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Middleton RC, Liao K, Liu W, de Couto G, Garcia N, Antes T, Wang Y, Wu D, Li X, Tourtellotte WG, Marbán E. Newt A1 cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote mammalian nerve growth. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11829. [PMID: 37481602 PMCID: PMC10363125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Newts have the extraordinary ability to fully regenerate lost or damaged cardiac, neural and retinal tissues, and even amputated limbs. In contrast, mammals lack these broad regenerative capabilities. While the molecular basis of newts' regenerative ability is the subject of active study, the underlying paracrine signaling factors involved remain largely uncharacterized. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cell-to-cell communication via EV cargo-mediated regulation of gene expression patterns within the recipient cells. Here, we report that newt myogenic precursor (A1) cells secrete EVs (A1EVs) that contain messenger RNAs associated with early embryonic development, neuronal differentiation, and cell survival. Exposure of rat primary superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons to A1EVs increased neurite outgrowth, facilitated by increases in mitochondrial respiration. Canonical pathway analysis pinpointed activation of NGF/ERK5 signaling in SCG neurons exposed to A1EV, which was validated experimentally. Thus, newt EVs drive neurite growth and complexity in mammalian primary neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Middleton
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Weixin Liu
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Geoff de Couto
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Nahuel Garcia
- Gecorp, Av Juan Manuel de Rosas 899, San Miguel del Monte, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Travis Antes
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Applied Genomics, Computation and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Applied Genomics, Computation and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Xinling Li
- Applied Genomics, Computation and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd #2900A, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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2
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Tusa I, Menconi A, Tubita A, Rovida E. Pathophysiological Impact of the MEK5/ERK5 Pathway in Oxidative Stress. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081154. [PMID: 37190064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, a low increase in the basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for various cellular functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell survival or death, as well as antioxidant capacity. However, if the amount of generated ROS overcomes the antioxidant capacity, excessive ROS results in cellular dysfunctions as a consequence of damage to cellular components, including DNA, lipids and proteins, and may eventually lead to cell death or carcinogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (MEK5/ERK5) pathway is frequently involved in oxidative stress-elicited effects. In particular, accumulating evidence identified a prominent role of this pathway in the anti-oxidative response. In this respect, activation of krüppel-like factor 2/4 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 emerged among the most frequent events in ERK5-mediated response to oxidative stress. This review summarizes what is known about the role of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the response to oxidative stress in pathophysiological contexts within the cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphohematopoietic, urinary and central nervous systems. The possible beneficial or detrimental effects exerted by the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the above systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Menconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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3
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Banaras S, Paracha RZ, Nisar M, Arif A, Ahmad J, Tariq Saeed M, Mustansar Z, Shuja MN, Paracha RN. System level modeling and analysis of TNF-α mediated sphingolipid signaling pathway in neurological disorders for the prediction of therapeutic targets. Front Physiol 2022; 13:872421. [PMID: 36060699 PMCID: PMC9437628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.872421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) belongs to a class of lipids termed sphingolipids. The disruption in the sphingomyelin signaling pathway is associated with various neurodegenerative disorders. TNF-α, a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine generated in response to various neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), is an eminent regulator of the sphingomyelin metabolic pathway. The immune-triggered regulation of the sphingomyelin metabolic pathway via TNF-α constitutes the sphingomyelin signaling pathway. In this pathway, sphingomyelin and its downstream sphingolipids activate various signaling cascades like PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways, thus, controlling diverse processes coupled with neuronal viability, survival, and death. The holistic analysis of the immune-triggered sphingomyelin signaling pathway is imperative to make necessary predictions about its pivotal components and for the formulation of disease-related therapeutics. The current work offers a comprehensive in silico systems analysis of TNF-α mediated sphingomyelin and downstream signaling cascades via a model-based quantitative approach. We incorporated the intensity values of genes from the microarray data of control individuals from the AD study in the input entities of the pathway model. Computational modeling and simulation of the inflammatory pathway enabled the comprehensive study of the system dynamics. Network and sensitivity analysis of the model unveiled essential interaction parameters and entities during neuroinflammation. Scanning of the key entities and parameters allowed us to determine their ultimate impact on neuronal apoptosis and survival. Moreover, the efficacy and potency of the FDA-approved drugs, namely Etanercept, Nivocasan, and Scyphostatin allowed us to study the model’s response towards inhibition of the respective proteins/enzymes. The network analysis revealed the pivotal model entities with high betweenness and closeness centrality values including recruit FADD, TNFR_TRADD, act CASP2, actCASP8, actCASP3 and 9, cytochrome C, and RIP_RAIDD which profoundly impacted the neuronal apoptosis. Whereas some of the entities with high betweenness and closeness centrality values like Gi-coupled receptor, actS1PR, Sphingosine, S1P, actAKT, and actERK produced a high influence on neuronal survival. However, the current study inferred the dual role of ceramide, both on neuronal survival and apoptosis. Moreover, the drug Nivocasan effectively reduces neuronal apoptosis via its inhibitory mechanism on the caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Banaras
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Rehan Zafar Paracha,
| | - Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Arif
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Computer Science and Information Technology (CS&IT), University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Saeed
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zartasha Mustansar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rizwan Nasir Paracha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sub Campus Bhakkar, Bhakkar, Pakistan
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4
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Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Pravir Kumar. Autophagy and apoptosis cascade: which is more prominent in neuronal death? Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8001-8047. [PMID: 34741624 PMCID: PMC11072037 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are two crucial self-destructive processes that maintain cellular homeostasis, which are characterized by their morphology and regulated through signal transduction mechanisms. These pathways determine the fate of cellular organelle and protein involved in human health and disease such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Cell death pathways share common molecular mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, calcium ion concentration, reactive oxygen species, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Some key signaling molecules such as p53 and VEGF mediated angiogenic pathway exhibit cellular and molecular responses resulting in the triggering of apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Herein, based on previous studies, we describe the intricate relation between cell death pathways through their common genes and the role of various stress-causing agents. Further, extensive research on autophagy and apoptotic machinery excavates the implementation of selective biomarkers, for instance, mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3 family members, caspases, AMPK, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, and p38/JNK/MAPK, in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This molecular phenomenon will lead to the discovery of possible therapeutic biomolecules as a pharmacological intervention that are involved in the modulation of apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Moreover, we describe the potential role of micro-RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and biomolecules as therapeutic agents that regulate cell death machinery to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Mounting evidence demonstrated that under stress conditions, such as calcium efflux, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and oxidative stress intermediate molecules, namely p53 and VEGF, activate and cause cell death. Further, activation of p53 and VEGF cause alteration in gene expression and dysregulated signaling pathways through the involvement of signaling molecules, namely mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3, AMPK, MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/Akt, and caspases. Alteration in gene expression and signaling cascades cause neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates, which are characteristics features of neurodegenerative diseases. Excessive neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates lead to neuronal cell death by activating death pathways like autophagy and apoptosis. However, autophagy has a dual role in the apoptosis pathways, i.e., activation and inhibition of the apoptosis signaling. Further, micro-RNAs and LncRNAs act as pharmacological regulators of autophagy and apoptosis cascade, whereas, natural compounds and chemical compounds act as pharmacological inhibitors that rescue neuronal cell death through inhibition of apoptosis and autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
- , Delhi, India.
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5
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ERK/MAPK signalling in the developing brain: Perturbations and consequences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:792-805. [PMID: 34634357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular regulated kinase/microtubule-associated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signalling pathway transduces signals that cause an alteration in the ongoing metabolic pathways and modifies gene expression patterns; thus, influencing cellular behaviour. ERK/MAPK signalling is essential for the proper development of the nervous system from neural progenitor cells derived from the embryonic mesoderm. Several signalling molecules that regulate the well-coordinated process of neurodevelopment transduce developmental information through the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway. The ERK/MAPK is a potential novel therapeutic target in several neurodevelopmental disorders, however, despite years of study, there is still significant uncertainty about the exact mechanism by which the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway elicits specific responses in neurodevelopment. Here, we will review the evidence highlighting the role of ERK/MAPK signalling in neurodevelopment. We will also discuss the structural implication and behavioural deficits associated with perturbed ERK/MAPK signalling pathway in cortical development, whilst examining its contribution to the neuropathology of several neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Schizophrenia, Fragile X, and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder.
