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Iosif CI, Bashir ZI, Apps R, Pickford J. Cerebellar Prediction and Feeding Behaviour. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1002-1019. [PMID: 36121552 PMCID: PMC10485105 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of the cerebellum in controlling movements, it might be expected that its main role in eating would be the control of motor elements such as chewing and swallowing. Whilst such functions are clearly important, there is more to eating than these actions, and more to the cerebellum than motor control. This review will present evidence that the cerebellum contributes to homeostatic, motor, rewarding and affective aspects of food consumption.Prediction and feedback underlie many elements of eating, as food consumption is influenced by expectation. For example, circadian clocks cause hunger in anticipation of a meal, and food consumption causes feedback signals which induce satiety. Similarly, the sight and smell of food generate an expectation of what that food will taste like, and its actual taste will generate an internal reward value which will be compared to that expectation. Cerebellar learning is widely thought to involve feed-forward predictions to compare expected outcomes to sensory feedback. We therefore propose that the overarching role of the cerebellum in eating is to respond to prediction errors arising across the homeostatic, motor, cognitive, and affective domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana I Iosif
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Zafar I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jasmine Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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2
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Willmore L, Minerva AR, Engelhard B, Murugan M, McMannon B, Oak N, Thiberge SY, Peña CJ, Witten IB. Overlapping representations of food and social stimuli in VTA dopamine neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.17.541104. [PMID: 37293057 PMCID: PMC10245666 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA DA ) respond to food and social stimuli and contribute to both forms of motivation. However, it is unclear if the same or different VTA DA neurons encode these different stimuli. To address this question, we performed 2-photon calcium imaging in mice presented with food and conspecifics, and found statistically significant overlap in the populations responsive to both stimuli. Both hunger and opposite-sex social experience further increased the proportion of neurons that respond to both stimuli, implying that modifying motivation for one stimulus affects responses to both stimuli. In addition, single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed significant co-expression of feeding- and social-hormone related genes in individual VTA DA neurons. Taken together, our functional and transcriptional data suggest overlapping VTA DA populations underlie food and social motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Willmore
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Adelaide R. Minerva
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Ben Engelhard
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
- Department of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Malavika Murugan
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Brenna McMannon
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Nirja Oak
- Department of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Stephan Y. Thiberge
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Catherine J. Peña
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Ilana B. Witten
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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3
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Kim HT, Desouza AH, Umhoefer H, Han J, Anzia L, Sacotte SJ, Williams RA, Blumer JT, Bartosiak JT, Fontaine DA, Baan M, Kibbe CR, Davis DB. Cholecystokinin attenuates β-cell apoptosis in both mouse and human islets. Transl Res 2022; 243:1-13. [PMID: 34740874 PMCID: PMC9504967 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss of functional pancreatic β-cell mass and increased β-cell apoptosis are fundamental to the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Pancreatic islet transplantation has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes but is often ineffective due to the death of the islet graft within the first few years after transplant. Therapeutic strategies to directly target pancreatic β-cell survival are needed to prevent and treat diabetes and to improve islet transplant outcomes. Reducing β-cell apoptosis is also a therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone typically produced in the gut after food intake, with positive effects on obesity and glucose metabolism in mouse models and human subjects. We have previously shown that pancreatic islets also produce CCK. The production of CCK within the islet promotes β-cell survival in rodent models of diabetes and aging. We demonstrate a direct effect of CCK to reduce cytokine-mediated apoptosis in a β-cell line and in isolated mouse islets in a receptor-dependent manner. However, whether CCK can protect human β-cells was previously unknown. Here, we report that CCK can also reduce cytokine-mediated apoptosis in isolated human islets and CCK treatment in vivo decreases β-cell apoptosis in human islets transplanted into the kidney capsule of diabetic NOD/SCID mice. Collectively, these data identify CCK as a novel therapy that can directly promote β-cell survival in human islets and has therapeutic potential to preserve β-cell mass in diabetes and as an adjunct therapy after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tae Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Arnaldo H Desouza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Heidi Umhoefer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jeeyoung Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lucille Anzia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Steven J Sacotte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rashaun A Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joseph T Blumer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jacob T Bartosiak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Danielle A Fontaine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mieke Baan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Carly R Kibbe
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, Wisconsin.
