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Chen X, Bahramimehr F, Shahhamzehei N, Fu H, Lin S, Wang H, Li C, Efferth T, Hong C. Anti-aging effects of medicinal plants and their rapid screening using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155665. [PMID: 38768535 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is the primary risk factor of most chronic diseases in humans, including cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases, which extensively damage the quality of life for elderly individuals. Aging is a multifaceted process with numerous factors affecting it. Efficient model organisms are essential for the research and development of anti-aging agents, particularly when investigating pharmacological mechanisms are needed. PURPOSE This review discusses the application of Caenorhabditis elegans for studying aging and its related signaling pathways, and presents an overview of studies exploring the mechanism and screening of anti-aging agents in C. elegans. Additionally, the review summarizes related clinical trials of anti-aging agents to inspire the development of new medications. METHOD Literature was searched, analyzed, and collected using PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The search terms used were "anti-aging", "medicinal plants", "synthetic compounds", "C. elegans", "signal pathway", etc. Several combinations of these keywords were used. Studies conducted in C. elegans or humans were included. Articles were excluded, if they were on studies conducted in silico or in vitro or could not offer effective data. RESULTS Four compounds mainly derived through synthesis (metformin, rapamycin, nicotinamide mononucleotide, alpha-ketoglutarate) and four active ingredients chiefly obtained from plants (resveratrol, quercetin, Astragalus polysaccharide, ginsenosides) are introduced emphatically. These compounds and active ingredients exhibit potential anti-aging effects in preclinical and clinical studies. The screening of these anti-aging agents and the investigation of their pharmacological mechanisms can benefit from the use of C. elegans. CONCLUSION Medicinal plants provide valuable resource for the treatment of diseases. A wide source of raw materials for the particular plant medicinal compounds having anti-aging effects meet diverse pharmaceutical requirements, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammation and alleviating oxidative stress. C. elegans possesses advantages in scientific research including short life cycle, small size, easy maintenance, genetic tractability and conserved biological processes related to aging. C. elegans can be used for the efficient and rapid evaluation of compounds with the potential to slow down aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Faranak Bahramimehr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nasim Shahhamzehei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Huangjie Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Siyi Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Changyu Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Chunlan Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Loreto A, Merlini E, Coleman MP. Programmed axon death: a promising target for treating retinal and optic nerve disorders. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1802-1809. [PMID: 38538779 PMCID: PMC11226669 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed axon death is a druggable pathway of axon degeneration that has garnered considerable interest from pharmaceutical companies as a promising therapeutic target for various neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we highlight mechanisms through which this pathway is activated in the retina and optic nerve, and discuss its potential significance for developing therapies for eye disorders and beyond. At the core of programmed axon death are two enzymes, NMNAT2 and SARM1, with pivotal roles in NAD metabolism. Extensive preclinical data in disease models consistently demonstrate remarkable, and in some instances, complete and enduring neuroprotection when this mechanism is targeted. Findings from animal studies are now being substantiated by genetic human data, propelling the field rapidly toward clinical translation. As we approach the clinical phase, the selection of suitable disorders for initial clinical trials targeting programmed axon death becomes crucial for their success. We delve into the multifaceted roles of programmed axon death and NAD metabolism in retinal and optic nerve disorders. We discuss the role of SARM1 beyond axon degeneration, including its potential involvement in neuronal soma death and photoreceptor degeneration. We also discuss genetic human data and environmental triggers of programmed axon death. Lastly, we touch upon potential therapeutic approaches targeting NMNATs and SARM1, as well as the nicotinamide trials for glaucoma. The extensive literature linking programmed axon death to eye disorders, along with the eye's suitability for drug delivery and visual assessments, makes retinal and optic nerve disorders strong contenders for early clinical trials targeting programmed axon death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Loreto
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
- School of Medical Sciences and Save Sight Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Elisa Merlini
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
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Benjamin C, Crews R. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation: Understanding Metabolic Variability and Clinical Implications. Metabolites 2024; 14:341. [PMID: 38921475 PMCID: PMC11205942 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a surge in research focused on NAD+ decline and potential interventions, and despite significant progress, new discoveries continue to highlight the complexity of NAD+ biology. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a well-established NAD+ precursor, has garnered considerable interest due to its capacity to elevate NAD+ levels and induce promising health benefits in preclinical models. Clinical trials investigating NMN supplementation have yielded variable outcomes while shedding light on the intricacies of NMN metabolism and revealing the critical roles played by gut microbiota and specific cellular uptake pathways. Individual variability in factors such as lifestyle, health conditions, genetics, and gut microbiome composition likely contributes to the observed discrepancies in clinical trial results. Preliminary evidence suggests that NMN's effects may be context-dependent, varying based on a person's physiological state. Understanding these nuances is critical for definitively assessing the impact of manipulating NAD+ levels through NMN supplementation. Here, we review NMN metabolism, focusing on current knowledge, pinpointing key areas where further research is needed, and outlining future directions to advance our understanding of its potential clinical significance.
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Geisler S. Augustus Waller's foresight realized: SARM1 in peripheral neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 87:102884. [PMID: 38852438 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common neurodegenerative condition characterized by numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness that frequently starts in the distal limbs. Arising from multiple etiologies, many peripheral neuropathies exhibit a slowly progressive course due to axon degeneration for which no effective treatments exist. During the past decade, numerous crucial insights into mechanisms of axon degeneration in peripheral neuropathies emerged from experiments involving nerve-cutting procedures, revealing the central role of the SARM1 axon degeneration pathway in both. Here I review commonalities and differences in the role of SARM1 after nerve cut and in several acquired and inherited peripheral neuropathies. This new knowledge now paves the way for the development of therapeutics that directly address root causes of various kinds of neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Geisler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660S. Euclid Ave, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Garb J, Amitai G, Lu A, Ofir G, Brandis A, Mehlman T, Kranzusch PJ, Sorek R. The SARM1 TIR domain produces glycocyclic ADPR molecules as minor products. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302251. [PMID: 38635746 PMCID: PMC11025887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (SARM1) is a protein involved in programmed death of injured axons. Following axon injury or a drug-induced insult, the TIR domain of SARM1 degrades the essential molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), leading to a form of axonal death called Wallerian degeneration. Degradation of NAD+ by SARM1 is essential for the Wallerian degeneration process, but accumulating evidence suggest that other activities of SARM1, beyond the mere degradation of NAD+, may be necessary for programmed axonal death. In this study we show that the TIR domains of both human and fruit fly SARM1 produce 1''-2' and 1''-3' glycocyclic ADP-ribose (gcADPR) molecules as minor products. As previously reported, we observed that SARM1 TIR domains mostly convert NAD+ to ADPR (for human SARM1) or cADPR (in the case of SARM1 from Drosophila melanogaster). However, we now show that human and Drosophila SARM1 additionally convert ~0.1-0.5% of NAD+ into gcADPR molecules. We find that SARM1 TIR domains produce gcADPR molecules both when purified in vitro and when expressed in bacterial cells. Given that gcADPR is a second messenger involved in programmed cell death in bacteria and likely in plants, we propose that gcADPR may play a role in SARM1-induced programmed axonal death in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Garb
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Amitai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Allen Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gal Ofir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tevie Mehlman
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rotem Sorek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Cirilli I, Amici A, Gilley J, Coleman MP, Orsomando G. Adaptation of a Commercial NAD + Quantification Kit to Assay the Base-Exchange Activity and Substrate Preferences of SARM1. Molecules 2024; 29:847. [PMID: 38398599 PMCID: PMC10891823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an adapted protocol using the Promega NAD/NADH-Glo™ Assay kit. The assay normally allows quantification of trace amounts of both oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by enzymatic cycling, but we now show that the NAD analog 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide (AcPyrAD) also acts as a substrate for this enzyme-cycling assay. In fact, AcPyrAD generates amplification signals of a larger amplitude than those obtained with NAD. We exploited this finding to devise and validate a novel method for assaying the base-exchange activity of SARM1 in reactions containing NAD and an excess of the free base 3-acetylpyridine (AcPyr), where the product is AcPyrAD. We then used this assay to study competition between AcPyr and other free bases to rank the preference of SARM1 for different base-exchange substrates, identifying isoquinoline as a highly effect substrate that completely outcompetes even AcPyr. This has significant advantages over traditional HPLC methods for assaying SARM1 base exchange as it is rapid, sensitive, cost-effective, and easily scalable. This could represent a useful tool given current interest in the role of SARM1 base exchange in programmed axon death and related human disorders. It may also be applicable to other multifunctional NAD glycohydrolases (EC 3.2.2.6) that possess similar base-exchange activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Cirilli
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Adolfo Amici
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK; (J.G.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Michael P. Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK; (J.G.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Orsomando
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (I.C.); (A.A.)
