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Naem A, Al‐Terehi M, Ghafil F, Ataya F, Batiha G, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Welson N, Hadi N. The Influence of OCT3 and MATE2 Genetic Polymorphisms in Poor Response to Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2024; 7:e486. [PMID: 39086121 PMCID: PMC11291545 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The response of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to metformin may be a variation because of genetic differences in solute carrier (SLC) transporter proteins and other effect factors, which have an important effect on how metformin is processed in the body and its efficiency for glycaemic control. AIM This study was conducted to investigate the impact of certain genetic variants of the organic cation transporter genes OCT3 (SLC22A3 rs12194182 and rs8187722) and MATE2 (SLC47A2 rs12943590) and their association with glycaemic parameters in patients with T2DM who respond poorly to metformin. PATIENTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 150 Iraqi cases with T2DM who were prescribed a daily dose of (1000 mg/day) metformin for a minimum of 3 months. Various parameters included are as follows: demographic data, glycaemic parameters and three SNPs: rs12943590 variant of SLC47A2, rs12194182 and rs8187722 variant of SLC22A3 using the standard PCR-sequencing technique. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients (26.17%) were responders, whereas 111 patients (73.82%) could not respond to metformin treatment. Upon analysing the genotypes of the rs12943590 variants of SLC47A2, rs12194182 and rs8187722 SNPs of SLC22A3, the present findings revealed a nonsignificant association of genetic variations in all SNPs with metformin response. SLC47A2 (rs12943590) showed nonsignificant associations of the GG, AA and AG genotyping; SLC22A3 (rs12194182) showed nonsignificant associations of the TT, TC and CC genotyping; and SLC22A3 (rs8187722) showed nonsignificant associations of the AA, CC and AC genotyping between two groups. CONCLUSION Variations in genes SLC22A3 and SLC47A2 did not have a significant role in the response of patients with T2DM to metformin (1000 mg/day).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Farid S. Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh UniversityMohaliIndia
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Research & DevelopmentFunogenAthensGreece
- Department of Research & DevelopmentAFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Nermeen N. Welson
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineBeni‐Suef UniversityBeni SuefEgypt
| | - Najah R. Hadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of KufaKufaIraq
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Pernecker M, Ciarimboli G. Regulation of renal organic cation transporters. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38831380 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Transporters for organic cations (OCs) facilitate exchange of positively charged molecules through the plasma membrane. Substrates for these transporters encompass neurotransmitters, metabolic byproducts, drugs, and xenobiotics. Consequently, these transporters actively contribute to the regulation of neurotransmission, cellular penetration and elimination process for metabolic products, drugs, and xenobiotics. Therefore, these transporters have significant physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological implications. In cells of renal proximal tubules, the vectorial secretion pathways for OCs involve expression of organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs) on basolateral and apical membrane domains, respectively. This review provides an overview of documented regulatory mechanisms governing OCTs and MATEs. Additionally, regulation of these transporters under various pathological conditions is summarized. The expression and functionality of OCTs and MATEs are subject to diverse pre- and post-translational modifications, providing insights into their regulation in various pathological conditions. Typically, in diseases, downregulation of transporter expression is observed, probably as a protective mechanism to prevent additional damage to kidney tissue. This regulation may be attributed to the intricate network of modifications these transporters undergo, shedding light on their dynamic responses in pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Pernecker
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Germany
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Le J, Chen Y, Yang W, Chen L, Ye J. Metabolic basis of solute carrier transporters in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:437-454. [PMID: 38322335 PMCID: PMC10840401 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLCs) constitute the largest superfamily of membrane transporter proteins. These transporters, present in various SLC families, play a vital role in energy metabolism by facilitating the transport of diverse substances, including glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, and ions. They actively participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism at various steps, such as glucose uptake (e.g., SLC2A4/GLUT4), glucose reabsorption (e.g., SLC5A2/SGLT2), thermogenesis (e.g., SLC25A7/UCP-1), and ATP production (e.g., SLC25A4/ANT1 and SLC25A5/ANT2). The activities of these transporters contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Notably, SLC5A2 has emerged as a valid drug target for T2DM due to its role in renal glucose reabsorption, leading to groundbreaking advancements in diabetes drug discovery. Alongside SLC5A2, multiple families of SLC transporters involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis hold potential applications for T2DM therapy. SLCs also impact drug metabolism of diabetic medicines through gene polymorphisms, such as rosiglitazone (SLCO1B1/OATP1B1) and metformin (SLC22A1-3/OCT1-3 and SLC47A1, 2/MATE1, 2). By consolidating insights into the biological activities and clinical relevance of SLC transporters in T2DM, this review offers a comprehensive update on their roles in controlling glucose metabolism as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Le
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yilong Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Research Center for Basic Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Pradana AD, Kristin E, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Nugroho AK, Pinzon RT. Influence of Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 1 ( SLC22A1) Gene Polymorphism on Metformin Pharmacokinetics and HbA1c Levels: A Systematic Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e070823219470. [PMID: 37550919 DOI: 10.2174/1573399820666230807145202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 1 (SLC22A1, also known as OCT1) protein has a vital role in the metabolism of metformin, a first-line anti-diabetes medication. Genetic poly-morphism in SLC22A1 influences individual response to metformin. OBJECTIVE This review aims to compile the current knowledge about the effects of SLC22A1 genetic polymorphism on metformin pharmacokinetics and HbA1c levels. METHODS We followed the PRISMA 2020 standards to conduct a systematic review. We searched the publications for all appropriate evidence on the effects of SLC22A1 genetic polymorphism on metformin pharmacokinetics and HbA1c from January 2002 to December 2022. RESULTS Initial database searches identified 7,171 relevant studies. We reviewed 155 titles and abstracts after deleting duplicates. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 studies remained. CONCLUSION Three studies found that rs12208357, rs34059508, and G465R had a considerable impact (p < 0.05) on metformin pharmacokinetics, resulting in increased metformin plasma (Cmax), a higher active amount of drug in the blood (AUC), and lower volume of distribution (Vd) (p<0.05). SLC22A1 polymorphisms with effects on HbA1c include rs628031 (four of seven studies), rs622342 (four of six studies), rs594709 (one study), rs2297374, and rs1867351 (one of two studies), rs34130495 (one study), and rs11212617 (one study) (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Pradana
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - E Kristin
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - D A A Nugrahaningsih
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - A K Nugroho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - R T Pinzon
- Medical Faculty, Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Dou T, Lian T, Shu S, He Y, Jiang J. The substrate and inhibitor binding mechanism of polyspecific transporter OAT1 revealed by high-resolution cryo-EM. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1794-1805. [PMID: 37845412 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) of the SLC22 family have crucial roles in the transport of organic anions, including metabolites and therapeutic drugs, and in transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. In the kidneys, OATs facilitate the elimination of metabolic waste products and xenobiotics. However, their transport activities can lead to the accumulation of certain toxic compounds within cells, causing kidney damage. Moreover, OATs are important drug targets, because their inhibition modulates the elimination or retention of substrates linked to diseases. Despite extensive research on OATs, the molecular basis of their substrate and inhibitor binding remains poorly understood. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of rat OAT1 (also known as SLC22A6) and its complexes with para-aminohippuric acid and probenecid at 2.1, 2.8 and 2.9 Å resolution, respectively. Our findings reveal a highly conserved substrate binding mechanism for SLC22 transporters, wherein four aromatic residues form a cage to accommodate the polyspecific binding of diverse compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyi Dou
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Tengfei Lian
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shi Shu
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yi He
- Fermentation Facility, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiansen Jiang
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Zeng H, Huang Y, Liu D, Xie T, Chen Z, Huang Q, Zhou X, Lai X, Liu J. Interaction between OCT1 and LPIN1 polymorphisms and response to pioglitazone-metformin tablets in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023:00029330-990000000-00627. [PMID: 37232475 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Yanting Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangyang First People's Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei 441099, China
| | - Dengke Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Tianqin Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Qiulan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lai
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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7
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Singh S, Shukla AK, Usman K, Banerjee M. Pharmacogenetic impact of SLC22A1 gene variant rs628031 (G/A) in newly diagnosed Indian type 2 diabetes patients undergoing metformin monotherapy. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2023; 33:51-58. [PMID: 36853844 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes (T2D) imposes an enormous burden all over the world in both developed and developing countries. Inter-individual differences are attributed to polymorphisms in candidate genes resulting in altered absorption, transportation, distribution, and metabolism of oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the pharmacogenetic impact of SLC22A1 gene variant rs628031 (G/A) on metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed untreated T2D patients. METHODS Newly diagnosed T2D patients ( n = 500) were enrolled according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Initially, enrolled subjects were prescribed metformin monotherapy and followed up for at least 12 weeks. Response to metformin was evaluated in 478 patients who revisited for follow-up by measuring HbA1c. RESULT Out of 478 patients, 373 were responders to metformin monotherapy while 105 were non-responders. The pharmacogenetic impact was evaluated by genotype, haplotype, and pharmacogenetic analyses. 'GG' genotype and 'G' allele of SLC22A1 rs628031 G/A were observed in 48.8% and 67.7% of Met responders, respectively, while 20.9% and 49.1 % were in non-responders. Therefore, there was a 2.18-fold increase in the success rate of Met therapeutics. CONCLUSION Individuals carrying the 'GG' genotype or 'G' allele for SLC22A1 gene variant rs628031 G/A are better responders for Metformin monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow
| | - Ashwin Kumar Shukla
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow
| | - Kauser Usman
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University Lucknow, India
| | - Monisha Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow
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Saiz-Rodríguez M, Ochoa D, Zubiaur P, Navares-Gómez M, Román M, Camargo-Mamani P, Luquero-Bueno S, Villapalos-García G, Alcaraz R, Mejía-Abril G, Santos-Mazo E, Abad-Santos F. Identification of Transporter Polymorphisms Influencing Metformin Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030489. [PMID: 36983671 PMCID: PMC10053761 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
For patients with type 2 diabetes, metformin is the most often recommended drug. However, there are substantial individual differences in the pharmacological response to metformin. To investigate the effect of transporter polymorphisms on metformin pharmacokinetics in an environment free of confounding variables, we conducted our study on healthy participants. This is the first investigation to consider demographic characteristics alongside all transporters involved in metformin distribution. Pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin were found to be affected by age, sex, ethnicity, and several polymorphisms. Age and SLC22A4 and SLC47A2 polymorphisms affected the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). However, after adjusting for dose-to-weight ratio (dW), sex, age, and ethnicity, along with SLC22A3 and SLC22A4, influenced AUC. The maximum concentration was affected by age and SLC22A1, but after adjusting for dW, it was affected by sex, age, ethnicity, ABCG2, and SLC22A4. The time to reach the maximum concentration was influenced by sex, like half-life, which was also affected by SLC22A3. The volume of distribution and clearance was affected by sex, age, ethnicity and SLC22A3. Alternatively, the pharmacokinetics of metformin was unaffected by polymorphisms in ABCB1, SLC2A2, SLC22A2, or SLC47A1. Therefore, our study demonstrates that a multifactorial approach to all patient characteristics is necessary for better individualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Saiz-Rodríguez
- Research Unit, Fundación Burgos por la Investigación de la Salud (FBIS), Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain;
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.S.-R.); (D.O.)