| | - Dawn Belt Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Abstract
Leptin for over 25 years has been a central theme in the study of appetite, obesity, and starvation. As the major site of leptin production is peripheral, and the site of action of greatest interest is the hypothalamus, how leptin accesses the central nervous system (CNS) and crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been of great interest. We review here the ongoing research that addresses fundamental questions such as the sites of leptin resistances in obesity and other conditions, the causes of resistances and their relations to one another, the three barrier sites of entry into the CNS, why recent studies using suprapharmacological doses cannot address these questions but give insight into nonsaturable entry of leptin into the CNS, and how that might be useful in using leptin therapeutically. The current status of the controversy of whether the short form of the leptin receptor acts as the BBB leptin transporter and how obesity may transform leptin transport is reviewed. Review of these and other topics summarizes in a new appreciation of what leptin may have actually evolved to do and what physiological role leptin resistance may play. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-19, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Plaza A, Merino B, Del Olmo N, Ruiz-Gayo M. The cholecystokinin receptor agonist, CCK-8, induces adiponectin production in rat white adipose tissue. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2678-2690. [PMID: 31012948 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A cholecystokinin (CCK) system has been identified in white adipose tissue (WAT). Nevertheless, the endocrine actions of CCK on WAT remain unknown. Our goal was to investigate the role of CCK in regulating the production of adiponectin, an adipokine expressed in WAT, which is pivotal in preserving energy homeostasis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of the bioactive CCK fragment CCK-8 on adiponectin production was studied both in vivo and in vitro. CCK-8 effects were characterized in rats treated with selective CCK1 and CCK2 receptor antagonists as well as in pre-adipocytes carrying the selective silencing of either CCK1 or CCK2 receptors. The influence of insulin on CCK-8 responses was also analysed. KEY RESULTS In WAT, CCK-8 increased plasma adiponectin levels and the expression of the adiponectin gene (Adipoq). In pre-adipocytes, CCK-8 up-regulated adiponectin production. CCK-8 effects were abolished by L-365,260, a selective CCK2 receptor antagonist. CCK2 receptor knockdown also abolished the effects of CCK-8 in pre-adipocytes. Moreover, in vitro CCK-8 effects were blocked by triciribine, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase B (Akt) and by the PPARγ antagonist T0070907. Silencing the expression of the insulin receptor inhibited CCK-8-induced Adipoq expression in pre-adipocytes. Furthermore, insulin potentiated the effect of CCK-8. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS CCK-8 stimulates adiponectin production in WAT by acting on CCK2 receptors, through a mechanism involving both Akt and PPARγ. Moreover, CCK-8 actions are only observed in the presence of insulin. Our results could have translational value in the design of new insulin-sensitizing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Plaza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Ruiz-Gayo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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Plaza A, Merino B, Cano V, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J, Fernández-Alfonso MS, Sengenès C, Chowen JA, Ruiz-Gayo M. Cholecystokinin is involved in triglyceride fatty acid uptake by rat adipose tissue. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:137-150. [PMID: 29339381 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of plasma triglyceride (TG) fatty acids to white adipose tissue (WAT) depends on lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which is regulated by angiopoietin-like protein-4 (ANGPTL-4), an unfolding molecular chaperone that converts active LPL dimers into inactive monomers. The production of ANGPTL-4 is promoted by fasting and repressed by feeding. We hypothesized that the postprandial hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) facilitates the storage of dietary TG fatty acids in WAT by regulating the activity of the LPL/ANGPTL-4 axis and that it does so by acting directly on CCK receptors in adipocytes. We report that administration of CCK-8 (a bioactive fragment of CCK) to rats: (i) reduces plasma ANGTPL-4 levels; (ii) represses Angptl-4 expression in WAT and (iii) simultaneously enhances LPL activity in this tissue without inducing Lpl expression. In vivo CCK-8 effects are specifically antagonized by the CCK-2 receptor (CCK-2R) antagonist, L-365,260. Moreover, CCK-8 downregulates Angptl-4 expression in wild-type pre-adipocytes, an effect that is not observed in engineered pre-adipocytes lacking CCK-2R. These effects have functional consequences as CCK-8 was found to promote the uptake of dietary fatty acids by WAT, as demonstrated by means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The efficacy of acute CCK-8 administration was not reduced after chronic CCK-8 treatment. Moreover, the effects of CCK-8 on WAT were not associated to the increase of circulating insulin. Our results show that cholecystokinin promotes lipid storage in WAT by acting on adipocyte CCK-2R, suggesting a pivotal role for CCK in TG homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Plaza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la SaludFacultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la SaludFacultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Cano
