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Valdés Zayas A, Kumari N, Liu K, Neill D, Delahoussaye A, Gonçalves Jorge P, Geyer R, Lin SH, Bailat C, Bochud F, Moeckli R, Koong AC, Bourhis J, Taniguchi CM, Herrera FG, Schüler E. Independent Reproduction of the FLASH Effect on the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Multi-Institutional Comparative Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072121. [PMID: 37046782 PMCID: PMC10093322 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
FLASH radiation therapy (RT) is a promising new paradigm in radiation oncology. However, a major question that remains is the robustness and reproducibility of the FLASH effect when different irradiators are used on animals or patients with different genetic backgrounds, diets, and microbiomes, all of which can influence the effects of radiation on normal tissues. To address questions of rigor and reproducibility across different centers, we analyzed independent data sets from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and from Lausanne University (CHUV). Both centers investigated acute effects after total abdominal irradiation to C57BL/6 animals delivered by the FLASH Mobetron system. The two centers used similar beam parameters but otherwise conducted the studies independently. The FLASH-enabled animal survival and intestinal crypt regeneration after irradiation were comparable between the two centers. These findings, together with previously published data using a converted linear accelerator, show that a robust and reproducible FLASH effect can be induced as long as the same set of irradiation parameters are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anet Valdés Zayas
- Radio-Oncology Department, AGORA Cancer Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neeraj Kumari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin Liu
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Denae Neill
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abagail Delahoussaye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patrik Gonçalves Jorge
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Rue du Grand-Pré-1, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Geyer
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Rue du Grand-Pré-1, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven H. Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Rue du Grand-Pré-1, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Bochud
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Rue du Grand-Pré-1, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Moeckli
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Rue du Grand-Pré-1, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albert C. Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Radio-Oncology Department, AGORA Cancer Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cullen M. Taniguchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fernanda G. Herrera
- Radio-Oncology Department, AGORA Cancer Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emil Schüler
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Early Life Events and Maturation of the Dentate Gyrus: Implications for Neurons and Glial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084261. [PMID: 35457079 PMCID: PMC9031216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), an important part of the hippocampus, plays a significant role in learning, memory, and emotional behavior. Factors potentially influencing normal development of neurons and glial cells in the DG during its maturation can exert long-lasting effects on brain functions. Early life stress may modify maturation of the DG and induce lifelong alterations in its structure and functioning, underlying brain pathologies in adults. In this paper, maturation of neurons and glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and the effects of early life events on maturation processes in the DG have been comprehensively reviewed. Early postnatal interventions affecting the DG eventually result in an altered number of granule neurons in the DG, ectopic location of neurons and changes in adult neurogenesis. Adverse events in early life provoke proinflammatory changes in hippocampal glia at cellular and molecular levels immediately after stress exposure. Later, the cellular changes may disappear, though alterations in gene expression pattern persist. Additional stressful events later in life contribute to manifestation of glial changes and behavioral deficits. Alterations in the maturation of neuronal and glial cells induced by early life stress are interdependent and influence the development of neural nets, thus predisposing the brain to the development of cognitive and psychiatric disorders.
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3
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Lalkovicova M. Neuroprotective agents effective against radiation damage of central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1885-1892. [PMID: 35142663 PMCID: PMC8848589 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation caused by medical treatments, nuclear events or even space flights can irreversibly damage structure and function of brain cells. That can result in serious brain damage, with memory and behavior disorders, or even fatal oncologic or neurodegenerative illnesses. Currently used treatments and drugs are mostly targeting biochemical processes of cell apoptosis, radiation toxicity, neuroinflammation, and conditions such as cognitive-behavioral disturbances or others that result from the radiation insult. With most drugs, the side effects and potential toxicity are also to be considered. Therefore, many agents have not been approved for clinical use yet. In this review, we focus on the latest and most effective agents that have been used in animal and also in the human research, and clinical treatments. They could have the potential therapeutical use in cases of radiation damage of central nervous system, and also in prevention considering their radioprotecting effect of nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Lalkovicova
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Physics, Košice, Slovakia
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4
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de Guzman AE, Ahmed M, Perrier S, Hammill C, Li YQ, Wong CS, Nieman BJ. Protection from radiation-induced neuroanatomical deficits by CCL2-deficiency is dependent on sex. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:390-400. [PMID: 35143888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cranial radiation therapy for the treatment of paediatric brain tumours results in changes to brain development that are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have previously demonstrated similar structural changes in both humans and mice. The goal of the current study was to examine the role of inflammation in this response. Since neuroanatomical volume deficits in paediatric survivors are more pronounced in females, we also evaluated possible dependence on sex. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Male mice deficient in the C-C chemokine ligand 2 gene (Ccl2; previously Mcp-1) have been shown by others to have a muted neuroinflammatory response after irradiation. We irradiated Ccl2-/- (HOM; females[f]=12, males[m]=13), Ccl2+/- (HET; f=13, m=16), and Ccl2+/+ (WT; f=11, m=13) mice with a whole brain dose of 7 Gy during infancy. Control mice (with approximately equal groups sizes) were anaesthetized but not irradiated. In vivo MR images were acquired at 4 time points up to 3 months following irradiation, and deformation-based morphometry was used to identify volume differences. RESULTS Irradiation of WT mice resulted in a deficit in neuroanatomical growth with limited sex dependence. HOM and HET males were significantly protected from this radiation-induced damage, while HOM and HET females were not. We conclude that interventions aimed at mitigating the effects of cranial radiation therapy in paediatric cancer survivors by modulating inflammatory response will need to consider patient sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elizabeth de Guzman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Rm 7-411, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mashal Ahmed
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Stefanie Perrier