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Miyamoto T, Kim C, Chow J, Dugas JC, DeGroot J, Bagdasarian AL, Thottumkara AP, Larhammar M, Calvert ME, Fox BM, Lewcock JW, Kane LA. SARM1 is responsible for calpain-dependent dendrite degeneration in mouse hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105630. [PMID: 38199568 PMCID: PMC10862016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha and toll/interleukin receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1) is a critical regulator of axon degeneration that acts through hydrolysis of NAD+ following injury. Recent work has defined the mechanisms underlying SARM1's catalytic activity and advanced our understanding of SARM1 function in axons, yet the role of SARM1 signaling in other compartments of neurons is still not well understood. Here, we show in cultured hippocampal neurons that endogenous SARM1 is present in axons, dendrites, and cell bodies and that direct activation of SARM1 by the neurotoxin Vacor causes not just axon degeneration, but degeneration of all neuronal compartments. In contrast to the axon degeneration pathway defined in dorsal root ganglia, SARM1-dependent hippocampal axon degeneration in vitro is not sensitive to inhibition of calpain proteases. Dendrite degeneration downstream of SARM1 in hippocampal neurons is dependent on calpain 2, a calpain protease isotype enriched in dendrites in this cell type. In summary, these data indicate SARM1 plays a critical role in neurodegeneration outside of axons and elucidates divergent pathways leading to degeneration in hippocampal axons and dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaeyoung Kim
- Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Johann Chow
- Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason C Dugas
- Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jack DeGroot
- Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian M Fox
- Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Lesley A Kane
- Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA.
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Zhou K, Tan Y, Zhang G, Li J, Xing S, Chen X, Wen J, Li G, Fan Y, Zeng J, Zhang J. Loss of SARM1 ameliorates secondary thalamic neurodegeneration after cerebral infarction. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:224-238. [PMID: 37898107 PMCID: PMC10993876 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231210694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes secondary neurodegeneration in the thalamus ipsilateral to the infarction site and impedes neurological recovery. Axonal degeneration of thalamocortical fibers and autophagy overactivation are involved in thalamic neurodegeneration after ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying thalamic neurodegeneration remain unclear. Sterile /Armadillo/Toll-Interleukin receptor homology domain protein (SARM1) can induce Wallerian degeneration. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of SARM1 in thalamic neurodegeneration and autophagy activation after photothrombotic infarction. Neurological deficits measured using modified neurological severity scores and adhesive-removal test were ameliorated in Sarm1-/- mice after photothrombotic infarction. Compared with wild-type mice, Sarm1-/- mice exhibited unaltered infarct volume; however, there were markedly reduced neuronal death and gliosis in the ipsilateral thalamus. In parallel, autophagy activation was attenuated in the thalamus of Sarm1-/- mice after cerebral infarction. Thalamic Sarm1 re-expression in Sarm1-/- mice increased thalamic neurodegeneration and promoted autophagy activation. Auotophagic inhibitor 3-methyladenine partially alleviated thalamic damage induced by SARM1. Moreover, autophagic initiation through rapamycin treatment aggravated post-stroke neuronal death and gliosis in Sarm1-/- mice. Taken together, SARM1 contributes to secondary thalamic neurodegeneration after cerebral infarction, at least partly through autophagy inhibition. SARM1 deficiency is a potential therapeutic strategy for secondary thalamic neurodegeneration and functional deficits after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihui Xing
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinran Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China
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Yang S, Niou ZX, Enriquez A, LaMar J, Huang JY, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Gilley J, Coleman MP, Tennessen JM, Rangaraju V, Lu HC. NMNAT2 supports vesicular glycolysis via NAD homeostasis to fuel fast axonal transport. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:13. [PMID: 38282024 PMCID: PMC10823734 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioenergetic maladaptations and axonopathy are often found in the early stages of neurodegeneration. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an essential cofactor for energy metabolism, is mainly synthesized by Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) in CNS neurons. NMNAT2 mRNA levels are reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Here we addressed whether NMNAT2 is required for axonal health of cortical glutamatergic neurons, whose long-projecting axons are often vulnerable in neurodegenerative conditions. We also tested if NMNAT2 maintains axonal health by ensuring axonal ATP levels for axonal transport, critical for axonal function. METHODS We generated mouse and cultured neuron models to determine the impact of NMNAT2 loss from cortical glutamatergic neurons on axonal transport, energetic metabolism, and morphological integrity. In addition, we determined if exogenous NAD supplementation or inhibiting a NAD hydrolase, sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1), prevented axonal deficits caused by NMNAT2 loss. This study used a combination of techniques, including genetics, molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, fluorescent time-lapse imaging, live imaging with optical sensors, and anti-sense oligos. RESULTS We provide in vivo evidence that NMNAT2 in glutamatergic neurons is required for axonal survival. Using in vivo and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that NMNAT2 maintains the NAD-redox potential to provide "on-board" ATP via glycolysis to vesicular cargos in distal axons. Exogenous NAD+ supplementation to NMNAT2 KO neurons restores glycolysis and resumes fast axonal transport. Finally, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that reducing the activity of SARM1, an NAD degradation enzyme, can reduce axonal transport deficits and suppress axon degeneration in NMNAT2 KO neurons. CONCLUSION NMNAT2 ensures axonal health by maintaining NAD redox potential in distal axons to ensure efficient vesicular glycolysis required for fast axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Zhen-Xian Niou
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Andrea Enriquez
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jacob LaMar
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jui-Yen Huang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Karen Ling
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855, Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Paymaan Jafar-Nejad
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855, Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Vidhya Rangaraju
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Brüll M, Geese N, Celardo I, Laumann M, Leist M. Preparation of Viable Human Neurites for Neurobiological and Neurodegeneration Studies. Cells 2024; 13:242. [PMID: 38334634 PMCID: PMC10854604 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Few models allow the study of neurite damage in the human central nervous system. We used here dopaminergic LUHMES neurons to establish a culture system that allows for (i) the observation of highly enriched neurites, (ii) the preparation of the neurite fraction for biochemical studies, and (iii) the measurement of neurite markers and metabolites after axotomy. LUHMES-based spheroids, plated in culture dishes, extended neurites of several thousand µm length, while all somata remained aggregated. These cultures allowed an easy microscopic observation of live or fixed neurites. Neurite-only cultures (NOC) were produced by cutting out the still-aggregated somata. The potential application of such cultures was exemplified by determinations of their protein and RNA contents. For instance, the mitochondrial TOM20 protein was highly abundant, while nuclear histone H3 was absent. Similarly, mitochondrial-encoded RNAs were found at relatively high levels, while the mRNA for a histone or the neuronal nuclear marker NeuN (RBFOX3) were relatively depleted in NOC. Another potential use of NOC is the study of neurite degeneration. For this purpose, an algorithm to quantify neurite integrity was developed. Using this tool, we found that the addition of nicotinamide drastically reduced neurite degeneration. Also, the chelation of Ca2+ in NOC delayed the degeneration, while inhibitors of calpains had no effect. Thus, NOC proved to be suitable for biochemical analysis and for studying degeneration processes after a defined cut injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brüll
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; (M.B.); (N.G.); (I.C.)
| | - Nils Geese
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; (M.B.); (N.G.); (I.C.)
| | - Ivana Celardo
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; (M.B.); (N.G.); (I.C.)
| | - Michael Laumann
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; (M.B.); (N.G.); (I.C.)