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6
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Small molecule ERK5 kinase inhibitors paradoxically activate ERK5 signalling: be careful what you wish for…. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1859-1875. [PMID: 32915196 PMCID: PMC7609025 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ERK5 is a protein kinase that also contains a nuclear localisation signal and a transcriptional transactivation domain. Inhibition of ERK5 has therapeutic potential in cancer and inflammation and this has prompted the development of ERK5 kinase inhibitors (ERK5i). However, few ERK5i programmes have taken account of the ERK5 transactivation domain. We have recently shown that the binding of small molecule ERK5i to the ERK5 kinase domain stimulates nuclear localisation and paradoxical activation of its transactivation domain. Other kinase inhibitors paradoxically activate their intended kinase target, in some cases leading to severe physiological consequences highlighting the importance of mitigating these effects. Here, we review the assays used to monitor ERK5 activities (kinase and transcriptional) in cells, the challenges faced in development of small molecule inhibitors to the ERK5 pathway, and classify the molecular mechanisms of paradoxical activation of protein kinases by kinase inhibitors.
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7
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Islam T, Majumder M, Kalita B, Bhattacharjee A, Mukhopadhyay R, Mukherjee AK. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical analyses reveal a novel neuritogenesis mechanism of
Naja naja
venom α‐elapitoxin post binding to TrkA receptor of rat pheochromocytoma cells. J Neurochem 2020; 155:612-637. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taufikul Islam
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
| | - Munmi Majumder
- Cellular, Molecular, and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
| | - Bhargab Kalita
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics North Eastern Hill University Shillong Meghalaya India
| | - Rupak Mukhopadhyay
- Cellular, Molecular, and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
| | - Ashis K. Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology School of Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
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8
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Ghai V, Fallen S, Baxter D, Scherler K, Kim TK, Zhou Y, Meabon JS, Logsdon AF, Banks WA, Schindler AG, Cook DG, Peskind ER, Lee I, Wang K. Alterations in Plasma microRNA and Protein Levels in War Veterans with Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1418-1430. [PMID: 32024417 PMCID: PMC7249467 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is considered the "signature" injury of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Identifying biomarkers that could aid in diagnosis and assessment of chronic mTBI are urgently needed, as little progress has been made toward identifying blood-based biomarkers of repetitive mTBI in the chronic state. Addressing this knowledge gap is especially important in the population of military veterans who are receiving assessment and care often years after their last exposure. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), especially those encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs), have gained interest as a source of biomarkers for neurological conditions. To identify biomarkers for chronic mTBI, we used next generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze miRNAs in plasma and plasma-derived EVs from 27 Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans with blast-related chronic mTBI, 11 deployed veteran non-TBI controls, and 31 civilian controls. We identified 32 miRNAs in plasma and 45 miRNAs in EVs that significantly changed in the chronic mTBI cohort compared with control groups. These miRNAs were predominantly associated with pathways involved in neuronal function, vascular remodeling, blood-brain barrier integrity, and neuroinflammation. In addition, the plasma proteome was analyzed and showed that the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME) were elevated in chronic mTBI samples. These plasma miRNAs and proteins could potentially be used as biomarkers and provide insights into the molecular processes associated with the long-term health outcomes associated with blast-related chronic mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Ghai
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - David Baxter
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Taek-Kyun Kim
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James S. Meabon
- Veterans Affairs Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (VAPSHCS), Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (VAPSHCS), Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (VAPSHCS), Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abigail G. Schindler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (VAPSHCS), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David G. Cook
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (VAPSHCS), Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine R. Peskind
- Veterans Affairs Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (VAPSHCS), Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Inyoul Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Address correspondence to: Kai Wang, PhD, Hood-Price Lab, Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-5263, USA
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9
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Ding H, Wang F, Su L, Zhao L, Hu B, Zheng W, Yao S, Li Y. Involvement of MEK5/ERK5 signaling pathway in manganese-induced cell injury in dopaminergic MN9D cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126546. [PMID: 32480051 PMCID: PMC7655554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-exposure to manganese (Mn) causes irreversible movement disorders with signs and symptoms similar, but not identical, to idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Recent data suggest that Mn toxicity occurs in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, although the mechanism remains elusive. This study was designed to investigate whether Mn interfered the apoptotic signaling transduction cascade in DA neurons. METHODS Mouse midbrain dopaminergic MN9D cells were exposed to Mn in a concentration range of 0, 400, 800, or 1200 μM as designated as control, low, medium, and high exposure groups, respectively. The flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI double staining and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the apoptosis. RESULTS Data indicated that Mn exposure caused morphological alterations typical of apoptosis, increased apoptotic cells by 2-8 fold, and produced reactive oxidative species (ROS) by 1.5-2.2 fold as compared to controls (p < 0.05). Studies by qPCR and Western blot revealed that Mn exposure significantly increased the protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 (ERK5) and mitogen-activated ERK kinase-5 (MEK5) (p < 0.05). The presence of BIX02189, a specific inhibitor of MER/ERK, caused a much greater cytotoxicity, i.e., higher cell death, more ROS production, and worsened apoptosis, than did the treatment with Mn alone. Following Mn exposure, the expression of a downstream effector Bcl- 2 was reduced by 48 % while those of Bax and Caspase-3 were increased by 266.7 % and 90.1 %, respectively, as compared to controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Taken together, these data provide the initial evidence that the signaling transduction cascade mediated by MEK5/ERK5 is responsible to Mn-induced cytotoxicity; Mn exposure, by suppressing anti-apoptotic function while facilitating pro-apoptotic activities, alters neuronal cell's survival and functionally inhibits DA production by MN9D cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Ding
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Liyu Su
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Lan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Binli Hu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Shengtao Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China.
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10
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Efficient Suppression of NRAS-Driven Melanoma by Co-Inhibition of ERK1/2 and ERK5 MAPK Pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2455-2465.e10. [PMID: 32376279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a highly malignant tumor typically driven by somatic mutation in the oncogenes BRAF or NRAS, leading to uncontrolled activation of the MEK/ERK MAPK pathway. Despite the availability of immunotherapy, MAPK pathway‒targeting regimens are still a valuable treatment option for BRAF-mutant melanoma. Unfortunately, patients with NRAS mutation do not benefit from such therapies owing to the lack of targetable BRAF mutations and a high degree of intrinsic and acquired resistance toward MEK inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that concomitant inhibition of ERK5 removes this constraint and effectively sensitizes NRAS-mutant melanoma cells for MAPK pathway‒targeting therapy. Using approved MEK inhibitors or a pharmacologic ERK inhibitor, we demonstrate that MAPK inhibition triggers a delayed activation of ERK5 through a PDGFR inhibitor-sensitive pathway in NRAS-mutant melanoma cells, resulting in sustained proliferation and survival. ERK5 phosphorylation also occurred naturally in NRAS-mutant melanoma cells and correlated with nuclear localization of its stem cell-associated effector KLF2. Importantly, MEK/ERK5 co-inhibition prevented long-term growth of human NRAS-mutant melanoma cells in vitro and effectively repressed tumor progression in a xenotransplant mouse model. Our findings suggest MEK/ERK5 cotargeting as a potential treatment option for NRAS-mutant melanoma, which currently is not amenable for targeted therapies.
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11
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Targeted Avenues for Cancer Treatment: The MEK5-ERK5 Signaling Pathway. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:394-407. [PMID: 32277933 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years have passed since extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) and its upstream activator, mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (MEK5), first emerged onto the cancer research scene. Although we have come a long way in defining the liaison between dysregulated MEK5-ERK5 signaling and the pathogenesis of epithelial and nonepithelial malignancies, selective targeting of this unique pathway remains elusive. Here, we provide an updated review of the existing evidence for a correlation between aberrant MEK5-ERK5 (phospho)proteomic/transcriptomic profiles, aggressive cancer states, and poor patient outcomes. We then focus on emerging insights from preclinical models regarding the relevance of upregulated ERK5 activity in promoting tumor growth, metastasis, therapy resistance, undifferentiated traits, and immunosuppression, highlighting the opportunities, prospects, and challenges of selectively blocking this cascade for antineoplastic treatment and chemosensitization.
