional recommendations were made in favor of appendectomy over nonoperative treatment of appendicitis, laparoscopic appendectomy over open appendectomy, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy over nonoperative treatment of biliary disease and acute cholecystitis specifically. Based on expert opinion, the panel also suggested either operative or nonoperative treatment of biliary diseases other than acute cholecystitis in the third trimester, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography rather than common bile duct exploration for symptomatic choledocholithiasis, applying the same criteria for emergent surgical intervention in pregnant and non-pregnant IBD patients, utilizing an open rather than minimally invasive approach for pregnant patients requiring emergent surgical treatment of IBD, and managing pregnant patients with active IBD flares in a multidisciplinary fashion at centers with IBD expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay S Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amelia T Collings
- Hiram C. Polk, Jr Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Claire Wunker
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Colin G DeLong
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Julie S Hong
- Department of Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed T Ansari
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abou-Setta
- Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Emily Oliver
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Berghella
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vamsi Alli
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Imran Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Mercy Medical Center Cedar Rapids, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA
| | - Celeste Hollands
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Patricia Sylla
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bethany J Slater
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francesco Palazzo
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Thomas Jefferson University, 1100 Walnut Street, Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Abdelhamed W, El-Kassas M. Rare liver diseases in Egypt: Clinical and epidemiological characterization. Arab J Gastroenterol 2024; 25:75-83. [PMID: 38228442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Illnesses that afflict a tiny number of individuals are referred to as rare diseases (RDs), sometimes called orphan diseases. The local healthcare systems are constantly under financial, psychological, and medical strain due to low incidence rates, unusual presentations, flawed diagnostic standards, and a lack of treatment alternatives for these RDs. The effective management of the once widely spread viral hepatitis B and C has altered the spectrum of liver diseases in Egypt during the last several years. The detection of uncommon disorders such as autoimmune, cholestatic, and hereditary liver diseases has also been made easier by the increasing knowledge and greater accessibility of specific laboratory testing. Finally, despite Egypt's large population, there are more uncommon liver disorders than previously thought. This review article discusses the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a few uncommon liver disorders and the information currently accessible concerning these illnesses in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Abdelhamed
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Kassas
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
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11
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Alexander V, Benjamin SJ, Subramani K, Sathyendra S, Goel A. Acute liver failure in pregnancy. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024; 43:325-337. [PMID: 38691240 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Liver function abnormalities are noted in a minority of pregnancies with multiple causes for the same. A small proportion of these develop severe liver injury and progress to acute liver failure (ALF). There is a discrete set of etiology for ALF in pregnancy and comprehensive understanding will help in urgent evaluation. Certain diseases such as acute fatty liver of pregnancy, hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme, low platelet (HELLP) syndrome and pre-eclampsia are secondary to pregnant state and can present as ALF. Quick and targeted evaluation with urgent institution of etiology-specific management, especially urgent delivery in patients with pregnancy-associated liver diseases, is the key to avoiding maternal deaths. Pregnancy, as also the fetal life, imparts a further layer of complication in assessment, prognosis and management of these sick patients with ALF. Optimal management often requires a multidisciplinary approach in a well-equipped centre. In this review, we discuss evaluation, assessment and management of pregnant patients with ALF, focussing on approach to pregnancy-associated liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Alexander
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, India
| | - Santosh J Benjamin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, India
| | - Kandasamy Subramani
- Division of Critical Care, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, India
| | - Sowmya Sathyendra
- Department of Obstetric Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, India
| | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, India.
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Tan Z, Zhang P, Zhou J, Li C, Xu C, Yin Y. Outcomes of pregnancies complicated by cirrhosis: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:179. [PMID: 38454374 PMCID: PMC10918869 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pregnancy complicated by liver cirrhosis is rare, women with cirrhosis experience increased adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate pregnancy outcomes in women with liver cirrhosis and develop a predictive model using maternal factors for preterm birth in such pregnancies. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on pregnancy outcomes of a cirrhosis group (n = 43) and a non-cirrhosis group (n = 172) in a university hospital between 2010 and 2022. Logistic regression evaluated pregnancy outcomes, and a forward stepwise logistic regression model was designed to predict preterm birth in pregnant women with cirrhosis. The model's predictive performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). RESULTS The incidence of cirrhosis during pregnancy was 0.06% (50/81,554). Pregnant women with cirrhosis faced increased risks of cesarean section, preterm birth, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, thrombocytopenia, and postpartum hemorrhage. In pregnant women with cirrhosis, preterm birth risk significantly increased at an incidence rate of 46.51% (20/43). According to the prediction model, the key predictors of preterm birth in pregnant women with cirrhosis were intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and total bilirubin. The model demonstrated accurate prediction, with an AUC of 0.847, yielding a model accuracy of 81.4%. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women with cirrhosis face a heightened risk of adverse obstetric outcomes, particularly an increased incidence of preterm birth. The preliminary evidence shows that the regression model established in our study can use the identified key predictors to predict preterm birth in pregnant women with cirrhosis, with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangmin Tan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Peizhen Zhang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chuo Li
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chengfang Xu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Yuzhu Yin
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Myszkowski S, Ayuk PTY. Intra-hepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Management challenges. Case Rep Womens Health 2024; 41:e00576. [PMID: 38616966 PMCID: PMC11009878 DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2023.e00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Myszkowski
- Department of Obstetrics, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T.-Y. Ayuk
- Department of Obstetrics, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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14
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Fang ME, Peoples NA, Goulding AN, Tolcher MC. Hepatic encephalopathy precipitated by preeclampsia in the setting of cirrhosis: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health 2024; 41:e00587. [PMID: 38515998 PMCID: PMC10955193 DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2024.e00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia and decompensated chronic liver disease are known triggers of acute hepatic dysfunction in pregnancy, rarely including hepatic encephalopathy. Differentiating the driver of acute hepatic dysfunction in patients with concomitant preeclampsia and preexisting liver disease presents a diagnostic challenge with important management implications. A 42-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 0201, at 24 1/7 weeks of gestation presented with hepatic encephalopathy, transaminitis, and hyperbilirubinemia in the setting of cirrhosis and severe new-onset preeclampsia. The preeclampsia was thought to be the leading etiology of hepatic encephalopathy, prompting emergent Cesarean delivery at 24 2/7 weeks. Hepatic encephalopathy, blood pressure, and laboratory derangements improved promptly post-delivery. Preeclampsia can trigger acute hepatic dysfunction, including hepatic encephalopathy, in the setting of previously compensated preexisting liver disease. Recognizing this association has important implications for management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Fang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | | | - Alison N. Goulding