| | - Dolores Ochoa
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (M.N.-G.); (M.R.); (P.C.-M.); (S.L.-B.); (G.V.-G.); (G.M.-A.); (F.A.-S.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.-R.); (D.O.)
| | - Pablo Zubiaur
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (M.N.-G.); (M.R.); (P.C.-M.); (S.L.-B.); (G.V.-G.); (G.M.-A.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Marcos Navares-Gómez
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (M.N.-G.); (M.R.); (P.C.-M.); (S.L.-B.); (G.V.-G.); (G.M.-A.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Manuel Román
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (M.N.-G.); (M.R.); (P.C.-M.); (S.L.-B.); (G.V.-G.); (G.M.-A.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Paola Camargo-Mamani
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (M.N.-G.); (M.R.); (P.C.-M.); (S.L.-B.); (G.V.-G.); (G.M.-A.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Sergio Luquero-Bueno
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (M.N.-G.); (M.R.); (P.C.-M.); (S.L.-B.); (G.V.-G.); (G.M.-A.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Gonzalo Villapalos-García
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (M.N.-G.); (M.R.); (P.C.-M.); (S.L.-B.); (G.V.-G.); (G.M.-A.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Raquel Alcaraz
- Research Unit, Fundación Burgos por la Investigación de la Salud (FBIS), Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Gina Mejía-Abril
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (M.N.-G.); (M.R.); (P.C.-M.); (S.L.-B.); (G.V.-G.); (G.M.-A.); (F.A.-S.)
| | | | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (M.N.-G.); (M.R.); (P.C.-M.); (S.L.-B.); (G.V.-G.); (G.M.-A.); (F.A.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Karmanova E, Chernikov A, Usacheva A, Ivanov V, Bruskov V. Metformin counters oxidative stress and mitigates adverse effects of radiation exposure: An overview. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36852652 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanidine hydrochloride) (MF) is a drug that has long been in use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and recently is coming into use in the radiation therapy of cancer and other conditions. Exposure to ionizing radiation disturbs the redox homeostasis of cells and causes damage to proteins, membranes, and mitochondria, destroying a number of biological processes. After irradiation, MF activates cellular antioxidant and repair systems by signaling to eliminate the harmful consequences of disruption of redox homeostasis. The use of MF in the treatment of the negative effects of irradiation has great potential in medical patients after radiotherapy and in victims of nuclear accidents or radiologic terrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Karmanova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.,Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anatoly Chernikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anna Usacheva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ivanov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vadim Bruskov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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Marie S, Frost KL, Hau RK, Martinez-Guerrero L, Izu JM, Myers CM, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Predicting disruptions to drug pharmacokinetics and the risk of adverse drug reactions in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1-28. [PMID: 36815037 PMCID: PMC9939324 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the pharmacokinetics of drugs through drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) causes disease-specific alterations to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes, including a decrease in protein expression of basolateral uptake transporters, an increase in efflux transporters, and modifications to enzyme activity. This can result in increased drug exposure and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Our goal was to predict drugs that pose increased risks for ADRs in NASH patients. Bibliographic research identified 71 drugs with reported ADRs in patients with liver disease, mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 54 of which are known substrates of transporters and/or metabolizing enzymes. Since NASH is the progressive form of NAFLD but is most frequently undiagnosed, we identified other drugs at risk based on NASH-specific alterations to ADME processes. Here, we present another list of 71 drugs at risk of pharmacokinetic disruption in NASH, based on their transport and/or metabolism processes. It encompasses drugs from various pharmacological classes for which ADRs may occur when used in NASH patients, especially when eliminated through multiple pathways altered by the disease. Therefore, these results may inform clinicians regarding the selection of drugs for use in NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Marie
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kayla L. Frost
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Raymond K. Hau
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lucy Martinez-Guerrero
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jailyn M. Izu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Cassandra M. Myers
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen H. Wright
- College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nathan J. Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 520 6260219; fax: +1 520 6266944.
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11
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Hu C, Pei T, Li D, Zhou D, Zhang L. Bioequivalence of China- and Germany-Manufactured Metformin Extended-Release Tablets Under Fed and Fasted Conditions in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Open-Label, 2-Way Crossover Study. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:1430-1439. [PMID: 35989252 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We compared the bioequivalence, pharmacokinetics, and safety of metformin extended-release (MXR) tablets manufactured by Merck Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd (Nantong, China) and Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) after a single oral dose under fasted/fed conditions. In this open-label phase 1 study, 54 healthy volunteers (fasted, n = 38; fed, n = 16) were randomly assigned to receive one 500-mg MXR tablet that was manufactured by Merck Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing (Jiangsu) Co. or Merck KGaA. Respectively, the mean terminal half-life was 7.5 and 6.8 hours in the fasted group, and 6.7 and 9.1 hours in the fed group. Median times to maximum observed concentration were 3 and 4 hours (fasted group) and 6 hours (both products, fed group). No significant differences were observed in the metformin plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last sampling time and maximum observed concentration between products. Geometric least square mean ratios for maximum observed concentration, AUC from time 0 to the last sampling time, and AUC from time 0 to infinity were nearly 100%; the corresponding 90%CIs for bioequivalence were within 80% to 125%. Diarrhea (26.4%), abdominal pain (5.7%), and nausea (3.8%) were the most common adverse events (AEs); AEs were mild. The mean AUC from time 0 to infinity (test and reference) was substantially increased by ≈45% in the fed condition (equivalent to a 1.5-fold dose increase); this means food increased net systemic availability but had no impact on AE incidence. This was considered in the study design, which included MXR administration with evening meals. MXR tablets were bioequivalent under fasted/fed conditions and were safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Pei
- Department of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Merck Serono (Beijing) Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Zhou
- Merck Serono (Beijing) Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Lee JB, Kim H, Kim S, Sung GY. Fabrication and Evaluation of Tubule-on-a-Chip with RPTEC/HUVEC Co-Culture Using Injection-Molded Polycarbonate Chips. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13111932. [PMID: 36363953 PMCID: PMC9698344 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To simulate the ADME process such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the human body after drug administration and to confirm the applicability of the mass production process, a microfluidic chip injection molded with polycarbonate (injection-molded chip (I-M chip)) was fabricated. Polycarbonate materials were selected to minimize drug absorption. As a first step to evaluate the I-M chip, RPTEC (Human Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells) and HUVEC (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells) were co-cultured, and live and dead staining, TEER (trans-epithelial electrical resistance), glucose reabsorption, and permeability were compared using different membrane pore sizes of 0.4 μm and 3 μm. Drug excretion was confirmed through a pharmacokinetic test with metformin and cimetidine, and the gene expression of drug transporters was confirmed. As a result, it was confirmed that the cell viability was higher in the 3 μm pore size than in the 0.4 μm, the cell culture performed better, and the drug secretion was enhanced when the pore size was large. The injection-molded polycarbonate microfluidic chip is anticipated to be commercially viable for drug screening devices, particularly ADME tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Bi Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyoungseob Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Sol Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Gun Yong Sung
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Major in Materials Science and Engineering, School of Future Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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13