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Chandrasekaran K, Najimi N, Sagi AR, Yarlagadda S, Salimian M, Arvas MI, Hedayat AF, Kevas Y, Kadakia A, Kristian T, Russell JW. NAD + Precursors Reverse Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1102. [PMID: 38256175 PMCID: PMC10816262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal NAD+ signaling has been implicated in axonal degeneration in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). We hypothesized that supplementing NAD+ precursors could alleviate DPN symptoms through increasing the NAD+ levels and activating the sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) protein. To test this, we exposed cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion neurons (DRGs) to Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) or Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), which increased the levels of NAD+, the SIRT1 protein, and the deacetylation activity that is associated with increased neurite growth. A SIRT1 inhibitor blocked the neurite growth induced via NR or NMN. We then induced neuropathy in C57BL6 mice with streptozotocin (STZ) or a high fat diet (HFD) and administered NR or NMN for two months. Both the STZ and HFD mice developed neuropathy, which was reversed through the NR or NMN administration: sensory function improved, nerve conduction velocities normalized, and intraepidermal nerve fibers were restored. The NAD+ levels and SIRT1 activity were reduced in the DRGs from diabetic mice but were preserved with the NR or NMN treatment. We also tested the effect of NR or NMN administration in mice that overexpress the SIRT1 protein in neurons (nSIRT1 OE) and found no additional benefit from the addition of the drug. These findings suggest that supplementing with NAD+ precursors or activating SIRT1 may be a promising treatment for DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish Chandrasekaran
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Neda Najimi
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Avinash R. Sagi
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Sushuma Yarlagadda
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Mohammad Salimian
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Muhammed Ikbal Arvas
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmad F. Hedayat
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Yanni Kevas
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anand Kadakia
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James W. Russell
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (S.Y.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- CAMC Institute for Academic Medicine, 415 Morris Street Suite 300, Charleston, WV 25301, USA
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12
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Gordon T. Brief Electrical Stimulation Promotes Recovery after Surgical Repair of Injured Peripheral Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:665. [PMID: 38203836 PMCID: PMC10779324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral nerves regenerate their axons in contrast to those in the central nervous system. Yet, functional recovery after surgical repair is often disappointing. The basis for poor recovery is progressive deterioration with time and distance of the growth capacity of the neurons that lose their contact with targets (chronic axotomy) and the growth support of the chronically denervated Schwann cells (SC) in the distal nerve stumps. Nonetheless, chronically denervated atrophic muscle retains the capacity for reinnervation. Declining electrical activity of motoneurons accompanies the progressive fall in axotomized neuronal and denervated SC expression of regeneration-associated-genes and declining regenerative success. Reduced motoneuronal activity is due to the withdrawal of synaptic contacts from the soma. Exogenous neurotrophic factors that promote nerve regeneration can replace the endogenous factors whose expression declines with time. But the profuse axonal outgrowth they provoke and the difficulties in their delivery hinder their efficacy. Brief (1 h) low-frequency (20 Hz) electrical stimulation (ES) proximal to the injury site promotes the expression of endogenous growth factors and, in turn, dramatically accelerates axon outgrowth and target reinnervation. The latter ES effect has been demonstrated in both rats and humans. A conditioning ES of intact nerve days prior to nerve injury increases axonal outgrowth and regeneration rate. Thereby, this form of ES is amenable for nerve transfer surgeries and end-to-side neurorrhaphies. However, additional surgery for applying the required electrodes may be a hurdle. ES is applicable in all surgeries with excellent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4G 1X8, Canada
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13
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Chiarugi A. Glaucoma: neuroprotection with NAD-based therapeutic interventions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:869-879. [PMID: 37880000 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence shows that intraocular hypertension is not the primary pathogenetic event of glaucoma, whereas early neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) represents a key therapeutic target. Unfortunately, failure of clinical trials with neuroprotective agents, in particular those testing the anti-excitotoxic drug memantine, generated widespread skepticism regarding the possibility of counteracting neurodegeneration during glaucoma. New avenues for neuroprotective approaches to counteract glaucoma evolution have been opened by the identification of a programmed axonal degeneration (PAD) program triggered by increased nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)/NAD concentration ratio. Positive results of proof-of-concept clinical studies based on sustaining axonal NAD homeostasis facilitated the design of Phase 2/3 trials. Here, I share my opinion on how neurodegeneration in glaucoma should be put into context, together with an appraisal of the pharmacological rationale of NAD-supporting therapies for use during glaucoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Chiarugi
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Headache Center and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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14
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Loreto A, Antoniou C, Merlini E, Gilley J, Coleman MP. NMN: The NAD precursor at the intersection between axon degeneration and anti-ageing therapies. Neurosci Res 2023; 197:18-24. [PMID: 36657725 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The past 20 years of research on axon degeneration has revealed fine details on how NAD biology controls axonal survival. Extensive data demonstrate that the NAD precursor NMN binds to and activates the pro-degenerative enzyme SARM1, so a failure to convert sufficient NMN into NAD leads to toxic NMN accumulation and axon degeneration. This involvement of NMN brings the axon degeneration field to an unexpected overlap with research into ageing and extending healthy lifespan. A decline in NAD levels throughout life, at least in some tissues, is believed to contribute to age-related functional decay and boosting NAD production with supplementation of NMN or other NAD precursors has gained attention as a potential anti-ageing therapy. Recent years have witnessed an influx of NMN-based products and related molecules on the market, sold as food supplements, with many people taking these supplements daily. While several clinical trials are ongoing to check the safety profiles and efficacy of NAD precursors, sufficient data to back their therapeutic use are still lacking. Here, we discuss NMN supplementation, SARM1 and anti-ageing strategies, with an important question in mind: considering that NMN accumulation can lead to axon degeneration, how is this compatible with its beneficial effect in ageing and are there circumstances in which NMN supplementation could become harmful?
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Loreto
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK.
| | - Christina Antoniou
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisa Merlini
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK.
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15
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Alexandris AS, Koliatsos VE. NAD +, Axonal Maintenance, and Neurological Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:1167-1184. [PMID: 37503611 PMCID: PMC10715442 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The remarkable geometry of the axon exposes it to unique challenges for survival and maintenance. Axonal degeneration is a feature of peripheral neuropathies, glaucoma, and traumatic brain injury, and an early event in neurodegenerative diseases. Since the discovery of Wallerian degeneration (WD), a molecular program that hijacks nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism for axonal self-destruction, the complex roles of NAD+ in axonal viability and disease have become research priority. Recent Advances: The discoveries of the protective Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) and of sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1) activation as the main instructive signal for WD have shed new light on the regulatory role of NAD+ in axonal degeneration in a growing number of neurological diseases. SARM1 has been characterized as a NAD+ hydrolase and sensor of NAD+ metabolism. The discovery of regulators of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) proteostasis in axons, the allosteric regulation of SARM1 by NAD+ and NMN, and the existence of clinically relevant windows of action of these signals has opened new opportunities for therapeutic interventions, including SARM1 inhibitors and modulators of NAD+ metabolism. Critical Issues: Events upstream and downstream of SARM1 remain unclear. Furthermore, manipulating NAD+ metabolism, an overdetermined process crucial in cell survival, for preventing the degeneration of the injured axon may be difficult and potentially toxic. Future Directions: There is a need for clarification of the distinct roles of NAD+ metabolism in axonal maintenance as contrasted to WD. There is also a need to better understand the role of NAD+ metabolism in axonal endangerment in neuropathies, diseases of the white matter, and the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 1167-1184.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassilis E. Koliatsos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Willemen HLDM, Santos Ribeiro PS, Broeks M, Meijer N, Versteeg S, Tiggeler A, de Boer TP, Małecki JM, Falnes PØ, Jans J, Eijkelkamp N. Inflammation-induced mitochondrial and metabolic disturbances in sensory neurons control the switch from acute to chronic pain. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101265. [PMID: 37944527 PMCID: PMC10694662 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Pain often persists in patients with an inflammatory disease, even when inflammation has subsided. The molecular mechanisms leading to this failure in pain resolution and the transition to chronic pain are poorly understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction in sensory neurons links to chronic pain, but its role in resolution of inflammatory pain is unclear. Transient inflammation causes neuronal plasticity, called hyperalgesic priming, which impairs resolution of pain induced by a subsequent inflammatory stimulus. We identify that hyperalgesic priming in mice increases the expression of a mitochondrial protein (ATPSc-KMT) and causes mitochondrial and metabolic disturbances in sensory neurons. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, knockdown of ATPSCKMT expression, or supplementation of the affected metabolite is sufficient to restore resolution of inflammatory pain and prevents chronic pain development. Thus, inflammation-induced mitochondrial-dependent disturbances in sensory neurons predispose to a failure in resolution of inflammatory pain and development of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke L D M Willemen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrícia Silva Santos Ribeiro
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Broeks
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nils Meijer
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Versteeg
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annefien Tiggeler
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Teun P de Boer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jędrzej M Małecki
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; CRES-O - Centre for Embryology and Healthy Development, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Ø Falnes
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; CRES-O - Centre for Embryology and Healthy Development, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Judith Jans
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Chagnot A, Montagne A. Connexins and blood-brain barrier: Beyond the gap. Neuron 2023; 111:3499-3501. [PMID: 37972562 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Zhan, Meng, et al.1 explore the non-canonical roles of connexin-43 in brain endothelial cells and connect its faltering expression to the depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), mitochondrial stress, and blood-brain barrier rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Chagnot
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Axel Montagne
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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18