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Christopher Hammill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Yu-Qing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Odette Cancer Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - C Shun Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Rm 7-411, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Odette Cancer Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 149 College Street - Stewart Building, Suite 504, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Rm 7-411, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Garrett L, Ung MC, Einicke J, Zimprich A, Fenzl F, Pawliczek D, Graw J, Dalke C, Hölter SM. Complex Long-term Effects of Radiation on Adult Mouse Behavior. Radiat Res 2021; 197:67-77. [PMID: 34237145 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00281.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that a single radiation event (0.063, 0.125 or 0.5 Gy, 0.063 Gy/min) in adult mice (age 10 weeks) can have delayed dose-dependent effects on locomotor behavior 18 months postirradiation. The highest dose (0.5 Gy) reduced, whereas the lowest dose (0.063 Gy) increased locomotor activity at older age independent of sex or genotype. In the current study we investigated whether higher doses administered at a higher dose rate (0.5, 1 or 2 Gy, 0.3 Gy/min) at the same age (10 weeks) cause stronger or earlier effects on a range of behaviors, including locomotion, anxiety, sensorimotor and cognitive behavior. There were clear dose-dependent effects on spontaneous locomotor and exploratory activity, anxiety-related behavior, body weight and affiliative social behavior independent of sex or genotype of wild-type and Ercc2S737P heterozygous mice on a mixed C57BL/6JG and C3HeB/FeJ background. In addition, smaller genotype- and dose-dependent radiation effects on working memory were evident in males, but not in females. The strongest dose-dependent radiation effects were present 4 months postirradiation, but only effects on affiliative social behaviors persisted until 12 months postirradiation. The observed radiation-induced behavioral changes were not related to alterations in the eye lens, as 4 months postirradiation anterior and posterior parts of the lens were still normal. Overall, we did not find any sensitizing effect of the mutation towards radiation effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Garrett
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Claire Ung
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Einicke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annemarie Zimprich
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Felix Fenzl
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Daniel Pawliczek
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University Munich, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
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6
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Tang FR, Liu L, Wang H, Ho KJN, Sethi G. Spatiotemporal dynamics of γH2AX in the mouse brain after acute irradiation at different postnatal days with special reference to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:15815-15832. [PMID: 34162763 PMCID: PMC8266370 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gamma H2A histone family member X (γH2AX) is a molecular marker of aging and disease. However, radiosensitivity of the different brain cells, including neurons, glial cells, cells in cerebrovascular system, epithelial cells in pia mater, ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain in immature animals at different postnatal days remains unknown. Whether radiation-induced γH2AX foci in immature brain persist in adult animals still needs to be investigated. Hence, using a mouse model, we showed an extensive postnatal age-dependent induction of γH2AX foci in different brain regions at 1 day after whole body gamma irradiation with 5Gy at postnatal day 3 (P3), P10 and P21. P3 mouse brain epithelial cells in pia mater, glial cells in white matter and cells in cerebrovascular system were more radiosensitive at one day after radiation exposure than those from P10 and P21 mice. Persistent DNA damage foci (PDDF) were consistently demonstrated in the brain at 120 days and 15 months after irradiation at P3, P10 and P21, and these mice had shortened lifespan compared to the age-matched control. Our results suggest that early life irradiation-induced PDDF at later stages of animal life may be related to the brain aging and shortened life expectancy of irradiated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lian Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Kimberly Jen Ni Ho
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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7
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Behl T, Kaur G, Sehgal A, Zengin G, Singh S, Ahmadi A, Bungau S. Flavonoids, the Family of Plant-derived Antioxidants making inroads into Novel Therapeutic Design against IR-induced Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:324-343. [PMID: 34030619 PMCID: PMC9413797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210524152817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ionizing radiation from telluric sources is unceasingly an unprotected pitfall to humans. Thus, the foremost contributors to human exposure are global and medical radiations. Various evidences assembled during preceding years reveal the pertinent role of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in the progression of neurodegenerative insults, such as Parkinson’s disease, which have been contributing to increased proliferation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Objective: This review delineates the role of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease and proposes novel therapeutic interventions of flavonoid family, offering effective management and slowing down the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Methods: Published papers were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, etc., published to date for in-depth database collection. Results: The oxidative damage may harm the non-targeted cells. It can also modulate the functions of the central nervous system, such as protein misfolding, mitochondria dysfunction, increased levels of oxidized lipids, and dopaminergic cell death, which accelerate the progression of Parkinson’s disease at the molecular, cellular, or tissue levels. In Parkinson’s disease, reactive oxygen species exacerbate the production of nitric oxides and superoxides by activated microglia, rendering death of dopaminergic neuronal cell through different mechanisms. Conclusion: Rising interest has extensively engrossed in the clinical trial designs based on the plant-derived family of antioxidants. They are known to exert multifarious impact on neuroprotection via directly suppressing ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production or indirectly increasing the dopamine levels and activating the glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari. Iran
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea. Romania
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8
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Ren BX, Huen I, Wu ZJ, Wang H, Duan MY, Guenther I, Bhanu Prakash KN, Tang FR. Early postnatal irradiation-induced age-dependent changes in adult mouse brain: MRI based characterization. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:28. [PMID: 33882822 PMCID: PMC8061041 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain radiation exposure, in particular, radiotherapy, can induce cognitive impairment in patients, with significant effects persisting for the rest of their life. However, the main mechanisms leading to this adverse event remain largely unknown. A study of radiation-induced injury to multiple brain regions, focused on the hippocampus, may shed light on neuroanatomic bases of neurocognitive impairments in patients. Hence, we irradiated BALB/c mice (male and female) at postnatal day 3 (P3), day 10 (P10), and day 21 (P21) and investigated the long-term radiation effect on brain MRI changes and hippocampal neurogenesis. Results We found characteristic brain volume reductions in the hippocampus, olfactory bulbs, the cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellar white matter (WM) and cerebellar vermis WM, cingulate, occipital and frontal cortices, cerebellar flocculonodular WM, parietal region, endopiriform claustrum, and entorhinal cortex after irradiation with 5 Gy at P3. Irradiation at P10 induced significant volume reduction in the cerebellum, parietal region, cingulate region, and olfactory bulbs, whereas the reduction of the volume in the entorhinal, parietal, insular, and frontal cortices was demonstrated after irradiation at P21. Immunohistochemical study with cell division marker Ki67 and immature marker doublecortin (DCX) indicated the reduced cell division and genesis of new neurons in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus after irradiation at all three postnatal days, but the reduction of total granule cells in the stratum granulosun was found after irradiation at P3 and P10. Conclusions The early life radiation exposure during different developmental stages induces varied brain pathophysiological changes which may be related to the development of neurological and neuropsychological disorders later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu Ren
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Isaac Huen
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Zi Jun Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, CREATE Tower, 1 CREATE Way #04-01, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Meng Yun Duan
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Ilonka Guenther
- Comparative Medicine, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), National University of Singapore, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - K N Bhanu Prakash
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138667, Singapore.
| | - Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, CREATE Tower, 1 CREATE Way #04-01, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
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9
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Ung MC, Garrett L, Dalke C, Leitner V, Dragosa D, Hladik D, Neff F, Wagner F, Zitzelsberger H, Miller G, de Angelis MH, Rößler U, Vogt Weisenhorn D, Wurst W, Graw J, Hölter SM. Dose-dependent long-term effects of a single radiation event on behaviour and glial cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:156-169. [PMID: 33264576 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1857455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing use of low-dose ionizing radiation in medicine requires a systematic study of its long-term effects on the brain, behaviour and its possible association with neurodegenerative disease vulnerability. Therefore, we analysed the long-term effects of a single low-dose irradiation exposure at 10 weeks of age compared to medium and higher doses on locomotor, emotion-related and sensorimotor behaviour in mice as well as on hippocampal glial cell populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the influence of radiation dose (0, 0.063, 0.125 or 0.5 Gy), time post-irradiation (4, 12 and 18 months p.i.), sex and genotype (wild type versus mice with Ercc2 DNA repair gene point mutation) on behaviour. RESULTS The high dose (0.5 Gy) had early-onset adverse effects at 4 months p.i. on sensorimotor recruitment and late-onset negative locomotor effects at 12 and 18 months p.i. Notably, the low dose (0.063 Gy) produced no early effects but subtle late-onset (18 months) protective effects on sensorimotor recruitment and exploratory behaviour. Quantification and morphological characterization of the microglial and the astrocytic cells of the dentate gyrus 24 months p.i. indicated heightened immune activity after high dose irradiation (0.125 and 0.5 Gy) while conversely, low dose (0.063 Gy) induced more neuroprotective features. CONCLUSION This is one of the first studies demonstrating such long-term and late-onset effects on brain and behaviour after a single radiation event in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Ung
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Dragosa
- Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Daniela Hladik
- Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Wagner
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Miller
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Rößler
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Vogt Weisenhorn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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10
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Neumann S, Porritt MJ, Osman AM, Kuhn HG. Cranial irradiation at early postnatal age impairs stroke-induced neural stem/progenitor cell response in the adult brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12369. [PMID: 32703986 PMCID: PMC7378832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation (IR) is commonly used to treat primary brain tumors and metastatic diseases. However, cranial IR-treated patients often develop vascular abnormalities later in life that increase their risk for cerebral ischemia. Studies in rodents have demonstrated that IR impairs maintenance of the neural stem/precursor cell (NSPC) pool and depletes neurogenesis. We and others have previously shown that stroke triggers NSPC proliferation in the subventricular zone and migration towards the stroke-injured neocortex. Whether this response is sustained in the irradiated brain remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that cranial IR in mice at an early postnatal age significantly reduced the number to neuronal progenitors responding to cortical stroke in adults. This was accompanied by a reduced number of microglia/macrophages in the peri-infarct cortex; however, the astrocytic response was not altered. Our findings indicate that IR impairs the endogenous repair capacity in the brain in response to stroke, hence pointing to another side effect of cranial radiotherapy which requires further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neumann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michelle J Porritt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed M Osman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Lönnerblad M, Van't Hooft I, Blomgren K, Berglund E. A nationwide, population-based study of school grades, delayed graduation, and qualification for school years 10-12, in children with brain tumors in Sweden. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28014. [PMID: 31595683 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As many as 95.7% of children diagnosed with a brain tumor will experience persistent late effects as adults. These include difficulties with general executive functions, lower IQ, and mental fatigue, which may negatively affect school performance. METHODS Through the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry, we identified 475 children born between 1988 and 1996, diagnosed with a brain tumor before their 15th birthday. School grades in "Swedish," "mathematics," and "English," if their graduation was delayed, and qualification for school years 10-12 were compared with 2197 matched controls. Furthermore, we checked for interaction effects between sex and age at diagnosis, and possible effects of tumor grade (high or low) as well as parents' education. RESULTS Children treated for a brain tumor performed worse in the subjects compared to controls and also had delayed graduation to a greater extent. Fewer children treated for a brain tumor than controls qualified for school years 10-12. Children treated at a young age, especially females, and children whose parents have low education seem to be at particular risk. Unexpectedly, there were no differences in outcomes between survivors with high- and low-grade tumors. CONCLUSIONS It is important that schools provide regular pedagogical assessment and individualized support to meet the different needs of children treated for a brain tumor. Children treated for low-grade tumors do not perform better than children treated for high-grade tumors, despite the lighter treatment, and hence require the same attention and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Lönnerblad
- Department of Special Education, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Neuropediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Van't Hooft
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Berglund