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Abrahams-October Z, Johnson R, Benjeddou M, Cloete R. The determination of the effect(s) of solute carrier family 22-member 2 (SLC22A2) haplotype variants on drug binding via molecular dynamic simulation systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16936. [PMID: 36209293 PMCID: PMC9547889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms detected in the solute carrier member family-22 has been shown to result in a variable response in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with Metformin. This study predicted a three-dimensional protein structure for the SLC22A2 protein sequence using AlphaFold 2 and modelled five haplotypes within SLC22A2 protein structure observed in the Xhosa population of South Africa. The protein models were used to determine the effect(s) of haplotype variations on the transport function of Metformin and 10 other drugs by the SLC22A2 protein. Molecular dynamic simulation studies, molecular docking and interaction analysis of the five SLC22A2 haplotypes were performed in complex with the ligand 5RE in a POPC lipid bilayer to understand the mechanism of drug binding. Weakest binding free energy was found between 5RE and haplotype 1. Molecular docking studies indicated the top binding ligands as well as Metformin to bind inside the transport channel in all haplotypes increasing the probability of Metformin inhibition during co-administration of drugs. Metformin showed reduced binding affinity and number of interactions compared to the top four binding molecules. Molecular dynamic simulation analysis indicated that haplotypes 1, 3 and 4 were less stable than 2 and 5. The findings suggest haplotypes 4 and 5 having stronger preference for large inhibitor molecule binding in the active site and this could result in haplotypes 4 and 5 demonstrating reduced Metformin clearance via the SLC22A2 transporter during co-administration of drugs. The current study is the first to investigate the potential effect(s) of haplotype variation on the protein structure of SLC22A2 to assess its ability to transport Metformin in an indigenous South African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainonesa Abrahams-October
- grid.8974.20000 0001 2156 8226Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535 South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- grid.415021.30000 0000 9155 0024Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505 South Africa ,grid.11956.3a0000 0001 2214 904XDivision of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Mongi Benjeddou
- grid.8974.20000 0001 2156 8226Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535 South Africa
| | - Ruben Cloete
- grid.8974.20000 0001 2156 8226South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535 South Africa
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14
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Nies AT, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M. Hepatic solute carrier transporters and drug therapy: Regulation of expression and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Li S, Xu B, Fan S, Kang B, Deng L, Chen D, Yang B, Tang F, He Z, Xue Y, Zhou JC. Effects of single-nucleotide polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metformin. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1107-1117. [PMID: 36065506 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2118714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metformin has been recognized as the first-choice drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The potency of metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has always been in the spotlight and shown significant individual differences. Based on previous studies, the efficacy of metformin is related to the single-nucleotide polymorphisms of transporter genes carried by patients, amongst which a variety of gene polymorphisms of transporter and target protein genes affect the effectiveness and adverse repercussion of metformin. AREAS COVERED Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about gene polymorphisms impacting metformin efficacy based on transporter and drug target proteins. EXPERT OPINION The reason for the difference in clinical drug potency of metformin can be attributed to the gene polymorphism of drug transporters and drug target proteins in the human body. Substantial evidence shows that genetic polymorphisms in transporters such as organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) affect the glucose-lowering effectiveness of metformin. However, optimization of individualized dosing regimens of metformin is necessary to clarify the role of several polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqian Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shangzhi Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Kang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lijing Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Danjun Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zunbo He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Xue
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jie-Can Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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16
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Sachkova A, Jensen O, Dücker C, Ansari S, Brockmöller J. The mystery of the human proton-organic cation antiporter: One transport protein or many? Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Liu G, Li D, Zhang L, Xu Q, Zhuang D, Liu P, Hu L, Deng H, Sun J, Wang S, Zheng B, Guo J, Wu X. Phenformin Down-Regulates c-Myc Expression to Suppress the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Keratinocytes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152429. [PMID: 35954273 PMCID: PMC9368166 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of many skin inflammation diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, is still a challenge and inflammation plays important roles in multiple stages of skin tumor development, including initiation, promotion and metastasis. Phenformin, a biguanide drug, has been shown to play a more efficient anti-tumor function than another well-known biguanide drug, metformin, which has been reported to control the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, little is known about the effects of phenformin on skin inflammation. This study used a mouse acute inflammation model, ex vivo skin organ cultures and in vitro human primary keratinocyte cultures to demonstrate that phenformin can suppress acute skin inflammatory responses induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in vivo and significantly suppresses the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in human primary keratinocytes in vitro. The suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by phenformin was not directly through regulation of the MAPK or NF-κB pathways, but by controlling the expression of c-Myc in human keratinocytes. We demonstrated that the overexpression of c-Myc can induce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and counteract the suppressive effect of phenformin on cytokine expression in keratinocytes. In contrast, the down-regulation of c-Myc produces effects similar to phenformin, both in cytokine expression by keratinocytes in vitro and in skin inflammation in vivo. Finally, we showed that phenformin, as an AMPK activator, down-regulates the expression of c-Myc through regulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathways. In summary, phenformin inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes through the down-regulation of c-Myc expression to play an anti-inflammation function in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Dingyang Li
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Dexuan Zhuang
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Pediatrics Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Engineering Laboratory for Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Huiting Deng
- Engineering Laboratory for Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Engineering Laboratory for Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo 315000, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Xunwei Wu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo 315000, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (X.W.)
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18
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Matin P, Hanee U, Alam MS, Jeong JE, Matin MM, Rahman MR, Mahmud S, Alshahrani MM, Kim B. Novel Galactopyranoside Esters: Synthesis, Mechanism, In Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134125. [PMID: 35807371 PMCID: PMC9268324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One-step direct unimolar valeroylation of methyl α-D-galactopyranoside (MDG) mainly furnished the corresponding 6-O-valeroate. However, DMAP catalyzed a similar reaction that produced 2,6-di-O-valeroate and 6-O-valeroate, with the reactivity sequence as 6-OH > 2-OH > 3-OH,4-OH. To obtain novel antimicrobial agents, 6-O- and 2,6-di-O-valeroate were converted into several 2,3,4-tri-O- and 3,4-di-O-acyl esters, respectively, with other acylating agents in good yields. The PASS activity spectra along with in vitro antimicrobial evaluation clearly indicated that these MDG esters had better antifungal activities than antibacterial agents. To rationalize higher antifungal potentiality, molecular docking was conducted with sterol 14α-demethylase (PDB ID: 4UYL, Aspergillus fumigatus), which clearly supported the in vitro antifungal results. In particular, MDG ester 7−12 showed higher binding energy than the antifungal drug, fluconazole. Additionally, these compounds were found to have more promising binding energy with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (6LU7) than tetracycline, fluconazole, and native inhibitor N3. Detailed investigation of Ki values, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), and the drug-likeness profile indicated that most of these compounds satisfy the drug-likeness evaluation, bioavailability, and safety tests, and hence, these synthetic novel MDG esters could be new antifungal and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Matin
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (P.M.); (U.H.)
| | - Umme Hanee
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (P.M.); (U.H.)
| | - Muhammad Shaiful Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong 4202, Bangladesh;
| | - Jae Eon Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Mohammed Mahbubul Matin
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (P.M.); (U.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.M.); (B.K.); Tel.: +880-1716-839689 (M.M.M.)
| | - Md. Rezaur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia;
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Shine-Dalgarno Centre for RNA Innovation, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.M.M.); (B.K.); Tel.: +880-1716-839689 (M.M.M.)