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12
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Beyond Kinase Activity: ERK5 Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling as a Novel Target for Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030938. [PMID: 32023850 PMCID: PMC7038028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in human pathology is underlined by the relevance of abnormalities of MAPK-related signaling pathways to a number of different diseases, including inflammatory disorders and cancer. One of the key events in MAPK signaling, especially with respect to pro-proliferative effects that are crucial for the onset and progression of cancer, is MAPK nuclear translocation and its role in the regulation of gene expression. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is the most recently discovered classical MAPK and it is emerging as a possible target for cancer treatment. The bigger size of ERK5 when compared to other MAPK enables multiple levels of regulation of its expression and activity. In particular, the phosphorylation of kinase domain and C-terminus, as well as post-translational modifications and chaperone binding, are involved in ERK5 regulation. Likewise, different mechanisms control ERK5 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, underscoring the key role of ERK5 in the nuclear compartment. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms involved in ERK5 trafficking between cytoplasm and nucleus, and discuss how these processes might be exploited to design new strategies for cancer treatment.
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13
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Hollville E, Romero SE, Deshmukh M. Apoptotic cell death regulation in neurons. FEBS J 2019; 286:3276-3298. [PMID: 31230407 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a major role in shaping the developing nervous system during embryogenesis as neuronal precursors differentiate to become post-mitotic neurons. However, once neurons are incorporated into functional circuits and become mature, they greatly restrict their capacity to die via apoptosis, thus allowing the mature nervous system to persist in a healthy and functional state throughout life. This robust restriction of the apoptotic pathway during neuronal differentiation and maturation is defined by multiple unique mechanisms that function to more precisely control and restrict the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. However, while these mechanisms are necessary for neuronal survival, mature neurons are still capable of activating the apoptotic pathway in certain pathological contexts. In this review, we highlight key mechanisms governing the survival of post-mitotic neurons, while also detailing the physiological and pathological contexts in which neurons are capable of overcoming this high apoptotic threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selena E Romero
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, USA
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, USA
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14
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Dinsmore CJ, Soriano P. MAPK and PI3K signaling: At the crossroads of neural crest development. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S79-S97. [PMID: 29453943 PMCID: PMC6092260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated growth factor signaling is essential for proper formation and development of the neural crest. The many ligands and receptors implicated in these processes signal through relatively few downstream pathways, frequently converging on the MAPK and PI3K pathways. Despite decades of study, there is still considerable uncertainty about where and when these signaling pathways are required and how they elicit particular responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of growth factor-induced MAPK and PI3K signaling in the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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15
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Kashino Y, Obara Y, Okamoto Y, Saneyoshi T, Hayashi Y, Ishii K. ERK5 Phosphorylates K v4.2 and Inhibits Inactivation of the A-Type Current in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072008. [PMID: 29996472 PMCID: PMC6073465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) regulates diverse physiological responses such as proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression. Previously, we demonstrated that ERK5 is essential for neurite outgrowth and catecholamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons. However, it remains unclear how ERK5 regulates the activity of ion channels, which are important for membrane excitability. Thus, we examined the effect of ERK5 on the ion channel activity in the PC12 cells that overexpress both ERK5 and the constitutively active MEK5 mutant. The gene and protein expression levels of voltage-dependent Ca2+ and K+ channels were determined by RT-qPCR or Western blotting. The A-type K+ current was recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp method. In these ERK5-activated cells, the gene expression levels of voltage-dependent L- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels did not alter, but the N-type Ca2+ channel was slightly reduced. In contrast, those of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3, which are components of the A-type current, were significantly enhanced. Unexpectedly, the protein levels of Kv4.2 were not elevated by ERK5 activation, but the phosphorylation levels were increased by ERK5 activation. By electrophysiological analysis, the inactivation time constant of the A-type current was prolonged by ERK5 activation, without changes in the peak current. Taken together, ERK5 inhibits an inactivation of the A-type current by phosphorylation of Kv4.2, which may contribute to the neuronal differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurina Kashino
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Yutaro Obara
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Takeo Saneyoshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kuniaki Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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16
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Adams NR, Vasquez YM, Mo Q, Gibbons W, Kovanci E, DeMayo FJ. WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 regulates human endometrial stromal cell decidualization, proliferation, and migration in part through mitogen-activated protein kinase 7. Biol Reprod 2018; 97:400-412. [PMID: 29025069 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells, termed decidualization, is an integral step in the establishment of pregnancy. The mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog, WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1), is activated downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor during decidualization. Primary human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) were subjected to small interfering RNA knockdown of WNK1 followed by in vitro decidualization. This abrogated expression of the decidual marker genes, insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) and prolactin (PRL), and prevented adoption of decidual cell morphology. Analysis of the WNK1-dependent transcriptome by RNA-Seq demonstrated that WNK1 regulates the expression of 1858 genes during decidualization. Gene ontology and upstream regulator pathway analysis showed that WNK1 regulates cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation. WNK1 was required for many of the gene expression changes that drive decidualization, including the induction of the inflammatory cytokines, C-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CCL8), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and interleukin 15 (IL15), and the repression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway genes, including early growth response 2 (EGR2), SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3), integrin subunit alpha 2 (ITGA2), integrin subunit alpha 4 (ITGA4), and integrin subunit beta 3 (ITGB3). In addition to abrogating decidualization, WNK1 knockdown decreased the migration and proliferation of HESCs. Furthermore, mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MAPK7), a known downstream target of WNK1, was activated during decidualization in a WNK1-dependent manner. Small interfering RNA knockdown of MAPK7 demonstrated that MAPK7 regulates a subset of WNK1-regulated genes and controls the migration and proliferation of HESCs. These results indicate that WNK1 and MAPK7 promote migration and proliferation during decidualization and regulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and TGF-beta pathway genes in HESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyssa R Adams
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yasmin M Vasquez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William Gibbons
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ertug Kovanci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Gilbert AS, Seoane PI, Sephton-Clark P, Bojarczuk A, Hotham R, Giurisato E, Sarhan AR, Hillen A, Velde GV, Gray NS, Alessi DR, Cunningham DL, Tournier C, Johnston SA, May RC. Vomocytosis of live pathogens from macrophages is regulated by the atypical MAP kinase ERK5. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700898. [PMID: 28835924 PMCID: PMC5559206 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vomocytosis, or nonlytic extrusion, is a poorly understood process through which macrophages release live pathogens that they have failed to kill back into the extracellular environment. Vomocytosis is conserved across vertebrates and occurs with a diverse range of pathogens, but to date, the host signaling events that underpin expulsion remain entirely unknown. We use a targeted inhibitor screen to identify the MAP kinase ERK5 as a critical suppressor of vomocytosis. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic manipulation of ERK5 activity significantly raises vomocytosis rates in human macrophages, whereas stimulation of the ERK5 signaling pathway inhibits vomocytosis. Lastly, using a zebrafish model of cryptococcal disease, we show that reducing ERK5 activity in vivo stimulates vomocytosis and results in reduced dissemination of infection. ERK5 therefore represents the first host signaling regulator of vomocytosis to be identified and a potential target for the future development of vomocytosis-modulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Gilbert
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paula I. Seoane
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Poppy Sephton-Clark
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Aleksandra Bojarczuk
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard Hotham
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emanuele Giurisato
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Adil R. Sarhan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Amy Hillen
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Debbie L. Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Cathy Tournier
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon A. Johnston
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robin C. May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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18