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Zuo Z, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Fan B, Li G. The Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Axonal Degeneration and Retrograde Retinal Ganglion Cell Death. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:653-667. [PMID: 37819746 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a pathologic change common to multiple retinopathies and optic neuropathies. Various pathologic factors, such as mechanical injury, inflammation, and ischemia, can damage retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somas and axons, eventually triggering axonal degeneration and RGC death. The molecular mechanisms of somal and axonal degeneration are distinct but also overlap, and axonal degeneration can result in retrograde somal degeneration. While the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway acts as a central node in RGC axon degeneration, several newly discovered molecules, such as sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing protein 1 and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2, also play a critical role in this pathological process following different types of injury. Therefore, we summarize the types of injury that cause RGC axon degeneration and retrograde RGC death and important underlying molecular mechanisms, providing a reference for the identification of targets for protecting axons and RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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19
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Icso JD, Thompson PR. A phase transition reduces the threshold for nicotinamide mononucleotide-based activation of SARM1, an NAD(P) hydrolase, to physiologically relevant levels. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105284. [PMID: 37742918 PMCID: PMC10624580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a hallmark feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Activation of the NAD(P)ase sterile alpha and toll-interleukin receptor motif containing protein 1 (SARM1) is critical for this process. In resting neurons, SARM1 activity is inhibited, but upon damage, SARM1 is activated and catalyzes one of three NAD(P)+ dependent reactions: (1) NAD(P)+ hydrolysis to form ADP-ribose (ADPR[P]) and nicotinamide; (2) the formation of cyclic-ADPR (cADPR[P]); or (3) a base exchange reaction with nicotinic acid (NA) and NADP+ to form NA adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Production of these metabolites triggers axonal death. Two activation mechanisms have been proposed: (1) an increase in the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) concentration, which leads to the allosteric activation of SARM1, and (2) a phase transition, which stabilizes the active conformation of the enzyme. However, neither of these mechanisms have been shown to occur at the same time. Using in vitro assay systems, we show that the liquid-to-solid phase transition lowers the NMN concentration required to activate the catalytic activity of SARM1 by up to 140-fold. These results unify the proposed activation mechanisms and show for the first time that a phase transition reduces the threshold for NMN-based SARM1 activation to physiologically relevant levels. These results further our understanding of SARM1 activation and will be important for the future development of therapeutics targeting SARM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Doedée Icso
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medial School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Ryan Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medial School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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20
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Song Q, Zhou X, Xu K, Liu S, Zhu X, Yang J. The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1416-1435. [PMID: 37619764 PMCID: PMC10721522 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in human physiology is well recognized. As the NAD+ concentration in human skin, blood, liver, muscle, and brain are thought to decrease with age, finding ways to increase NAD+ status could possibly influence the aging process and associated metabolic sequelae. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a precursor for NAD+ biosynthesis, and in vitro/in vivo studies have demonstrated that NMN supplementation increases NAD+ concentration and could mitigate aging-related disorders such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, neurodegeneration, and inflammatory responses. The promotion of NMN as an antiaging health supplement has gained popularity due to such findings; however, since most studies evaluating the effects of NMN have been conducted in cell or animal models, a concern remains regarding the safety and physiological effects of NMN supplementation in the human population. Nonetheless, a dozen human clinical trials with NMN supplementation are currently underway. This review summarizes the current progress of these trials and NMN/NAD+ biology to clarify the potential effects of NMN supplementation and to shed light on future study directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hangzhou Normal University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, The 2(nd) Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Nutritional and Toxicological Science, Hangzhou Normal University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sishi Liu
- Department of Nutritional and Toxicological Science, Hangzhou Normal University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinqiang Zhu
- Core Facility, The 4(th) Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Nutritional and Toxicological Science, Hangzhou Normal University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Research, The Affiliated Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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Liu S, Zhang W. NAD + metabolism and eye diseases: current status and future directions. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8653-8663. [PMID: 37540459 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no truly effective treatments for a variety of eye diseases, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs). These conditions have a significant impact on patients' quality of life and can be a burden on society. However, these diseases share a common pathological process of NAD+ metabolism disorders. They are either associated with genetically induced primary NAD+ synthase deficiency, decreased NAD+ levels due to aging, or enhanced NAD+ consuming enzyme activity during disease pathology. In this discussion, we explore the role of NAD+ metabolic disorders in the development of associated ocular diseases and the potential advantages and disadvantages of various methods to increase NAD+ levels. It is essential to carefully evaluate the possible adverse effects of these methods and conduct a more comprehensive and objective assessment of their function before considering their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, 730030, Lanzhou, VA, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730030, Lanzhou, VA, China.
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22
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Kim M, Kim H, Kang BG, Lee J, Kim T, Lee H, Jung J, Oh MJ, Seo S, Ryu MJ, Sung Y, Lee Y, Yeom J, Han G, Cha SS, Jung H, Kim HS. Discovery of a novel NAMPT inhibitor that selectively targets NAPRT-deficient EMT-subtype cancer cells and alleviates chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Theranostics 2023; 13:5075-5098. [PMID: 37771778 PMCID: PMC10526665 DOI: 10.7150/thno.85356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exploiting synthetic lethality (SL) relationships between protein pairs has emerged as an important avenue for the development of anti-cancer drugs. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the NAD+ salvage pathway, having an SL relationship with nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), the key enzyme in the NAD+ Preiss-Handler pathway. NAMPT inhibitor holds clinical potential not only as a promising cancer treatment but also as a means of protection against chemotherapy-induced-peripheral-neuropathy (CIPN). However, as NAD+ is essential for normal cells, the clinical use of NAMPT inhibitors is challenging. This study aimed to identify a novel NAMPT inhibitor with enhanced selective cytotoxicity against NAPRT-deficient cancer cells as well as prominent efficacy in alleviating CIPN. Methods: We began by conducting drug derivatives screening in a panel of lung cancer cell lines to select an agent with the broadest therapeutic window between the NAPRT-negative and-positive cancer cell lines. Both in vitro and In vivo comparative analyses were conducted between A4276 and other NAMPT inhibitors to evaluate the NAPRT-negative cancer cell selectivity and the underlying distinct NAMPT inhibition mechanism of A4276. Patient-derived tumor transcriptomic data and protein levels in various cancer cell lines were analyzed to confirm the correlation between NAPRT depletion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like features in various cancer types. Finally, the efficacy of A4276 for axonal protection and CIPN remedy was examined in vitro and in vivo. Results: The biomarker-driven phenotypic screening led to a discovery of A4276 with prominent selectivity against NAPRT-negative cancer cells compared with NAPRT-positive cancer cells and normal cells. The cytotoxic effect of A4276 on NAPRT-negative cells is achieved through its direct binding to NAMPT, inhibiting its enzymatic function at an optimal and balanced level allowing NAPRT-positive cells to survive through NAPRT-dependent NAD+ synthesis. NAPRT deficiency serves as a biomarker for the response to A4276 as well as an indicator of EMT-subtype cancer in various tumor types. Notably, A4276 protects axons from Wallerian degeneration more effectively than other NAMPT inhibitors by decreasing NMN-to-NAD+ ratio. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that A4276 selectively targets NAPRT-deficient EMT-subtype cancer cells and prevents chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, highlighting its potential as a promising anti-cancer agent for use in cancer monotherapy or combination therapy with conventional chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bu-Gyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Checkmate Therapeutics Inc., Seoul, 07207, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwanho Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jane Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Joon Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Seo
- Prometabio Research Institute, Prometabio Co., Ltd. Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do 12939, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jeom Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Sung
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunji Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Yeom
- Prometabio Research Institute, Prometabio Co., Ltd. Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do 12939, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Shin Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Checkmate Therapeutics Inc., Seoul, 07207, Republic of Korea
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23
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Li Q, Jiang X, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Ding Y, Luo J, Pang N, Sun Y, Pei L, Pan J, Gao M, Ma S, Xiao Y, Hu D, Wu F, Yang L. Improving Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle Contributes to the Amelioration of Insulin Resistance by Nicotinamide Riboside. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10015. [PMID: 37373163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Boosting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) using nicotinamide riboside (NR) can effectively decrease oxidative stress and increase mitochondrial function. However, whether NR can ameliorate IR in skeletal muscle is still inconclusive. We fed male C57BL/6J mice with an HFD (60% fat) ± 400 mg/kg·bw NR for 24 weeks. C2C12 myotube cells were treated with 0.25 mM palmitic acid (PA) ± 0.5 mM NR for 24 h. Indicators for IR and mitochondrial dysfunction were analyzed. NR treatment alleviated IR in HFD-fed mice with regard to improved glucose tolerance and a remarkable decrease in the levels of fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR index. NR-treated HFD-fed mice also showed improved metabolic status regarding a significant reduction in body weight and lipid contents in serum and the liver. NR activated AMPK in the skeletal muscle of HFD-fed mice and PA-treated C2C12 myotube cells and upregulated the expression of mitochondria-related transcriptional factors and coactivators, thereby improving mitochondrial function and alleviating oxidative stress. Upon inhibiting AMPK using Compound C, NR lost its ability in enhancing mitochondrial function and protection against IR induced by PA. In summary, improving mitochondrial function through the activation of AMPK pathway in skeletal muscle may play an important role in the amelioration of IR using NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuye Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yujia Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yingying Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yijie Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Nengzhi Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mengqi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Sixi Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - De Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Feilong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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24