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la SaludFacultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Departamento de Química y BioquímicaFacultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Departamento de Química y BioquímicaFacultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Coralie Sengenès
- STROMALabUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departamento de EndocrinologíaHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, CIBEROBN Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Ruiz-Gayo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la SaludFacultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Woods SC, May AA, Liu M, Tso P, Begg DP. Using the cerebrospinal fluid to understand ingestive behavior. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:172-178. [PMID: 27923718 PMCID: PMC5944842 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) offers a window into the workings of the brain and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Molecules that enter into the central nervous system (CNS) by passive diffusion or receptor-mediated transport through the choroid plexus often appear in the CSF prior to acting within the brain. Other molecules enter the CNS by passing through the BBB into the brain's interstitial fluid prior to appearing in the CSF. This pattern is also often observed for molecules synthesized by neurons or glia within the CNS. The CSF is therefore an important conduit for the entry and clearance of molecules into/from the CNS and thereby constitutes an important window onto brain activity and barrier function. Assessing the CSF basally, under experimental conditions, or in the context of challenges or metabolic diseases can provide powerful insights about brain function. Here, we review important findings made by our labs, as influenced by the late Randall Sakai, by interrogating the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Aaron A May
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Denovan P Begg
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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9
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May AA, Liu M, Woods SC, Begg DP. CCK increases the transport of insulin into the brain. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:392-7. [PMID: 27570192 PMCID: PMC5028313 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Food intake occurs in bouts or meals, and numerous meal-generated signals have been identified that act to limit the size of ongoing meals. Hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK) are secreted from the intestine as ingested food is being processed, and in addition to aiding the digestive process, they provide a signal to the brain that contributes to satiation, limiting the size of the meal. The potency of CCK to elicit satiation is enhanced by elevated levels of adiposity signals such as insulin. In the present experiments we asked whether CCK and insulin interact at the level of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We first isolated rat brain capillary endothelial cells that comprise the BBB and found that they express the mRNA for both the CCK1R and the insulin receptor, providing a basis for a possible interaction. We then administered insulin intraperitoneally to another group of rats and 15min later administered CCK-8 intraperitoneally to half of those rats. After another 15min, CSF and blood samples were obtained and assayed for immunoreactive insulin. Plasma insulin was comparably elevated above baseline in both the CCK-8 and control groups, indicating that the CCK had no effect on circulating insulin levels given these parameters. In contrast, rats administered CCK had CSF-insulin levels that were more than twice as high as those of control rats. We conclude that circulating CCK greatly facilitates the transport of insulin into the brain, likely by acting directly at the BBB. These findings imply that in circumstances in which the plasma levels of both CCK and insulin are elevated, such as during and soon after meals, satiation is likely to be due, in part, to this newly-discovered synergy between CCK and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A May
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, OH, USA
| | - Min Liu
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, OH, USA
| | - Stephen C Woods
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Metabolic Diseases Institute, OH, USA.