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Pramanik S, Sulistio YA, Heese K. Neurotrophin Signaling and Stem Cells-Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7401-7459. [PMID: 27815842 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are members of a neuronal growth factor protein family whose action is mediated by the tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) receptor family receptors and the p75 NT receptor (p75NTR), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Although NTs were first discovered in neurons, recent studies have suggested that NTs and their receptors are expressed in various types of stem cells mediating pivotal signaling events in stem cell biology. The concept of stem cell therapy has already attracted much attention as a potential strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Strikingly, NTs, proNTs, and their receptors are gaining interest as key regulators of stem cells differentiation, survival, self-renewal, plasticity, and migration. In this review, we elaborate the recent progress in understanding of NTs and their action on various stem cells. First, we provide current knowledge of NTs, proNTs, and their receptor isoforms and signaling pathways. Subsequently, we describe recent advances in the understanding of NT activities in various stem cells and their role in NDs, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Finally, we compile the implications of NTs and stem cells from a clinical perspective and discuss the challenges with regard to transplantation therapy for treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pramanik
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Obara Y, Nagasawa R, Nemoto W, Pellegrino MJ, Takahashi M, Habecker BA, Stork PJS, Ichiyanagi O, Ito H, Tomita Y, Ishii K, Nakahata N. ERK5 induces ankrd1 for catecholamine biosynthesis and homeostasis in adrenal medullary cells. Cell Signal 2015; 28:177-189. [PMID: 26739108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) play important roles in proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. In our previous study, we demonstrated that both ERK5 and ERK1/2 were responsible for neurite outgrowth and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) (J Biol Chem 284, 23,564-23,573, 2009). However, the functional differences between ERK5 and ERK1/2 signaling in neural differentiation remain unclear. In the present study, we show that ERK5, but not ERK1/2 regulates TH levels in rat sympathetic neurons. Furthermore, microarray analysis performed in PC12 cells using ERK5 and ERK1/2-specific inhibitors, identified ankyrin repeat domain 1 (ankrd1) as an ERK5-dependent and ERK1/2-independent gene. Here, we report a novel role of the ERK5/ankrd1 signaling in regulating TH levels and catecholamine biosynthesis. Ankrd1 mRNA was induced by nerve growth factor in time- and concentration-dependent manners. TH levels were reduced by ankrd1 knockdown with no changes in the mRNA levels, suggesting that ankrd1 was involved in stabilization of TH protein. Interestingly, ubiquitination of TH was enhanced and catecholamine biosynthesis was reduced by ankrd1 knockdown. Finally, we examined the relationship of ERK5 to TH levels in human adrenal pheochromocytomas. Whereas TH levels were correlated with ERK5 levels in normal adrenal medullas, ERK5 was down-regulated and TH was up-regulated in pheochromocytomas, indicating that TH levels are regulated by alternative mechanisms in tumors. Taken together, ERK5 signaling is required for catecholamine biosynthesis during neural differentiation, in part to induce ankrd1, and to maintain appropriate TH levels. This pathway is disrupted in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Obara
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Nagasawa
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Wataru Nemoto
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Michael J Pellegrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Maho Takahashi
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Beth A Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Philip J S Stork
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Osamu Ichiyanagi
- Department of Urology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ito
- Department of Urology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tomita
- Department of Urology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Norimichi Nakahata
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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20
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Wu L, Chen X, Zhao J, Martin B, Zepp JA, Ko JS, Gu C, Cai G, Ouyang W, Sen G, Stark GR, Su B, Vines CM, Tournier C, Hamilton TA, Vidimos A, Gastman B, Liu C, Li X. A novel IL-17 signaling pathway controlling keratinocyte proliferation and tumorigenesis via the TRAF4-ERK5 axis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1571-87. [PMID: 26347473 PMCID: PMC4577838 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Wu et al. report a novel IL-17–mediated cascade via the IL-17R–TRAF4–ERK5 axis that directly stimulates keratinocyte proliferation and skin tumor formation in mice. Although IL-17 is emerging as an important cytokine in cancer promotion and progression, the underlining molecular mechanism remains unclear. Previous studies suggest that IL-17 (IL-17A) sustains a chronic inflammatory microenvironment that favors tumor formation. Here we report a novel IL-17–mediated cascade via the IL-17R–Act1–TRAF4–MEKK3–ERK5 positive circuit that directly stimulates keratinocyte proliferation and tumor formation. Although this axis dictates the expression of target genes Steap4 (a metalloreductase for cell metabolism and proliferation) and p63 (a transcription factor for epidermal stem cell proliferation), Steap4 is required for the IL-17–induced sustained expansion of p63+ basal cells in the epidermis. P63 (a positive transcription factor for the Traf4 promoter) induces TRAF4 expression in keratinocytes. Thus, IL-17–induced Steap4-p63 expression forms a positive feedback loop through p63-mediated TRAF4 expression, driving IL-17–dependent sustained activation of the TRAF4–ERK5 axis for keratinocyte proliferation and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Department of Pathology and Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Department of Pathology and Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Bradley Martin
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Department of Pathology and Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Jarod A Zepp
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Department of Pathology and Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Jennifer S Ko
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Chunfang Gu
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Gang Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, and Department of Immunobiology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Ganes Sen
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - George R Stark
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, and Department of Immunobiology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, and Department of Immunobiology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China Department of Immunobiology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Department of Immunobiology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | | - Cathy Tournier
- University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England, UK
| | - Thomas A Hamilton
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Allison Vidimos
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Brian Gastman
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Caini Liu
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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21
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Abstract
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also termed big MAPK1 (BMK1), is the most recently discovered member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. It is expressed in a variety of tissues and is activated by a range of growth factors, cytokines and cellular stresses. Targeted deletion of Erk5 in mice has revealed that the ERK5 signalling cascade is critical for normal cardiovascular development and vascular integrity. In vitro studies have revealed that, in endothelial cells, ERK5 is required for preventing apoptosis, mediating shear-stress signalling and regulating tumour angiogenesis. The present review focuses on our current understanding of the role of ERK5 in regulating endothelial cell function.
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22
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Finegan KG, Perez-Madrigal D, Hitchin JR, Davies CC, Jordan AM, Tournier C. ERK5 is a critical mediator of inflammation-driven cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:742-53. [PMID: 25649771 PMCID: PMC4333217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of many cancers, yet the pathogenic mechanisms that distinguish cancer-associated inflammation from benign persistent inflammation are still mainly unclear. Here, we report that the protein kinase ERK5 controls the expression of a specific subset of inflammatory mediators in the mouse epidermis, which triggers the recruitment of inflammatory cells needed to support skin carcinogenesis. Accordingly, inactivation of ERK5 in keratinocytes prevents inflammation-driven tumorigenesis in this model. In addition, we found that anti-ERK5 therapy cooperates synergistically with existing antimitotic regimens, enabling efficacy of subtherapeutic doses. Collectively, our findings identified ERK5 as a mediator of cancer-associated inflammation in the setting of epidermal carcinogenesis. Considering that ERK5 is expressed in almost all tumor types, our findings suggest that targeting tumor-associated inflammation via anti-ERK5 therapy may have broad implications for the treatment of human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Finegan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | | | - James R Hitchin
- Drug Discovery Unit Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clare C Davies
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M Jordan
- Drug Discovery Unit Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Tournier
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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23
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Stankiewicz TR, Ramaswami SA, Bouchard RJ, Aktories K, Linseman DA. Neuronal apoptosis induced by selective inhibition of Rac GTPase versus global suppression of Rho family GTPases is mediated by alterations in distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9363-76. [PMID: 25666619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases play integral roles in neuronal differentiation and survival. We have shown previously that Clostridium difficile toxin B (ToxB), an inhibitor of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, induces apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). In this study, we compared the effects of ToxB to a selective inhibitor of the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors Tiam1 and Trio (NSC23766). In a manner similar to ToxB, selective inhibition of Rac induces CGN apoptosis associated with enhanced caspase-3 activation and reduced phosphorylation of the Rac effector p21-activated kinase. In contrast to ToxB, caspase inhibitors do not protect CGNs from targeted inhibition of Rac. Also dissimilar to ToxB, selective inhibition of Rac does not inhibit MEK1/2/ERK1/2 or activate JNK/c-Jun. Instead, targeted inhibition of Rac suppresses distinct MEK5/ERK5, p90Rsk, and Akt-dependent signaling cascades known to regulate the localization and expression of the Bcl-2 homology 3 domain-only protein Bad. Adenoviral expression of a constitutively active mutant of MEK5 is sufficient to attenuate neuronal cell death induced by selective inhibition of Rac with NSC23766 but not apoptosis induced by global inhibition of Rho GTPases with ToxB. Collectively, these data demonstrate that global suppression of Rho family GTPases with ToxB causes a loss of MEK1/2/ERK1/2 signaling and activation of JNK/c-Jun, resulting in diminished degradation and enhanced transcription of the Bcl-2 homology 3 domain-only protein Bim. In contrast, selective inhibition of Rac induces CGN apoptosis by repressing unique MEK5/ERK5, p90Rsk, and Akt-dependent prosurvival pathways, ultimately leading to enhanced expression, dephosphorylation, and mitochondrial localization of proapoptotic Bad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha R Stankiewicz