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Tolcher
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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15
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Murali A, Jose R, Giliyar S. Acute liver injury in pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e257138. [PMID: 38383125 PMCID: PMC10882453 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-257138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A woman in her fifth month of pregnancy presented to the outpatient department with vomiting, generalised itching and yellowish discolouration of the skin for 1 week. No history of rashes, fever, pain abdomen or altered stools. In view of four pregnancy losses previously, she was evaluated to have antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and was advised low molecular weight heparin. She was a known type-II diabetic on insulin. Prophylactic oral dydrogesterone and natural micronised progesterone were started at a local hospital 2 months prior, in view of threatened abortion. Investigations revealed grossly elevated serum bilirubin and liver enzymes. Other blood investigations were unremarkable and abdominal ultrasonography was normal. The most likely diagnosis in this case, is drug-induced liver injury due to oral progestin consumption. Causality assessment by Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Model was used to establish the diagnosis. High doses of progestin over a prolonged period resulted in acute hepatic toxicity causing itching, jaundice and transaminitis. Cautious use of progestins in appropriate dosage is recommended during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Murali
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Riyamol Jose
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shobha Giliyar
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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16
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Patidar R, Gowdra Revannasiddappa K, Ghazanfer M. Key Components of Successful Management of Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e53911. [PMID: 38465073 PMCID: PMC10925068 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare, potentially fatal obstetric emergency. Due to its nonspecific signs and symptoms, there is often a delay in diagnosis and management which is associated with morbid complications and high mortality. We report a case of a 30-year-old female gravida 3 para 2 at 32 weeks gestation who presented with nausea and vomiting for two weeks, pruritis for three days, and upper abdomen pain for a day. A clinical diagnosis of HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome/obstetric cholestasis/AFLP was made. Despite prompt management, her postpartum period was complicated by acute hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal shutdown, pancreatitis, coagulopathy, postpartum hemorrhage, and large abdominal wall hematoma. A high index of suspicion, prompt delivery, advanced critical support, and multidisciplinary team involvement led to successful fetomaternal outcomes in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Patidar
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zulekha Hospital, Dubai, ARE
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17
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Bestman PL, Nget M, Kolleh EM, Moeng E, Brhane T, Fang JQ, Luo J. A comparative analysis of Postpartum Hemorrhage incidence and influencing factors between nulliparous and multiparous women in Hunan Province, China: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Prev Med Rep 2024; 38:102580. [PMID: 38375184 PMCID: PMC10874836 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a common cause of maternal death worldwide, but data on PPH incidence and influencing factors for nulliparous and multiparous women is scarce. So, the study aimed to assess the differences in PPH incidence and influencing factors between nulliparous and multiparous women. Methods A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted among women who gave birth at ≥ 28 weeks of gestation in Hunan Province, China, from January 2017 to December 2018. Logistic regression assessed PPH-influencing factors, and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) assessed the predictive performance of identified factors. Results A total of 144,845 postpartum women were included in the study. The incidence of PPH (blood loss ≥ 500 ml) was 2.1 % and 1.7 % for nulliparous and multiparous women, respectively. Among the nulliparous and multiparous women, similar influencing factors of PPH included erythrocyte suspension transfusion before childbirth, anemia, soft-birth canal avulsion, Cesarean-section, placenta abruption, and general anesthesia administration before birth. Thrombophlebitis was associated [aOR 18.46(1.67-20.31)] with PPH among only the nulliparous women, while instrument-assisted birth [aOR 1.95(1.16-3.28)] and gestational hypertension [aOR 1.57(1.13-2.19)] were associated with PPH among only the multiparous women. The areas under the ROC-curve for the overall-cohort, nulliparous, and multiparous groups were [0.829(0.821-0.838)], [0.828(0.815-0.840)] and [0.833(0.822-0.844)], respectively. Conclusion PPH incidence is higher among nulliparous women than among multiparous women, but influencing factors vary relatively by parity. The study findings provide new insights into the use of different approaches to PPH prevention for nulliparous and multiparous women in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince L. Bestman
- Department of Maternal and Children Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Musa Nget
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Edwina M. Kolleh
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Eva Moeng
- Department of Maternal and Children Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tesfit Brhane
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun qun Fang
- Department of Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Department of Maternal and Children Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
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18
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Lee JD, Gounko D, Lee JA, Mukherjee T, Kushner T. Assisted Reproductive Technology Treatment Outcomes in Women With Liver Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:2184-2190. [PMID: 36940434 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a need for evidence-based counseling for women with chronic liver disease (LD) who may experience impaired fertility. Currently, the literature on assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment in women with LD has been limited to a single European case series. We evaluated ART treatment outcomes in patients with LD and compared with controls. METHODS The retrospective study evaluated women with and without LD who had normal ovarian reserve and underwent ART treatment in a high-volume fertility practice from 2002 to 2021. RESULTS We identified 295 women with LD (mean age 37.8 ± 5.2 years) who underwent 1,033 ART treatment cycles; of these women, 115 underwent 186 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Six women (2.0%) had cirrhosis, 8 (2.7%) were postliver transplantation, and 281 (95.3%) had chronic LD, with viral hepatitis (B and C) being the most prevalent. In the subgroup who underwent IVF and embryo biopsy, the median fibrosis-4 score was 0.81 (0.58-1.03), and there were no statistically significant differences in response to controlled ovarian stimulation, embryo fertilization rate, or ploidy outcome in patients with LD compared with controls. In those who subsequently underwent a single thawed euploid embryo transfer to achieve pregnancy, there were no statistically significant differences in rates of clinical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy loss, or live birth in patients with LD compared with controls. DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, this study is the largest to date to evaluate IVF efficacy in women with LD. Our study demonstrates that patients with LD have similar ART treatment outcomes compared with those without LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
| | - Dmitry Gounko
- Reproductive Medicine Associates of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph A Lee
- Reproductive Medicine Associates of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Reproductive Medicine Associates of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tatyana Kushner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Liver Diseases, ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
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Kaviani R, Chahal D, Chung MH, Yoshida EM. Prolonged and Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. ACG Case Rep J 2023; 10:e01182. [PMID: 38025842 PMCID: PMC10651348 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is one of the most common disorders of pregnancy, which typically resolves in the postpartum period. Intrahepatic cholestasis is characterized by elevated bile acid levels that present as pruritus. The maternal clinical significance of recurrent and prolonged cholestasis is unknown. We discuss the longest reported case of postpartum cholestasis of 125 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojin Kaviani
