1
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Lyng FM, Azzam EI. Abscopal Effects, Clastogenic Effects and Bystander Effects: 70 Years of Non-Targeted Effects of Radiation. Radiat Res 2024; 202:355-367. [PMID: 38986531 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00040.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo observations accumulated over several decades have firmly shown that the biological effects of ionizing radiation can spread from irradiated cells/tissues to non-targeted cells/tissues. Redox-modulated intercellular communication mechanisms that include a role for secreted factors and gap junctions, can mediate these non-targeted effects. Clearly, the expression of such effects and their transmission to progeny cells has implications for issues related to radiation protection. Their elucidation is also relevant towards enhancing the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy and reducing its impact on the development of normal tissue toxicities. In addition, the study of non-targeted effects is pertinent to our basic understanding of intercellular communications under conditions of oxidative stress. This review will trace the history of non-targeted effects of radiation starting with early reports of abscopal effects which described radiation induced effects in tissues distant from the site of radiation exposure. A related effect involved the production of clastogenic factors in plasma following irradiation which can induce chromosome damage in unirradiated cells. Despite these early reports suggesting non-targeted effects of radiation, the classical paradigm that a direct deposition of energy in the nucleus was required still dominated. This paradigm was challenged by papers describing radiation induced bystander effects. This review will cover mechanisms of radiation-induced bystander effects and the potential impacts on radiation protection and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, FOCAS Research Institute
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
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2
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Autsavapromporn N, Kobayashi A, Liu C, Duangya A, Oikawa M, Tengku Ahmad TA, Konishi T. Primary and Secondary Bystander Effects of Proton Microbeam Irradiation on Human Lung Cancer Cells under Hypoxic Conditions. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1485. [PMID: 38132311 PMCID: PMC10741139 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is the most common feature of radioresistance to the radiotherapy (RT) of lung cancer and results in poor clinical outcomes. High-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation is a novel RT technique to overcome this problem. However, a limited number of studies have been elucidated on the underlying mechanism(s) of RIBE and RISBE in cancer cells exposed to high-LET radiation under hypoxia. Here, we developed a new method to investigate the RIBE and RISBE under hypoxia using the SPICE-QST proton microbeams and a layered tissue co-culture system. Normal lung fibroblast (WI-38) and lung cancer (A549) cells were exposed in the range of 06 Gy of proton microbeams, wherein only ~0.04-0.15% of the cells were traversed by protons. Subsequently, primary bystander A549 cells were co-cultured with secondary bystander A549 cells in the presence or absence of a GJIC and NO inhibitor using co-culture systems. Studies show that there are differences in RIBE in A549 and WI-38 primary bystander cells under normoxia and hypoxia. Interestingly, treatment with a GJIC inhibitor showed an increase in the toxicity of primary bystander WI-38 cells but a decrease in A549 cells under hypoxia. Our results also show the induction of RISBE in secondary bystander A549 cells under hypoxia, where GJIC and NO inhibitors reduced the stressful effects on secondary bystander A549 cells. Together, these preliminary results, for the first time, represented the involvement of intercellular communications through GJIC in propagation of RIBE and RISBE in hypoxic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narongchai Autsavapromporn
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Alisa Kobayashi
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Team, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Cuihua Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;
| | - Aphidet Duangya
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Masakazu Oikawa
- Electrostatic Accelerator Operation Section, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;
| | | | - Teruaki Konishi
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Team, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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3
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Kobayashi A, Hiroyama Y, Mamiya T, Oikawa M, Konishi T. The COX-2/PGE2 Response Pathway Upregulates Radioresistance in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells through Radiation-Induced Bystander Signaling. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1368. [PMID: 37997966 PMCID: PMC10669009 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the mechanism underlying the modulation of radiosensitivity in cancer cells by the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE). We hypothesized that the RIBE mediates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in elevating radioresistance in unirradiated cells. In this study, we used the SPICE-QST microbeam irradiation system to target 0.07-0.7% cells by 3.4-MeV proton microbeam in the cell culture sample, such that most cells in the dish became bystander cells. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, we observed COX-2 protein upregulation in microbeam-irradiated cells compared to that of controls. Additionally, 0.29% of the microbeam-irradiated cells exhibited increased cell survival and a reduced micronucleus rate against X-ray irradiation compared to that of non-microbeam irradiated cells. The radioresistance response was diminished in both cell groups with the hemichannel inhibitor and in COX-2-knockout cells under cell-to-cell contact and sparsely distributed conditions. The results indicate that the RIBE upregulates the cell radioresistance through COX-2/PGE2 intercellular responses, thereby contributing to issues, such as the risk of cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Kobayashi
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Team, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Radiation Effect Research Group, Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yota Hiroyama
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Team, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Taisei Mamiya