- From the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80220, the Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208
| | - Sai Anandi Ramaswami
- the Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208
| | - Ron J Bouchard
- From the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80220
| | - Klaus Aktories
- the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Daniel A Linseman
- From the Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80220, the Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, the Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Li X, Wang W, Wang J, Malovannaya A, Xi Y, Li W, Guerra R, Hawke DH, Qin J, Chen J. Proteomic analyses reveal distinct chromatin-associated and soluble transcription factor complexes. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:775. [PMID: 25609649 PMCID: PMC4332150 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The current knowledge on how transcription factors (TFs), the ultimate targets and executors of cellular signalling pathways, are regulated by protein–protein interactions remains limited. Here, we performed proteomics analyses of soluble and chromatin-associated complexes of 56 TFs, including the targets of many signalling pathways involved in development and cancer, and 37 members of the Forkhead box (FOX) TF family. Using tandem affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (TAP/MS), we performed 214 purifications and identified 2,156 high-confident protein–protein interactions. We found that most TFs form very distinct protein complexes on and off chromatin. Using this data set, we categorized the transcription-related or unrelated regulators for general or specific TFs. Our study offers a valuable resource of protein–protein interaction networks for a large number of TFs and underscores the general principle that TFs form distinct location-specific protein complexes that are associated with the different regulation and diverse functions of these TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anna Malovannaya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuanxin Xi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rudy Guerra
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David H Hawke
- Proteomics Facility, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Petcharat K, Singh M, Ingkaninan K, Attarat J, Yasothornsrikul S. Bacopa monnieri protects SH-SY5Y cells against tert-Butyl hydroperoxide-induced cell death via the ERK and PI3K pathways. SIRIRAJ MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 67:20-26. [PMID: 29152617 PMCID: PMC5687577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathological processes of various neurodegenerative diseases. Bacopa monnieri (BM) has a potent antioxidant property. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of BM against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell death induced by the pro-oxidant insult, tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), and to identify possible mechanisms related to its neuroprotective action. METHODS The neuroprotective effect of BM was evaluated by the degree of protection against TBHP-induced cell death in human SH-SY5Y cells that was measured by calcein-AM assay. ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation was evaluated by immunoblotting. RESULTS We found that BM exhibited protection against TBHP-mediated cytotoxicity. The neuroprotective effect of BM was abolished in the presence of either ERK1/2 or PI3K inhibitors. In addition, western blotting with anti-phospho-ERK1/2 and anti-phospho-Akt antibodies showed that BM increased both ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that BM by activation of ERK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways protects SH-SY5Y cells from TBHP-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoktip Petcharat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Center FOR HER, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth 76107, Texas, USA
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jongrak Attarat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sukkid Yasothornsrikul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Costa V, Lugert S, Jagasia R. Role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in cognition in physiology and disease: pharmacological targets and biomarkers. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 228:99-155. [PMID: 25977081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a remarkable form of brain structural plasticity by which new functional neurons are generated from adult neural stem cells/precursors. Although the precise role of this process remains elusive, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for learning and memory and it is affected in disease conditions associated with cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety. Immature neurons in the adult brain exhibit an enhanced structural and synaptic plasticity during their maturation representing a unique population of neurons to mediate specific hippocampal function. Compelling preclinical evidence suggests that hippocampal neurogenesis is modulated by a broad range of physiological stimuli which are relevant in cognitive and emotional states. Moreover, multiple pharmacological interventions targeting cognition modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, recent genetic approaches have shown that promoting neurogenesis can positively modulate cognition associated with both physiology and disease. Thus the discovery of signaling pathways that enhance adult neurogenesis may lead to therapeutic strategies for improving memory loss due to aging or disease. This chapter endeavors to review the literature in the field, with particular focus on (1) the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in cognition in physiology and disease; (2) extrinsic and intrinsic signals that modulate hippocampal neurogenesis with a focus on pharmacological targets; and (3) efforts toward novel strategies pharmacologically targeting neurogenesis and identification of biomarkers of human neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Costa
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases (NORD), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 124 Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Bera A, Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Li X, Pal S, Gorin Y, Kasinath BS, Abboud HE, Ghosh Choudhury G. A positive feedback loop involving Erk5 and Akt turns on mesangial cell proliferation in response to PDGF. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C1089-100. [PMID: 24740537 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00387.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor BB and its receptor (PDGFRβ) play a pivotal role in the development of renal glomerular mesangial cells. Their roles in increased mesangial cell proliferation during mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis have long been noted, but the operating logic of signaling mechanisms regulating these changes remains poorly understood. We examined the role of a recently identified MAPK, Erk5, in this process. PDGF increased the activating phosphorylation of Erk5 and tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in a time-dependent manner. A pharmacologic inhibitor of Erk5, XMD8-92, abrogated PDGF-induced DNA synthesis and mesangial cell proliferation. Similarly, expression of dominant negative Erk5 or siRNAs against Erk5 blocked PDGF-stimulated DNA synthesis and proliferation. Inhibition of Erk5 attenuated expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein, resulting in suppression of CDK4-mediated phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein pRb. Expression of cyclin D1 or CDK4 prevented the dominant negative Erk5- or siErk5-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis and mesangial cell proliferation induced by PDGF. We have previously shown that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) contributes to PDGF-induced proliferation of mesangial cells. Inhibition of PI3-kinase blocked PDGF-induced phosphorylation of Erk5. Since PI3-kinase acts through Akt, we determined the role of Erk5 on Akt phosphorylation. XMD8-92, dominant negative Erk5, and siErk5 inhibited phosphorylation of Akt by PDGF. Interestingly, we found inhibition of PDGF-induced Erk5 phosphorylation by a pharmacological inhibitor of Akt kinase and kinase dead Akt in mesangial cells. Thus our data unfold the presence of a positive feedback microcircuit between Erk5 and Akt downstream of PI3-kinase nodal point for PDGF-induced mesangial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bera
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Falguni Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Veterans Administration Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Sanjay Pal
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Balakuntalam S Kasinath
- Veterans Administration Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Hanna E Abboud
- Veterans Administration Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Veterans Administration Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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28
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Abstract
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) is a broad term used to describe a series of events that culminate in the death of specific cells. In the embryo it occurs at predictable stages and tissues. During mouse development, PCD is a mechanism to preserve the homeostasis of the growing organism, and also is needed for the morphogenesis of a variety of structures. Apoptosis or PCD type I shows a sequence of morphological and biochemical changes such as plasma membrane blebbing, increase in mitochondrial membrane permeability, caspase activation, chromatin condensation, and phagocytosis. Many of these changes can be used to determine the occurrence of apoptosis in different type of samples. For example, apoptosis has been visualized in whole embryos and tissue sections using vital dyes, and by detection of degraded DNA or active caspases. In the present report, we compare these methods during the course of interdigital cell death in the mouse limbs. We discuss which method is the most suitable to detect a particular stage of apoptosis, which in some cases may be relevant for the interpretation of data. We detail combined protocols to observe mRNA expression or protein and cell death in the same tissue sample. Furthermore, we discuss some of the methodological problems to analyze autophagic cell death or PCD type II during embryo development.