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daljeet Chahal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Liver Transplant, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michelle Ho Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric M. Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Liver Transplant, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Li X, Xie H, Chao JJ, Jia YH, Zuo J, An YP, Bao YR, Jiang X, Ying H. Profiles and integration of the gut microbiome and fecal metabolites in severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:282. [PMID: 37784030 PMCID: PMC10546765 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) remains unknown. The gut microbiome and its metabolites play important roles in bile acid metabolism, and previous studies have indicated the association of the gut microbiome with ICP. METHODS We recruited a cohort of 5100 participants, and 20 participants were enrolled in the severe ICP group, matched with 20 participants in the mild ICP group and 20 controls. 16S rRNA sequencing and nontargeting metabolomics were adapted to explore the gut microbiome and fecal metabolites. RESULTS An increase in richness and a dramatic deviation in composition were found in the gut microbiome in ICP. Decreased Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes abundances and increased Proteobacteria abundances were found in women with severe but not mild ICP compared to healthy pregnant women. Escherichia-Shigella and Lachnoclostridium abundances increased, whereas Ruminococcaceae abundance decreased in ICP group, especially in severe ICP group. The fecal metabolite composition and diversity presented typical variation in severe ICP. A significant increase in bile acid, formate and succinate levels and a decrease in butyrate and hypoxanthine levels were found in women with severe ICP. The MIMOSA model indicated that genera Ruminococcus gnavus group, Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group, and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group contributed significantly to the metabolism of hypoxanthine, which was significantly depleted in subjects with severe ICP. Genus Acinetobacter contributed significantly to formate metabolism, which was significantly enriched in subjects with severe ICP. CONCLUSIONS Women with severe but not mild ICP harbored a unique gut microbiome and fecal metabolites compared to healthy controls. Based on these profiles, we hypothesized that the gut microbiome was involved in bile acid metabolism through metabolites, affecting ICP pathogenesis and development, especially severe ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 2699, West Gaoke Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 2699, West Gaoke Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jing Chao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 2699, West Gaoke Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Hui Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jia Zuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 2699, West Gaoke Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Peng An
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yi-Rong Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 2699, West Gaoke Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 2699, West Gaoke Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Hao Ying
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 2699, West Gaoke Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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Mitta K, Tsakiridis I, Dagklis T, Michos G, Zachomitros F, Mamopoulos A, Zavlanos A, Athanasiadis A. Selective feticide reverses intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in twins discordant for growth: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health 2023; 39:e00529. [PMID: 37534193 PMCID: PMC10393552 DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2023.e00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Twin gestations are associated with an increased risk of intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy (ICP), probably attributed to the elevated pregnancy hormones. We report a case of a dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy, at the third trimester, complicated with ICP and severe, selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR). A 32-year-old primiparous woman with a dichorionic, diamniotic twin gestation conceived via in vitro fertilization (IVF) presented with pruritus at the maternity care unit at 26+4 weeks of pregnancy. Following a detailed assessment, she was diagnosed with severe sFGR and ICP. During her hospitalization, selective feticide of the FGR fetus was decided and a remarkable improvement in the symptoms and the laboratory findings of ICP was noticed. The incidence of ICP is reported to be higher in twin pregnancies, especially those conceived via IVF, compared with singletons. The optimal timing of delivery and management of twin pregnancies complicated with ICP remain unclear. In our case, selective reduction of the FGR fetus led to the resolution of ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Tsakiridis
- Corresponding author at: Konstantinoupoleos 49, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Williamson C, Nana M, Poon L, Kupcinskas L, Painter R, Taliani G, Heneghan M, Marschall HU, Beuers U. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of liver diseases in pregnancy. J Hepatol 2023; 79:768-828. [PMID: 37394016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases in pregnancy comprise both gestational liver disorders and acute and chronic hepatic disorders occurring coincidentally in pregnancy. Whether related to pregnancy or pre-existing, liver diseases in pregnancy are associated with a significant risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Thus, the European Association for the Study of Liver Disease invited a panel of experts to develop clinical practice guidelines aimed at providing recommendations, based on the best available evidence, for the management of liver disease in pregnancy for hepatologists, gastroenterologists, obstetric physicians, general physicians, obstetricians, specialists in training and other healthcare professionals who provide care for this patient population.
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Moirano J, Khoury J, Yeisley C, Noor A, Voutsinas N. Interventional Radiology and Pregnancy: From Conception through Delivery and Beyond. Radiographics 2023; 43:e230029. [PMID: 37440450 DOI: 10.1148/rg.230029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Interventional radiology (IR) plays a unique and often invaluable role in the care of pregnant patients. Special considerations regarding radiation exposure and medication choice must be taken into account when evaluating a pregnant patient for an interventional procedure. In addition, the physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy can pose special challenges for an interventionalist when treating this patient population and should be appropriately recognized. Still, the majority of standard IR procedures can be safely performed in the pregnant population, often with additional precautions and proper patient education about the risks, benefits, and alternatives. In many cases, interventional radiologists can provide lifesaving and fertility-preserving alternatives to more invasive surgical intervention. The authors summarize radiation exposure effects and guidelines and medication choice during pregnancy. The physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy are discussed, with specific interest in the pathologic consequences that can be treated with IR. The authors also describe a wide variety of minimally invasive image-guided procedures offered by IR in pregnant, peripartum, or postpartum patients. The areas where IR can help in the treatment of pregnant patients include venous access, biopsies, genitourinary and biliary interventions, venous thromboembolism treatments, ectopic pregnancy management, aneurysm intervention, and management of trauma patients. IR is also involved in management during the peripartum or postpartum periods, with roles in treatment of invasive placenta spectrum, postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery, and postcesarean delivery complications. ©RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. Quiz questions for this article are available through the Online Learning Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Moirano
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 300 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 (J.M.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY (J.K., C.Y.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (A.N.); and Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn (N.V.)
| | - Joe Khoury
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 300 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 (J.M.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY (J.K., C.Y.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (A.N.); and Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn (N.V.)
| | - Christopher Yeisley
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 300 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 (J.M.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY (J.K., C.Y.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (A.N.); and Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn (N.V.)
| | - Amir Noor
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 300 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 (J.M.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY (J.K., C.Y.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (A.N.); and Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn (N.V.)
| | - Nicholas Voutsinas
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 300 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 (J.M.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY (J.K., C.Y.); Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (A.N.); and Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn (N.V.)