| | - Denovan P Begg
- University of New South Wales, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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10
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Desensitization of leptin receptors is coincident with the upregulation of dopamine-related genes in the prefrontal cortex of adolescent mice. Neuroreport 2016; 27:516-21. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Gupta A, Al-Aubaidy HA, Mohammed BI. Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors: Their roles in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2016; 10:S170-S175. [PMID: 27016884 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review paper highlights the major advances investigating the roles of glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and its receptors in glucose metabolism and their potential use in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It also focusses on the role of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in the treatment of this disease. This study discussed the recent therapeutic development which have occurred in this field, and also covering the evolvement of the potential treatments for diabetes which can be discovered and implemented in the near future to design an effective therapy for diabetes and prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Gupta
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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12
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Jebors S, Ciccione J, Al-Halifa S, Nottelet B, Enjalbal C, M'Kadmi C, Amblard M, Mehdi A, Martinez J, Subra G. A New Way to Silicone-Based Peptide Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Jebors S, Ciccione J, Al-Halifa S, Nottelet B, Enjalbal C, M'Kadmi C, Amblard M, Mehdi A, Martinez J, Subra G. A New Way to Silicone-Based Peptide Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3778-82. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Leptin in health and disease: facts and expectations at its twentieth anniversary. Metabolism 2015; 64:5-12. [PMID: 25467841 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston VA Healthcare system and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Vargas-Martínez F, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Petersson M, Olausson HA, Jiménez-Estrada I. Neuropeptides as neuroprotective agents: Oxytocin a forefront developmental player in the mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 123:37-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Transendothelial Transport and Its Role in Therapeutics. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:309404. [PMID: 27355037 PMCID: PMC4897564 DOI: 10.1155/2014/309404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Present review paper highlights role of BBB in endothelial transport of various substances into the brain. More specifically, permeability functions of BBB in transendothelial transport of various substances such as metabolic fuels, ethanol, amino acids, proteins, peptides, lipids, vitamins, neurotransmitters, monocarbxylic acids, gases, water, and minerals in the peripheral circulation and into the brain have been widely explained. In addition, roles of various receptors, ATP powered pumps, channels, and transporters in transport of vital molecules in maintenance of homeostasis and normal body functions have been described in detail. Major role of integral membrane proteins, carriers, or transporters in drug transport is highlighted. Both diffusion and carrier mediated transport mechanisms which facilitate molecular trafficking through transcellular route to maintain influx and outflux of important nutrients and metabolic substances are elucidated. Present review paper aims to emphasize role of important transport systems with their recent advancements in CNS protection mainly for providing a rapid clinical aid to patients. This review also suggests requirement of new well-designed therapeutic strategies mainly potential techniques, appropriate drug formulations, and new transport systems for quick, easy, and safe delivery of drugs across blood brain barrier to save the life of tumor and virus infected patients.
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17
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Wängler C, Chowdhury S, Höfner G, Djurova P, Purisima EO, Bartenstein P, Wängler B, Fricker G, Wanner KT, Schirrmacher R. Shuttle-cargo fusion molecules of transport peptides and the hD2/3 receptor antagonist fallypride: a feasible approach to preserve ligand-receptor binding? J Med Chem 2014; 57:4368-81. [PMID: 24779610 DOI: 10.1021/jm5004123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To determine if the conjugation of a small receptor ligand to a peptidic carrier to potentially facilitate transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by "molecular Trojan horse" transcytosis is feasible, we synthesized several transport peptide-fallypride fusion molecules as model systems and determined their binding affinities to the hD2 receptor. Although they were affected by conjugation, the binding affinities were found to be still in the nanomolar range (between 1.5 and 64.2 nM). In addition, homology modeling of the receptor and docking studies for the most potent compounds were performed, elucidating the binding modes of the fusion molecules and the structure elements contributing to the observed high receptor binding. Furthermore, no interaction between the hybrid compounds and P-gp, the main excretory transporter of the BBB, was found. From these results, it can be inferred that the approach to deliver small neuroreceptor ligands across the BBB by transport peptide carriers is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Wängler