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Team, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Rikkyo (St. Paul’s) University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masakazu Oikawa
- Electrostatic Accelerator Operation Section, Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Team, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Rikkyo (St. Paul’s) University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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4
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Tao R, Mao Y, Li Y, Sun M, Cao X, Chen N, Xu S, Wang D, Zhao Y. Connexin26 Modulates Radiation-Induced Skin Damage by Regulating Chemokine CCL27 through MAPK Signaling. Radiat Res 2023; 200:281-288. [PMID: 37450610 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00085.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Connexin26 (Cx26) plays an important role in ionizing radiation-induced damage, and CC chemokine ligand 27 (CCL27) regulates the skin immune response. However, the relationship between Cx26 and CCL27 in radiation-induced skin damage is unclear. After X-ray irradiation, clonogenic survival and micronucleus formation were assessed in immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Proteins in the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and CCL27-related proteins were detected by immunoblotting. HaCaTCx26-/- cells were constructed to verify the effects of Cx26 on CCL27 secretion. A mouse model was established to examine the expression of CCL27 and skin inflammation in vivo. The degree of skin injury induced by 6 MV of X rays was closely related to CCL27. The phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and NF-κB was significantly increased in irradiated cells. The secretion of CCL27 was significantly decreased in HaCaT wild-type cells relative to HaCaTCx26-/- cells. Whereas cell survival fractions decreased, and the micronuclei formation rate increased as a function of increasing X-ray dose in HaCaT cells, the opposite trend occurred in HaCaTCx26-/- cells. Our findings show that Cx26 likely plays a role in the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathways and regulates the secretion of CCL27 in keratinocytes after X-ray radiation-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tao
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Mao
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Minqiong Sun
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Cao
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Chen
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Institutes of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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5
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Tong J, Hu C, Wu Y, Liu Q, Sun D. Radiation-induced NF-κB activation is involved in cochlear damage in mice via promotion of a local inflammatory response. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:63-72. [PMID: 36253086 PMCID: PMC9855318 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The radiation-induced inflammatory response is involved in radiation damage to the cochlea and causes sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). NF-κB, as the master switch of the inflammatory response, regulates the expression of many inflammation-related genes and thus the inflammatory response. Therefore, in this study we used a mouse model to determine whether radiation-induced NF-κB activation is involved in damage to the cochlea and to investigate the underlying mechanism. Eventually, we found that NF-κB was activated after radiation of the cochleae and the activation reached a maximum at 2-6 h after radiation. And morphological analysis showed severe damage to the cochleae after radiation, but this damage was significantly ameliorated by JSH-23 (an inhibitor of NF-κB) pretreatment. Along with these morphological changes, the expression levels of proinflammatory molecules (including proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2 and inflammation-related proteins VCAM-1, MIP-1β) in the cochlear tissues were significantly increased after radiation, but were significantly decreased by JSH-23 pretreatment compared to radiation alone. Therefore, these results indicated that radiation-induced NF-κB activation was involved in damage to the cochleae and resultant SNHL via its promotion of the inflammatory response mediated by overexpression of some proinflammatory molecules in cochlear tissues, and inhibition of radiation-induced NF-κB was conducive to preventing such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Tong
- Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250033, China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250033, China
| | - Yuqian Wu
- Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250033, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250033, China
| | - Dianshui Sun
- Corresponding author. Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, No.247 Beiyuan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250033, China. Tel: +86 13583111990;
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6
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The Expression of Connexin 26 Regulates the Radiosensitivity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells through a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Signal Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314644. [PMID: 36498978 PMCID: PMC9740976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 26 (Cx26) is a protein that constitutes a gap junction and is widely expressed in the liver. Abnormal expression of Cx26 is one of the important mechanisms of liver cancer, and is closely related to the transmission of radiation damage signals between cells. In the present study, we investigated the radiosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells HepG2, with low expression of Cx26, and SK-hep-1, with high expression of Cx26 after X-ray irradiation. The cell survival, micronucleus formation and protein expressions of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway were detected. The expression level of Cx26 could affect the radiosensitivity of liver cancer cells by affecting the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK proteins and regulating the expression of downstream NF-κB. Cell lines with knock-out and overexpression of Cx26 were also built to confirm the findings. Our results suggested that Cx26 might play an important role in the radiosensitivity of liver cancer and could be a potential target for clinical radiotherapy of liver cancer.