- Department of Special Education, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Chronic disturbance in the thalamus following cranial irradiation to the developing mouse brain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9588. [PMID: 31270437 PMCID: PMC6610082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Better survival rates among pediatric brain tumor patients have resulted in an increased awareness of late side effects that commonly appear following cancer treatment. Radiation-induced changes in hippocampus and white matter are well described, but do not explain the full range of neurological late effects in childhood cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to investigate thalamus following cranial irradiation (CIR) to the developing brain. At postnatal day 14, male mice pups received a single dose of 8 Gy CIR. Cellular effects in thalamus were assessed using immunohistochemistry 4 months after CIR. Interestingly, the density of neurons decreased with 35% (p = 0.0431) and the density of astrocytes increased with 44% (p = 0.011). To investigate thalamic astrocytes, S100β+ cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and genetically profiled using next-generation sequencing. The phenotypical characterization indicated a disrupted function, such as downregulated microtubules’ function, higher metabolic activity, immature phenotype and degraded ECM. The current study provides novel insight into that thalamus, just like hippocampus and white matter, is severely affected by CIR. This knowledge is of importance to understand the late effects seen in pediatric brain tumor survivors and can be used to give them the best suitable care.
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13
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Wang Y, Zhou K, Li T, Xu Y, Xie C, Sun Y, Rodriguez J, Zhang S, Song J, Wang X, Blomgren K, Zhu C. Selective Neural Deletion of the Atg7 Gene Reduces Irradiation-Induced Cerebellar White Matter Injury in the Juvenile Mouse Brain by Ameliorating Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:241. [PMID: 31213984 PMCID: PMC6554477 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective tool for treating brain tumors, but irradiation-induced toxicity to the normal brain tissue remains a major problem. Here, we investigated if selective neural autophagy related gene 7 (Atg7) deletion has a persistent effect on irradiation-induced juvenile mouse brain injury. Ten-day-old Atg7 knockout under a nestin promoter (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a single dose of 6 Gy whole-brain irradiation. Cerebellar volume, cell proliferation, microglia activation, inflammation, and myelination were evaluated in the cerebellum at 5 days after irradiation. We found that neural Atg7 deficiency partially prevented myelin disruption compared to the WT mice after irradiation, as indicated by myelin basic protein staining. Irradiation induced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) loss in the white matter of the cerebellum, and Atg7 deficiency partly prevented this. The mRNA expression of oligodendrocyte and myelination-related genes (Olig2, Cldn11, CNP, and MBP) was higher in the cerebellum in Atg7 KO mice compared with WT littermates. The total cerebellar volume was significantly reduced after irradiation in both Atg7 KO and WT mice. Atg7-deficient cerebellums were in a regenerative state before irradiation, as judged by the increased OPC-related and neurogenesis-related transcripts and the increased numbers of microglia; however, except for the OPC parameters these were the same in both genotypes after irradiation. Finally, there was no significant change in the number of astrocytes in the cerebellum after irradiation. These results suggest that selective neural Atg7 deficiency reduces irradiation-induced cerebellar white matter injury in the juvenile mouse brain, secondary to prevention of OPC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juan Rodriguez
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juan Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Eriksson Y, Boström M, Sandelius Å, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Kuhn G, Kalm M. The anti-asthmatic drug, montelukast, modifies the neurogenic potential in the young healthy and irradiated brain. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:775. [PMID: 29991719 PMCID: PMC6039496 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are the most common form of solid tumors in children. Due to the increasing number of survivors, it is of importance to prevent long-term treatment-induced side effects. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, may have the desired neuroprotective properties. The aim of the study was to determine whether montelukast could reduce adverse effects of cranial irradiation (CIR) to the young brain. Daily injections of montelukast or vehicle was given to young mice for 4 or 14 days in combination with CIR or under normal conditions. Montelukast treatment for 4 days protected against cell death with 90% more cell death in the vehicle group compared to the montelukast group 24 h after CIR. It also resulted in less microglia activation 6 h after CIR, where montelukast lowered the levels of CD68 compared to the vehicle groups. Interestingly, the animals that received montelukast for 14 days had 50% less proliferating cells in the hippocampus irrespective of receiving CIR or not. Further, the total number of neurons in the granule cell layer was altered during the sub-acute phase. The number of neurons was decreased by montelukast treatment in control animals (15%), but the opposite was seen after CIR, where montelukast treatment increased the number of neurons (15%). The results show beneficial effects by montelukast treatment after CIR in some investigated parameters during both the acute phase and with longer drug treatment. However, it also resulted in lower proliferation in the hippocampus under normal conditions, indicating that the effects of montelukast can be either beneficial or unfavorable, depending on the circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanna Eriksson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Boström
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Sandelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Kalm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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15