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
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Wren MA, Dauchy RT, Hanifin JP, Jablonski MR, Warfield B, Brainard GC, Blask DE, Hill SM, Ooms TG, Bohm RP. Effect of different spectral transmittances through tinted animal cages on circadian metabolism and physiology in Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2014; 53:44-51. [PMID: 24411779 PMCID: PMC3894647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is synchronized by the light:dark cycle and is the master biologic clock that serves as a pacemaker to regulate circadian rhythms. We explored the hypothesis that spectral transmittance (tint) of light through caging alters circadian rhythms of endocrine and metabolic plasma constituents in nonpigmented Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (Crl:SD; n = 12 per group) were housed in a 12:12-h light:dark environment (300 lx; 123.0 μ W/cm(2); lights on, 0600) in either clear-, amber-, blue-, or red-tinted rodent cages. Blood was collected at 0400, 0800, 1200, 1600, 2000, and 2400 and measured for melatonin, total fatty acids, pH, glucose, lactic acid, corticosterone, insulin, and leptin. As expected, plasma melatonin levels were low during the light phase but higher during the dark phase in all groups; however, when compared with the clear-cage group, rats in amber-, blue-, and red-tinted cages had 29%, 74%, and 48%, respectively, greater total daily melatonin levels due to an increased duration and, in some cases, amplitude of the nocturnal melatonin signal. No differences were found in dietary and water intake, body growth rates, total fatty acids, pH, or glucose among groups. Disruptions in circadian rhythms, manifesting as alterations in phase timing, amplitude, or duration, occurred in the melatonin, lactic acid, corticosterone, insulin, and leptin levels of rats in tinted compared with clear cages. Therefore, the use of variously tinted animal cages significantly alters circadian rhythms in plasma measures of metabolism and physiology in laboratory rats, thus potentially altering the outcomes of scientific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Wren
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Robert T Dauchy
- Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - John P Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Jablonski
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin Warfield
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George C Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E Blask
- Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven M Hill
- Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tara G Ooms
- Section of Laboratory Animal Medicine, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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Balaskó M, Rostás I, Füredi N, Mikó A, Tenk J, Cséplő P, Koncsecskó-Gáspár M, Soós S, Székely M, Pétervári E. Age and nutritional state influence the effects of cholecystokinin on energy balance. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Many questions must be considered with regard to consuming food, including when to eat, what to eat and how much to eat. Although eating is often thought to be a homeostatic behaviour, little evidence exists to suggest that eating is an automatic response to an acute shortage of energy. Instead, food intake can be considered as an integrated response over a prolonged period of time that maintains the levels of energy stored in adipocytes. When we eat is generally determined by habit, convenience or opportunity rather than need, and meals are preceded by a neurally-controlled coordinated secretion of numerous hormones that prime the digestive system for the anticipated caloric load. How much we eat is determined by satiation hormones that are secreted in response to ingested nutrients, and these signals are in turn modified by adiposity hormones that indicate the fat content of the body. In addition, many nonhomeostatic factors, including stress, learning, palatability and social influences, interact with other controllers of food intake. If a choice of food is available, what we eat is based on pleasure and past experience. This article reviews the hormones that mediate and influence these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denovan P Begg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Design of brain imaging agents for positron emission tomography: do large bioconjugates provide an opportunity for in vivo brain imaging? Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1621-34. [PMID: 24047268 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of brain imaging agents for positron emission tomography and other in vivo imaging modalities mostly relies on small compounds of low MW as a result of the restricted transport of larger molecules, such as peptides and proteins, across the blood–brain barrier. Besides passive transport, only a few active carrier mechanisms, such as glucose transporters and amino acid transporters, have so far been exploited to mediate the accumulation of imaging probes in the brain. An important question for the future is whether some of the abundant active carrier systems located at the blood–brain barrier can be used to shuttle potential, but non-crossing, imaging agents into the brain. What are the biological and chemical constrictions toward such bioconjugates and is it worthwhile to persue such a delivery strategy?