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Sinha S, Yadav J, Pradhan T. A Case Report on Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy: A Difficult Differential Diagnosis of Liver Disorder. Cureus 2023; 15:e42733. [PMID: 37654930 PMCID: PMC10467326 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare but potentially dangerous pregnancy condition with significant maternal and fetal fatality rates. The disorder is driven by a complex pathophysiology and clinically manifests as a rapid worsening in health conditions, increasing the rate of mortality and necessitating expert diagnosis and management. The condition progresses from spontaneous resolution to post-operative complications, resulting in negative consequences. We offer a case report of a young primigravida patient diagnosed with acute fatty liver of pregnancy at term. The report describes the clinical course and its effect. The perinatal result, however, could not be improved due to the late diagnosis. Over the last 40 years, death rates have been dramatically lowered because of competence and a multidisciplinary approach, increasing maternal-fetal outcomes. In this scenario, time management is crucial to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangni Sinha
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, IND
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, BP Koirala Institute of Medical Sciences, Dharan, NPL
| | - Jyotsna Yadav
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, BP Koirala Institute of Medical Sciences, Dharan, NPL
| | - Tarun Pradhan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Dharan, NPL
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Granese R, Calagna G, Alibrandi A, Martinelli C, Romeo P, Filomia R, Ferraro MI, Piccione E, Ercoli A, Saitta C. Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4407. [PMID: 37445442 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of our study were to evaluate the maternal and fetal outcomes of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). In this observational, retrospective case-control study, we included all pregnant women who gave birth with a diagnosis of ICP between January 2010 and December 2020 at the Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Messina. The data were compared with those from a control group of pregnant women who did not have ICP. One hundred twenty-nine and eighty-five patients were included, respectively, in the study and in the control group. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of hypothyroidism, thrombophilia, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, postpartum hemorrhage, and preterm delivery, which were more frequent in the ICP patients. No neonatal adverse events were recorded, although a significant difference in the meconium-stained amniotic fluid condition was noted. After a 24-month follow-up, 48/129 patients with ICP accepted to be reassessed by liver ultrasound, elastographic examination, and liver function blood tests. No patient showed signs of chronic liver disease. This study confirmed a higher probability of adverse short-term maternal outcomes in ICP pregnant patients, but a lower probability of adverse short-term fetal outcomes and the absence of a long-term maternal risk of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Granese
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Gloria Calagna
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Villa Sofia Cervello" Hospital, University of Palermo, Via Trabucco 180, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Department of Economics, Unit of Statistical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Messina, Via dei Verdi, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Canio Martinelli
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Romeo
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Filomia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Piccione
- Family Counseling, ASP Messina, Via Trento 8, Brolo, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Ercoli
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Saitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
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S. S S, Bako A, Yaqoub SA, Din FM. A case report of a pregnant woman with compensated liver cirrhosis and pancytopenia. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7500. [PMID: 37323253 PMCID: PMC10264935 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Liver cirrhosis may worsen during pregnancy resulting in adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Proper antenatal evaluation, staging, and variceal screening will facilitate the management. Elective endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) during the second trimester can prevent unexpected variceal bleeding. A multidisciplinary approach including the planning of delivery and shared decision-making is recommended for favorable pregnancy outcomes. Abstract Pregnancy in women with liver cirrhosis is relatively uncommon. During pregnancy, liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension may worsen significantly, placing both the mother and fetus at an increased risk of serious morbidity and life-threatening events. With the use of a wide variety of diagnostic tools and considerably improved treatment strategies, many women with liver disease in pregnancies are being diagnosed with significantly improved obstetric outcomes. We present a case of a 33-year-old lady with a previous medical history of cryptogenic chronic liver disease and schistosomiasis associated with periportal fibrosis, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia. The mother presented to our tertiary care center at 18 weeks of gestation. She had EVL twice during the second trimester. With multidisciplinary care and follow-up, she labored spontaneously and was discharged home on third postnatal day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenisha S. S
- Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyWomen's Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | - Abdulmalik Bako
- Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyWomen's Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | - Salwa Abo Yaqoub
- Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyWomen's Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | - Feazlin Mohd Din
- Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyWomen's Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
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Kumari S, Lamichhane R, Karki P, Adhikari P. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy complicated by coagulopathy: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7283. [PMID: 37151940 PMCID: PMC10160430 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message We present the case of a rare obstetric emergency, which is usually fatal. Our case highlights suspicion of AFLP in patients presenting with jaundice in the third trimester with good maternal and fetal outcomes after a timely intervention. Abstract Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare, obstetric emergency characterized by maternal liver dysfunction that can lead to maternal and fetal complications. We report a case of 28-year-old primigravida 39 weeks gestation diagnosed with AFLP complicated by coagulopathy with good maternal and fetal outcomes after a timely intervention.
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Li L, Huang D, Xu J, Li M, Zhao J, Shi Q, Guo Q. The assessment in patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) treated with plasma exchange: a cohort study of 298 patients. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:171. [PMID: 36915067 PMCID: PMC10012504 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics of Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) patients, and outcomes of AFLP patients treated with plasma exchange (PE). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the AFLP patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University and Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University from January 2012 to May 2022. Final prediction model for death among AFLP by means of stepwise backward elimination with p value < 0.05. Patients treated with and without PE were compared by propensity-matched cohort study. RESULTS Two hundred ninety eight patients with the diagnosis of AFLP, and finally 290 patients were enrolled in the cohort study, 50 of whom (17.2%) were dead. Compared with AFLP patients alive, the dead of patients were more likely to be combined encephalopathy (p < 0.01), postpartum hemorrhage (p < 0.01), and found significantly higher frequency of fetal distress (p = 0.04), fetal death (p < 0.01). we developed a predicted probability value and with an area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of 0.94 (95%CI 0.87 to 1.00), indicating AFLP patients' death. The patients treated with PE had a significantly lower 60-day mortality rate (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.29 to 2.64, p = 0.04), and significantly shorter duration of hospital-free days at day 28 (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study indicated that liver function were risk factors for maternal mortality, and PE was a protective factor for maternal 60-day mortality and hospital-free days at day 28 in AFLP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Dengchao Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miaojing Li
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qindong Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinyue Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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29
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The Spectrum of Hepatic Critical Care During Pregnancy: A Clinical Review. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2023; 66:176-185. [PMID: 36657053 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic disease during pregnancy can result in the development of critical illness requiring special attention from a multidisciplinary team with a low threshold for tertiary care transfer to provide access to liver transplantation. Management of this population requires taking into consideration the benefit and risks of both mother and fetus. A myriad of diseases has been recognized, some being unique to pregnancy while others are common to the general population. We present a review of the literature on the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of these diseases to aid in the optimization of care in this special population.