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Kalm M, Andreasson U, Björk-Eriksson T, Zetterberg H, Pekny M, Blennow K, Pekna M, Blomgren K. C3 deficiency ameliorates the negative effects of irradiation of the young brain on hippocampal development and learning. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19382-94. [PMID: 27029069 PMCID: PMC4991390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors is often associated with debilitating late-appearing adverse effects, such as intellectual impairment. Areas in the brain harboring stem cells are particularly sensitive to irradiation (IR) and loss of these cells may contribute to cognitive deficits. It has been demonstrated that IR-induced inflammation negatively affects neural progenitor differentiation. In this study, we used mice lacking the third complement component (C3−/−) to investigate the role of complement in a mouse model of IR-induced injury to the granule cell layer (GCL) of the hippocampus. C3−/− and wild type (WT) mice received a single, moderate dose of 8 Gy to the brain on postnatal day 10. The C3−/− mice displayed 55 % more microglia (Iba-1+) and a trend towards increase in proliferating cells in the GCL compared to WT mice 7 days after IR. Importantly, months after IR C3−/− mice made fewer errors than WT mice in a reversal learning test indicating better learning capacity in C3−/− mice after IR. Notably, months after IR C3−/− and WT mice had similar GCL volumes, survival of newborn cells (BrdU), microglia (Iba-1) and astrocyte (S100β) numbers in the GCL. In summary, our data show that the complement system contributes to IR-induced loss of proliferating cells and maladaptive inflammatory responses in the acute phase after IR, leading to impaired learning capacity in adulthood. Targeting the complement system is hence promising for future strategies to reduce the long-term adverse consequences of IR in the young brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kalm
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Sharma P, Singla N, Dhawan DK. Evidence of Zinc in Affording Protection Against X-Ray-Induced Brain Injury in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 179:247-258. [PMID: 28261760 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present world, X-rays have been regarded as one of the most efficient tools in medicine, industry and research. On the contrary, extensive human exposure to these rays is responsible for causing detrimental effects on physiological system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of zinc (Zn), if any, in mitigating the adverse effects induced by fractionated X-irradiation on rat brain. Female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 170-200 g were divided into four different groups viz.: (a) normal control, (b) X-irradiated (21Gy), (c) zinc treated (227 mg/L in drinking water) and (d) X-irradiated + zinc treated. The skulls of animals belonging to groups (b) and (d) were exposed to X-rays in 30 fractions. Each fraction delivered a radiation dose of 70 rads, and rats were exposed to two fractions every day for 15 days, consecutively. X-ray treatment resulted in significant alterations in the neurobehavior, neurotransmitter levels and neuro-histoarchitecture of rats, whereas zinc co-treatment with X-rays resulted in significant improvement in these parameters. X-ray exposure also caused a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation as well as activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, which however were decreased upon simultaneous Zn treatment. On the contrary, X-ray treatment down-regulated the glutathione system, which were found to be up-regulated by zinc co-treatment. Further, protein expressions of p53 and NF-ҚB were found to be significantly elevated after X-irradiation, which were reversed following Zn supplementation. Hence, Zn seems to be an effective agent in mitigating the detrimental effects caused by exposure to X-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Neha Singla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - D K Dhawan
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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17
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Tyrtyshnaia AA, Manzhulo IV, Sultanov RM, Ermolenko EV. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in neuropathic pain and alkyl glycerol ethers treatment. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:812-821. [PMID: 29107326 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain manifested by a number of sensory symptoms is often accompanied by disorders of higher nervous activity, such as memory impairment, depression, anxiety, anhedonia, etc. This emphasizes the involvement of supraspinal structures including the hippocampus in neuropathic pain pathogenesis. In the present study, we focused on the impact of chronic neuropathic pain on hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial state. In addition, we test the effect of alkyl glycerol ethers on hippocampal neuronal and microglial plasticity as well as behavioral parameters. Neuropathic pain was induced using the model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury. We found an impairment of working memory and locomotor activity in animals with neuropathic pain, which was prevented by alkyl glycerol ethers treatment. Sciatic nerve ligation in mice contributed to the decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis intensity. Alkyl glycerol ethers administration significantly reduced this effect. Neuropathic pain-associated neurogenesis reduction was accompanied by an increased percentage of Iba1-labeled area in the CA1 hippocampal region on the 14th and 28th days after surgery. In addition, we observed a decrease in hippocampal pro-inflammatory microglia marker CD86 immunostaining on day 28 after surgery in alkyl glycerol ethers-treated mice with sciatic nerve ligation. These results are consistent with data on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression in the hippocampus. Alkyl glycerol ethers administration increased IL-10 and decreased IL-1β hippocampal expression in animals with neuropathic pain. Taken together, these data suggest that neuropathic pain-behavior in rodents is accompanied by changes in microglia polarization, thereby contributing to neurogenesis impairment and cognitive disturbances. Alkyl glycerol ethers prevented M1 microglial activation, contributing to the maintenance of normal neurogenesis levels within the hippocampus and normalizing working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Tyrtyshnaia
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Str, 17, Vladivostok, 690041, Russian Federation; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, Vladivostok, 690091, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor V Manzhulo
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Str, 17, Vladivostok, 690041, Russian Federation; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, Vladivostok, 690091, Russian Federation.
| | - Ruslan M Sultanov
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Str, 17, Vladivostok, 690041, Russian Federation.
| | - Ekaterina V Ermolenko
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Str, 17, Vladivostok, 690041, Russian Federation.