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Irwin N, Montgomery IA, Flatt PR. Comparison of the metabolic effects of sustained CCK1 receptor activation alone and in combination with upregulated leptin signalling in high-fat-fed mice. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1425-35. [PMID: 23462797 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin are important hormones with effects on energy balance. The present study assessed the biological effects of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 and [D-Leu-4]-OB3, smaller isoforms of CCK and leptin, respectively. METHODS The actions and overall therapeutic use of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 and [D-Leu-4]-OB3, alone and in combination, were evaluated in normal and high-fat-fed mice. RESULTS (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 had prominent (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001), acute feeding-suppressive effects, which were significantly augmented (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01) by [D-Leu-4]-OB3. In agreement, the acute dose-dependent glucose-lowering and insulinotropic actions of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 were significantly enhanced by concurrent administration of [D-Leu-4]-OB3. Twice daily injection of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 alone and in combination with [D-Leu-4]-OB3 in high-fat-fed mice for 18 days decreased body weight (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001), energy intake (p < 0.01), circulating triacylglycerol (p < 0.01), non-fasting glucose (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) and triacylglycerol deposition in liver and adipose tissue (p < 0.001). All treatment regimens improved glucose tolerance (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.001). Combined treatment with (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 and [D-Leu-4]-OB3 resulted in significantly lowered plasma insulin levels, normalisation of circulating LDL-cholesterol and decreased triacylglycerol deposition in muscle. These effects were superior to either treatment regimen alone. There were no changes in overall locomotor activity or respiratory exchange ratio, but treatment with (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 significantly reduced (p < 0.001) energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These studies highlight the potential of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 alone and in combination with [D-Leu-4]-OB3 in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 2DD Northern Ireland, UK.
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Multi-hormonal weight loss combinations in diet-induced obese rats: Therapeutic potential of cholecystokinin? Physiol Behav 2010; 100:187-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Banks WA. Mouse models of neurological disorders: a view from the blood-brain barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:881-8. [PMID: 19879356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The number of disease models that involve an aspect of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysregulation have increased tremendously. The main factors contributing to this expansion have been an increased number of diseases in which the BBB is known to be involved, an increase in the known functions of the BBB, and an increase in the number of models and tools with which those diverse functions can be studied. In many cases, the BBB may be a target of disease; current thinking would include hypertensive encephalopathy and perhaps stroke in this category. Another category are those diseases in which special attributes of the BBB may predispose to disease; for example, the ability of a pathogen to cross the BBB often depends on the pathogen's ability to invoke transcytotic pathways in the brain endothelial or choroid plexus cell. Of special interest are those diseases in which the BBB may be the primary seat of disease or play a major role in the onset or progression of the disease. An increasing number of diseases are so categorized in which BBB dysfunction or dysregulation plays a major role; this review highlights such roles for the BBB including those proposed for Alzheimer's disease and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, 915 N. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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Merino B, Somoza B, Ruiz-Gayo M, Cano V. Circadian rhythm drives the responsiveness of leptin-mediated hypothalamic pathway of cholecystokinin-8. Neurosci Lett 2008; 442:165-8. [PMID: 18638520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin act coordinately in the brain to regulate food intake and energy balance. Recently we have reported that CCK enhances the permeability of brain barriers to leptin and we have proposed that CCK enhances energy expenditure in rats by activating in the hypothalamus the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signalling pathway, which is coupled to leptin receptors. Because plasma leptin concentration follows a circadian rhythm (plasma leptin concentration rise maximal values during the night, after rats start eating), we have hypothesized that the interaction between leptin and CCK should be more intense in animals receiving CCK during the night, i.e., during periods of positive energy balance. In order to further characterize the physiological relevance of the interplay between leptin and CCK we have compared the effect of diurnal vs. nocturnal administration of the C-terminal octapeptide of CCK (CCK-8) on (i) body weight and food intake, and (ii) STAT3 activation, by analyzing phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) immunostaining within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Our results show that CCK decreases body weight and food intake only after p.m. administration. Accordingly pSTAT3 immunostaining within the hypothalamus was more intense in p.m. than in a.m.-treated animals. These data suggest that the effect of CCK on leptin pathways follows a circadian rhythm linked to the energy balance status and gives further support to the interaction between leptin and CCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Merino
- Departamento de Farmacología, Tecnología y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
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