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Huang H, Shi J, Li Z, Rang Y, Li W, Xiao X, Chen C, Liu C. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) ameliorated Nonylphenol-induced learning and memory impairment in rats via the central 5-HT system and the NAD +/SIRT1/MAO-A pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113878. [PMID: 37295765 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) exposure can trigger neurotoxicity and cause learning and memory impairment. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has a therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases, but the role of NMN on NP-induced learning and memory impairment is not known. Here, we examined the mitigative effect of NMN on the impaired learning and memory ability of rats exposed to NP. The NP impaired learning and memory in rats, while the low-dose intervention with NMN significantly prolonged the step-through latency of the PAT and improved the NAMPT and NMNAT1 content in brain tissue. At the same time, the NMN intervention also increased the content of 5-HTR1A, 5-HTR4, and 5-HTR6 related to learning and memory in the hippocampus. In line with this, we found that the NMN intervention activated the SIRT1/MAO-A pathway in brain tissue. NMN intervention, especially at 125 mg/kg doses, may improve rats' NP-induced learning and memory impairment via the central 5-HT system and the NAD+/SIRT1/MAO-A pathway in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jian Shi
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhongyi Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yifeng Rang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Weiye Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xueman Xiao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Congying Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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25
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McIntosh J, Mekrouda I, Dashti M, Giuraniuc CV, Banks RW, Miles GB, Bewick GS. Development of abnormalities at the neuromuscular junction in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS: dysfunction then disruption of postsynaptic structure precede overt motor symptoms. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1169075. [PMID: 37273905 PMCID: PMC10237339 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1169075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ultimate deficit in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is neuromuscular junction (NMJ) loss, producing permanent paralysis, ultimately in respiratory muscles. However, understanding the functional and structural deficits at NMJs prior to this loss is crucial for therapeutic strategy design. Should early interventions focus on reversing denervation, or supporting largely intact NMJs that are functionally impaired? We therefore determined when functional and structural deficits appeared in diaphragmatic NMJs relative to the onset of hindlimb tremor (the first overt motor symptoms) in vivo in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS. Materials and methods We employed electrophysiological recording of NMJ postsynaptic potentials for spontaneous and nerve stimulation-evoked responses. This was correlated with fluorescent imaging microscopy of the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) distribution throughout the postnatal developmental timecourse from 2 weeks to early symptomatic ages. Results Significant reduction in the amplitudes of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (mEPPs) and evoked EPPs emerged only at early symptomatic ages (in our colony, 18-22 weeks). Reductions in mEPP frequency, number of vesicles per EPP, and EPP rise time were seen earlier, at 16weeks, but this reversed by early symptomatic ages. However, the earliest and most striking impairment was an inability to maintain EPP amplitude during a 20 Hz stimulus train, which appeared 6 weeks before overt in vivo motor symptoms. Despite this, fluorescent α-bungarotoxin labelling revealed no systematic, progressive changes in 11 comprehensive NMJ morphological parameters (area, shape, compactness, number of acetylcholine receptor, AChR, regions, etc.) with disease progression. Rather, while NMJs were largely normally-shaped, from 16 weeks there was a progressive and substantial disruption in AChR concentration and distribution within the NMJ footprint. Discussion Thus, NMJ functional deficits appear at least 6 weeks before motor symptoms in vivo, while structural deficits occur 4 weeks later, and predominantly within NMJs. These data suggest initial therapies focused on rectifying suboptimal NMJ function could produce effective relief of symptoms of weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne McIntosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Imane Mekrouda
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Dashti
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert W. Banks
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth B. Miles
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Guy S. Bewick
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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26
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Yang S, Niou ZX, Enriquez A, LaMar J, Huang JY, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Gilley J, Coleman MP, Tennessen JM, Rangaraju V, Lu HC. NMNAT2 supports vesicular glycolysis via NAD homeostasis to fuel fast axonal transport. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2859584. [PMID: 37292715 PMCID: PMC10246254 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2859584/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Bioenergetic maladaptations and axonopathy are often found in the early stages of neurodegeneration. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an essential cofactor for energy metabolism, is mainly synthesized by Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) in CNS neurons. NMNAT2 mRNA levels are reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Here we addressed whether NMNAT2 is required for axonal health of cortical glutamatergic neurons, whose long-projecting axons are often vulnerable in neurodegenerative conditions. We also tested if NMNAT2 maintains axonal health by ensuring axonal ATP levels for axonal transport, critical for axonal function. Methods We generated mouse and cultured neuron models to determine the impact of NMNAT2 loss from cortical glutamatergic neurons on axonal transport, energetic metabolism, and morphological integrity. In addition, we determined if exogenous NAD supplementation or inhibiting a NAD hydrolase, sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1), prevented axonal deficits caused by NMNAT2 loss. This study used a combination of genetics, molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, fluorescent time-lapse imaging, live imaging with optical sensors, and anti-sense oligos. Results We provide in vivo evidence that NMNAT2 in glutamatergic neurons is required for axonal survival. Using in vivo and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that NMNAT2 maintains the NAD-redox potential to provide "on-board" ATP via glycolysis to vesicular cargos in distal axons. Exogenous NAD+ supplementation to NMNAT2 KO neurons restores glycolysis and resumes fast axonal transport. Finally, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that reducing the activity of SARM1, an NAD degradation enzyme, can reduce axonal transport deficits and suppress axon degeneration in NMNAT2 KO neurons. Conclusion NMNAT2 ensures axonal health by maintaining NAD redox potential in distal axons to ensure efficient vesicular glycolysis required for fast axonal transport.
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27
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Denniss RJ, Barker LA. Brain Trauma and the Secondary Cascade in Humans: Review of the Potential Role of Vitamins in Reparative Processes and Functional Outcome. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050388. [PMID: 37232626 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An estimated sixty-nine million people sustain a traumatic brain injury each year. Trauma to the brain causes the primary insult and initiates a secondary biochemical cascade as part of the immune and reparative response to injury. The secondary cascade, although a normal physiological response, may also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and axonal injury, continuing in some cases years after the initial insult. In this review, we explain some of the biochemical mechanisms of the secondary cascade and their potential deleterious effects on healthy neurons including secondary cell death. The second part of the review focuses on the role of micronutrients to neural mechanisms and their potential reparative effects with regards to the secondary cascade after brain injury. The biochemical response to injury, hypermetabolism and excessive renal clearance of nutrients after injury increases the demand for most vitamins. Currently, most research in the area has shown positive outcomes of vitamin supplementation after brain injury, although predominantly in animal (murine) models. There is a pressing need for more research in this area with human participants because vitamin supplementation post-trauma is a potential cost-effective adjunct to other clinical and therapeutic treatments. Importantly, traumatic brain injury should be considered a lifelong process and better evaluated across the lifespan of individuals who experience brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Denniss
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Lynne A Barker
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
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28
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Li Z, Liu H, Han W, Zhu S, Liu C. NMN Alleviates NP-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment Through SIRT1 Pathway in PC-12 Cell. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2871-2883. [PMID: 36745337 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is widely used in the chemical industry; it accumulates in organisms through environmental contamination and causes learning memory impairment. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has been found to have a positive effect on the treatment of central nervous-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of NMN on NP-induced learning memory-related impairment in vitro and to further identify the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that NP induced oxidative stress and impaired the cholinergic system, 5-HT system in PC-12 cells. NMN alleviated NP-induced learning and memory impairment at the molecular level through alleviating oxidative stress and protective effects on the 5-HT system and cholinergic system. The 50 μM NP group significantly reduced the NAD+ content, and the relative expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, Nrf2, MAOA, BDNF, and p-TrkB were significantly downregulated. Co-treatment of NMN with NP significantly reduced oxidative stress, improved the homeostasis of 5-HT and cholinergic system, enhanced the intracellular NAD+ content, and significantly upregulated the expression of SIRT1 pathway proteins. SIRT1 inhibitors reduced the expression of SIRT1 pathway-related proteins, which implied the impairment of learning and memory by NP and the protective effect of NMN might be achieved through the SIRT1-mediated PGC-1α/MAOA/BDNF signaling pathway. Overall, this study not only help us to understand the toxic mechanism of NP on learning memory impairment in vitro, but also have important reference significance to further explore the health care value of NMN and promote the development of related functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenna Han
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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29
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Maita KC, Garcia JP, Avila FR, Ricardo A TG, Ho OA, Claudia C S C, Eduardo N C, Forte AJ. Evaluation of the Aging Effect on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Systematic Review. J Surg Res 2023; 288:329-340. [PMID: 37060859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerve injuries have been associated with increased healthcare costs and decreased patients' quality of life. Aging represents one factor that slows the speed of peripheral nervous system (PNS) regeneration. Since cellular homeostasis imbalance associated with aging lead to an increased failure in nerve regeneration in mammals of advanced age, this systematic review aims to determine the main molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in peripheral nerve regeneration in aged murine models after a peripheral nerve injuries. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a literature search of 4 databases was conducted in July 2022 for studies comparing the peripheral nerve regeneration capability between young and aged murine models. RESULTS After the initial search yielded 744 publications, ten articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies show that age-related changes such as chronic inflammatory state, delayed macrophages' response to injury, dysfunctional Schwann Cells (SCs), and microenvironment alterations cause a reduction in the regenerative capability of the PNS in murine models. Furthermore, identifying altered gene expression patterns of SC after nerve damage can contribute to the understanding of physiological modifications produced by aging. CONCLUSIONS The interaction between macrophages and SC plays a crucial role in the nerve regeneration of aged models. Therefore, studies aimed at developing new and promising therapies for nerve regeneration should focus on these cellular groups to enhance the regenerative capabilities of the PNS in elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla C Maita
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - John P Garcia
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | | | - Olivia A Ho
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Chini Claudia C S
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Chini Eduardo N
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Antonio J Forte
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
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30