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7
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Buonanno M, Gonon G, Pandey BN, Azzam EI. The intercellular communications mediating radiation-induced bystander effects and their relevance to environmental, occupational, and therapeutic exposures. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:964-982. [PMID: 35559659 PMCID: PMC9809126 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2078006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The assumption that traversal of the cell nucleus by ionizing radiation is a prerequisite to induce genetic damage, or other important biological responses, has been challenged by studies showing that oxidative alterations extend beyond the irradiated cells and occur also in neighboring bystander cells. Cells and tissues outside the radiation field experience significant biochemical and phenotypic changes that are often similar to those observed in the irradiated cells and tissues. With relevance to the assessment of long-term health risks of occupational, environmental and clinical exposures, measurable genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic changes have been also detected in the progeny of bystander cells. How the oxidative damage spreads from the irradiated cells to their neighboring bystander cells has been under intense investigation. Following a brief summary of the trends in radiobiology leading to this paradigm shift in the field, we review key findings of bystander effects induced by low and high doses of various types of radiation that differ in their biophysical characteristics. While notable mechanistic insights continue to emerge, here the focus is on the many means of intercellular communication that mediate these effects, namely junctional channels, secreted molecules and extracellular vesicles, and immune pathways. CONCLUSIONS The insights gained by studying radiation bystander effects are leading to a basic understanding of the intercellular communications that occur under mild and severe oxidative stress in both normal and cancerous tissues. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these communications will likely contribute to reducing the uncertainty of predicting adverse health effects following exposure to low dose/low fluence ionizing radiation, guide novel interventions that mitigate adverse out-of-field effects, and contribute to better outcomes of radiotherapeutic treatments of cancer. In this review, we highlight novel routes of intercellular communication for investigation, and raise the rationale for reconsidering classification of bystander responses, abscopal effects, and expression of genomic instability as non-targeted effects of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Géraldine Gonon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSESANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Badri N. Pandey
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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8
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Zhang DM, Szymanski J, Bergom C, Cuculich PS, Robinson CG, Schwarz JK, Rentschler SL. Leveraging Radiobiology for Arrhythmia Management: A New Treatment Paradigm? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2021; 33:723-734. [PMID: 34535357 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a well-established approach for safely and non-invasively treating solid tumours and benign diseases with high precision and accuracy. Cardiac radiation therapy has recently emerged as a non-invasive treatment option for the management of refractory ventricular tachycardia. Here we summarise existing clinical and preclinical literature surrounding cardiac radiobiology and discuss how these studies may inform basic and translational research, as well as clinical treatment paradigms in the management of arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - J Szymanski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - C Bergom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - P S Cuculich
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - C G Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - J K Schwarz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - S L Rentschler
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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9
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Sun M, Li Y, Qian J, Ding S, Sun M, Tan B, Zhao Y. Connexin26 Modulates the Radiosensitivity of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating the Activation of the MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672571. [PMID: 34291047 PMCID: PMC8287175 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that the gap junction protein Connexin26 (Cx26) is specifically expressed in human skin tissue. Cx26 can transmit radiation-induced damage signals. However, no study has yet reported whether Cx26 expression affects the radiosensitivity of human skin squamous cancer cells or the mechanism by which this occurs. In this study, we found that human skin squamous cell carcinoma cells (A431 cells) expressed significantly more Cx26 and were more sensitive to radiation compared to normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Knockdown of Cx26 in A431 cells (A431Cx26-/-) decreased radiosensitivity relative to control cells and altered the expression of key proteins in the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that Cx26 expression might play an important role in mediating radiation damage in A431 cells and could serve as a potential target for clinical radiotherapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqiong Sun
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Siwei Ding
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Bowen Tan
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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10
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Ilyas AO, Alam MK, Musah JD, Yang M, Lam YW, Roy VAL, Lau C. Investigation on the Direct and Bystander Effects in HeLa Cells Exposed to Very Low α-Radiation Using Electrical Impedance Measurement. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13995-14003. [PMID: 34124424 PMCID: PMC8190804 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The impact of radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is still not well understood in radiotherapy. RIBEs are biological effects expressed by nonirradiated cells near or far from the irradiated cells. Most radiological studies on cancer cells have been based on biochemical characterization. However, biophysical investigation with label-free techniques to analyze and compare the direct irradiation effect and RIBE has lagged. In this work, we employed an electrical cell-indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate impedance system (ECIIS) as a bioimpedance sensor to evaluate the HeLa cells' response. The bioimpedance of untreated/nonirradiated HeLa (N-HeLa) cells, α-particle (Am-241)-irradiated HeLa (I-HeLa) cells, and bystander HeLa (B-HeLa) cells exposed to media from I-HeLa cells was monitored with a sampling interval of 8 s over a period of 24 h. Also, we imaged the cells at times where impedance changes were observed. Different radiation doses (0.5 cGy, 1.2 cGy, and 1.7 cGy) were used to investigate I-HeLa and B-HeLa cells' radiation-dose-dependence. By analyzing the changes in absolute impedance and cell size/number with time, compared to N-HeLa cells, B-HeLa cells mimicked the I-HeLa cells' damage and modification of proliferation rate. Contrary to the irradiated cells, the bystander cells' damage rate and proliferation rate enhancements have an inverse radiation-dose-response. Also, we report multiple RIBEs in HeLa cells in a single measurement and provide crucial insights into the RIBE mechanism without any labeling procedure. Unambiguously, our results have shown that the time-dependent control of RIBE is important during α-radiation-based radiotherapy of HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulMojeed O. Ilyas
- Department
of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department
of Physics, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State 3600001, Nigeria
| | - Md Kowsar Alam
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department
of Physics, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Jamal-Deen Musah
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz
and Millimeter Waves, City University of
Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yun Wah Lam
- Department
of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vellaisamy A. L. Roy
- James
Watt School of Engineering, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Condon Lau
- Department
of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Azmoonfar R, Amini P, Saffar H, Motevaseli E, Khodamoradi E, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Najafi M. Celecoxib A Selective COX-2 Inhibitor Mitigates Fibrosis but not Pneumonitis Following Lung Irradiation: A Histopathological Study. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666191119124739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Lung is one of the radiosensitive and late responding organs, and is an
important target for ionizing radiation. Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis are major consequences
of lung exposure to a high dose of radiation and pose threats to the lives of exposed people.
