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Wilson MR, Sample HA, Zorn KC, Arevalo S, Yu G, Neuhaus J, Federman S, Stryke D, Briggs B, Langelier C, Berger A, Douglas V, Josephson SA, Chow FC, Fulton BD, DeRisi JL, Gelfand JM, Naccache SN, Bender J, Dien Bard J, Murkey J, Carlson M, Vespa PM, Vijayan T, Allyn PR, Campeau S, Humphries RM, Klausner JD, Ganzon CD, Memar F, Ocampo NA, Zimmermann LL, Cohen SH, Polage CR, DeBiasi RL, Haller B, Dallas R, Maron G, Hayden R, Messacar K, Dominguez SR, Miller S, Chiu CY. Clinical Metagenomic Sequencing for Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:2327-2340. [PMID: 31189036 PMCID: PMC6764751 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1803396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has the potential to identify a broad range of pathogens in a single test. METHODS In a 1-year, multicenter, prospective study, we investigated the usefulness of metagenomic NGS of CSF for the diagnosis of infectious meningitis and encephalitis in hospitalized patients. All positive tests for pathogens on metagenomic NGS were confirmed by orthogonal laboratory testing. Physician feedback was elicited by teleconferences with a clinical microbial sequencing board and by surveys. Clinical effect was evaluated by retrospective chart review. RESULTS We enrolled 204 pediatric and adult patients at eight hospitals. Patients were severely ill: 48.5% had been admitted to the intensive care unit, and the 30-day mortality among all study patients was 11.3%. A total of 58 infections of the nervous system were diagnosed in 57 patients (27.9%). Among these 58 infections, metagenomic NGS identified 13 (22%) that were not identified by clinical testing at the source hospital. Among the remaining 45 infections (78%), metagenomic NGS made concurrent diagnoses in 19. Of the 26 infections not identified by metagenomic NGS, 11 were diagnosed by serologic testing only, 7 were diagnosed from tissue samples other than CSF, and 8 were negative on metagenomic NGS owing to low titers of pathogens in CSF. A total of 8 of 13 diagnoses made solely by metagenomic NGS had a likely clinical effect, with 7 of 13 guiding treatment. CONCLUSIONS Routine microbiologic testing is often insufficient to detect all neuroinvasive pathogens. In this study, metagenomic NGS of CSF obtained from patients with meningitis or encephalitis improved diagnosis of neurologic infections and provided actionable information in some cases. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; PDAID ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02910037.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Hannah A Sample
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Kelsey C Zorn
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Shaun Arevalo
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Guixia Yu
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - John Neuhaus
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Scot Federman
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Doug Stryke
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Benjamin Briggs
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Charles Langelier
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Amy Berger
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Vanja Douglas
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - S Andrew Josephson
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Felicia C Chow
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Brent D Fulton
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jeffrey M Gelfand
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Samia N Naccache
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jeffrey Bender
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jennifer Dien Bard
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jamie Murkey
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Magrit Carlson
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Paul M Vespa
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Tara Vijayan
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Paul R Allyn
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Shelley Campeau
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Romney M Humphries
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Czarina D Ganzon
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Fatemeh Memar
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Nicolle A Ocampo
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Lara L Zimmermann
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Stuart H Cohen
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Christopher R Polage
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Roberta L DeBiasi
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Barbara Haller
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Ronald Dallas
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Gabriela Maron
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Randall Hayden
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Kevin Messacar
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Samuel R Dominguez
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Steve Miller
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
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