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18
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Fu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang K, Wang J, Zhang M, Zhao X. Age-Dependent Responses of Brain Myelin Integrity and Behavioral Performance to Radiation in Mice. Radiat Res 2017; 188:505-516. [PMID: 28937316 DOI: 10.1667/rr14732.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is widely used to treat primary and metastatic brain tumors, but it may also lead to delayed neurological complications. Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system produce myelin, and myelin integrity becomes highly vulnerable after brain irradiation. In this study, mice at different developmental stages were used to test the age-dependent sensitivity of myelin formation and maintenance, as well as behavioral performance after whole-brain irradiation (WBI). Mice at postnatal days 21 and 28 and at 2 months received a single dose of 25 Gy WBI. Behavioral tests for general locomotor activity and motor coordination revealed an age-dependent response after WBI. Quantitative observation revealed a sharp decrease in the number of oligodendrocytes beginning at day 1 after WBI, which recovered during different observation intervals in white matter and gray matter in mice of different ages. Myelin basic protein (MBP) staining revealed disparate quantities in an age- and brain-region-dependent pattern between groups after WBI, which was confirmed using Black-Gold staining. In summary, the response to radiation in mice of different ages provided insight into the potential of oligogenesis in microenvironments at respective stages of myelin regeneration, which may reduce central nervous system impairment and optimize the prognosis after radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimeng Fu
- a Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 China
| | - Yunfei Zhao
- a Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 China.,b 93514 Hospital, Tangshan 064200 China
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- a Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 China
| | - Jian Wang
- a Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 China
| | - Min Zhang
- a Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- a Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 China
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19
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Zhou K, Xie C, Wickström M, Dolga AM, Zhang Y, Li T, Xu Y, Culmsee C, Kogner P, Zhu C, Blomgren K. Lithium protects hippocampal progenitors, cognitive performance and hypothalamus-pituitary function after irradiation to the juvenile rat brain. Oncotarget 2017; 8:34111-34127. [PMID: 28415806 PMCID: PMC5470955 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy in children typically causes delayed and progressive cognitive dysfunction and there is no effective preventive strategy for radiation-induced cognitive impairments. Here we show that lithium treatment reduced irradiation-induced progenitor cell death in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus, and subsequently ameliorated irradiation-reduced neurogenesis and astrogenesis in the juvenile rat brain. Irradiation-induced memory impairment, motor hyperactivity and anxiety-like behaviour were normalized by lithium treatment. Late-onset irradiation-induced hypopituitarism was prevented by lithium treatment. Additionally, lithium appeared relatively toxic to multiple cultured tumour cell lines, and did not improve viability of radiated DAOY cells in vitro. In summary, our findings demonstrate that lithium can be safely administered to prevent both short- and long-term injury to the juvenile brain caused by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Malin Wickström
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amalia M. Dolga
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Paediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Per Kogner
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Radiation induces progenitor cell death, microglia activation, and blood-brain barrier damage in the juvenile rat cerebellum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46181. [PMID: 28382975 PMCID: PMC5382769 DOI: 10.1038/srep46181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior fossa tumors are the most common childhood intracranial tumors, and radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments. However, irradiation induces long-term adverse effects that can have significant negative impacts on the patient’s quality of life. The purpose of this study was to characterize irradiation-induced cellular and molecular changes in the cerebellum. We found that irradiation-induced cell death occurred mainly in the external germinal layer (EGL) of the juvenile rat cerebellum. The number of proliferating cells in the EGL decreased, and 82.9% of them died within 24 h after irradiation. Furthermore, irradiation induced oxidative stress, microglia accumulation, and inflammation in the cerebellum. Interestingly, blood-brain barrier damage and blood flow reduction was considerably more pronounced in the cerebellum compared to other brain regions. The cerebellar volume decreased by 39% and the migration of proliferating cells to the internal granule layer decreased by 87.5% at 16 weeks after irradiation. In the light of recent studies demonstrating that the cerebellum is important not only for motor functions, but also for cognition, and since treatment of posterior fossa tumors in children typically results in debilitating cognitive deficits, this differential susceptibility of the cerebellum to irradiation should be taken into consideration for future protective strategies.
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21
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Tang FR, Loke WK, Khoo BC. Postnatal irradiation-induced hippocampal neuropathology, cognitive impairment and aging. Brain Dev 2017; 39:277-293. [PMID: 27876394 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of the brain in early human life may set abnormal developmental events into motion that last a lifetime, leading to a poor quality of life for affected individuals. While the effect of irradiation at different early developmental stages on the late human life has not been investigated systematically, animal experimental studies suggest that acute postnatal irradiation with ⩾0.1Gy may significantly reduce neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and endotheliogenesis in cerebral vessels and induce cognitive impairment and aging. Fractionated irradiation also reduces neurogenesis. Furthermore, irradiation induces hippocampal neuronal loss in CA1 and CA3 areas, neuroinflammation and reduces gliogenesis. The hippocampal neurovascular niche and the total number of microvessels are also changed after radiation