Mitigation of lung injury following an accidental radiation event or for patients with lung cancer
is one of the most interesting issues in radiobiology. In the current study, we aimed to determine
whether celecoxib, the most common cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, is able to mitigate
pneumonitis and fibrosis following lung irradiation or not.
Materials and methods:
20 male mice were assigned to 4 groups: control, celecoxib treatment,
radiation, and radiation plus celecoxib. Irradiation was performed with a dose of 18 Gy cobalt-60
(60Co) gamma rays. Celecoxib treatment (50 mg/kg) started 24 h after irradiation and continued four
times per week for 4 weeks.
Results:
Irradiation of lung led to remarkable infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells
and neutrophils. Also, a mild increase in fibrosis markers including accumulation of collagen, and
alveolar and vascular thickening, was observed. Post-exposure treatment with celecoxib was able to
mitigate fibrosis as well as alveolar and vascular changes, however, it was unable to mitigate pneumonitis
markers.
Conclusion:
Celecoxib showed that it may have an anti-fibrosis effect following exposure of mice
lung to radiation, although it was unable to prevent pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Azmoonfar
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Paramedical, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Peyman Amini
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hana Saffar
- Clinical and Anatomical Pathologist at Tehran University of Medical Science, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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12
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Khodamoradi E, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Amini P, Motevaseli E, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Najafi M, Farhood B. Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3129-3159. [PMID: 32072238 PMCID: PMC11104832 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protection of normal tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation is a critical issue in clinical and environmental radiobiology. Investigations in recent decades have suggested potential targets that are involved in the protection against radiation-induced damages to normal tissues and can be proposed for mitigation of radiation injury. Emerging evidences have been shown to be in contrast to an old dogma in radiation biology; a major amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell toxicity occur during some hours to years after exposure to ionizing radiation. This can be attributed to upregulation of inflammatory and fibrosis mediators, epigenetic changes and disruption of the normal metabolism of oxygen. In the current review, we explain the cellular and molecular changes following exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, we review potential targets that can be proposed for protection and mitigation of radiation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Peyman Amini
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
- Misan Radiotherapy Center, Misan, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Hu S, Shao C. Research progress of radiation induced bystander and abscopal effects in normal tissue. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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14
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Synergistic inhibitory effect of resveratrol and TK/GCV therapy on melanoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1489-1499. [PMID: 32246216 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the synergistic effect of resveratrol on the bystander effect of TK/GCV suicide gene system in melanoma cells. METHODS The effect of resveratrol on the growth of B16 cells and the synergistic effect of resveratrol with or without GCV were detected by MTT assay and high content screening assay. The effect of resveratrol on GJIC function was detected by flow cytometry combined with fluorescence tracer and fluorescence microscope, and the expression of gap junction protein was detected by western blotting. Synergistic killing effect of resveratrol plus TK/GCV was tested in vivo using transplanted melanoma model. RESULTS In vitro, resveratrol can enhanced GJ function and upregulated Cx32 and Cx43 protein expression in B16 cells. Resveratrol synergized with GCV to kill mixed B16 melanoma cells (20% TK+ cells and 80% TK- cells) and to improve apoptosis rate of TK- cells (the bystander effect of TK system), and the synergistic action was reversed by the GJ inhibitor AGA. In vivo, when B16 cells were mixed with 30% TK+ B16 cells, significantly reduced tumor weight and volume were observed after combinational treatment with resveratrol plus GCV as compared with GCV or resveratrol treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol could synergistically enhance the killing effect of TK/GCV suicide gene system in melanoma B16 cells and transplanted melanoma. It might be a promising adjuvant of TK/GCV therapy.
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An Integrated Preprocessing Approach for Exploring Single-Cell Gene Expression in Rare Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19758. [PMID: 31875032 PMCID: PMC6930255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the variability in gene expressions of rare cells at the single-cell level is critical for understanding mechanisms of differentiation in tissue function and development as well as for disease diagnostics and cancer treatment. Such studies, however, have been hindered by major difficulties in tracking the identity of individual cells. We present an approach that combines single-cell picking, lysing, reverse transcription and digital polymerase chain reaction to enable the isolation, tracking and gene expression analysis of rare cells. The approach utilizes a photocleavage bead-based microfluidic device to synthesize and deliver stable cDNA for downstream gene expression analysis, thereby allowing chip-based integration of multiple reactions and facilitating the minimization of sample loss or contamination. The utility of the approach was demonstrated with QuantStudio digital PCR by analyzing the radiation and bystander effect on individual IMR90 human lung fibroblasts. Expression levels of the Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a (CDKN1A), Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), and Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) genes, previously shown to have different responses to direct and bystander irradiation, were measured across individual control, microbeam-irradiated or bystander IMR90 cells. In addition to the confirmation of accurate tracking of cell treatments through the system and efficient analysis of single-cell responses, the results enable comparison of activation levels of different genes and provide insight into signaling pathways within individual cells.