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29
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Darbinian N, Khalili K, Amini S. Neuroprotective activity of pDING in response to HIV-1 Tat. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:153-61. [PMID: 23955241 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although neurons are not productively infected with HIV-1, neuronal injury and death are frequently seen in the brains of AIDS patients with neurological and neurocognitive disorders. Evidently, viral proteins including Tat and cellular inflammatory factors released by activated and/or infected microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes contribute to neuronal cell death. Several studies have demonstrated that HIV-1 associated neuronal cell injury is mediated by dysregulation of signaling pathways that are controlled, in part, by a class of serine/threonine kinases. In this study, we demonstrate that pDING, a novel plant-derived phosphate binding protein has the capacity to reduce the severity of injury and death caused by HIV-1 and its neurotoxic Tat protein. We demonstrate that pDING, also called p27SJ/p38SJ, protects cells from the loss of neuronal processes induced by Tat and promotes neuronal outgrowth after Tat-mediated injury. Further, expression of pDING prevents Tat-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability. With its profound phosphatase activity, pDING controls the activity of several kinases including MAPK, Cdk5, and their downstream target protein, MEF2, which is implicated in neuronal cell protection. Our results show that expression of pDING in neuronal cells diminishes the level of hyperphosphorylated forms of Cdk5 and MEF2 caused by Tat and the other neurotoxic agents that are secreted by the HIV-1 infected cells. These observations suggest that pDING, through its phosphatase activity, has the ability to manipulate the state of phosphorylation and activity of several factors involved in neuronal cell health in response to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Darbinian
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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30
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Parmar MS, Jaumotte JD, Wyrostek SL, Zigmond MJ, Cavanaugh JE. Role of ERK1, 2, and 5 in dopamine neuron survival during aging. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:669-79. [PMID: 24411019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1, 2, and 5 have been shown to play distinct roles in proliferation, differentiation, and neuronal viability. In this study, we examined ERK1, 2, and 5 expression and activation in the substantia nigra (SN), striatum (STR), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) during aging. An age-related decrease in phosphorylated ERK5 was observed in the SN and STR, whereas an increase in total ERK1 was observed in all 3 regions. In primary cultures of the SN and VTA, inhibition of ERK5 but not ERK1 and 2 decreased dopamine neuronal viability significantly. These data suggest that ERK5 is essential for the basal survival of SN and VTA dopaminergic neurons. This is the first study to examine ERK1, 2, and 5 expression and activation in the SN, STR, and VTA during aging, and the relative roles of ERK1, 2, and 5 in basal survival of SN and VTA dopaminergic neurons. These data raise the possibility that a decline in ERK5 signaling may play a role in age-related impairments in dopaminergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur S Parmar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliann D Jaumotte
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie L Wyrostek
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Zigmond
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jane E Cavanaugh
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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31
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Evans C, Cook SJ, Coleman MP, Gilley J. MEK inhibitor U0126 reverses protection of axons from Wallerian degeneration independently of MEK-ERK signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76505. [PMID: 24124570 PMCID: PMC3790678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration is delayed when sufficient levels of proteins with NMNAT activity are maintained within axons after injury. This has been proposed to form the basis of 'slow Wallerian degeneration' (WldS), a neuroprotective phenotype conferred by an aberrant fusion protein, WldS. Proteasome inhibition also delays Wallerian degeneration, although much less robustly, with stabilization of NMNAT2 likely to play a key role in this mechanism. The pan-MEK inhibitor U0126 has previously been shown to reverse the axon-protective effects of proteasome inhibition, suggesting that MEK-ERK signaling plays a role in delayed Wallerian degeneration, in addition to its established role in promoting neuronal survival. Here we show that whilst U0126 can also reverse WldS-mediated axon protection, more specific inhibitors of MEK1/2 and MEK5, PD184352 and BIX02189, have no significant effect on the delay to Wallerian degeneration in either situation, whether used alone or in combination. This suggests that an off-target effect of U0126 is responsible for reversion of the axon protective effects of WldS expression or proteasome inhibition, rather than inhibition of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 or MEK5-ERK5 signaling. Importantly, this off-target effect does not appear to result in alterations in the stabilities of either WldS or NMNAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Evans
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Coleman
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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32
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Pan YW, Storm DR, Xia Z. Role of adult neurogenesis in hippocampus-dependent memory, contextual fear extinction and remote contextual memory: new insights from ERK5 MAP kinase. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:81-92. [PMID: 23871742 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in two discrete regions of the adult mammalian brain, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) along the lateral ventricles. Signaling mechanisms regulating adult neurogenesis in the SGZ are currently an active area of investigation. Adult-born neurons in the DG functionally integrate into the hippocampal circuitry and form functional synapses, suggesting a role for these neurons in hippocampus-dependent memory formation. Although results from earlier behavioral studies addressing this issue were inconsistent, recent advances in conditional gene targeting technology, viral injection and optogenetic approaches have provided convincing evidence supporting a role for adult-born neurons in the more challenging forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Here, we briefly summarize these recent studies with a focus on extra signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 5, a MAP kinase whose expression in the adult brain is restricted to the neurogenic regions including the SGZ and SVZ. We review evidence identifying ERK5 as a novel endogenous signaling pathway that regulates the pro-neural transcription factor Neurogenin 2, is activated by neurotrophins and is critical for adult neurogenesis. We discuss studies demonstrating that specific deletion of ERK5 in the adult neurogenic regions impairs several forms of hippocampus-dependent memory formation in mice. These include contextual fear memory extinction, the establishment and maintenance of remote contextual fear memory, and several other challenging forms of hippocampus-dependent memory formation including 48h memory for novel object recognition, contextual fear memory established by a weak foot shock, pattern separation, and reversal of spatial learning and memory. We also briefly discuss current evidence that increasing adult neurogenesis, by small molecules or genetic manipulation, improves memory formation and long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Wei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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33
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Obara Y. [Roles of ERK5 in neuronal cells]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 141:251-5. [PMID: 23665555 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.141.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Li T, Pan YW, Wang W, Abel G, Zou J, Xu L, Storm DR, Xia Z. Targeted deletion of the ERK5 MAP kinase impairs neuronal differentiation, migration, and survival during adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61948. [PMID: 23630619 PMCID: PMC3632513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have led to the exciting idea that adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) may be critical for complex forms of olfactory behavior in mice. However, signaling mechanisms regulating adult OB neurogenesis are not well defined. We recently reported that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 5, a MAP kinase, is specifically expressed in neurogenic regions within the adult brain. This pattern of expression suggests a role for ERK5 in the regulation of adult OB neurogenesis. Indeed, we previously reported that conditional deletion of erk5 in adult neurogenic regions impairs several forms of olfactory behavior in mice. Thus, it is important to understand how ERK5 regulates adult neurogenesis in the OB. Here we present evidence that shRNA suppression of ERK5 in adult neural stem/progenitor cells isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) reduces neurogenesis in culture. By contrast, ectopic activation of endogenous ERK5 signaling via expression of constitutive active MEK5, an upstream activating kinase for ERK5, stimulates neurogenesis. Furthermore, inducible and conditional deletion of erk5 specifically in the neurogenic regions of the adult mouse brain interferes with cell cycle exit of neuroblasts, impairs chain migration along the rostral migratory stream and radial migration into the OB. It also inhibits neuronal differentiation and survival. These data suggest that ERK5 regulates multiple aspects of adult OB neurogenesis and provide new insights concerning signaling mechanisms governing adult neurogenesis in the SVZ-OB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yung-Wei Pan
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Glen Abel
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Junhui Zou
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lihong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daniel R. Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1/DUSP1) is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease via additive effects of JNK and p38 inhibition. J Neurosci 2013; 33:2313-25. [PMID: 23392662 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4965-11.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that sodium butyrate is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease (HD) mice and that this therapeutic effect is associated with increased expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase/dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (MKP-1/DUSP1). Here we show that enhancing MKP-1 expression is sufficient to achieve neuroprotection in lentiviral models of HD. Wild-type MKP-1 overexpression inhibited apoptosis in primary striatal neurons exposed to an N-terminal fragment of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin (Htt171-82Q), blocking caspase-3 activation and significantly reducing neuronal cell death. This neuroprotective effect of MKP-1 was demonstrated to be dependent on its enzymatic activity, being ablated by mutation of its phosphatase domain and being attributed to inhibition of specific MAP kinases (MAPKs). Overexpression of MKP-1 prevented the polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 MAPKs, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation was not altered by either polyglutamine-expanded Htt or MKP-1. Moreover, mutants of MKP-1 that selectively prevented p38 or JNK binding confirmed the important dual contributions of p38 and JNK regulation to MKP-1-mediated neuroprotection. These results demonstrate additive effects of p38 and JNK MAPK inhibition by MKP-1 without consequence to ERK activation in this striatal neuron-based paradigm. MKP-1 also provided neuroprotection in vivo in a lentiviral model of HD neuropathology in rat striatum. Together, these data extend previous evidence that JNK- and p38-mediated pathways contribute to HD pathogenesis and, importantly, show that therapies simultaneously inhibiting both JNK and p38 signaling pathways may lead to improved neuroprotective outcomes.