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19
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Taheri R, Kazerouni F, Mirfakhraei R, Kalbasi S, Shahrokhi SZ, Rahimipour A. The influence of SLC22A3 rs543159 and rs1317652 genetic variants on metformin therapeutic efficacy in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: 25 weeks follow-up study. Gene 2022; 823:146382. [PMID: 35240257 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Among anti-diabetic medications, metformin has been proven to be the preferred initial pharmacologic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment. Despite its safety and efficacy, the response to metformin varies between individuals. Genetic variations, especially within genes involved in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metformin (e.g SLC22A3), have been suggested to be responsible for the observed inter-individual differences. By considering the undeniable role of organic cation transporter 3 in hepatic uptake of metformin, this study was aimed to investigate the association of rs543159 and rs1317652 variants in SLC22A3 gene with response to metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with T2DM. METHODS The study included 200 T2DM patients who received metformin monotherapy for 25 weeks. The patients were classified into 2 groups according to their HbA1c values: the responders (reduction in HbA1c levels by at least 1% after 25 weeks treatment with metformin) and non-responders (less than 1% reduction in HbA1c levels after 25 weeks treatment with metformin). We used tetra ARMS-PCR method to determine genotypes of the target variants. RESULTS For the rs543159, CA and AA genotypes were more frequent in responders as compared to non-responders (OR = 2.48; 95% CI = 1.28-4.78, P-value = 0.0057) under the dominant model. In case of rs1317652 CC and CT genotypes were more frequent in metformin responders as compared to non-responder group (OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.32-4.70, P-value = 0.0043) under the dominant model. Parameters such as fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, and total cholesterol (TC) levels were significantly lower in the responder group after 25 weeks of metformin monotherapy. Moreover, according to the result of multiple linear regression rs543159 and base line HbA1c values are significantly associated with response to metformin monotherapy. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that rs543159 and rs1317652 in SLC22A3 gene might be associated with variability in response to metformin therapy in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Taheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faranak Kazerouni
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirfakhraei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Kalbasi
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Shahrokhi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rahimipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Shaheen A, Alam SM, Azam F, Saleem SA, Khan M, Hasan SS, Liaquat A. Lack of impact of OCTN1 gene polymorphisms on clinical outcomes of gabapentinoids in Pakistani patients with neuropathic pain. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266559. [PMID: 35559956 PMCID: PMC9106170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Gabapentinoids are the first-line drugs for neuropathic pain. These drugs are the substrate of organic cation transporter (OCTN1) for renal excretion and absorption across the intestinal epithelium. Gabapentinoids exhibit wide interindividual variability in daily dosage and therapeutic efficacy which makes titration regimens prolonged for optimal efficacy. The present study aimed to investigate the possible influence of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of OCTN1 on therapeutic efficacy and safety of gabapentinoids in neuropathic pain patients of the Pakistani population. Methods Four hundred and twenty-six patients were enrolled in the study. All participants were genotyped for OCTN1 rs1050152 and rs3792876 by PCR-RFLP method and followed up for eight weeks. The therapeutic outcomes of gabapentinoids, reduction in pain score, inadequate or complete lack of response, adverse events (AEs) in responders and discontinuation of treatment on account of AEs were recorded for all patients. Results There was no significant association of genotypes and alleles of both SNPs on the clinical response of gabapentinoids (P ˃ 0.05). Similarly, significant differences were not found in the reduction of pain scores and AEs among different genotypes in the responders. The present study has reported the association of OCTN1 rs1050152 and rs3792876 polymorphisms with clinical outcomes of gabapentinoids for the first time in the real-world clinical setting. Conclusion Our results suggest a lack of influence of OCTN1 genetic variants in the determination of clinical response to gabapentinoids in patients with neuropathic pain in the Pakistani population. These findings signify the role of renal functions in predicting the interindividual variability to therapeutic responsiveness of gabapentinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abida Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Syed Mahboob Alam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Azam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Ahmad Saleem
- Department of Pain Clinic, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Moosa Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Saud Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Afrose Liaquat
- Department of Biochemistry, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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21
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Cloning and Functional Characterization of Dog OCT1 and OCT2: Another Step in Exploring Species Differences in Organic Cation Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095100. [PMID: 35563491 PMCID: PMC9102066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OCT1 and OCT2 are polyspecific membrane transporters that are involved in hepatic and renal drug clearance in humans and mice. In this study, we cloned dog OCT1 and OCT2 and compared their function to the human and mouse orthologs. We used liver and kidney RNA to clone dog OCT1 and OCT2. The cloned and the publicly available RNA-Seq sequences differed from the annotated exon-intron structure of OCT1 in the dog genome CanFam3.1. An additional exon between exons 2 and 3 was identified and confirmed by sequencing in six additional dog breeds. Next, dog OCT1 and OCT2 were stably overexpressed in HEK293 cells and the transport kinetics of five drugs were analyzed. We observed strong differences in the transport kinetics between dog and human orthologs. Dog OCT1 transported fenoterol with 12.9-fold higher capacity but 14.3-fold lower affinity (higher KM) than human OCT1. Human OCT1 transported ipratropium with 5.2-fold higher capacity but 8.4-fold lower affinity than dog OCT1. Compared to human OCT2, dog OCT2 showed 10-fold lower transport of fenoterol and butylscopolamine. In conclusion, the functional characterization of dog OCT1 and OCT2 reported here may have implications when using dogs as pre-clinical models as well as for drug therapy in dogs.
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Meyer MJ, Schreier PCF, Basaran M, Vlasova S, Seitz T, Brockmöller J, Zdrazil B, Tzvetkov MV. Amino acids in transmembrane helix 1 confer major functional differences between human and mouse orthologs of the polyspecific membrane transporter OCT1. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101974. [PMID: 35469921 PMCID: PMC9130538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is a membrane transporter that affects hepatic uptake of cationic and weakly basic drugs. OCT1 transports structurally highly diverse substrates. The mechanisms conferring this polyspecificity are unknown. Here, we analyzed differences in transport kinetics between human and mouse OCT1 orthologs to identify amino acids that contribute to the polyspecificity of OCT1. Following stable transfection of HEK293 cells, we observed more than twofold differences in the transport kinetics of 22 out of 28 tested substrates. We found that the β2-adrenergic drug fenoterol was transported with eightfold higher affinity but at ninefold lower capacity by human OCT1. In contrast, the anticholinergic drug trospium was transported with 11-fold higher affinity but at ninefold lower capacity by mouse Oct1. Using human–mouse chimeric constructs and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified nonconserved amino acids Cys36 and Phe32 as responsible for the species-specific differences in fenoterol and trospium uptake. Substitution of Cys36 (human) to Tyr36 (mouse) caused a reversal of the affinity and capacity of fenoterol but not trospium uptake. Substitution of Phe32 to Leu32 caused reversal of trospium but not fenoterol uptake kinetics. Comparison of the uptake of structurally similar β2-adrenergics and molecular docking analyses indicated the second phenol ring, 3.3 to 4.8 Å from the protonated amino group, as essential for the affinity for fenoterol conferred by Cys36. This is the first study to report single amino acids as determinants of OCT1 polyspecificity. Our findings suggest that structure–function data of OCT1 is not directly transferrable between substrates or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen J Meyer
- Department of General Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pascale C F Schreier
- Department of General Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mert Basaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefaniia Vlasova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Seitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mladen V Tzvetkov
- Department of General Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Saad AAA, Zhang F, Mohammed EAH, Wu X. Clinical Aspects of Drug–Drug Interaction and Drug Nephrotoxicity at Renal Organic Cation Transporters 2 (OCT2) and Multidrug and Toxin Exclusion 1, and 2-K (MATE1/MATE2-K). Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:382-393. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University
| | | | - Xin’an Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University
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24
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Trujillo-Del Río C, Tortajada-Pérez J, Gómez-Escribano AP, Casterá F, Peiró C, Millán JM, Herrero MJ, Vázquez-Manrique RP. Metformin to treat Huntington disease: a pleiotropic drug against a multi-system disorder. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Usman E, Katar Y. A Metformin Pharmacogenetic Study of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and SLC22A1 Gene Mutation. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the profiles of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and an SLC22A1 gene mutation in order to evaluate the effect of metformin pharmacogenetics.
Methods: To assess the effect of pharmacogenetics, a mutation of the SLC22A1 gene in T2DM patients receiving metformin was investigated. Blood samples were taken from 50 diabetics of Minangkabau ethnicity who met the inclusion criteria, and SNP genotyping and blood glucose levels were determined. DNA is extracted and purified from blood samples using DNAzol® Genomic DNA Kits (Thermofischer Scientific) reagents. The Chi-square test and Independent sample T test were used to analyze the data. A statistically significant association was defined as a p-value < 0.05. Finally, the GraphPad Prism 7.00 program was used to gather and analyze data.
Results: The adjusted odds ratio for inadequate fasting blood glucose was 1.48 (95% CI 1.18-1.95) in this study, while the adjusted odds ratio for diet discipline was 1.23 (95% CI 1.18-1.95). The adjusted odds ratio for low physical activity was 1.18. (95% CI 1.05-1.81). According to the sequencing data, the proportion of mutants is high at exon 2 rs683369 (G> C), while the percentage of wildtype and heterozygous mutants is the same at introns rs4646272 (T> G).
Conclusion: Obesity, diet discipline, and low physical activity were all found to increase the likelihood of insufficient fasting blood glucose in T2DM patients. Exon 2 rs683369 (G> C) has a high proportion of mutants, but introns rs4646272 (T> G) have the same percentage of wildtype and heterozygous mutants.