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Zhang J, Yao D, Song Y, Pan Y, Zhu L, Bai Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Shao C. Fractionated irradiation of right thorax induces abscopal damage on testes leading to decline in fertility. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15221. [PMID: 31645625 PMCID: PMC6811594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced abscopal effect (RIAE) may influence radiotherapy efficiency. However, it is unknown whether RIAE triggers abnormal genetic consequence. We present a novel evidence that, when mice were given fractionated irradiation on right thorax, the ultrastructure of blood-testis barrier was damaged in company with apoptosis induction in testes, and the sperm number and vitality were drastically decreased so that both the fertility and the survival of their offspring were reduced. Protein microarray assay and hormone detection showed that some cytokines especially TNF-α, TGF-β and estradiol in the serum of irradiated mice increased to higher levels in consistent with abscopal damage, and this conditioned serum had toxic effect on TM4 cells in vitro. When the mice were fed with cimetidine, the above abscopal responses were significantly attenuated. This study demonstrates in the first time that the thoracic irradiation (Th-IR) induces structural and functional damage in the distal testes and further cause fertility decline of irradiated male mice, which may have important implications in the strategy development of radiotherapy in avoiding abnormal genetic consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yimeng Song
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanwu Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Karthik K, Rajan V, Pandey BN, Sivasubramanian K, Paul SF, Venkatachalam P. Direct and bystander effects in human blood lymphocytes exposed to 241Am alpha particles and the relative biological effectiveness using chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assay. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:725-736. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1589018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Karthik
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Vasumathy Rajan
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Badri N. Pandey
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - K. Sivasubramanian
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
| | - Solomon F.D. Paul
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - P. Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Cyclooxygenase-2-Mediated Up-Regulation of Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A Mitigates the Radio-Sensitivity of Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051218. [PMID: 30862036 PMCID: PMC6429587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, and it is a candidate target for sensitizing tumor during therapy. Previous studies identified that increased TFAM expression conferred tumor cells resistance to ionizing radiation. However, the mechanisms on how TFAM are regulated in irradiated tumor cells remain to be explored. In this research, we demonstrated the contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) to enhancing TFAM expression in irradiated tumor cells. Our results showed TFAM was concomitantly up-regulated with COX-2 in irradiated tumor cells. Inhibition of COX-2 by NS-398 blocked radiation-induced expression of TFAM, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment stimulated TFAM expression. We next provided evidence that DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation was a reason for TFAM up-regulation in irradiated cells, by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and selective inhibitor-targeted DRP1. Furthermore, we proved that p38-MAPK-connected COX-2, and DRP1-mediated TFAM up-regulation. Enhanced phosphorylation of p38 in irradiated tumor cells promoted DRP1 expression, mitochondrial fragmentation, and TFAM expression. NS-398 treatment inhibited radiation-induced p38 phosphorylation, while PGE2 stimulated the activation of p38. The results put forward a mechanism where COX-2 stimulates TFAM expression via p38-mediated DRP1/mitochondrial fragmentation signaling in irradiated tumor cells, which may be of value in understanding how to sensitize cancer cells during radiotherapy.
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Farhood B, Goradel NH, Mortezaee K, Khanlarkhani N, Salehi E, Nashtaei MS, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Fallah H, Najafi M. Intercellular communications-redox interactions in radiation toxicity; potential targets for radiation mitigation. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:3-16. [PMID: 29911259 PMCID: PMC6381372 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, using ionizing radiation (IR) is necessary for clinical, agricultural, nuclear energy or industrial applications. Accidental exposure to IR after a radiation terror or disaster poses a threat to human. In contrast to the old dogma of radiation toxicity, several experiments during the last two recent decades have revealed that intercellular signaling and communications play a key role in this procedure. Elevated level of cytokines and other intercellular signals increase oxidative damage and inflammatory responses via reduction/oxidation interactions (redox system). Intercellular signals induce production of free radicals and inflammatory mediators by some intermediate enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), NADPH oxidase, and also via triggering mitochondrial ROS. Furthermore, these signals facilitate cell to cell contact and increasing cell toxicity via cohort effect. Nitric oxide is a free radical with ability to act as an intercellular signal that induce DNA damage and changes in some signaling pathways in irradiated as well as non-irradiated adjacent cells. Targeting of these mediators by some anti-inflammatory agents or via antioxidants such as mitochondrial ROS scavengers opens a window to mitigate radiation toxicity after an accidental exposure. Experiments which have been done so far suggests that some cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-4 and IL-13 are some interesting targets that depend on irradiated organs and may help mitigate radiation toxicity. Moreover, animal experiments in recent years indicated that targeting of toll like receptors (TLRs) may be more useful for radioprotection and mitigation. In this review, we aimed to describe the role of intercellular interactions in oxidative injury, inflammation, cell death and killing effects of IR. Moreover, we described evidence on potential mitigation of radiation injury via targeting of these mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Neda Khanlarkhani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Salehi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shabani Nashtaei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Infertility Department, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hengameh Fallah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Hu W, Pei H, Sun F, Li P, Nie J, Li B, Hei TK, Zhou G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-targeted lung tissues of Kunming mice exposed to X-rays is suppressed by celecoxib. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:583-587. [PMID: 30124886 PMCID: PMC6151633 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the highest health risks caused by ionizing radiation, which induces both direct effects and non-targeted effects. However, whether radiation-induced non-targeted effects result in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a critical process during tumorigenesis, in non-targeted lung tissues remains unknown. In the present study, Kunming mice were subjected to whole-body, cranial or local abdominal irradiation of single-dose or fractionated 4 Gy X-rays, and the expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in non-targeted lung tissues were assessed by both qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining. It was found that the epithelial marker was downregulated while the mesenchymal markers were upregulated significantly in non-targeted lung tissues of the irradiated mice. Local abdominal irradiation was more efficient in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition than whole-body or cranial irradiation when the fractionated irradiation method was adopted. In addition, the intraperitoneal administration of celecoxib suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the non-targeted lung tissues. In conclusion, our findings suggest that epithelial-mesenchymal transition is induced in non-targeted lung tissues, but can be suppressed by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Hu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Pei