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Sundaram KM, Morgan MA, Depetris J, Arif-Tiwari H. Imaging of benign gallbladder and biliary pathologies in pregnancy. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:1921-1932. [PMID: 36790454 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-03832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The rising incidence combined with pregnancy-related physiological changes make gallbladder and biliary pathology high on the differential for pregnant patients presenting with right upper abdominal pain. Imaging plays a crucial role in determining surgical versus non-surgical management in pregnant patients with biliary or gallbladder pathology. Ultrasound (first-line) and magnetic resonance with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (second-line) are the imaging techniques of choice in pregnant patients with suspected biliary pathology due to their lack of ionizing radiation. MRI/MRCP offers an excellent non-invasive imaging option, providing detailed anatomical detail without known harmful fetal side effects. This article reviews physiological changes in pregnancy that lead to gallstone and biliary pathology, key imaging findings on US and MRI/MRCP, and management pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik M Sundaram
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, 1 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Matthew A Morgan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, 1 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jena Depetris
- Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hina Arif-Tiwari
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona-Tuscon, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tuscon, AZ, USA
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31
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Birru Talabi M, Callegari LS, Kazmerski TM, Krishnamurti T, Mosley EA, Borrero S. A blueprint for a new model of sexual and reproductive health care in subspecialty medicine. Health Serv Res 2023; 58:216-222. [PMID: 36151999 PMCID: PMC9836962 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehret Birru Talabi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Center for Innovative Research on Gender Health EquityUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lisa S. Callegari
- Center for Innovative Research on Gender Health EquityUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Health Services Research and DevelopmentVA Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Traci M. Kazmerski
- Center for Innovative Research on Gender Health EquityUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tamar Krishnamurti
- Center for Innovative Research on Gender Health EquityUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of General Internal MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Mosley
- Center for Innovative Research on Gender Health EquityUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of General Internal MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sonya Borrero
- Center for Innovative Research on Gender Health EquityUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of General Internal MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Center for Health Research and PromotionVA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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32
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Karim G, Giri D, Kushner T, Reau N. Evaluation of Liver Disease in Pregnancy. Clin Liver Dis 2023; 27:133-155. [PMID: 36400462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease in pregnancy often requires diagnostic and therapeutic considerations that are unique to pregnancy. Liver disease in pregnancy is commonly thought of as either liver disease unique to pregnancy, chronic liver disease, or liver disease coincidental to pregnancy. This review summarizes the approach to evaluation of liver disease in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gres Karim
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 350 East 17th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Dewan Giri
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 350 East 17th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Tatyana Kushner
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1123, New York, NY 10023, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1123, New York, NY 10023, USA.
| | - Nancy Reau
- Division of Hepatology, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street
- Suite 319, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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33
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Baltaji S, Noronha SF, Patel S, Kaura A. Obstetric Emergencies. Crit Care Nurs Q 2023; 46:66-81. [PMID: 36415068 DOI: 10.1097/cnq.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human gestation and birthing result in many deviations from usual physiology that are nonetheless normal to be seen. However, on occasion, certain complications in the obstetric patient can be life-threatening to both mother and fetus. Timely recognition of these disorders and allocation of the appropriate resources are especially important. These conditions often require an intensive care unit admission for closer monitoring and supportive care. They can affect an array of physiological systems and can lead to significant morbidity. Such complications are discussed in greater detail in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Baltaji
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Drs Baltaji and Patel); and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West Penn Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Drs Noronha and Kaura)
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Distribution of endotoxin in maternal and fetal body with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and its association with adverse fetal outcome. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:920. [PMID: 36482374 PMCID: PMC9733156 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is a pregnancy-specific liver disease. In this study, we sought to explore the distribution of lipopolysaccharide in the maternal body, and its effect on the fetal body in the intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy mice. It provides a new sight for the clinical treatment of women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. METHODS The serum levels of lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide binding protein in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy were analyzed. To assess the association between lipopolysaccharide levels and adverse fetal outcomes, ursodeoxycholic acid, resveratrol, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor were employed in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy mice, and we studied the fluorescence intensity and distribution of lipopolysaccharide in mice with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. RESULTS Our data indicated significantly elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide binding protein in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. In vivo fluorescence imaging revealed that the intensity of lipopolysaccharide in mice with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy was higher than that in the control group, and decreased after ursodeoxycholic and resveratrol treatment. The fluorescence intensity analysis indicated that lipopolysaccharide levels in maternal liver, placenta, fetal brain and fetal liver were significantly higher in the intrahepatic cholestasis pregnancy mice group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study provided evidence of endotoxin distribution in maternal liver, placenta, fetal liver and fetal brain in mice with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Ursodeoxycholic acid and resveratrol treatment effectively reduced lipopolysaccharide levels in pregnant mice with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
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Tulek F, Kahraman A, Polat KY. Outcomes of Pregnancies in Liver Transplant Recipients: Experience of a Single Center in Turkey. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2022; 25:828-834. [PMID: 37543910 PMCID: PMC10685838 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2022.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation is the ultimate treatment for end-stage liver failure. As organ donation systems improve, more reproductive-age women are expected to undergo liver transplantation. Current studies indicate increased risk of some perinatal and maternal complications; however, the available data is still scarce. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancies in liver transplant recipients. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated liver transplantations performed between 2011 and 2020 in a tertiary center. Perinatal, maternal, fetal outcomes and transplant status were assessed among pregnancies conceived after liver transplantation. RESULTS Among 1137 patients, 82 (7.2%) were reproductive-age females. Ten pregnancies in nine patients were identified after liver transplantation. The mean age of patients was 29.3±6.1 at transplantation, and 32.5±5.4 at conception. The mean interval between conception and transplantation was 30.3±11.7 months. There were eight live births (80%), one miscarriage (10%) and one termination (10%). Three patients delivered<37th gestational week (37.5%). The median gestational age at birth was 38.5 (IQR: 5.21) weeks. The mean birth weight of infants was 2669.3±831 g. Two patients were diagnosed with preeclampsia (25%) and acute graft rejection episode was observed in one patient (10%) during pregnancy. CONCLUSION Although the incidence of some perinatal complications, such as hypertensive disorders and preterm delivery, is increased in liver transplant recipients, pregnancy after liver transplantation appears to have favorable outcomes for the mother, fetus and transplant with close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firat Tulek
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Atasehir Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Kahraman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kamil Yalçın Polat
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation Center, Memorial Atasehir Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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36