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Yee SW, Giacomini KM. Emerging Roles of the Human Solute Carrier 22 Family. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:DMD-MR-2021-000702. [PMID: 34921098 PMCID: PMC9488978 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Solute Carrier 22 family (SLC22), also termed the organic ion transporter family, consists of 28 distinct multi-membrane spanning proteins, which phylogenetically cluster together according to their charge specificity for organic cations (OCTs), organic anions (OATs) and organic zwitterion/cations (OCTNs). Some SLC22 family members are well characterized in terms of their substrates, transport mechanisms and expression patterns, as well as their roles in human physiology and pharmacology, whereas others remain orphans with no known ligands. Pharmacologically, SLC22 family members play major roles as determinants of the absorption and disposition of many prescription drugs, and several including the renal transporters, OCT2, OAT1 and OAT3 are targets for many clinically important drug-drug interactions. In addition, mutations in some of these transporters (SLC22A5 (OCTN2) and SLC22A12 (URAT1) lead to rare monogenic disorders. Genetic polymorphisms in SLC22 transporters have been associated with common human disease, drug response and various phenotypic traits. Three members in this family were deorphaned in very recently: SLC22A14, SLC22A15 and SLC22A24, and found to transport specific compounds such as riboflavin (SLC22A14), anti-oxidant zwitterions (SLC22A15) and steroid conjugates (SLC22A24). Their physiologic and pharmacological roles need further investigation. This review aims to summarize the substrates, expression patterns and transporter mechanisms of individual SLC22 family members and their roles in human disease and drug disposition and response. Gaps in our understanding of SLC22 family members are described. Significance Statement In recent years, three members of the SLC22 family of transporters have been deorphaned and found to play important roles in the transport of diverse solutes. New research has furthered our understanding of the mechanisms, pharmacological roles, and clinical impact of SLC22 transporters. This minireview provides overview of SLC22 family members of their physiologic and pharmacologic roles, the impact of genetic variants in the SLC22 family on disease and drug response, and summary of recent studies deorphaning SLC22 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Univerity of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Univerity of California, San Francisco, United States
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Venkatachalapathy P, Padhilahouse S, Sellappan M, Subramanian T, Kurian SJ, Miraj SS, Rao M, Raut AA, Kanwar RK, Singh J, Khadanga S, Mondithoka S, Munisamy M. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Potential Implications for Clinical Practice. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:1441-1455. [PMID: 34803393 PMCID: PMC8598203 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s329787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, and is rising in incidence with widespread prevalence. Multiple gene variants are associated with glucose homeostasis, complex T2DM pathogenesis, and its complications. Exploring more effective therapeutic strategies for patients with diabetes is crucial. Pharmacogenomics has made precision medicine possible by allowing for individualized drug therapy based on a patient's genetic and genomic information. T2DM is treated with various classes of oral hypoglycemic agents, such as biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, DPP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and GLP1 analogues, which exhibit various pharmacogenetic variants. Although genomic interventions in monogenic diabetes have been implemented in clinical practice, they are still in the early stages for complex polygenic disorders, such as T2DM. Precision DM medicine has the potential to be effective in personalized therapy for those suffering from various forms of DM, such as T2DM. With recent developments in genetic techniques, the application of candidate-gene studies, large-scale genotyping investigations, genome-wide association studies, and "multiomics" studies has begun to produce results that may lead to changes in clinical practice. Enhanced knowledge of the genetic architecture of T2DM presents a bigger translational potential. This review summarizes the genetics and pathophysiology of T2DM, candidate-gene approaches, genome-wide association studies, personalized medicine, clinical relevance of pharmacogenetic variants associated with oral hypoglycemic agents, and paths toward personalized diabetology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sruthi Padhilahouse
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Karpagam College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mohan Sellappan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Karpagam College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Shilia Jacob Kurian
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sonal Sekhar Miraj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Raut
- Translational Medicine Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur Kanwar
- Translational Medicine Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Singh
- Translational Medicine Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sagar Khadanga
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sukumar Mondithoka
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Murali Munisamy
- Translational Medicine Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Yip TC, Chan RNC, Wong VW, Tse Y, Liang LY, Hui VW, Zhang X, Li G, Chan HL, Wong GL. Association of metformin use on metabolic acidosis in diabetic patients with chronic hepatitis B-related cirrhosis and renal impairment. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e352. [PMID: 34401527 PMCID: PMC8358231 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Metformin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) as a preferred initial pharmacologic agent for type 2 diabetes. Metabolic acidosis is a rare yet severe side effect of it. We examined the association of metformin use and dosage on the risk of metabolic acidosis in diabetic patients with different degrees of chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Metabolic acidosis was defined by blood pH ≤7.35, together with lactate >5 mmol/L or arterial bicarbonate ≤18 mmol/L or venous bicarbonate ≤21 mmol/L, and/or diagnosis codes. Child-Pugh class and CKD stage were included in the model as time-dependent covariates. Age, gender, comorbidities, and use of relevant medications were adjusted as covariates. Maximum daily dose of metformin was classified into ≤1000 mg and >1000 mg. RESULTS We identified 4431 diabetic patients with CHB-related cirrhosis between 2000 and 2017 from a territory-wide database in Hong Kong. The risk of metabolic acidosis increased with Child-Pugh class B and C cirrhosis regardless of CKD stage (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [aSHR] ranged from 3.50 to 86.16). Metformin use was associated with a higher risk in patients with Child-Pugh class B or C cirrhosis and stage 3A CKD or above (aSHR ranged from 1.55 to 2.46). In stage 4/5 CKD, a daily dose of metformin ≤1000 mg was still associated with a higher risk of metabolic acidosis regardless of the severity of cirrhosis (aSHR ranged from 2.45 to 3.92). CONCLUSION In conclusion, patients with Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis or above were at a higher risk of metabolic acidosis. Metformin further increased the risk in patients with Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis or above and stage 3A CKD or above. Dose adjustment in stage 4/5 CKD did not reduce the risk of metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Cheuk‐Fung Yip
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Medical Data Analytics Centre (MDAC)The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Raymond Ngai Chiu Chan
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Vincent Wai‐Sun Wong
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Medical Data Analytics Centre (MDAC)The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yee‐Kit Tse
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Medical Data Analytics Centre (MDAC)The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Lilian Yan Liang
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Vicki Wing‐Ki Hui
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Guan‐Lin Li
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Henry Lik‐Yuen Chan
- Medical Data Analytics Centre (MDAC)The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Department of Internal MedicineUnion HospitalHong Kong
| | - Grace Lai‐Hung Wong
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Medical Data Analytics Centre (MDAC)The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It is treated with various classes of oral antidiabetic drugs, however, response to treatment is highly variable with patients failing to achieve adequate glycemic control. Treatment response variability has been associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which influence the pharma-cokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drug(s). The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic association of 17 SNPs and the response to metformin therapy in patients diagnosed with diabetes from the indigenous Nguni population of South Africa. One hundred and forty indigenous African patients diagnosed with T2DM were recruited and genotyped using the MassARRAY® system. Therapeutic response of patients was ascertained by a change in Hb A1c. Two SNPs (rs1801282 and rs6265) were monomorphic. All other variants were within the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The T allele of the SLC variant rs316009 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.25, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.01-0.09, p value = 0.044] and the CT genotype of the PCK1 variant rs4810083 (OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.01-7.79, p value = 0.049) were associated with an improved response to treatment after adjustment. No association was observed with post Bonferroni correction. Moreover, this study provides important additional data regarding possible associations between genetic variants and metformin therapy outcomes. In addition, this is one of the first studies providing genetic data from the understudied indigenous sub-Saharan African populations.
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Morales-Rivera MI, Alemón-Medina R, Martínez-Hernández A, Gómez-Garduño J, Mirzaeicheshmeh E, Altamirano-Bustamante NF, Ilizaliturri-Flores I, Mendoza-Caamal EC, Pérez-Guillé MG, García-Álvarez R, Contreras-Cubas C, Centeno-Cruz F, Revilla-Monsalve C, García-Ortiz H, Barajas-Olmos F, Orozco L. The L125F MATE1 variant enriched in populations of Amerindian origin is associated with increased plasma levels of metformin and lactate. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112009. [PMID: 34388523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors that affect variability in metformin response have been poorly studied in the Latin American population, despite its being the initial drug therapy for type 2 diabetes, one of the most prevalent diseases in that region. Metformin pharmacokinetics is carried out by members of the membrane transporters superfamily (SLCs), being the multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1), one of the most studied. Some genetic variants in MATE1 have been associated with reduced in vitro metformin transport. They include rs77474263 p.[L125F], a variant present at a frequency of 13.8% in Latin Americans, but rare worldwide (less than 1%). Using exome sequence data and TaqMan genotyping, we revealed that the Mexican population has the highest frequency of this variant: 16% in Mestizos and 27% in Amerindians, suggesting a possible Amerindian origin. To elucidate the metformin pharmacogenetics, a children cohort was genotyped, allowing us to describe, for the first time, a MATE1 rs77474263 TT homozygous individual. An additive effect of the L125F variant was observed on blood metformin accumulation, revealing the highest metformin and lactate serum levels in the TT homozygote, and intermediate metformin values in the heterozygotes. Moreover, a molecular dynamics analysis suggested that the genetic variant effect on metformin efflux could be due to a decreased protein permeability. We conclude that pharmacogenetics could be useful in enhancing metformin pharmacovigilance in populations having a high frequency of the risk genotype, especially considering that these populations also have a higher susceptibility to the diseases for which metformin is the first-choice drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat I Morales-Rivera
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Elaheh Mirzaeicheshmeh
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | - Elvia C Mendoza-Caamal
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | - Cecilia Contreras-Cubas
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Federico Centeno-Cruz
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Cristina Revilla-Monsalve
- Medical Research Unit in Metabolic Diseases, UMAE Hospital de Cardiología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Humberto García-Ortiz
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Francisco Barajas-Olmos
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico.