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fang Sun
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Nie
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bingyan Li
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tom K Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, P. R. China
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Zhang L, Luo Y, Lu Z, He J, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Astragalus Polysaccharide Inhibits Ionizing Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects by Regulating MAPK/NF-kB Signaling Pathway in Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4649-4658. [PMID: 29976920 PMCID: PMC6069470 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effect of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) in human bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) induced by irradiated A549 cells. Material/Methods A549 cells were irradiated with 2 Gy X-rays to obtain conditioned medium. BMSCs were incubated with the conditioned medium or APS. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and TGF-β were detected by ELISA. Cell survival, genomic instability, and DNA damages were detected by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, the micronucleus test and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. The protein and phosphorylation protein expression of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), P65, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in bystander effect cells were detected by Western blot. Results The expression of COX-2 and ROS increased following stimulation with conditioned medium; this effect was inhibited by pre-exposing the cells to APS. BMSCs growth and colony formation rate decreased following stimulation with conditioned medium; this effect was suppressed by pre-exposing the cells to APS. In addition, the micronucleus rate and 53BP1 foci number increased after treatment with conditioned medium; this increase in BMSCs was inhibited by APS. The levels of phosphorylated p38, JNK, ERK1/2, NF-κB P65, and COX-2 proteins were increased by conditioned medium but were decreased by pre-treatment with APS. Conclusions RIBE in BMSCs induced by the irradiated A549 was mediated by the ROS in the conditioned medium and might be related to MAPK/NF-κB signal pathways in BMSCs. APS may block RIBE through regulating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Yali Luo
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiwei Lu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Jinpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province and Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Wang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
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Lai Y, Tao L, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Sun X, Wang Q, Xu C. Cx32 inhibits TNFα-induced extrinsic apoptosis with and without EGFR suppression. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2885-2892. [PMID: 28901517 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can trigger the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Our previous study indicated that connexin32 (Cx32) inhibited streptonigrin-induced intrinsic apoptosis via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. However, whether Cx32 can exert effects on the extrinsic apoptosis pathway through EGFR signaling remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of Cx32 in extrinsic apoptosis induced by treatment with TNFα + cycloheximide (CHX) or afatinib in human cervical cancer (CaCx) cells. In stable inducible Cx32-transfected HeLa cells (HeLa-Cx32), Cx32 expression was induced by treatment with doxycycline (Dox). Furthermore, C-33A cells, which natively express high levels of Cx32, were used as a cell model for knockdown of Cx32 with siRNA. To determine the non-junctional function of Cx32 in apoptosis, 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α-GA), a gap junction intracellular communication (GJIC) inhibitor, was used. Our results showed that Cx32 could inhibit apoptosis induced by TNFα + afatinib with or without the GJIC inhibitor. In clinical cervical tissue samples, we found that the expression of survivin was markedly higher in CaCx than in normal cervix tissue, which was in accordance with the expression of Cx32 in our previous study. In HeLa-Cx32 cells, we also found that Cx32 upregulated the expression of Cox-2. In addition, Cx32 upregulated EGFR expression in low-density culture (lacking GJ formation). Cx32 could also promote the expression of EGFR, phospho-STAT3 and phospho-ERK in HeLa-Cx32 cells following TNFα treatment. After knocking down Cx32 in C-33A cells, the expression levels of survivin and TNFα were downregulated. The present study verifies that Cx32 exerts an inhibitory effect on extrinsic apoptosis in CaCx cells, and suggests that Cx32 may regulate the progression and micro-environment of CaCx cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xingjuan Sun
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chengfang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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Lai Y, Fan L, Zhao Y, Ge H, Feng X, Wang Q, Zhang X, Peng Y, Wang X, Tao L. Cx32 suppresses extrinsic apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells via the NF‑κB signalling pathway. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1159-1168. [PMID: 28902345 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and TNF‑related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) usually trigger either survival or apoptosis signals in various cell types, and nuclear factor κB (NF‑κB) is a key factor that regulates their biological effects. Connexin 32 (Cx32) is a gap junction (GJ) protein that plays vital roles in tumourigenesis and tumour progression. Our previous study explored abnormal Cx32 expression in para‑nuclear areas, exacerbated prognostic parameters and suppressed streptonigrin/cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human cervical cancer (CaCx) cells. In this study, we investigated the role of Cx32 in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway of CaCx cells. In transgenic HeLa cells and C-33A cells, Cx32 expression was manipulated using doxycycline or Cx32 siRNA. GJ inhibitors or low density culturing was used to change the status of gap junction intracellular communication (GJIC). We found that apoptosis induced by TNFα and TRAIL was suppressed by Cx32 expression despite the presence or absense of GJIC. We also found that Cx32 upregulated the expression of nuclear NF‑κB and its downstream targets c-IAP1, MMP‑2, and MMP‑9 in HeLa‑Cx32 and C-33A cells. Following our previous study design, our clinical data showed that NF‑κB and MMP‑2 levels increased in human CaCx specimens with high Cx32 expression compared to levels in para‑carcinoma of cervical specimens. SC75741 and JSH-23, NF‑кB signalling pathway inhibitors, inhibited the anti-apoptotic effects of Cx32. In conclusion, Cx32 suppressed TNFα /TRAIL-induced extrinsic apoptosis by upregulating the NF‑κB signalling pathway. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism for Cx32's anti-apoptotic effect and provides a reasonable explanation for the pro-tumour effect of Cx32 in human CaCx cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ge