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Pompili M, Ardito F, Brunetti E, Cabibbo G, Calliada F, Cillo U, de Sio I, Golfieri R, Grova M, Gruttadauria S, Guido M, Iavarone M, Manciulli T, Pagano D, Pettinari I, Santopaolo F, Soresi M, Colli A. Benign liver lesions 2022: Guideline for clinical practice of Associazione Italiana Studio del Fegato (AISF), Società Italiana di Radiologia Medica e Interventistica (SIRM), Società Italiana di Chirurgia (SIC), Società Italiana di Ultrasonologia in Medicina e Biologia (SIUMB), Associazione Italiana di Chirurgia Epatobilio-Pancreatica (AICEP), Società Italiana Trapianti d'Organo (SITO), Società Italiana di Anatomia Patologica e Citologia Diagnostica (SIAPEC-IAP) - Part II - Solid lesions. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:1614-1622. [PMID: 36089523 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Benign liver lesions are increasingly diagnosed in daily clinical practice due to the growing use of imaging techniques for the study of the abdomen in patients who have non-specific symptoms and do not have an increased risk of hepatic malignancy. They include simple or parasitic hepatic cysts and solid benign tumors which differ widely in terms of prevalence, clinical relevance, symptoms and natural history and often lead to significant clinical problems relating to diagnosis and clinical management. Following the need to have updated guidelines on the management of benign focal liver lesions, the Scientific Societies mainly involved in their management have promoted the drafting of a new dedicated document. This document was drawn up according to the present Italian rules and methodologies necessary to produce clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic guidelines based on evidence. Here we present the second part of the guideline, concerning the diagnosis and clinical management of hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hepatocellular adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pompili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, "Agostino Gemelli", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, Roma 00168, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ardito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, "Agostino Gemelli", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Chirurgiche, Diagnostiche e Pediatriche, Università di Pavia. Unità di Malattie Infettive e Immunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cabibbo
- Sezione di Gastroenterologia e Epatologia, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROMISE) Università di Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Calliada
- Dipartimento di Radiologia, Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo IRCCS, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Chirurgia Epatobiliare e Trapianto di Fegato, Ospedale Universitario di Padova, Italy
| | - Ilario de Sio
- Epatogastroenterologia, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rita Golfieri
- Dipartimento di Radiologia, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Grova
- Sezione di Gastroenterologia e Epatologia, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROMISE) Università di Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gruttadauria
- Dipartimento per la cura e lo studio delle Patologie Addominali e dei Trapianti Addominali, Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, IRCCS-ISMETT-UPMCI, Palermo, Università di Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Guido
- Dipartimento di Anatomia Patologica, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina - DIMED, Università di Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Iavarone
- Divisione di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica - Università degli Studi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Duilio Pagano
- Dipartimento per la cura e lo studio delle Patologie Addominali e dei Trapianti Addominali, IRCCS-ISMETT-UPMC, Palermo, Italy
| | - Irene Pettinari
- Dipartimento di Radiologia, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, "Agostino Gemelli", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Medicina Interna, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROMISE) Università di Palermo, Italy
| | - Agostino Colli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Trasfusionale ed Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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Kushner T, Park C, Masand D, Rosenbluth E, Carroll C, Grace M, Rodriguez-Rivas C, De La Cruz H, Overbey J, Sperling R. Prevalence of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in pregnancy: A cross-sectional labor and delivery-based assessment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30408. [PMID: 36221350 PMCID: PMC9542988 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since liver tests are not routinely checked in pregnancy, the prevalence of abnormal liver tests and liver-related abnormalities in pregnancy in a US-based population is not known. We sought to determine the prevalence of abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) among pregnant Individuals who present to labor and delivery for evaluation and to evaluate prevalence of underlying diagnosed liver conditions. Prospective study evaluating liver tests in consecutive samples obtained on the labor and delivery unit. Patient characteristics were compared between those with and without abnormal ALT and those with and without abnormal ALT without a liver-related diagnosis made in clinical practice, using t tests for continuous measures and χ2 or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate for categorical measures. Logistic regression was utilized to identify factors associated with abnormal ALT in this subcohort to determine predictors of abnormal ALT in those without a known liver-related diagnosis. We collected 1024 laboratory specimens from 996 patients. Of these patients, 131 of 996 (13.2%) had elevated ALT ≥25 IU/L; 20 (2%) had ALT ≥50, 6 (0.6%) had ALT ≥125 and 3 (0.3%) had ALT ≥250. 61/131 (46.6%) of patients with ALT ≥25 IU/L had not had LTs checked during routine pregnancy care. 20 (15%) of individuals with abnormal LT had preeclampsia; 5 (4%) had cholestasis of pregnancy; 1 (0.8%) had hepatitis C; there were no other chronic liver diseases diagnosed. There were no significant demographic or clinical differences between those with and without ALT ≥25, whether liver disease diagnosis was made or not. We identified an over 10% prevalence of abnormal LTs in consecutive pregnant individuals who presented to L&D, most of whom did not have a liver-related condition diagnosed in clinical practice. Among those with liver-related diagnoses, PE and ICP were the most common among individuals with ALT≥25 IU/mL, with chronic liver disease rarely diagnosed. Further evaluation of the role of ALT testing as part of routine prenatal care is needed, particularly in establishing a baseline prevalence of liver test abnormalities in pregnancy and independent association with pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Kushner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- * Correspondence: Tatyana Kushner, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1123, New York, NY 10029 (e-mail: )
| | - Claire Park
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Dana Masand
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Emma Rosenbluth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Carin Carroll
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Marie Grace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hernis De La Cruz
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Center for Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jessica Overbey
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Center for Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rhoda Sperling
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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38
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Recognizing, Diagnosing, and Managing Pregnancy Dermatoses. Obstet Gynecol 2022; 140:679-695. [PMID: 36075066 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy dermatoses are inflammatory skin disorders that occur during pregnancy or immediately postpartum. This heterogenous group of disorders includes pemphigoid gestationis, polymorphic eruption of pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, atopic eruption of pregnancy, and pustular psoriasis of pregnancy. In this article, we provide a comprehensive literature review of each condition focusing on nomenclature, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, maternal risk, fetal risk, and treatment. We aim to increase awareness and help clinicians recognize, diagnose, and manage these unique conditions.
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Obstetric Disorders and Critical Illness. Clin Chest Med 2022; 43:471-488. [PMID: 36116815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss some of the more common obstetric-related conditions that can lead to critical illness and require management in an ICU. These include the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet syndrome, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, amniotic fluid embolism, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. We also discuss pulmonary embolism and Covid-19. Despite not being specific to obstetric patients, pulmonary embolism is a common, life-threatening diagnosis in pregnancy with particular risks and management aspects. Covid-19 does not seem to occur with higher frequency in pregnant women, but it leads to higher rates of ICU admissions and mechanical ventilation in pregnant women than in their nonpregnant peers. Its prevalence during our current global pandemic makes it important to discuss in this article. We provide a basis for critical care physicians to be engaged in informed conversations and management in a multidisciplinary manner with other relevant providers in the care of critically ill pregnant and postpartum women.
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Slade L, McKendrick L, Grivell R. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A rare cause of liver dysfunction in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2022; 15:195-197. [PMID: 36262811 PMCID: PMC9574450 DOI: 10.1177/1753495x21991406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is an uncommon condition with few cases reported in pregnancy. We present the case and outcome of a 28-year-old female presenting in her second pregnancy with new onset liver dysfunction, eventually diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis. She went into spontaneous preterm labour and delivered a healthy infant but has subsequently continued to deteriorate and underwent a liver transplant 11 months post-delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Slade
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park,
Australia
| | - Linda McKendrick
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park,
Australia
| | - Rosalie Grivell
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park,
Australia
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41
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Zehner L, Mai M, Dückelmann AM, Hamza A, Eckmann-Scholz C, Maass N, Pecks U. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: an evaluation of obstetric management in German maternity units. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022:10.1007/s00404-022-06754-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is associated with adverse fetal and neonatal outcome. Evidence for improvement by obstetric management is sparse. Common international guidelines recommend induction of labor before term, however, they differ in recommendations of monitoring the disease and time point of active management. So far, an official guideline for treatment and management of ICP in Germany does not exist. This study aims to compile common practice and policy in obstetric management of ICP in German maternity units. The objective is to gather obstetricians’ opinion on management of ICP, and to estimate the need for standardization of current practice in Germany on the background of existing evidence.