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Wang W, Pan YW, Wietecha T, Zou J, Abel GM, Kuo CT, Xia Z. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) mediates prolactin-stimulated adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and olfactory bulb. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:2623-31. [PMID: 23223235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.401091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-stimulated adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and olfactory bulb (OB) mediates several reproductive behaviors including mating/pregnancy, dominant male pheromone preference in females, and paternal recognition of offspring. However, downstream signaling mechanisms underlying prolactin-induced adult neurogenesis are completely unknown. We report here for the first time that prolactin activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a MAP kinase that is specifically expressed in the neurogenic regions of the adult mouse brain. Knockdown of ERK5 by retroviral infection of shRNA attenuates prolactin-stimulated neurogenesis in SVZ-derived adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNPCs). Inducible erk5 deletion in adult neural stem cells of transgenic mice inhibits neurogenesis in the SVZ and OB following prolactin infusion or mating/pregnancy. These results identify ERK5 as a novel and critical signaling mechanism underlying prolactin-induced adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wang
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Nithianandarajah-Jones GN, Wilm B, Goldring CEP, Müller J, Cross MJ. ERK5: structure, regulation and function. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2187-96. [PMID: 22800864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also termed big mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (BMK1), is the most recently identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and consists of an amino-terminal kinase domain, with a relatively large carboxy-terminal of unique structure and function that makes it distinct from other MAPK members. It is ubiquitously expressed in numerous tissues and is activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli, such as cellular stresses and growth factors, to regulate processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Targeted deletion of Erk5 in mice has revealed that the ERK5 signalling cascade plays a critical role in cardiovascular development and vascular integrity. Recent data points to a potential role in pathological conditions such as cancer and tumour angiogenesis. This review focuses on the physiological and pathological role of ERK5, the regulation of this kinase and the recent development of small molecule inhibitors of the ERK5 signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika N Nithianandarajah-Jones
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Inhibition of adult neurogenesis by inducible and targeted deletion of ERK5 mitogen-activated protein kinase specifically in adult neurogenic regions impairs contextual fear extinction and remote fear memory. J Neurosci 2012; 32:6444-55. [PMID: 22573667 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6076-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is evidence suggesting that adult neurogenesis may contribute to hippocampus-dependent memory, signaling mechanisms responsible for adult hippocampal neurogenesis are not well characterized. Here we report that ERK5 mitogen-activated protein kinase is specifically expressed in the neurogenic regions of the adult mouse brain. The inducible and conditional knock-out (icKO) of erk5 specifically in neural progenitors of the adult mouse brain attenuated adult hippocampal neurogenesis. It also caused deficits in several forms of hippocampus-dependent memory, including contextual fear conditioning generated by a weak footshock. The ERK5 icKO mice were also deficient in contextual fear extinction and reversal of Morris water maze spatial learning and memory, suggesting that adult neurogenesis plays an important role in hippocampus-dependent learning flexibility. Furthermore, our data suggest a critical role for ERK5-mediated adult neurogenesis in pattern separation, a form of dentate gyrus-dependent spatial learning and memory. Moreover, ERK5 icKO mice have no memory 21 d after training in the passive avoidance test, suggesting a pivotal role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the expression of remote memory. Together, our results implicate ERK5 as a novel signaling molecule regulating adult neurogenesis and provide strong evidence that adult neurogenesis is critical for several forms of hippocampus-dependent memory formation, including fear extinction, and for the expression of remote memory.
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Pan YW, Zou J, Wang W, Sakagami H, Garelick MG, Abel G, Kuo CT, Storm DR, Xia Z. Inducible and conditional deletion of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 disrupts adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23306-17. [PMID: 22645146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.344762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have led to the exciting idea that adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus may play a role in hippocampus-dependent memory formation. However, signaling mechanisms that regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis are not well defined. Here we report that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, is selectively expressed in the neurogenic regions of the adult mouse brain. We present evidence that shRNA suppression of ERK5 in adult hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells (aNPCs) reduces the number of neurons while increasing the number of cells expressing markers for stem/progenitor cells or proliferation. Furthermore, shERK5 attenuates both transcription and neuronal differentiation mediated by Neurogenin 2, a transcription factor expressed in adult hippocampal neural progenitor cells. By contrast, ectopic activation of endogenous ERK5 signaling via expression of constitutive active MEK5, an upstream activating kinase for ERK5, promotes neurogenesis in cultured aNPCs and in the dentate gyrus of the mouse brain. Moreover, neurotrophins including NT3 activate ERK5 and stimulate neuronal differentiation in aNPCs in an ERK5-dependent manner. Finally, inducible and conditional deletion of ERK5 specifically in the neurogenic regions of the adult mouse brain delays the normal progression of neuronal differentiation and attenuates adult neurogenesis in vivo. These data suggest ERK5 signaling as a critical regulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Wei Pan
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Targeted deletion of ERK5 MAP kinase in the developing nervous system impairs development of GABAergic interneurons in the main olfactory bulb and behavioral discrimination between structurally similar odorants. J Neurosci 2012; 32:4118-32. [PMID: 22442076 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6260-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK5 MAP kinase is highly expressed in the developing nervous system and has been implicated in promoting the survival of immature neurons in culture. However, its role in the development and function of the mammalian nervous system has not been established in vivo. Here, we report that conditional deletion of the erk5 gene in mouse neural stem cells during development reduces the number of GABAergic interneurons in the main olfactory bulb (OB). Our data suggest that this is due to a decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of ERK5 mutant mice. Interestingly, ERK5 mutant mice have smaller OB and are impaired in odor discrimination between structurally similar odorants. We conclude that ERK5 is a novel signaling pathway regulating developmental OB neurogenesis and olfactory behavior.
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Kondo M, Inamura H, Matsumura KI, Matsuoka M. Cadmium activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 in HK-2 human renal proximal tubular cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:490-3. [PMID: 22521884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) exposure on the phosphorylation and functionality of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a recently identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, in HK-2 human renal proximal tubular cells. Following exposure to CdCl(2), ERK5 phosphorylation increased markedly, but the level of total ERK5 was unchanged. ERK5 phosphorylation following CdCl(2) exposure was rapid and transient, similar to the time course of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Treatment of HK-2 cells with the MAPK/ERK kinase 5 inhibitor, BIX02189, suppressed CdCl(2)-induced ERK5 but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The CdCl(2)-induced increase of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor-1 (ATF-1), as well as the accumulation of mobility-shifted c-Fos protein, were suppressed by BIX02189 treatment. Furthermore, BIX02189 treatment enhanced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and increased the level of cytoplasmic nucleosomes in HK-2 cells exposed to CdCl(2). These findings suggest that ERK5 pathway activation by CdCl(2) exposure might induce the phosphorylation of cell survival-transcription factors, such as CREB, ATF-1, and c-Fos, and may exert a partial anti-apoptotic role in HK-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kondo
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Razumovskaya E, Sun J, Rönnstrand L. Inhibition of MEK5 by BIX02188 induces apoptosis in cells expressing the oncogenic mutant FLT3-ITD. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:307-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hughes R, Gilley J, Kristiansen M, Ham J. The MEK-ERK pathway negatively regulates bim expression through the 3' UTR in sympathetic neurons. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:69. [PMID: 21762482 PMCID: PMC3146425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis plays a critical role during neuronal development and disease. Developing sympathetic neurons depend on nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival during the late embryonic and early postnatal period and die by apoptosis in its absence. The proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim increases in level after NGF withdrawal and is required for NGF withdrawal-induced death. The regulation of Bim expression in neurons is complex and this study describes a new mechanism by which an NGF-activated signalling pathway regulates bim gene expression in sympathetic neurons. Results We report that U0126, an inhibitor of the prosurvival MEK-ERK pathway, increases bim mRNA levels in sympathetic neurons in the presence of NGF. We find that this effect is independent of PI3-K-Akt and JNK-c-Jun signalling and is not mediated by the promoter, first exon or first intron of the bim gene. By performing 3' RACE and microinjection experiments with a new bim-LUC+3'UTR reporter construct, we show that U0126 increases bim expression via the bim 3' UTR. We demonstrate that this effect does not involve a change in bim mRNA stability and by using PD184352, a specific MEK1/2-ERK1/2 inhibitor, we show that this mechanism involves the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that inhibition of MEK/ERK signalling independently reduces cell survival in NGF-treated sympathetic neurons. Conclusions These results suggest that in sympathetic neurons, MEK-ERK signalling negatively regulates bim expression via the 3' UTR and that this regulation is likely to be at the level of transcription. This data provides further insight into the different mechanisms by which survival signalling pathways regulate bim expression in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Hughes
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N1EH, UK
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Newbern JM, Li X, Shoemaker SE, Zhou J, Zhong J, Wu Y, Bonder D, Hollenback S, Coppola G, Geschwind DH, Landreth GE, Snider WD. Specific functions for ERK/MAPK signaling during PNS development. Neuron 2011; 69:91-105. [PMID: 21220101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have established functions of the stimulus-dependent MAPKs, ERK1/2 and ERK5, in DRG, motor neuron, and Schwann cell development. Surprisingly, many aspects of early DRG and motor neuron development were found to be ERK1/2 independent, and Erk5 deletion had no obvious effect on embryonic PNS. In contrast, Erk1/2 deletion in developing neural crest resulted in peripheral nerves that were devoid of Schwann cell progenitors, and deletion of Erk1/2 in Schwann cell precursors caused disrupted differentiation and marked hypomyelination of axons. The Schwann cell phenotypes are similar to those reported in neuregulin-1 and ErbB mutant mice, and neuregulin effects could not be elicited in glial precursors lacking Erk1/2. ERK/MAPK regulation of myelination was specific to Schwann cells, as deletion in oligodendrocyte precursors did not impair myelin formation, but reduced precursor proliferation. Our data suggest a tight linkage between developmental functions of ERK/MAPK signaling and biological actions of specific RTK-activating factors.