- Tumor Research Institute, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Xue Feng
- Tumor Research Institute, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yuexia Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiyan Wang
- Tumor Research Institute, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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24
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Significance and nature of bystander responses induced by various agents. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:104-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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de Toledo SM, Buonanno M, Harris AL, Azzam EI. Genomic instability induced in distant progeny of bystander cells depends on the connexins expressed in the irradiated cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1182-1194. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1334980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M. de Toledo
- Department of Radiology, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Manuela Buonanno
- Department of Radiology, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew L. Harris
- Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Department of Radiology, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
- Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
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26
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Decrock E, Hoorelbeke D, Ramadan R, Delvaeye T, De Bock M, Wang N, Krysko DV, Baatout S, Bultynck G, Aerts A, Vinken M, Leybaert L. Calcium, oxidative stress and connexin channels, a harmonious orchestra directing the response to radiotherapy treatment? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1099-1120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Domogauer JD, de Toledo SM, Azzam EI. A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27684198 DOI: 10.3791/54429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the early heterotypic interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding non-cancerous stroma is important in elucidating the events leading to stromal activation and establishment of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Several in vitro and in vivo models of the TME have been developed; however, in general these models do not readily permit isolation of individual cell populations, under non-perturbing conditions, for further study. To circumvent this difficulty, we have employed an in vitro TME model using a cell growth substrate consisting of a permeable microporous membrane insert that permits simple generation of highly enriched cell populations grown intimately, yet separately, on either side of the insert's membrane for extended co-culture times. Through use of this model, we are capable of generating greatly enriched cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) populations from normal diploid human fibroblasts following co-culture (120 hr) with highly metastatic human breast carcinoma cells, without the use of fluorescent tagging and/or cell sorting. Additionally, by modulating the pore-size of the insert, we can control for the mode of intercellular communication (e.g., gap-junction communication, secreted factors) between the two heterotypic cell populations, which permits investigation of the mechanisms underlying the development of the TME, including the role of gap-junction permeability. This model serves as a valuable tool in enhancing our understanding of the initial events leading to cancer-stroma initiation, the early evolution of the TME, and the modulating effect of the stroma on the responses of cancer cells to therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Domogauer
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University
| | - Sonia M de Toledo
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University;
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28
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Nikitaki Z, Mavragani IV, Laskaratou DA, Gika V, Moskvin VP, Theofilatos K, Vougas K, Stewart RD, Georgakilas AG. Systemic mechanisms and effects of ionizing radiation: A new 'old' paradigm of how the bystanders and distant can become the players. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 37-38:77-95. [PMID: 26873647 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to any form of ionizing radiation (IR) is expected to induce a variety of DNA lesions, including double strand breaks (DSBs), single strand breaks (SSBs) and oxidized bases, as well as loss of bases, i.e., abasic sites. The damaging potential of IR is primarily related to the generation of electrons, which through their interaction with water produce free radicals. In their turn, free radicals attack DNA, proteins and lipids. Damage is induced also through direct deposition of energy. These types of IR interactions with biological materials are collectively called 'targeted effects', since they refer only to the irradiated cells. Earlier and sometimes 'anecdotal' findings were pointing to the possibility of IR actions unrelated to the irradiated cells or area, i.e., a type of systemic response with unknown mechanistic basis. Over the last years, significant experimental evidence has accumulated, showing a variety of radiation effects for 'out-of-field' areas (non-targeted effects-NTE). The NTE involve the release of chemical and biological mediators from the 'in-field' area and thus the communication of the radiation insult via the so called 'danger' signals. The NTE can be separated in two major groups: bystander and distant (systemic). In this review, we have collected a detailed list of proteins implicated in either bystander or systemic effects, including the clinically relevant abscopal phenomenon, using improved text-mining and bioinformatics tools from the literature. We have identified which of these genes belong to the DNA damage response and repair pathway (DDR/R) and made protein-protein interaction (PPi) networks. Our analysis supports that the apoptosis, TLR-like and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways are the main pathways participating in NTE. Based on this analysis, we formulate a biophysical hypothesis for the regulation of NTE, based on DNA damage and apoptosis gradients between the irradiation point and various distances corresponding to bystander (5mm) or distant effects (5cm). Last but not least, in order to provide a more realistic support for our model, we calculate the expected DSB and non-DSB clusters along the central axis of a representative 200.6MeV pencil beam calculated using Monte Carlo DNA damage simulation software (MCDS) based on the actual beam energy-to-depth curves used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharenia Nikitaki
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Ifigeneia V Mavragani
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Danae A Laskaratou
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Violeta Gika
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Vadim P Moskvin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Konstantinos Vougas
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert D Stewart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356043, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece.