exposures. Each or combination of these pathological changes may cause cognitive impairment and aging. Interestingly, acute irradiation of aged brain with a certain amount of radiation has also been reported to induce brain hormesis or neurogenesis. At molecular levels, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, neural growth factors, neurotransmitters, their receptors and signal transduction systems, reactive oxygen species are involved in radiation-induced adverse effect on brain development and functions. Further study at different omics levels after low dose/dose rate irradiation may not only unravel the mechanisms of radiation-induced adverse brain effect or hormesis, but also provide clues for detection or diagnosis of radiation exposure and for therapeutic approaches to effectively prevent radiation-induced cognitive impairment and aging. Investigation focusing on radiation-induced changes of critical brain development events may reveal many previously unknown adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ru Tang
- Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Weng Keong Loke
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 11 Stockport Road, Singapore 11760, Singapore
| | - Boo Cheong Khoo
- Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, 5A, Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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22
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Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Banati RB, Liu GJ. The impact of high and low dose ionising radiation on the central nervous system. Redox Biol 2016; 9:144-156. [PMID: 27544883 PMCID: PMC4993858 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses of the central nervous system (CNS) to stressors and injuries, such as ionising radiation, are modulated by the concomitant responses of the brains innate immune effector cells, microglia. Exposure to high doses of ionising radiation in brain tissue leads to the expression and release of biochemical mediators of ‘neuroinflammation’, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to tissue destruction. Contrastingly, low dose ionising radiation may reduce vulnerability to subsequent exposure of ionising radiation, largely through the stimulation of adaptive responses, such as antioxidant defences. These disparate responses may be reflective of non-linear differential microglial activation at low and high doses, manifesting as an anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory functional state. Biomarkers of pathology in the brain, such as the mitochondrial Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), have facilitated in vivo characterisation of microglial activation and ‘neuroinflammation’ in many pathological states of the CNS, though the exact function of TSPO in these responses remains elusive. Based on the known responsiveness of TSPO expression to a wide range of noxious stimuli, we discuss TSPO as a potential biomarker of radiation-induced effects. Ionising radiation can modulate responses of microglial cells in the CNS. High doses can induce ROS formation, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Low doses can mitigate tissue damage via antioxidant defences. TSPO as a potential biomarker and modulator of radiation induced effects in the CNS. Non-linear differential microglial activation to high and low doses is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Betlazar
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Richard B Banati
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
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23
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Radiation-Induced Growth Retardation and Microstructural and Metabolite Abnormalities in the Hippocampus. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:3259621. [PMID: 27242931 PMCID: PMC4875992 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3259621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy (CRT) increases survival in pediatric brain-tumor patients but can cause deleterious effects. This study evaluates the acute and long-term impact of CRT delivered during childhood/adolescence on the brain and body using a rodent model. Rats received CRT, either 4 Gy fractions × 5 d (fractionated) or a cumulative dose of 20 Gy (single dose) at 28 d of age. Animals were euthanized 1 d, 5 d, or 3.5 mo after CRT. The 3.5 mo group was imaged prior to euthanasia. At 3.5 mo, we observed significant growth retardation in irradiated animals, versus controls, and the effects of single dose on brain and body weights were more severe than fractionated. Acutely single dose significantly reduced body weight but increased brain weight, whereas fractionation significantly reduced brain but not body weights, versus controls. CRT suppressed cell proliferation in the hippocampal subgranular zone acutely. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in the fimbria was significantly lower in the single dose versus controls. Hippocampal metabolite levels were significantly altered in the single dose animals, reflecting a heightened state of inflammation that was absent in the fractionated. Our findings indicate that despite the differences in severity between the doses they both demonstrated an effect on cell proliferation and growth retardation, important factors in pediatric CRT.
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24
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Chd7 cooperates with Sox10 and regulates the onset of CNS myelination and remyelination. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:678-689. [PMID: 26928066 PMCID: PMC4846514 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in CHD7, encoding ATP-dependent chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7, in CHARGE syndrome leads to multiple congenital anomalies including craniofacial malformations, neurological dysfunction and growth delay. Currently, mechanisms underlying the CNS phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Chd7 is a direct transcriptional target of oligodendrogenesis-promoting factors Olig2 and Smarca4/Brg1, and is required for proper onset of CNS myelination and remyelination. Genome-occupancy analyses, coupled with transcriptome profiling, reveal that Chd7 interacts with Sox10 and targets the enhancers of key myelinogenic genes, and identify novel Chd7 targets including bone formation regulators Osterix/Sp7 and Creb3l2, which are also critical for oligodendrocyte maturation. Thus, Chd7 coordinates with Sox10 to regulate the initiation of myelinogenesis and acts as a molecular nexus of regulatory networks that account for the development of a seemingly diverse array of lineages including oligodendrocytes and osteoblasts, pointing to the hitherto previously uncharacterized Chd7 functions in white matter pathogenesis in CHARGE syndrome.