Methods
A questionnaire focusing on indications for interventions was developed including fourteen multiple-choice questions comprising the areas of diagnostic criteria, laboratory testing, fetal monitoring, treatment, and delivery timing. The survey was sent to 699 maternity clinics and was distributed to participants of the annual congress hosted by the German society of perinatal medicine (DGPM). Collected data were summarized and evaluated in relation to available evidence and existing guidelines. Descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact test were used.
Results
334 completed questionnaires returned corresponding to a response rate of 48.1%. Coinciding with existing international guidelines, 48.8% of the participants acknowledge bile acid concentrations above 10 µmol/L to be indicative of ICP. 85.0% of obstetricians recommend antenatal testing with cardiotocography, exceeding common standards of maternity policy guidelines; 50.3% execute active management in ICP-affected pregnancies as they generally recommend a delivery between 37 + 0 and 38 + 6 weeks of gestation. Although recent studies evinced a risk of stillbirth in ICP-affected pregnancies not until a bile acid concentration of > 100 µmol/L, 22.2% of the respondents recommend delivery before 37 + 0 weeks of gestation due to raised bile acids of 40–99 µmol/L.
Conclusions
Opinions on the management of ICP in German maternity units differ widely and partly deviate by large from international standards. Reasons for this may be the lack of a national guideline and the low awareness due to the rarity of the disease on the one hand and the very slow dynamics in evidence generation and thus the uncertainty about the actual risks and optimal management on the other. The present data highlight the need for further research and clinical guidelines to standardize and optimize treatment based on the best available evidence.
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42
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Chung YY, Heneghan MA. Autoimmune hepatitis in pregnancy: Pearls and pitfalls. Hepatology 2022; 76:502-517. [PMID: 35182079 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in pregnancy has many unique considerations. Evidence provided from single center studies with patient level data and nationwide population studies provide valuable insight into this complex situation. Because a planned pregnancy is a safer pregnancy, preconception counseling is a crucial opportunity to optimize care and risk stratify women with AIH. Women with chronic liver disease who receive preconception advice and counseling are more likely to achieve stable liver disease at conception and undergo appropriate variceal surveillance. Loss of biochemical response in pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes in unstable disease. New onset AIH in pregnancy should be managed with classical treatment regimens. The continued use of immunosuppression in pregnancy, with the exception of mycophenolate mofetil, has not shown to adversely affect the rates of stillbirth or congenital malformation. Previously adopted immunosuppression withdrawal paradigms in pregnancy should no longer be considered advantageous, because remission loss postdelivery is likely (12%-86%). Population studies, report improved outcomes with preterm birth rates falling from 20% to 9%-13% in AIH pregnancies over a 20-year period. Newer data have also demonstrated an increased risk of gestational diabetes and hypertensive complications in AIH pregnancy, which has implications for management and preeclampsia prevention with aspirin use. This review aims to provide the framework to guide and manage pregnancy in AIH outlining pearls and pitfalls to ensure optimal outcomes for mother, baby and to reduce variation in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Chung
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,School of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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El Jamaly H, Eslick GD, Weltman M. Primary biliary cholangitis in pregnancy: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2022; 21:218-225. [PMID: 35361530 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcomes and disease associations in pregnant women with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) have not been largely explored. This study aimed to determine the level of evidence associated with maternal and fetal outcomes and other disease associations in female patients with PBC. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature search was conducted. Maternal and fetal outcomes were obtained from patients with a previous, current or subsequent diagnosis of PBC. A random-effects model was employed, using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Eleven studies, with 2179 female PBC patients were included. Pregnant women with PBC were significantly more likely to have a miscarriage (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02-1.58; P = 0.03), and a history of abortion (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.09-2.07; P = 0.01), with absent heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). PBC pregnant women were significantly more likely to deliver via vaginal birth (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.33-2.14; P < 0.001) with low level heterogeneity (I2 < 0.001%). Patients had a statistically significant increased likelihood of lifetime smoking (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.17-3.23; P = 0.01). Egger's regression revealed no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides pooled evidence that a PBC pregnancy is associated with fetal morbidity and maternal lifestyle associations that may influence pregnancy outcomes. More studies are needed to establish disease associations that may directly affect pregnancy outcomes. These data are essential for clinicians managing these patients before, during or after pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hydar El Jamaly
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia; Nepean Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Guy D Eslick
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Digestive Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Weltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia; Nepean Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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44
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Giri S, Sahoo S. Pregnancy in Patients with Non-cirrhotic Portal Hypertension: A Literature Review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRICIA : REVISTA DA FEDERACAO BRASILEIRA DAS SOCIEDADES DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRICIA 2022; 44:609-613. [PMID: 35760363 PMCID: PMC9948258 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH) is an uncommon condition. Its management is challenging both to the obstetricians as well as to the gastroenterologists due to the lack of more extensive studies and standard clinical practice guidelines. These patients are at increased risk of portal hypertension (PTH) complications, especially variceal bleeding, and with an increased incidence of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is required for management of pregnancy in NCPH. This short review describes the different aspects of pregnancy with NCPH, emphasizing specific strategies for preventing and managing PTH from the preconceptional period to postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Giri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shradhanjali Sahoo
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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45
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Farrugia P, Portelli C, Buhagiar M. Rare cause of deranged liver profile in pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e247539. [PMID: 35351747 PMCID: PMC8966539 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a 33-year-old pregnant woman with an abnormal liver profile secondary to liver metastases from colon cancer. The patient presented in her third trimester with non-specific symptoms. Blood tests revealed a cholestatic liver picture, initially attributed to prurigo gravidarum. However, following a normal vaginal delivery, her symptoms persisted and the liver profile failed to return to baseline. This led to further investigations including a CT scan of the abdomen-revealing a transverse colonic tumour with extensive liver involvement. Biopsy of the liver confirmed an adenocarcinoma of colonic origin, and subsequently the patient underwent a right hemicolectomy followed by systemic chemotherapy.