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29
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Buonanno M, De Toledo SM, Howell RW, Azzam EI. Low-dose energetic protons induce adaptive and bystander effects that protect human cells against DNA damage caused by a subsequent exposure to energetic iron ions. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:502-8. [PMID: 25805407 PMCID: PMC4426929 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During interplanetary missions, astronauts are exposed to mixed types of ionizing radiation. The low 'flux' of the high atomic number and high energy (HZE) radiations relative to the higher 'flux' of low linear energy transfer (LET) protons makes it highly probable that for any given cell in the body, proton events will precede any HZE event. Whereas progress has been made in our understanding of the biological effects of low-LET protons and high-LET HZE particles, the interplay between the biochemical processes modulated by these radiations is unclear. Here we show that exposure of normal human fibroblasts to a low mean absorbed dose of 20 cGy of 0.05 or 1-GeV protons (LET ∼ 1.25 or 0.2 keV/μm, respectively) protects the irradiated cells (P < 0.0001) against chromosomal damage induced by a subsequent exposure to a mean absorbed dose of 50 cGy from 1 GeV/u iron ions (LET ∼ 151 keV/μm). Surprisingly, unirradiated (i.e. bystander) cells with which the proton-irradiated cells were co-cultured were also significantly protected from the DNA-damaging effects of the challenge dose. The mitigating effect persisted for at least 24 h. These results highlight the interactions of biological effects due to direct cellular traversal by radiation with those due to bystander effects in cell populations exposed to mixed radiation fields. They show that protective adaptive responses can spread from cells targeted by low-LET space radiation to bystander cells in their vicinity. The findings are relevant to understanding the health hazards of space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA Present address: Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sonia M De Toledo
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Roger W Howell
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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30
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Sridharan DM, Asaithamby A, Bailey SM, Costes SV, Doetsch PW, Dynan WS, Kronenberg A, Rithidech KN, Saha J, Snijders AM, Werner E, Wiese C, Cucinotta FA, Pluth JM. Understanding cancer development processes after HZE-particle exposure: roles of ROS, DNA damage repair and inflammation. Radiat Res 2015; 183:1-26. [PMID: 25564719 DOI: 10.1667/rr13804.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During space travel astronauts are exposed to a variety of radiations, including galactic cosmic rays composed of high-energy protons and high-energy charged (HZE) nuclei, and solar particle events containing low- to medium-energy protons. Risks from these exposures include carcinogenesis, central nervous system damage and degenerative tissue effects. Currently, career radiation limits are based on estimates of fatal cancer risks calculated using a model that incorporates human epidemiological data from exposed populations, estimates of relative biological effectiveness and dose-response data from relevant mammalian experimental models. A major goal of space radiation risk assessment is to link mechanistic data from biological studies at NASA Space Radiation Laboratory and other particle accelerators with risk models. Early phenotypes of HZE exposure, such as the induction of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage signaling and inflammation, are sensitive to HZE damage complexity. This review summarizes our current understanding of critical areas within the DNA damage and oxidative stress arena and provides insight into their mechanistic interdependence and their usefulness in accurately modeling cancer and other risks in astronauts exposed to space radiation. Our ultimate goals are to examine potential links and crosstalk between early response modules activated by charged particle exposure, to identify critical areas that require further research and to use these data to reduced uncertainties in modeling cancer risk for astronauts. A clearer understanding of the links between early mechanistic aspects of high-LET response and later surrogate cancer end points could reveal key nodes that can be therapeutically targeted to mitigate the health effects from charged particle exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Sridharan
- a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
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