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Eriksson P, Buratovic S, Fredriksson A, Stenerlöw B, Sundell-Bergman S. Neonatal exposure to whole body ionizing radiation induces adult neurobehavioural defects: Critical period, dose--response effects and strain and sex comparison. Behav Brain Res 2016; 304:11-9. [PMID: 26876140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of the brain includes periods which can be critical for its normal maturation. The present study investigates specifically vulnerable peri-/postnatal periods in mice which are essential for understanding the etiology behind radiation induced neurotoxicity and functional defects, including evaluation of neurotoxicity between sexes or commonly used laboratory mouse strains following low/moderate doses of ionizing radiation (IR). Male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice, whole body irradiated to a single 500 mGy IR dose, on postnatal day (PND) 3 or PND 10 showed an altered adult spontaneous behaviour and impaired habituation capacity, whereas irradiation on PND 19 did not have any impact on the studied variables. Both NMRI and C57bl/6 male and female mice showed an altered adult spontaneous behaviour and impaired habituation following a single whole body irradiation of 500 or 1000 mGy, but not after 20 or 100 mGy, on PND 10. The present study shows that exposure to low/moderate doses of IR during critical life stages might be involved in the induction of neurological/neurodegenerative disorder/disease. A specifically vulnerable period for radiation induced neurotoxicity seems to be around PND 3-10 in mice. Further studies are needed to investigate mechanisms involved in induction of developmental neurotoxicity following low-dose irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Eriksson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sonja Buratovic
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Fredriksson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Stenerlöw
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Synnöve Sundell-Bergman
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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de Guzman AE, Gazdzinski LM, Alsop RJ, Stewart JM, Jaffray DA, Wong CS, Nieman BJ. Treatment Age, Dose and Sex Determine Neuroanatomical Outcome in Irradiated Juvenile Mice. Radiat Res 2015; 183:541-9. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13854.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa M. Gazdzinski
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard J. Alsop
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M. Stewart
- Radiation Medicine Program and Techna Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A. Jaffray
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. Shun Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J. Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Fan XW, Chen F, Chen Y, Chen GH, Liu HH, Guan SK, Deng Y, Liu Y, Zhang SJ, Peng WJ, Jiang GL, Wu KL. Electroacupuncture prevents cognitive impairments by regulating the early changes after brain irradiation in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122087. [PMID: 25830357 PMCID: PMC4382177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments severely affect the quality of life of patients who undergo brain irradiation, and there are no effective preventive strategies. In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of electroacupuncture (EA) administered immediately after brain irradiation in rats. We detected changes in cognitive function, neurogenesis, and synaptic density at different time points after irradiation, but found that EA could protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB), inhibit neuroinflammatory cytokine expression, upregulate angiogenic cytokine expression, and modulate the levels of neurotransmitter receptors and neuropeptides in the early phase. Moreover, EA protected spatial memory and recognition in the delayed phase. At the cellular/molecular level, the preventative effect of EA on cognitive dysfunction was not dependent on hippocampal neurogenesis; rather, it was related to synaptophysin expression. Our results suggest that EA applied immediately after brain irradiation can prevent cognitive impairments by protecting against the early changes induced by irradiation and may be a novel approach for preventing or ameliorating cognitive impairments in patients with brain tumors who require radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wen Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Guan-Hao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Shi-Kuo Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Sheng-Jian Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Wei-Jun Peng
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Guo-Liang Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Kai-Liang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
- * E-mail:
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28
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Buratovic S, Stenerlöw B, Fredriksson A, Sundell-Bergman S, Viberg H, Eriksson P. Neonatal exposure to a moderate dose of ionizing radiation causes behavioural defects and altered levels of tau protein in mice. Neurotoxicology 2014; 45:48-55. [PMID: 25265567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Medical use of ionizing radiation (IR) has great benefits for treatment and diagnostic imaging, but procedures as computerized tomography (CT) may deliver a significant radiation dose to the patient. Recently, awareness has been raised about possible non-cancer consequences from low dose exposure to IR during critical phases of perinatal and/or neonatal brain development. In the present study neonatal NMRI mice were whole body irradiated with a single dose of gamma radiation (0; 350 and 500 mGy) on postnatal day 10 (PND 10). At 2 and 4 months of age, mice of both sexes were observed for spontaneous behaviour in a novel home environment. The neuroproteins CaMKII, GAP-43, synaptophysin and total tau in male mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus were analysed 24h post-irradiation and in adults at 6 months of age exposed to 0 or 500 mGy on PND 10. A significantly dose-response related deranged spontaneous behaviour in 2- and 4-month-old mice was observed, where both males and females displayed a modified habituation, indicating reduced cognitive function. The dose of 350 mGy seems to be a tentative threshold. Six-month-old male mice showed a significantly increased level of total tau in cerebral cortex after irradiation to 500 mGy compared to controls. This demonstrates that a single moderate dose of IR, given during a defined critical period of brain development, is sufficient to cause persistently reduced cognitive function. Moreover, an elevation of tau protein was observed in male mice displaying reduced cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Buratovic
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bo Stenerlöw
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Fredriksson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Synnöve Sundell-Bergman
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Viberg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Blomstrand M, Kalm M, Grandér R, Björk-Eriksson T, Blomgren K. Different reactions to irradiation in the juvenile and adult hippocampus. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:807-15. [PMID: 25004947 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.942015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cranial radiotherapy is an important tool in the cure of primary brain tumors. Unfortunately, it is associated with late-appearing toxicity to the normal brain tissue, including cognitive impairment, particularly in children. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood but involve changes in hippocampal neurogenesis. Recent studies report essentially different responses in the juvenile and the adult brain after irradiation, but this has never been verified in a comparative study. MATERIALS AND METHODS We subjected juvenile (9-day-old) and adult (6-month-old) male rats to a single dose of 6 Gray (Gy) whole brain irradiation and euthanized them 6 hours, 7 days or 4 weeks later. Hippocampal lysates were analyzed for caspase-3 activity (apoptosis) and the expression of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. Four weeks after irradiation, the number of microglia (expressing ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, Iba-1), activated microglia (expressing cluster of differentiation 68 [CD68]), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and granule cell layer (GCL) volume were assessed. RESULTS The major findings were (i) higher baseline BrdU incorporation (cell proliferation) in juvenile than in adult controls, which explains the increased susceptibility to irradiation and higher level of acute cell death (caspase activity) in juvenile rats, leading to impaired growth and subsequently a smaller dentate gyrus volume 4 weeks after irradiation, (ii) more activated (CD68-positive) microglia in adult compared to juvenile rats, regardless of irradiation, and (iii) differently expressed cytokines and chemokines after cranial irradiation in the juvenile compared to the adult rat hippocampus, indicating a more pro-inflammatory response in adult brains. CONCLUSION We found essentially diverse irradiation reactions in the juvenile compared to the adult hippocampus, indicating different mechanisms involved in degeneration and regeneration after injury. Strategies to ameliorate the cognitive deficits after cranial radiotherapy should therefore likely be adapted to the developmental level of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Blomstrand
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology , Gothenburg , Sweden
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