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46
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073595. [PMID: 35408956 PMCID: PMC8999031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the richest organs in mitochondria, serving as a hub for key metabolic pathways such as β-oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, ketogenesis, respiratory activity, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, all of which provide metabolic energy for the entire body. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to subcellular organelle dysfunction in liver diseases, particularly fatty liver disease. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a life-threatening liver disorder unique to pregnancy, which can result in serious maternal and fetal complications, including death. Pregnant mothers with this disease require early detection, prompt delivery, and supportive maternal care. AFLP was considered a mysterious illness and though its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, molecular research over the past two decades has linked AFLP to mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in fetal fatty-acid oxidation (FAO). Due to deficient placental and fetal FAO, harmful 3-hydroxy fatty acid metabolites accumulate in the maternal circulation, causing oxidative stress and microvesicular fatty infiltration of the liver, resulting in AFLP. In this review, we provide an overview of AFLP and mitochondrial FAO followed by discussion of how altered mitochondrial function plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AFLP.
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van der Slink LL, Scholten I, van Etten-Jamaludin FS, Takkenberg RB, Painter RC. Pregnancy in women with liver cirrhosis is associated with increased risk for complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. BJOG 2022; 129:1644-1652. [PMID: 35319158 PMCID: PMC9546282 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy and liver cirrhosis is a rare but increasing combination. Liver cirrhosis can raise the chance of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity, although the exact risks remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on maternal, fetal and obstetric complications among pregnant women with liver cirrhosis. SEARCH STRATEGY We performed a systematic literature search in the databases PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE (Ovid) from inception through 25 January 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies including pregnancies with liver cirrhosis and controls were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently evaluated study eligibility. We used the random effects model for meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS Our search yielded 3118 unique papers. We included 11 studies, including 2912 pregnancies in women with cirrhosis from 1982-2020. Seven studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The overall maternal mortality rate was 0.89%. Maternal mortality and variceal haemorrhage were lower in recent than in older studies. Most cases of maternal mortality due to variceal haemorrhage (70%) occurred during vaginal delivery. Pregnant women with liver cirrhosis had a higher chance of preterm delivery (OR 6.7, 95% CI 5.1-9.1), caesarean section (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-3.9), pre-eclampsia (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.2-6.5) and small-for-gestational-age neonates (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6-4.2) compared with the general obstetric population. Subgroup analyses could not be conducted. CONCLUSIONS Liver cirrhosis in pregnant women is associated with increases in maternal mortality and obstetric and fetal complications. Large international prospective studies are needed to identify risk factors for unfavourable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine L van der Slink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Scholten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Faridi S van Etten-Jamaludin
- Medical Library Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Research Support, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert B Takkenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca C Painter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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48
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Scurt FG, Morgenroth R, Bose K, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C. Pr-AKI: Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy – Etiology, Diagnostic Workup, Management. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2022; 82:297-316. [PMID: 35250379 PMCID: PMC8893985 DOI: 10.1055/a-1666-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDespite significant improvements in inpatient and outpatient management, pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (Pr-AKI) remains an important risk factor for early and late maternal and
fetal morbidity and mortality. There is a discrepancy between the incidence of Pr-AKI in developing and in developed countries, with the former experiencing a decrease and the latter an
increase in Pr-AKI in recent decades. Whereas septic and hemorrhagic complications predominated in the past, nowadays hypertensive disorders and thrombotic microangiopathy are the leading
causes of Pr-AKI. Modern lifestyles and the availability and widespread use of in-vitro fertilization techniques in industrialized countries have allowed more women of advanced age to become
pregnant. This has led to a rise in the percentage of high-risk pregnancies due to the disorders and comorbidities inherent to or accompanying aging, such as diabetes, arterial hypertension
and preexisting chronic kidney disease. Last but not least, the heterogeneity of symptoms, the often overlapping clinical and laboratory characteristics and the pathophysiological changes
related to pregnancy make the diagnosis and management of Pr-AKI a difficult and challenging task for the treating physician. In addition to general supportive management strategies such as
volume substitution, blood pressure control, prevention of seizures or immediate delivery, each disease entity requires a specific therapy to reduce maternal and fetal complications. In this
review, we used the current literature to provide a summary of the physiologic and pathophysiologic changes in renal physiology which occur during pregnancy. In the second part, we present
common and rare disorders which lead to Pr-AKI and provide an overview of the available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian G. Scurt
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ronnie Morgenroth
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Bose
- Universitätsklinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter R. Mertens
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christos Chatzikyrkou
- PHV-Dialysezentrum, Halberstadt, Germany
- Klinik für Nephrologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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49
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Morrison MA, Chung Y, Heneghan MA. Managing hepatic complications of pregnancy: practical strategies for clinicians. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2022; 9:e000624. [PMID: 35292523 PMCID: PMC8928321 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2021-000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disorders specific to pregnancy are rare but can have potentially serious consequences for mother and fetus. Pregnancy-related liver disorders are the most common cause of liver disease in otherwise healthy pregnant women and pose a challenge to physicians because of the need to take into account both maternal and fetal health. A good knowledge of these disorders is necessary as prompt diagnosis and appropriate management results in improved maternal and fetal outcomes. This review will focus on pregnancy-specific disorders and will aim to serve as a guide for physicians in their diagnosis, management and subsequent monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yooyun Chung
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Kramer RM, Sheh A, Toolan CH, Muthupalani S, Carrasco SE, Artim SC, Burns MA, Fox JG. Factors Affecting Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Common Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2022; 61:113-131. [PMID: 34996528 PMCID: PMC8956218 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Physiologic changes during development, aging, and pregnancy may affect clinical parameters. Previously available reference values have been based on samples that may include wild and captive marmosets, with little representation of geriatric or pregnant animals. Establishing reference values under various conditions would support better recognition of pathologic conditions in marmosets. One hundred and forty-seven (70 males and 77 females) healthy marmosets from a research colony were included in this study. Exclusion criteria were abnormal physical exam findings at the time of blood sampling, chronic medications, or clinical or pathologic evidence of disease. Reference intervals were calculated for serum chemistry and hematology. Using metadata, samples were classified based on age, sex, colony source and pregnancy status. Multiple tests indicated significant differences with varying effect sizes, indicating that developing reference intervals based on metadata can be useful. Across all the comparisons, medium or large effect sizes were observed most frequently in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium, total protein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), weight and serum albumin. We report normative clinical pathologic data for captive common marmosets through all life stages and reproductive status. Significant differences were observed in most parameters when stratifying data based on age, sex, colony source, or pregnancy, suggesting that developing reference intervals considering this information is important for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Kramer
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Equal contributors
| | - Alexander Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Equal contributors
| | - Carolyn H Toolan
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Sebastian E Carrasco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Current affiliation: Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Stephen C Artim
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Current affiliation: Merck Research Laboratories, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Monika A Burns
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Current affiliation: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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