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31
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Nahrin A, Junaid M, Afrose SS, Barua A, Akter Y, Alam MS, Sharmin T, Ferdousy S, Hosen SMZ. Ziziphus oenoplia Mill.: A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional medicinal plant. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:640-660. [PMID: 35135458 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210810153311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ziziphus oenoplia Mill. (Family- Rhamnaceae) an important shrub, often found throughout the hot regions of tropical Asia and northern Australia, is commonly well known as Jackal Jujube in English. It is a folk herbal medicine used as an abdominal pain killer and anti-diarrhoeal agent,. OBJECTIVE The review aims to provide up-to-date information on the vernacular information, botanical characterization, distribution, ethnopharmacological uses, pharmacological activities, and chemical constituents of Z. oenoplia for possible exploitation of treatment for various diseases and to suggest future investigations. METHOD This review was performed by studying online resources relating to Z. oenoplia and diverse resources, including scientific journals, books, and worldwide accepted databases from which information was assembled to accumulate significant information and relevant data at one place. RESULTS Investigations on Z. oenoplia have been focused on its pharmacological activities, including its antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic, antiulcer, antiplasmodial, anticancer, wound healing, anthelmintic, antioxidant, analgesic and antinociceptive, hypolipidemic activity, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antidiarrheal activities. Phytochemical studies resulted in the isolation of fatty acids, flavonoids, phenols, pentacyclic triterpenes, hydroxy carboxylic acids, aliphatic hydroxy ether, and cyclopeptide alkaloids. CONCLUSIONS Most of the ethnopharmacological relevance of Z. oenoplia is justified but more need to be studied. Further investigations are necessary to fully understand the mode of action of the active constituents and to exploit its preventive and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsana Nahrin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology Chittagong. Bangladesh
| | - Md Junaid
- Molecular Modeling Drug-design and Discovery Laboratory, Pharmacology Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Chattogram, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chattogram. Bangladesh
| | | | - Antica Barua
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology Chittagong. Bangladesh
| | - Yeasmin Akter
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali. Bangladesh
| | | | - Tania Sharmin
- Molecular Modeling Drug-design and Discovery Laboratory, Pharmacology Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Chattogram, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chattogram. Bangladesh
| | - Sakia Ferdousy
- Molecular Modeling Drug-design and Discovery Laboratory, Pharmacology Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Chattogram, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chattogram. Bangladesh
| | - S M Zahid Hosen
- Molecular Modeling Drug-design and Discovery Laboratory, Pharmacology Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Chattogram, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chattogram. Bangladesh
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32
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Koepsell H. Update on drug-drug interaction at organic cation transporters: mechanisms, clinical impact, and proposal for advanced in vitro testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:635-653. [PMID: 33896325 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1915284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Organic cation transporters collectively called OCTs belong to three gene families (SLC22A1 OCT1, SLC22A2 OCT2, SLC22A3 OCT3, SLC22A4 OCTN1, SLC22A5 OCTN2, SLC29A4 PMAT, SLC47A1 MATE1, and SLC47A1 MATE2-K). OCTs transport structurally diverse drugs with overlapping selectivity. Some OCTs were shown to be critically involved in pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of cationic drugs. Drug-drug interactions at individual OCTs were shown to result in clinical effects. Procedures for in vitro testing of drugs for interaction with OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K have been recommended.Areas covered: An overview of functional properties, cation selectivity, location, and clinical impact of OCTs is provided. In addition, clinically relevant drug-drug interactions in OCTs are compiled. Because it was observed that the half maximal concentration of drugs to inhibit transport by OCTs (IC50) is dependent on the transported cation and its concentration, an advanced protocol for in vitro testing of drugs for interaction with OCTs is proposed. In addition, it is suggested to include OCT3 and PMAT for in vitro testing.Expert opinion: Research on clinical roles of OCTs should be reinforced including more transporters and drugs. An improvement of the in vitro testing protocol considering recent data is imperative for the benefit of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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33
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A Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Characterizing Interplay of OCTs and MATEs in Intestine, Liver and Kidney to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions of Metformin with Perpetrators. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050698. [PMID: 34064886 PMCID: PMC8151202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of metformin is highly controlled by transporters including organic cation transporters (OCTs), plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), and multidrug/toxin extrusions (MATEs). Hepatic OCT1, intestinal OCT3, renal OCT2 on tubule basolateral membrane, and MATE1/2-K on tubule apical membrane coordinately work to control metformin disposition. Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of metformin occur when co-administrated with perpetrators via inhibiting OCTs or MATEs. We aimed to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model characterizing interplay of OCTs and MATEs in the intestine, liver, and kidney to predict metformin DDIs with cimetidine, pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, ondansetron, rabeprazole, and verapamil. Simulations showed that co-administration of perpetrators increased plasma exposures to metformin, which were consistent with clinic observations. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that contributions of the tested factors to metformin DDI with cimetidine are gastrointestinal transit rate > inhibition of renal OCT2 ≈ inhibition of renal MATEs > inhibition of intestinal OCT3 > intestinal pH > inhibition of hepatic OCT1. Individual contributions of transporters to metformin disposition are renal OCT2 ≈ renal MATEs > intestinal OCT3 > hepatic OCT1 > intestinal PMAT. In conclusion, DDIs of metformin with perpetrators are attributed to integrated effects of inhibitions of these transporters.
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Jensen O, Matthaei J, Klemp HG, Meyer MJ, Brockmöller J, Tzvetkov MV. Isobutyrylcarnitine as a Biomarker of OCT1 Activity and Interspecies Differences in its Membrane Transport. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674559. [PMID: 34040533 PMCID: PMC8141810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified an association between isobutyrylcarnitine (IBC) and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) genotypes. Higher IBC blood concentrations in humans with active OCT1 genotypes and experimental studies with mouse OCT1 suggested an OCT1-mediated efflux of IBC. In this study, we wanted to confirm the suggested use of IBC as an endogenous biomarker of OCT1 activity and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the association between blood concentrations of carnitine derivatives and OCT1 genotype. Blood and urine IBC concentrations were quantified in healthy volunteers regarding intra- and interindividual variation and correlation with OCT1 genotype and with pharmacokinetics of known OCT1 substrates. Furthermore, IBC formation and transport were studied in cell lines overexpressing OCT1 and its naturally occurring variants. Carriers of high-activity OCT1 genotypes had about 3-fold higher IBC blood concentrations and 2-fold higher amounts of IBC excreted in urine compared to deficient OCT1. This was likely due to OCT1 function, as indicated by the fact that IBC correlated with the pharmacokinetics of known OCT1 substrates, like fenoterol, and blood IBC concentrations declined with a 1 h time delay following peak concentrations of the OCT1 substrate sumatriptan. Thus, IBC is a suitable endogenous biomarker reflecting both, human OCT1 (hOCT1) genotype and activity. While murine OCT1 (mOCT1) was an efflux transporter of IBC, hOCT1 exhibited no IBC efflux activity. Inhibition experiments confirmed this data showing that IBC and other acylcarnitines, like butyrylcarnitine, 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine, and hexanoylcarnitine, showed reduced efflux upon inhibition of mOCT1 but not of hOCT1. IBC and other carnitine derivatives are endogenous biomarkers of hOCT1 genotype and phenotype. However, in contrast to mice, the mechanisms underlying the IBC-OCT1 correlation in humans is apparently not directly the OCT1-mediated efflux of IBC. A plausible explanation could be that hOCT1 mediates cellular concentrations of specific regulators or co-substrates in lipid and energy metabolism, which is supported by our in vitro finding that at baseline intracellular IBC concentration is about 6-fold lower alone by OCT1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Matthaei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henry G Klemp
- Institute of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marleen J Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mladen V Tzvetkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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35
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Wenzel C, Drozdzik M, Oswald S. Organic Cation Transporter 1 an Intestinal Uptake Transporter: Fact or Fiction? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648388. [PMID: 33935750 PMCID: PMC8080103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transporter proteins are known to affect the pharmacokinetics and in turn the efficacy and safety of many orally administered drugs in a clinically relevant manner. This knowledge is especially well-established for intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters such as P-gp and BCRP. In contrast to this, information about intestinal uptake carriers is much more limited although many hydrophilic or ionic drugs are not expected to undergo passive diffusion but probably require specific uptake transporters. A transporter which is controversially discussed with respect to its expression, localization and function in the human intestine is the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). This review article provides an up-to-date summary on the available data from expression analysis as well as functional studies in vitro, animal findings and clinical observations. The current evidence suggests that OCT1 is expressed in the human intestine in small amounts (on gene and protein levels), while its cellular localization in the apical or basolateral membrane of the enterocytes remains to be finally defined, but functional data point to a secretory function of the transporter at the basolateral membrane. Thus, OCT1 should not be considered as a classical uptake transporter in the intestine but rather as an intestinal elimination pathway for cationic compounds from the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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36
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Physiologically based metformin pharmacokinetics model of mice and scale-up to humans for the estimation of concentrations in various tissues. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249594. [PMID: 33826656 PMCID: PMC8026019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the primary drug for type 2 diabetes treatment and a promising candidate for other disease treatment. It has significant deviations between individuals in therapy efficiency and pharmacokinetics, leading to the administration of an unnecessary overdose or an insufficient dose. There is a lack of data regarding the concentration-time profiles in various human tissues that limits the understanding of pharmacokinetics and hinders the development of precision therapies for individual patients. The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model developed in this study is based on humans’ known physiological parameters (blood flow, tissue volume, and others). The missing tissue-specific pharmacokinetics parameters are estimated by developing a PBPK model of metformin in mice where the concentration time series in various tissues have been measured. Some parameters are adapted from human intestine cell culture experiments. The resulting PBPK model for metformin in humans includes 21 tissues and body fluids compartments and can simulate metformin concentration in the stomach, small intestine, liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle adipose, and brain depending on the body weight, dose, and administration regimen. Simulations for humans with a bodyweight of 70kg have been analyzed for doses in the range of 500-1500mg. Most tissues have a half-life (T1/2) similar to plasma (3.7h) except for the liver and intestine with shorter T1/2 and muscle, kidney, and red blood cells that have longer T1/2. The highest maximal concentrations (Cmax) turned out to be in the intestine (absorption process) and kidney (excretion process), followed by the liver. The developed metformin PBPK model for mice does not have a compartment for red blood cells and consists of 20 compartments. The developed human model can be personalized by adapting measurable values (tissue volumes, blood flow) and measuring metformin concentration time-course in blood and urine after a single dose of metformin. The personalized model can be used as a decision support tool for precision therapy development for individuals.