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Peterman E, Quitevis EJA, Black EC, Horton EC, Aelmore RL, White E, Sagasti A, Rasmussen JP. Zebrafish cutaneous injury models reveal that Langerhans cells engulf axonal debris in adult epidermis. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049911. [PMID: 36876992 PMCID: PMC10110399 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons extend enormous peripheral axons to the skin, where they detect diverse environmental stimuli. Somatosensory peripheral axons are easily damaged due to their small caliber and superficial location. Axonal damage results in Wallerian degeneration, creating vast quantities of cellular debris that phagocytes must remove to maintain organ homeostasis. The cellular mechanisms that ensure efficient clearance of axon debris from stratified adult skin are unknown. Here, we established zebrafish scales as a tractable model to study axon degeneration in the adult epidermis. Using this system, we demonstrated that skin-resident immune cells known as Langerhans cells engulf the majority of axon debris. In contrast to immature skin, adult keratinocytes did not significantly contribute to debris removal, even in animals lacking Langerhans cells. Our study establishes a powerful new model for studying Wallerian degeneration and identifies a new function for Langerhans cells in maintenance of adult skin homeostasis following injury. These findings have important implications for pathologies that trigger somatosensory axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Erik C. Black
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emma C. Horton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rune L. Aelmore
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ethan White
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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31
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McGuinness HY, Gu W, Shi Y, Kobe B, Ve T. SARM1-Dependent Axon Degeneration: Nucleotide Signaling, Neurodegenerative Disorders, Toxicity, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231162508. [DOI: 10.1177/10738584231162508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Axons are an essential component of the nervous system, and axon degeneration is an early feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. The NAD+ metabolome plays an essential role in regulating axonal integrity. Axonal levels of NAD+ and its precursor NMN are controlled in large part by the NAD+ synthesizing survival factor NMNAT2 and the pro-neurodegenerative NADase SARM1, whose activation triggers axon destruction. SARM1 has emerged as a promising axon-specific target for therapeutic intervention, and its function, regulation, structure, and role in neurodegenerative diseases have been extensively characterized in recent years. In this review, we first introduce the key molecular players involved in the SARM1-dependent axon degeneration program. Next, we summarize recent major advances in our understanding of how SARM1 is kept inactive in healthy neurons and how it becomes activated in injured or diseased neurons, which has involved important insights from structural biology. Finally, we discuss the role of SARM1 in neurodegenerative disorders and environmental neurotoxicity and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y. McGuinness
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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32
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Biotechnological production of reduced and oxidized NAD + precursors. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112560. [PMID: 36869544 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) homeostasis by increased activity of NAD+ consumers or reduced NAD+ biosynthesis plays an important role in the onset of prevalent, often age-related, diseases, such as diabetes, neuropathies or nephropathies. To counteract such dysregulation, NAD+ replenishment strategies can be used. Among these, administration of vitamin B3 derivatives (NAD+ precursors) has garnered attention in recent years. However, the high market price of these compounds and their limited availability, pose important limitations to their use in nutritional or biomedical applications. To overcome these limitations, we have designed an enzymatic method for the synthesis and purification of (1) the oxidized NAD+ precursors nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR), (2) their reduced forms NMNH and NRH, and (3) their deaminated forms nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) and nicotinic acid riboside (NaR). Starting from NAD+ or NADH as substrates, we use a combination of three highly overexpressed soluble recombinant enzymes; (a) a NAD+ pyrophosphatase, (b) an NMN deamidase, and (c) a 5'-nucleotidase, to produce these six precursors. Finally, we validate the activity of the enzymatically produced molecules as NAD+ enhancers in cell culture.
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Lu Z, Jiang L, Lesani P, Zhang W, Li N, Luo D, Li Y, Ye Y, Bian J, Wang G, Dunstan CR, Jiang X, Zreiqat H. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Alleviates Osteoblast Senescence Induction and Promotes Bone Healing in Osteoporotic Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:186-194. [PMID: 36037105 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combating the accumulated senescent cells and the healing of osteoporotic bone fractures in the older remains a significant challenge. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor of NAD+, is an excellent candidate for mitigating aging-related disorders. However, it is unknown if NMN can alleviate senescent cell induction and enhance osteoporotic bone fracture healing. Here we show that NMN treatment partially reverses the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on human primary osteoblasts (HOBs): senescent cell induction, diminished osteogenic differentiation ability, and intracellular NAD+ and NADH levels. Mechanistically, NMN restores the mitochondrial dysfunction in HOBs induced by TNF-α evidenced by increased mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced reactive oxidative species and mitochondrial mass. NMN also increases mitophagy activity by down-regulating P62 expression and up-regulating light chain 3B-II protein expression. In addition, the cell senescence protective effects of NMN on HOBs are mitigated by a mitophagy inhibitor (Bafilomycin A1). In vivo, NMN supplementation attenuates senescent cell induction in growth plates, partially prevents osteoporosis in an ovariectomized mouse model, and accelerates bone healing in osteoporotic mice. We conclude that NMN can be a novel and promising therapeutic candidate to enhance bone fracture healing capacity in the older.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZuFu Lu
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liting Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pooria Lesani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - WenJie Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danyang Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusi Li
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Ye
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Bian
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guocheng Wang
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Colin R Dunstan
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - XinQuan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Tribble JR, Hagström A, Jusseaume K, Lardner E, Wong RCB, Stålhammar G, Williams PA. NAD salvage pathway machinery expression in normal and glaucomatous retina and optic nerve. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:18. [PMID: 36681854 PMCID: PMC9867855 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness and is a major health and economic burden. Current treatments do not address the neurodegenerative component of glaucoma. In animal models of glaucoma, the capacity to maintain retinal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pools declines early during disease pathogenesis. Treatment with nicotinamide, an NAD precursor through the NAD salvage pathway, robustly protects against neurodegeneration in a number of glaucoma models and improves vision in existing glaucoma patients. However, it remains unknown in humans what retinal cell types are able to process nicotinamide to NAD and how these are affected in glaucoma. To address this, we utilized publicly available RNA-sequencing data (bulk, single cell, and single nucleus) and antibody labelling in highly preserved enucleated human eyes to identify expression of NAD synthesizing enzyme machinery. This identifies that the neural retina favors expression of the NAD salvage pathway, and that retinal ganglion cells are particularly enriched for these enzymes. NMNAT2, a key terminal enzyme in the salvage pathway, is predominantly expressed in retinal ganglion cell relevant layers of the retina and declines in glaucoma. These findings suggest that human retinal ganglion cells can directly utilize nicotinamide and could maintain a capacity to do so in glaucoma, showing promise for ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Tribble
- Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hagström
- Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenza Jusseaume
- Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Lardner
- Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raymond Ching-Bong Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gustav Stålhammar
- Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pete A Williams
- Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kawamura T, Singh Mallah G, Ardalan M, Chumak T, Svedin P, Jonsson L, Jabbari Shiadeh SM, Goretta F, Ikeda T, Hagberg H, Sandberg M, Mallard C. Therapeutic Effect of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide for Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Mice. ASN Neuro 2023; 15:17590914231198983. [PMID: 37787108 PMCID: PMC10548811 DOI: 10.1177/17590914231198983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia reduces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and SIRT6 levels in the injured hippocampus.Hippocampal high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) release is significantly increased after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) treatment normalizes hippocampal NAD+ and SIRT6 levels, with significant decrease in caspase-3 activity and HMGB1 release.NMN improves early developmental behavior, as well as motor and memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kawamura
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Gagandeep Singh Mallah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tetyana Chumak
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Jonsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Seyedeh Marziyeh Jabbari Shiadeh
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fanny Goretta
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomoaki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Sandberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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A conformation-specific nanobody targeting the nicotinamide mononucleotide-activated state of SARM1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7898. [PMID: 36550129 PMCID: PMC9780360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha (SAM) and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) motif containing 1 (SARM1) is an autoinhibitory NAD-consuming enzyme that is activated by the accumulation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) during axonal injury. Its activation mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we generate a nanobody, Nb-C6, that specifically recognizes NMN-activated SARM1. Nb-C6 stains only the activated SARM1 in cells stimulated with CZ-48, a permeant mimetic of NMN, and partially activates SARM1 in vitro and in cells. Cryo-EM of NMN/SARM1/Nb-C6 complex shows an octameric structure with ARM domains bending significantly inward and swinging out together with TIR domains. Nb-C6 binds to SAM domain of the activated SARM1 and stabilized its ARM domain. Mass spectrometry analyses indicate that the activated SARM1 in solution is highly dynamic and that the neighboring TIRs form transient dimers via the surface close to one BB loop. We show that Nb-C6 is a valuable tool for studies of SARM1 activation.
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Dai Y, Lin J, Ren J, Zhu B, Wu C, Yu L. NAD + metabolism in peripheral neuropathic pain. Neurochem Int 2022; 161:105435. [PMID: 36273706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an omnipresent metabolite that participates in redox reactions. Multiple NAD+-consuming enzymes are implicated in numerous biological processes, including transcription, signaling, and cell survival. Multiple pieces of evidence have demonstrated that NAD+-consuming enzymes, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), sirtuins (SIRTs), and sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (SARM1), play major roles in peripheral neuropathic pain of various etiologies. These NAD+ consumers primarily participate in peripheral neuropathic pain via mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Furthermore, NAD+ synthase and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) have recently been found to contribute to the regulation of pain. Here, we review the evidence indicating the involvement of NAD+ metabolism in the pathological mechanisms of peripheral neuropathic pain. Advanced understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with NAD+ in peripheral neuropathic pain will facilitate the development of novel treatment options for diverse types of peripheral neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - Jinxuan Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - Lina Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China.