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Roberts OL, Holmes K, Müller J, Cross DAE, Cross MJ. ERK5 is required for VEGF-mediated survival and tubular morphogenesis of primary human microvascular endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3189-200. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.072801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is activated in response to environmental stress and growth factors. Gene ablation of Erk5 in mice is embryonically lethal as a result of disruption of cardiovascular development and vascular integrity. We investigated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated ERK5 activation in primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) undergoing proliferation on a gelatin matrix, and tubular morphogenesis within a collagen gel matrix. VEGF induced sustained ERK5 activation on both matrices. However, manipulation of ERK5 activity by siRNA-mediated gene silencing disrupted tubular morphogenesis without impacting proliferation. Overexpression of constitutively active MEK5 and ERK5 stimulated tubular morphogenesis in the absence of VEGF. Analysis of intracellular signalling revealed that ERK5 regulated AKT phosphorylation. On a collagen gel, ERK5 regulated VEGF-mediated phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2, resulting in decreased caspase-3 activity and apoptosis suppression. Our findings suggest that ERK5 is required for AKT phosphorylation and cell survival and is crucial for endothelial cell differentiation in response to VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owain Llŷr Roberts
- NWCRF Institute, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Katherine Holmes
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Jürgen Müller
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Darren A. E. Cross
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michael J. Cross
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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Vartak N, Bastiaens P. Spatial cycles in G-protein crowd control. EMBO J 2010; 29:2689-99. [PMID: 20717139 PMCID: PMC2924655 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of living systems and their apparent resilience to the second law of thermodynamics has been the subject of extensive investigation and imaginative speculation. The segregation and compartmentalization of proteins is one manifestation of this departure from equilibrium conditions; the effect of which is now beginning to be elucidated. This should not come as a surprise, as even a cursory inspection of cellular processes reveals the large amount of energetic cost borne to maintain cell-scale patterns, separations and gradients of molecules. The G-proteins, kinases, calcium-responsive proteins have all been shown to contain reaction cycles that are inherently coupled to their signalling activities. G-proteins represent an important and diverse toolset used by cells to generate cellular asymmetries. Many small G-proteins in particular, are dynamically acylated to modify their membrane affinities, or localized in an activity-dependent manner, thus manipulating the mobility modes of these proteins beyond pure diffusion and leading to finely tuned steady state partitioning into cellular membranes. The rates of exchange of small G-proteins over various compartments, as well as their steady state distributions enrich and diversify the landscape of possibilities that GTPase-dependent signalling networks can display over cellular dimensions. The chemical manipulation of spatial cycles represents a new approach for the modulation of cellular signalling with potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Vartak
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philippe Bastiaens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Lennartsson J, Burovic F, Witek B, Jurek A, Heldin CH. Erk 5 is necessary for sustained PDGF-induced Akt phosphorylation and inhibition of apoptosis. Cell Signal 2010; 22:955-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kimura TE, Jin J, Zi M, Prehar S, Liu W, Oceandy D, Abe JI, Neyses L, Weston AH, Cartwright EJ, Wang X. Targeted deletion of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 attenuates hypertrophic response and promotes pressure overload-induced apoptosis in the heart. Circ Res 2010; 106:961-70. [PMID: 20075332 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.209320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways provide a critical connection between extrinsic and intrinsic signals to cardiac hypertrophy. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)5, an atypical MAPK is activated in the heart by pressure overload. However, the role of ERK5 plays in regulating hypertrophic growth and hypertrophy-induced apoptosis is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE Herein, we investigate the in vivo role and signaling mechanism whereby ERK5 regulates cardiac hypertrophy and hypertrophy-induced apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated and examined the phenotypes of mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the erk5 gene (ERK5(cko)). In response to hypertrophic stress, ERK5(cko) mice developed less hypertrophic growth and fibrosis than controls. However, increased apoptosis together with upregulated expression levels of p53 and Bad were observed in the mutant hearts. Consistently, we found that silencing ERK5 expression or specific inhibition of its kinase activity using BIX02189 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) reduced myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)2 transcriptional activity and blunted hypertrophic responses. Furthermore, the inhibition of MEF2 activity in NRCMs using a non-DNA binding mutant form of MEF2 was found to attenuate the ERK5-regulated hypertrophic response. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal an important function of ERK5 in cardiac hypertrophic remodeling and cardiomyocyte survival. The role of ERK5 in hypertrophic remodeling is likely to be mediated via the regulation of MEF2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi E Kimura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton St, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
ERK5 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5), also termed BMK1 [big MAPK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 1)], is the most recently discovered member of the MAPK family. It is expressed in a variety of tissues and is activated by a range of growth factors, cytokines and cellular stresses. Targeted deletion of Erk5 in mice has revealed that the ERK5 signalling cascade is critical for normal cardiovascular development and vascular integrity. In vitro studies have revealed that in endothelial cells, ERK5 is required for preventing apoptosis, mediating shear-stress signalling, regulating hypoxia, tumour angiogenesis and cell migration. This review focuses on our current understanding of the role of ERK5 in regulating endothelial cell function.
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Obara Y, Nakahata N. The signaling pathway leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) activation via G-proteins and ERK5-dependent neurotrophic effects. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:10-6. [PMID: 19858097 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, and gene expression. The MAPK family includes ERK1/2, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases 1, 2, and 3, p38MAPK alpha, beta, gamma, and -delta, and ERK5 as conventional MAPKs and ERK3, ERK4 NLK, and ERK7 as atypical MAPKs. Like other MAPKs, ERK5 is activated by variety of stimuli, including growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, cytokines, and stress. However, the signaling pathway leading to ERK5 activation is not well understood compared with the other conventional MAPKs. For example, the pharmacological reagents that induce second messenger cAMP and Ca(2+) downstream of GPCRs do not activate ERK5 in neuronal cells. In addition, conflicting results have come from studies examining the involvement of small G-proteins in ERK5 activation by growth factors, and the details of the signaling pathway remain controversial. In addition, the physiological roles of ERK5 in neuronal cells have not been clarified. One reason was the lack of a selective ERK5 pharmacological inhibitor until the novel selective MEK5/ERK5 inhibitors BIX02188 and BIX02189 (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 377:120-125, 2008) reported last year. Another reason is that the use of interfering mutants is limited in neuronal cells because the transfection efficiency is low. Despite these difficulties, recent studies suggest that ERK5 mediates the promotion of neuronal survival and neuronal differentiation in vitro and in vivo. In this review, the signaling pathway leading to ERK5 activation through heterotrimeric and small G-proteins and the physiological roles of ERK5 in neuronal cells are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Obara
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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