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37
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Xiong W, Qi L, Jiang N, Zhao Q, Chen L, Jiang X, Li Y, Zhou Z, Shen J. Metformin Liposome-Mediated PD-L1 Downregulation for Amplifying the Photodynamic Immunotherapy Efficacy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8026-8041. [PMID: 33577301 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. It can not only generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause the chemical damage of tumor cells in the presence of enough oxygen but also promote the antitumor immunity of T cells through enhancing the production of interferon γ (IFN-γ). However, one phenomenon is ignored so far that the enhanced production of IFN-γ caused by PDT may significantly increase the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on the tumor cell membrane and thus could inhibit the immune killing effects of T cells. Herein, we report the construction of a composite by loading metformin (Met) and IR775 into a clinically usable liposome as a two-in-one nanoplatform (IR775@Met@Lip) to solve this problem. The IR775@Met@Lip could reverse tumor hypoxia to enhance ROS production to elicit more chemical damage. Besides, the overexpression of PD-L1 by PDT was also effectively down-regulated. These therapeutic benefits including decreased PD-L1 expression, alleviated T cell exhaustion, and reversed tumor hypoxia successfully suppressed both the primary and abscopal tumor growth in bladder and colon cancers, respectively. Combining with its excellent biocompatibility, our results indicate that this IR775@Met@Lip system has great potential to become a highly effective cancer therapy modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Lingxiao Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zaigang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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38
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Zhou S, Zeng S, Shu Y. Drug-Drug Interactions at Organic Cation Transporter 1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:628705. [PMID: 33679412 PMCID: PMC7925875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.628705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between drugs and various transporters is one of the decisive factors that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is a member of the Solute Carrier 22A (SLC22A) family that plays a vital role in the membrane transport of organic cations including endogenous substances and xenobiotics. This article mainly discusses the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) mediated by OCT1 and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Sujuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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39
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Singh S, Ricardo-Silgado ML, Bielinski SJ, Acosta A. Pharmacogenomics of Medication-Induced Weight Gain and Antiobesity Medications. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:265-273. [PMID: 33491309 PMCID: PMC8215694 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease associated with a large number of comorbidities. The clinical management of obesity involves a stepwise integrated approach, beginning with behavioral and lifestyle modification, followed by antiobesity medications, endobariatric procedures, and bariatric surgery. Weight gain and subsequent obesity are common side effects of medications, such as prednisone or antipsychotics. In this era of precision medicine, it is essential to identify patients at the highest risk of weight gain as a result of medication use. Pharmacogenomics could play an important role in obesity management by optimizing use of antiobesity medications as well as minimizing adverse weight gain. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current literature on the role of pharmacogenomics in obesity and medication-induced weight gain. In summary, there are more robust studies of medication associated with weight gain and pharmacogenomics, and more studies are needed to understand the role of pharmacogenomics in antiobesity medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Maria L Ricardo-Silgado
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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40
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Chiang MD, Frey K, Lee C, Kharasch ED, Tallchief D, Sawyer C, Blood J, Back HM, Kagan L, Haroutounian S. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:516-526. [PMID: 32495990 PMCID: PMC8745407 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Changes in serotonergic sensory modulation associated with overexpression of 5-HT3 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve damage. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists such as ondansetron can potentially alleviate neuropathic pain, but have limited effectiveness, due potentially to limited CNS access. However, there is currently limited information on CNS disposition of systemically-administered 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. This study evaluated the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disposition of ondansetron, as a surrogate of CNS penetration. METHODS Fifteen patients were given a single 16 mg intravenous 15 minute infusion of ondansetron, followed by serial blood and a single CSF sampling. Population pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling was implemented to describe the average and individual plasma and CSF profiles of ondansetron. A two-compartmental model was used to capture ondansetron plasma PK with a single CSF compartment to describe distribution to the CNS. RESULTS The individual model-estimated CSF to plasma partition coefficients of ondansetron were between 0.09 and 0.20. These values were mirrored in the calculated CSF penetration ratios, ranging from 0.08 to 0.26. CONCLUSIONS After intravenous administration, CSF concentrations of ondansetron were approximately 7-fold lower than those observed in the plasma. A model could be developed to describe individual CSF concentration-time profiles of ondansetron based on a single CSF data point. The low CSF penetration of ondansetron may explain its limited analgesic effectiveness, and affords an opportunity to explore enhancing its CNS penetration for targeting conditions such as neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manting D. Chiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Karen Frey
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research and Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Chris Lee
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research and Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Evan D. Kharasch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Dani Tallchief
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research and Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Christopher Sawyer
- Genome Technology Access Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Jane Blood
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research and Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Hyun-moon Back
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Simon Haroutounian
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research and Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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41
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LaMoia TE, Shulman GI. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:77-96. [PMID: 32897388 PMCID: PMC7846086 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to its robust glucose-lowering effects, well-established safety profile, and relatively low cost. While metformin has been shown to have pleotropic effects on glucose metabolism, there is a general consensus that the major glucose-lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes is mostly mediated through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, despite decades of research, the mechanism by which metformin inhibits this process is still highly debated. A key reason for these discrepant effects is likely due to the inconsistency in dosage of metformin across studies. Widely studied mechanisms of action, such as complex I inhibition leading to AMPK activation, have only been observed in the context of supra-pharmacological (>1 mM) metformin concentrations, which do not occur in the clinical setting. Thus, these mechanisms have been challenged in recent years and new mechanisms have been proposed. Based on the observation that metformin alters cellular redox balance, a redox-dependent mechanism of action has been described by several groups. Recent studies have shown that clinically relevant (50-100 μM) concentrations of metformin inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis in a substrate-selective manner both in vitro and in vivo, supporting a redox-dependent mechanism of metformin action. Here, we review the current literature regarding metformin's cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci E LaMoia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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42
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Ciarimboli G. Regulation Mechanisms of Expression and Function of Organic Cation Transporter 1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:607613. [PMID: 33732143 PMCID: PMC7959823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.607613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) belongs together with OCT2 and OCT3 to the solute carrier family 22 (SLC22). OCTs are involved in the movement of organic cations through the plasma membrane. In humans, OCT1 is mainly expressed in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, while in rodents, OCT1 is strongly represented also in the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubule cells. Considering that organic cations of endogenous origin are important neurotransmitters and that those of exogenous origin are important drugs, these transporters have significant physiological and pharmacological implications. Because of the high expression of OCTs in excretory organs, their activity has the potential to significantly impact not only local but also systemic concentration of their substrates. Even though many aspects governing OCT function, interaction with substrates, and pharmacological role have been extensively investigated, less is known about regulation of OCTs. Possible mechanisms of regulation include genetic and epigenetic modifications, rapid regulation processes induced by kinases, regulation caused by protein–protein interaction, and long-term regulation induced by specific metabolic and pathological situations. In this mini-review, the known regulatory processes of OCT1 expression and function obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies are summarized. Further research should be addressed to integrate this knowledge to known aspects of OCT1 physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Medicine Clinic D, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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Jensen O, Rafehi M, Gebauer L, Brockmöller J. Cellular Uptake of Psychostimulants - Are High- and Low-Affinity Organic Cation Transporters Drug Traffickers? Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:609811. [PMID: 33551812 PMCID: PMC7854383 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.609811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants are used therapeutically and for illegal recreational purposes. Many of these are inhibitors of the presynaptic noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin transporters (NET, DAT, and SERT). According to their physicochemical properties, some might also be substrates of polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCTs) that mediate uptake in liver and kidneys for metabolism and excretion. OCT1 is genetically highly polymorphic, with strong effects on transporter activity and expression. To study potential interindividual differences in their pharmacokinetics, 18 psychostimulants and hallucinogens were assessed in vitro for transport by different OCTs as well as by the high-affinity monoamine transporters NET, DAT, and SERT. The hallucinogenic natural compound mescaline was found to be strongly transported by wild-type OCT1 with a Km of 24.3 µM and a vmax of 642 pmol × mg protein−1 × min−1. Transport was modestly reduced in variants *2 and *7, more strongly reduced in *3 and *4, and lowest in *5 and *6, while *8 showed a moderately increased transport capacity. The other phenylethylamine derivatives methamphetamine, para-methoxymethamphetamine, (-)-ephedrine, and cathine ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), as well as dimethyltryptamine, were substrates of OCT2 with Km values in the range of 7.9–46.0 µM and vmax values between 70.7 and 570 pmol × mg protein−1 × min−1. Affinities were similar or modestly reduced and the transport capacities were reduced down to half in the naturally occurring variant A270S. Cathine was found to be a substrate for NET and DAT, with the Km being 21-fold and the vmax 10-fold higher for DAT but still significantly lower compared to OCT2. This study has shown that several psychostimulants and hallucinogens are substrates for OCTs. Given the extensive cellular uptake of mescaline by the genetically highly polymorphic OCT1, strong interindividual variation in the pharmacokinetics of mescaline might be possible, which could be a reason for highly variable adverse reactions. The involvement of the polymorphic OCT2 in the renal excretion of several psychostimulants could be one reason for individual differences in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Rafehi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Gebauer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Chen M, You G, Xie C, Yang R, Hu W, Zheng Z, Liu S, Ye L. Pharmacokinetics of metformin in collagen-induced arthritis rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114413. [PMID: 33434538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the elevated presence of cytokines, the expressions of metabolic enzymes and drug transporters are altered in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Given the high incidence of diabetes in patients with RA, the aim of the present study was to investigate the metformin pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Blood and urine samples were collected at different timepoints, and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Tissue samples were also collected to investigate the expression of metabolic enzymes and drug transporters by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot. The results indicated that the bioavailability of metformin was markedly decreased in the CIA rats. Moreover, metformin was not metabolized by enzymes of rat liver microsomes, suggesting that the decreased bioavailability of metformin was independent of the liver metabolism. In addition, the mRNA, protein expression level and activity of the renal organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) was markedly increased, suggesting that the enhanced renal clearance of metformin in CIA rats may be due to the up-regulated activity of OCT2. In conclusion, our study suggested that the reduced bioavailability of metformin in CIA rats is possibly related to the up-regulated function of the renal protein OCT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (Guangzhou Overseas Chinese Hospital), Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guoquan You
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Cong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ruopeng Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wanyu Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhijie Zheng
- Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ling Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Ott M, Werneke U. Wernicke's encephalopathy - from basic science to clinical practice. Part 1: Understanding the role of thiamine. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320978106. [PMID: 33447357 PMCID: PMC7780320 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320978106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is an acute neuropsychiatric state. Untreated, WE can lead to coma or death, or progress to Korsakoff syndrome (KS) - a dementia characterized by irreversible loss of anterograde memory. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency lies at the heart of this condition. Yet, our understanding of thiamine regarding prophylaxis and treatment of WE remains limited. This may contribute to the current undertreatment of WE in clinical practice. The overall aim of this review is to identify the best strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of WE in regard to (a) dose of thiamine, (b) mode of administration, (c) timing of switch from one mode of administration to another, (d) duration of administration, and (e) use of magnesium along thiamine as an essential cofactor. Evidence from randomized controlled trials and other intervention studies is virtually absent. Therefore, we have to resort to basic science for proof of principle instead. Here, we present the first part of our clinical review, in which we explore the physiology of thiamine and the pathophysiology of thiamine deficiency. We first explore both of these in their historical context. We then review the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of thiamine, exploring the roles of the six currently known thiamine compounds, their transporters, and target enzymes. We also explore the significance of magnesium as a cofactor in thiamine-facilitated enzymatic reactions and thiamine transport. In the second (forthcoming) part of this review, we will use the findings of the current review to make evidence-based inferences about strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of WE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ott
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ursula Werneke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Sarah EH, El Omri N, Ibrahimi A, El Jaoudi R. Metabolic and genetic studies of glimepiride and metformin and their association with type 2 diabetes. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kuhlmann I, Arnspang Pedersen S, Skov Esbech P, Bjerregaard Stage T, Hougaard Christensen MM, Brøsen K. Using a limited sampling strategy to investigate the interindividual pharmacokinetic variability in metformin: A large prospective trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:1963-1969. [PMID: 33118168 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recently a limited sampling strategy (LSS) for determination of metformin' pharmacokinetics was developed. The LSS utilizes the plasma concentration of metformin 3 and 10 hours after oral intake of a single dose to estimate the area under the concentration-time curve up to 24 hours (AUC0-24h ). The main purpose of this study was to support the feasibility of this strategy in a large prospective trial. METHODS Volunteers orally ingested two 500-mg tablets of metformin hydrochloride. A blood sample was drawn three and ten hours after the ingestion. Urine was collected for 0-10 and 10-24 hours and urine volumes recorded. The AUC0-24h was calculated using the equation AUC0-24h = 4.779 * C3 + 13.174 * C10 . Additionally, all participants were genotyped for the single-nucleotide polymorphism A270S in OCT2, g.-66 T > C in MATE1, R61C, G465R, G401S and the deletion M420del in OCT1. RESULTS In total, 212 healthy volunteers participated. The median (25th - 75th interquartile range) AUC0 - 24h , CLrenal , C3 and C10 , were 10 600 (8470-12 500) ng* hr* mL-1 , 29 (24-34) L* hour-1 , 1460 (1180-1770) and 260 (200-330) ng* mL-1 , respectively, which is in agreement with our previous results. GFRi was correlated with metformin AUC and CLrenal (P < .001). As expected, we found a great pharmacokinetic interindividual variability among the volunteers and no effect of the OCT1 genotype on the AUC0 - 24h . We were unable to reproduce our previous finding of a gene-gene interaction (OCT2 and MATE1) effect on CLrenal in this cohort. CONCLUSION This study further supports the use of the 2-point LSS algorithm in large pharmacokinetic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kuhlmann
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Skov Esbech
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tore Bjerregaard Stage
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Hougaard Christensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kim Brøsen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Zeng Z, Huang SY, Sun T. Pharmacogenomic Studies of Current Antidiabetic Agents and Potential New Drug Targets for Precision Medicine of Diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2020; 11:2521-2538. [PMID: 32930968 PMCID: PMC7548012 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major threat to people's health and has become a burden worldwide. Current drugs for diabetes have limitations, such as different drug responses among individuals, failure to achieve glycemic control, and adverse effects. Exploring more effective therapeutic strategies for patients with diabetes is crucial. Currently pharmacogenomics has provided potential for individualized drug therapy based on genetic and genomic information of patients, and has made precision medicine possible. Responses and adverse effects to antidiabetic drugs are significantly associated with gene polymorphisms in patients. Many new targets for diabetes also have been discovered and developed, and even entered clinical trial phases. This review summarizes pharmacogenomic evidence of some current antidiabetic agents applied in clinical settings, and highlights potential drugs with new targets for diabetes, which represent a more effective treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zeng
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Jones VC, Dietze EC, Jovanovic-Talisman T, McCune JS, Seewaldt VL. Metformin and Chemoprevention: Potential for Heart-Healthy Targeting of Biologically Aggressive Breast Cancer. Front Public Health 2020; 8:509714. [PMID: 33194937 PMCID: PMC7658387 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.509714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, tamoxifen is the only drug approved for reduction of breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. The significant cardiovascular side effects of tamoxifen, coupled with lack of a survival benefit, potential for genotoxicity, and failure to provide a significant risk-reduction for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, all contribute to the low acceptance of tamoxifen chemoprevention in premenopausal women at high-risk for breast cancer. While other prevention options exist for postmenopausal women, there is a search for well-tolerated prevention agents that can simultaneously reduce risk of breast cancers, cardiovascular disease, and type-2 diabetes. Metformin is a well-tolerated oral biguanide hypoglycemic agent that is prescribed worldwide to over 120 million individuals with type-2 diabetes. Metformin is inexpensive, safe during pregnancy, and the combination of metformin, healthy lifestyle, and exercise has been shown to be effective in preventing diabetes. There is a growing awareness that prevention drugs and interventions should make the “whole woman healthy.” To this end, current efforts have focused on finding low toxicity alternatives, particularly repurposed drugs for chemoprevention of breast cancer, including metformin. Metformin's mechanisms of actions are complex but clearly involve secondary lowering of circulating insulin. Signaling pathways activated by insulin also drive biologically aggressive breast cancer and predict poor survival in women with breast cancer. The mechanistic rationale for metformin chemoprevention is well-supported by the scientific literature. Metformin is cheap, safe during pregnancy, and has the potential to provide heart-healthy breast cancer prevention. On-going primary and secondary prevention trials will provide evidence whether metformin is effective in preventing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C Jones
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Eric C Dietze
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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Nasykhova YA, Tonyan ZN, Mikhailova AA, Danilova MM, Glotov AS. Pharmacogenetics of Type 2 Diabetes-Progress and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186842. [PMID: 32961860 PMCID: PMC7555942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease resulting from insulin resistance and progressively reduced insulin secretion, which leads to impaired glucose utilization, dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinemia and progressive pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide and nowadays T2D already became a global epidemic. The well-known interindividual variability of T2D drug actions such as biguanides, sulfonylureas/meglitinides, DPP-4 inhibitors/GLP1R agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors may be caused, among other things, by genetic factors. Pharmacogenetic findings may aid in identifying new drug targets and obtaining in-depth knowledge of the causes of disease and its physiological processes, thereby, providing an opportunity to elaborate an algorithm for tailor or precision treatment. The aim of this article is to summarize recent progress and discoveries for T2D pharmacogenetics and to discuss the factors which limit the furthering accumulation of genetic variability knowledge in patient response to therapy that will allow improvement the personalized treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Nasykhova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
- Laboratory of Biobanking and Genomic Medicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ziravard N. Tonyan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
| | - Anastasiia A. Mikhailova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
- Laboratory of Biobanking and Genomic Medicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria M. Danilova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
| | - Andrey S. Glotov
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
- Laboratory of Biobanking and Genomic Medicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9117832003
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