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Virdee S. An atypical ubiquitin ligase at the heart of neural development and programmed axon degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2347-2350. [PMID: 35535869 PMCID: PMC9120709 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.338992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of nerve fibres following injury was first described by Augustus Waller over 170 years ago. Initially assumed to be a passive process, it is now evident that axons respond to insult via regulated cellular signaling events resulting in their programmed degeneration. Pro-survival and pro-degenerative factors have been identified and their regulatory mechanisms are beginning to emerge. The ubiquitin system has been implicated in the pro-degenerative process and a key component is the ubiquitin E3 ligase MYCBP2 (also known as PHR1). Ubiquitin E3 ligases are tasked with the transfer of the small protein modifier ubiquitin to substrates and consist of hundreds of members. They can be classified as single subunit systems or as multi-subunit complexes. Their catalytic domains can also be assigned to three general architectures. Hints that MYCBP2 might not conform to these established formats came to light and it is now clear from biochemical and structural studies that MYCBP2 is indeed an outlier in terms of its modus operandi. Furthermore, the unconventional way in which MYCBP2 transfers ubiquitin to substrates has been linked to neurodevelopmental and pro-degenerative function. Herein, we will summarize these research developments relating to the unusual features of MYCBP2 and postulate therapeutic strategies that prevent Wallerian degeneration. These have exciting potential for providing relief from pathological neuropathies and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satpal Virdee
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
- Correspondence to: Satpal Virdee, .
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Croteau LP, Risner ML, Wareham LK, McGrady NR, Chamling X, Zack DJ, Calkins DJ. Ex Vivo Integration of Human Stem Retinal Ganglion Cells into the Mouse Retina. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203241. [PMID: 36291110 PMCID: PMC9600680 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapies may be key in achieving functional recovery in neurodegenerative optic neuropathies diseases such as glaucoma. One strategy that holds promise in this regard is the use of human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem-derived retinal ganglion cells (hRGCs). Previous hRGC transplantation studies have shown modest success. This is in part due to the low survival and integration of the transplanted cells in the host retina. The field is further challenged by mixed assays and outcome measurements that probe and determine transplantation success. Thefore, we have devised a transplantation assay involving hRGCs and mouse retina explants that bypasses physical barriers imposed by retinal membranes. We show that hRGC neurites and somas are capable of invading mouse explants with a subset of hRGC neurites being guided by mouse RGC axons. Neonatal mouse retina explants, and to a lesser extent, adult explants, promote hRGC integrity and neurite outgrowth. Using this assay, we tested whether suppmenting cultures with brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, enhances hRGC neurite integration, neurite outgrowth, and integrity. We show that supplementing cultures with a combination BDNF and forskolin strongly favors hRGC integrity, increasing neurite outgrowth and complexity as well as the invasion of mouse explants. The transplantation assay presented here is a practical tool for investigating strategies for testing and optimizing the integration of donor cells into host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Croteau
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael L. Risner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren K. Wareham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nolan R. McGrady
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xitiz Chamling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Donald J. Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David J. Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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40
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Role of NAD + and FAD in Ischemic Stroke Pathophysiology: An Epigenetic Nexus and Expanding Therapeutic Repertoire. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01287-4. [PMID: 36180651 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The redox coenzymes viz., oxidized β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by way of generation of optimal reducing power and cellular energy currency (ATP), control a staggering array of metabolic reactions. The prominent cellular contenders for NAD+ utilization, inter alia, are sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1), which have been significantly implicated in ischemic stroke (IS) pathogenesis. NAD+ and FAD are also two crucial epigenetic enzyme-required metabolites mediating histone deacetylation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation through SIRTs and PARP-1 respectively, and demethylation through FAD-mediated lysine specific demethylase activity. These enzymes and post-translational modifications impinge on the components of neurovascular unit, primarily neurons, and elicit diverse functional upshots in an ischemic brain. These could be circumstantially linked with attendant cognitive deficits and behavioral outcomes in post-stroke epoch. Parsing out the contribution of NAD+/FAD-synthesizing and utilizing enzymes towards epigenetic remodeling in IS setting, together with their cognitive and behavioral associations, combined with possible therapeutic implications will form the crux of this review.
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Alexandris AS, Ryu J, Rajbhandari L, Harlan R, McKenney J, Wang Y, Aja S, Graham D, Venkatesan A, Koliatsos VE. Protective effects of NAMPT or MAPK inhibitors and NaR on Wallerian degeneration of mammalian axons. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105808. [PMID: 35779777 PMCID: PMC10621467 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WD) is a conserved axonal self-destruction program implicated in several neurological diseases. WD is driven by the degradation of the NAD+ synthesizing enzyme NMNAT2, the buildup of its substrate NMN, and the activation of the NAD+ degrading SARM1, eventually leading to axonal fragmentation. The regulation and amenability of these events to therapeutic interventions remain unclear. Here we explored pharmacological strategies that modulate NMN and NAD+ metabolism, namely the inhibition of the NMN-synthesizing enzyme NAMPT, activation of the nicotinic acid riboside (NaR) salvage pathway and inhibition of the NMNAT2-degrading DLK MAPK pathway in an axotomy model in vitro. Results show that NAMPT and DLK inhibition cause a significant but time-dependent delay of WD. These time-dependent effects are related to NMNAT2 degradation and changes in NMN and NAD+ levels. Supplementation of NAMPT inhibition with NaR has an enhanced effect that does not depend on timing of intervention and leads to robust protection up to 4 days. Additional DLK inhibition extends this even further to 6 days. Metabolite analyses reveal complex effects indicating that NAMPT and MAPK inhibition act by reducing NMN levels, ameliorating NAD+ loss and suppressing SARM1 activity. Finally, the axonal NAD+/NMN ratio is highly predictive of cADPR levels, extending previous cell-free evidence on the allosteric regulation of SARM1. Our findings establish a window of axon protection extending several hours following injury. Moreover, we show prolonged protection by mixed treatments combining MAPK and NAMPT inhibition that proceed via complex effects on NAD+ metabolism and inhibition of SARM1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiwon Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Labchan Rajbhandari
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Harlan
- The Molecular Determinants Center and Core, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - James McKenney
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Aja
- The Molecular Determinants Center and Core, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - David Graham
- The Molecular Determinants Center and Core, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vassilis E Koliatsos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Feldman HC, Merlini E, Guijas C, DeMeester KE, Njomen E, Kozina EM, Yokoyama M, Vinogradova E, Reardon HT, Melillo B, Schreiber SL, Loreto A, Blankman JL, Cravatt BF. Selective inhibitors of SARM1 targeting an allosteric cysteine in the autoregulatory ARM domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208457119. [PMID: 35994671 PMCID: PMC9436332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208457119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrolase (NADase) sterile alpha toll/interleukin receptor motif containing-1 (SARM1) acts as a central executioner of programmed axon death and is a possible therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders. While orthosteric inhibitors of SARM1 have been described, this multidomain enzyme is also subject to intricate forms of autoregulation, suggesting the potential for allosteric modes of inhibition. Previous studies have identified multiple cysteine residues that support SARM1 activation and catalysis, but which of these cysteines, if any, might be selectively targetable by electrophilic small molecules remains unknown. Here, we describe the chemical proteomic discovery of a series of tryptoline acrylamides that site-specifically and stereoselectively modify cysteine-311 (C311) in the noncatalytic, autoregulatory armadillo repeat (ARM) domain of SARM1. These covalent compounds inhibit the NADase activity of WT-SARM1, but not C311A or C311S SARM1 mutants, show a high degree of proteome-wide selectivity for SARM1_C311 and stereoselectively block vincristine- and vacor-induced neurite degeneration in primary rodent dorsal root ganglion neurons. Our findings describe selective, covalent inhibitors of SARM1 targeting an allosteric cysteine, pointing to a potentially attractive therapeutic strategy for axon degeneration-dependent forms of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Merlini
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Guijas
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc, San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | - Evert Njomen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ellen M Kozina
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Minoru Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | | | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Andrea Loreto
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
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Parsons RB, Kocinaj A, Ruiz Pulido G, Prendergast SA, Parsons AE, Facey PD, Hirth F. Alpha-synucleinopathy reduces NMNAT3 protein levels and neurite formation that can be rescued by targeting the NAD+ pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2918-2933. [PMID: 35397003 PMCID: PMC9433734 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the deposition of α-synuclein, which leads to synaptic dysfunction, the loss of neuronal connections and ultimately progressive neurodegeneration. Despite extensive research into Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, the mechanisms underlying α-synuclein-mediated synaptopathy have remained elusive. Several lines of evidence suggest that altered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism might be causally related to synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease. NAD+ metabolism is central to the maintenance of synaptic structure and function. Its synthesis is mediated by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs), but their role in Parkinson's disease is not known. Here we report significantly decreased levels of NMNAT3 protein in the caudate nucleus of patients who have died with Parkinson's disease, which inversely correlated with the amount of monomeric α-synuclein. The detected alterations were specific and significant as the expression levels of NMNAT1, NMNAT2 and sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1) were not significantly different in Parkinson's disease patients compared to controls. To test the functional significance of these findings, we ectopically expressed wild-type α-synuclein in retinoic acid-differentiated dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells that resulted in decreased levels of NMNAT3 protein plus a neurite pathology, which could be rescued by FK866, an inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase that acts as a key enzyme in the regulation of NAD+ synthesis. Our results establish, for the first time, NMNAT3 alterations in Parkinson's disease and demonstrate in human cells that this phenotype together with neurite pathology is causally related to α-synucleinopathy. These findings identify alterations in the NAD+ biosynthetic pathway as a pathogenic mechanism underlying α-synuclein-mediated synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Parsons
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Altin Kocinaj
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gustavo Ruiz Pulido
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sarah A Prendergast
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Anna E Parsons
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul D Facey
- Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Frank Hirth
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
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Ademi M, Yang X, Coleman MP, Gilley J. Natural variants of human SARM1 cause both intrinsic and dominant loss-of-function influencing axon survival. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13846. [PMID: 35974060 PMCID: PMC9381744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
SARM1 is a central executioner of programmed axon death, and this role requires intrinsic NAD(P)ase or related enzyme activity. A complete absence of SARM1 robustly blocks axon degeneration in mice, but even a partial depletion confers meaningful protection. Since axon loss contributes substantially to the onset and progression of multiple neurodegenerative disorders, lower inherent SARM1 activity is expected to reduce disease susceptibility in some situations. We, therefore, investigated whether there are naturally occurring SARM1 alleles within the human population that encode SARM1 variants with loss-of-function. Out of the 18 natural SARM1 coding variants we selected as candidates, we found that 10 display loss-of-function in three complimentary assays: they fail to robustly deplete NAD in transfected HEK 293T cells; they lack constitutive and NMN-induced NADase activity; and they fail to promote axon degeneration in primary neuronal cultures. Two of these variants are also able to block axon degeneration in primary culture neurons in the presence of endogenous, wild-type SARM1, indicative of dominant loss-of-function. These results demonstrate that SARM1 loss-of-function variants occur naturally in the human population, and we propose that carriers of these alleles will have different degrees of reduced susceptibility to various neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirlinda Ademi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Xiuna Yang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
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45
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Cercillieux A, Ciarlo E, Canto C. Balancing NAD + deficits with nicotinamide riboside: therapeutic possibilities and limitations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:463. [PMID: 35918544 PMCID: PMC9345839 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels have been observed in multiple lifestyle and age-related medical conditions. This has led to the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors, or vitamin B3s, could exert health benefits. Among the different molecules that can act as NAD+ precursors, Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) has gained most attention due to its success in alleviating and treating disease conditions at the pre-clinical level. However, the clinical outcomes for NR supplementation strategies have not yet met the expectations generated in mouse models. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive view on NAD+ biology, what causes NAD+ deficits and the journey of NR from its discovery to its clinical development. We also discuss what are the current limitations in NR-based therapies and potential ways to overcome them. Overall, this review will not only provide tools to understand NAD+ biology and assess its changes in disease situations, but also to decide which NAD+ precursor could have the best therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Cercillieux
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Ciarlo
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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46
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Dissanayake KN, Redman RR, Mackenzie H, Eddleston M, Ribchester RR. "Calcium bombs" as harbingers of synaptic pathology and their mitigation by magnesium at murine neuromuscular junctions. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:937974. [PMID: 35959105 PMCID: PMC9361872 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.937974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is thought to be an important factor in the onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Evidence from human and animal studies also indicates that early signs of ALS include degeneration of motor nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), before degeneration of motor neuron cell bodies. Here we used a model of excitotoxicity at NMJs in isolated mouse muscle, utilizing the organophosphorus (OP) compound omethoate, which inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity. Acute exposure to omethoate (100 μM) induced prolonged motor endplate contractures in response to brief tetanic nerve stimulation at 20-50 Hz. In some muscle fibers, Fluo-4 fluorescence showed association of these contractures with explosive increases in Ca2+ ("calcium bombs") localized to motor endplates. Calcium bombs were strongly and selectively mitigated by increasing Mg2+ concentration in the bathing medium from 1 to 5 mM. Overnight culture of nerve-muscle preparations from WldS mice in omethoate or other OP insecticide components and their metabolites (dimethoate, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexanol) induced degeneration of NMJs. This degeneration was also strongly mitigated by increasing [Mg2+] from 1 to 5 mM. Thus, equivalent increases in extracellular [Mg2+] mitigated both post-synaptic calcium bombs and degeneration of NMJs. The data support a link between Ca2+ and excitotoxicity at NMJs and suggest that elevating extracellular [Mg2+] could be an effective intervention in treatment of synaptic pathology induced by excitotoxic triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala N. Dissanayake
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert R. Redman
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Mackenzie
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard R. Ribchester
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Richard R. Ribchester,
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Almasieh M, Faris H, Levin LA. Pivotal roles for membrane phospholipids in axonal degeneration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 150:106264. [PMID: 35868612 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane phospholipids are critical components of several signaling pathways. Maintained in a variety of asymmetric distributions, their trafficking across the membrane can be induced by intra-, extra-, and intercellular events. A familiar example is the externalization of phosphatidylserine from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet in apoptosis, inducing phagocytosis of the soma. Recently, it has been recognized that phospholipids in the axonal membrane may be a signal for axonal degeneration, regeneration, or other processes. This review focuses on key recent developments and areas for ongoing investigations. KEY FACTS: Phosphatidylserine externalization propagates along an axon after axonal injury and is delayed in the Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) mutant. The ATP8A2 flippase mutant has spontaneous axonal degeneration. Microdomains of axonal degeneration in spheroid bodies have differential externalization of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phospholipid trafficking could represent a mechanism for coordinated axonal degeneration and elimination, i.e. axoptosis, analogous to apoptosis of the cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Almasieh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hannah Faris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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48
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Canto C. NAD + Precursors: A Questionable Redundancy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070630. [PMID: 35888754 PMCID: PMC9316858 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen a strong proliferation of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic and age-related diseases based on increasing cellular NAD+ bioavailability. Among them, the dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors—classically known as vitamin B3—has received most of the attention. Multiple molecules can act as NAD+ precursors through independent biosynthetic routes. Interestingly, eukaryote organisms have conserved a remarkable ability to utilize all of these different molecules, even if some of them are scarcely found in nature. Here, we discuss the possibility that the conservation of all of these biosynthetic pathways through evolution occurred because the different NAD+ precursors might serve specialized purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ; Tel.: +41-(0)-216326116
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Essuman K, Milbrandt J, Dangl JL, Nishimura MT. Shared TIR enzymatic functions regulate cell death and immunity across the tree of life. Science 2022; 377:eabo0001. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the 20th century, researchers studying animal and plant signaling pathways discovered a protein domain shared across diverse innate immune systems: the Toll/Interleukin-1/Resistance-gene (TIR) domain. The TIR domain is found in several protein architectures and was defined as an adaptor mediating protein-protein interactions in animal innate immunity and developmental signaling pathways. However, studies of nerve degeneration in animals, and subsequent breakthroughs in plant, bacterial and archaeal systems, revealed that TIR domains possess enzymatic activities. We provide a synthesis of TIR functions and the role of various related TIR enzymatic products in evolutionarily diverse immune systems. These studies may ultimately guide interventions that would span the tree of life, from treating human neurodegenerative disorders and bacterial infections, to preventing plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kow Essuman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marc T. Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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50
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Shi Y, Kerry PS, Nanson JD, Bosanac T, Sasaki Y, Krauss R, Saikot FK, Adams SE, Mosaiab T, Masic V, Mao X, Rose F, Vasquez E, Furrer M, Cunnea K, Brearley A, Gu W, Luo Z, Brillault L, Landsberg MJ, DiAntonio A, Kobe B, Milbrandt J, Hughes RO, Ve T. Structural basis of SARM1 activation, substrate recognition, and inhibition by small molecules. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1643-1659.e10. [PMID: 35334231 PMCID: PMC9188649 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The NADase SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) is a key executioner of axon degeneration and a therapeutic target for several neurodegenerative conditions. We show that a potent SARM1 inhibitor undergoes base exchange with the nicotinamide moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to produce the bona fide inhibitor 1AD. We report structures of SARM1 in complex with 1AD, NAD+ mimetics and the allosteric activator nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). NMN binding triggers reorientation of the armadillo repeat (ARM) domains, which disrupts ARM:TIR interactions and leads to formation of a two-stranded TIR domain assembly. The active site spans two molecules in these assemblies, explaining the requirement of TIR domain self-association for NADase activity and axon degeneration. Our results reveal the mechanisms of SARM1 activation and substrate binding, providing rational avenues for the design of new therapeutics targeting SARM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Philip S Kerry
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Todd Bosanac
- Disarm Therapeutics, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Co., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Raul Krauss
- Disarm Therapeutics, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Co., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Forhad K Saikot
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sarah E Adams
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Veronika Masic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Xianrong Mao
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Faith Rose
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Eduardo Vasquez
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Marieke Furrer
- Evotec SE, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katie Cunnea
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Andrew Brearley
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhenyao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lou Brillault
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael J Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert O Hughes
- Disarm Therapeutics, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Co., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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