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Karaa A, Bertini E, Carelli V, Cohen BH, Enns GM, Falk MJ, Goldstein A, Gorman GS, Haas R, Hirano M, Klopstock T, Koenig MK, Kornblum C, Lamperti C, Lehman A, Longo N, Molnar MJ, Parikh S, Phan H, Pitceathly RDS, Saneto R, Scaglia F, Servidei S, Tarnopolsky M, Toscano A, Van Hove JLK, Vissing J, Vockley J, Finman JS, Brown DA, Shiffer JA, Mancuso M. Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial. Neurology 2023; 101:e238-e252. [PMID: 37268435 PMCID: PMC10382259 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Primary mitochondrial myopathies (PMMs) encompass a group of genetic disorders that impair mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, adversely affecting physical function, exercise capacity, and quality of life (QoL). Current PMM standards of care address symptoms, with limited clinical impact, constituting a significant therapeutic unmet need. We present data from MMPOWER-3, a pivotal, phase-3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy and safety of elamipretide in participants with genetically confirmed PMM. METHODS After screening, eligible participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either 24 weeks of elamipretide at a dose of 40 mg/d or placebo subcutaneously. Primary efficacy endpoints included change from baseline to week 24 on the distance walked on the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and total fatigue on the Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy Symptom Assessment (PMMSA). Secondary endpoints included most bothersome symptom score on the PMMSA, NeuroQoL Fatigue Short-Form scores, and the patient global impression and clinician global impression of PMM symptoms. RESULTS Participants (N = 218) were randomized (n = 109 elamipretide; n = 109 placebo). The m0ean age was 45.6 years (64% women; 94% White). Most of the participants (n = 162 [74%]) had mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alteration, with the remainder having nuclear DNA (nDNA) defects. At screening, the most frequent bothersome PMM symptom on the PMMSA was tiredness during activities (28.9%). At baseline, the mean distance walked on the 6MWT was 336.7 ± 81.2 meters, the mean score for total fatigue on the PMMSA was 10.6 ± 2.5, and the mean T score for the Neuro-QoL Fatigue Short-Form was 54.7 ± 7.5. The study did not meet its primary endpoints assessing changes in the 6MWT and PMMSA total fatigue score (TFS). Between the participants receiving elamipretide and those receiving placebo, the difference in the least squares mean (SE) from baseline to week 24 on distance walked on the 6MWT was -3.2 (95% CI -18.7 to 12.3; p = 0.69) meters, and on the PMMSA, the total fatigue score was -0.07 (95% CI -0.10 to 0.26; p = 0.37). Elamipretide treatment was well-tolerated with most adverse events being mild to moderate in severity. DISCUSSION Subcutaneous elamipretide treatment did not improve outcomes in the 6MWT and PMMSA TFS in patients with PMM. However, this phase-3 study demonstrated that subcutaneous elamipretide is well-tolerated. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Trial registered with clinicaltrials.gov, Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT03323749; submitted on October 12, 2017; first patient enrolled October 9, 2017. CLINICALTRIALS gov/ct2/show/NCT03323749?term = elamipretide&draw = 2&rank = 9. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that elamipretide does not improve the 6MWT or fatigue at 24 weeks compared with placebo in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Karaa
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bertini
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Bruce H Cohen
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Gregory M Enns
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marni J Falk
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Amy Goldstein
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Gráinne Siobhan Gorman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Richard Haas
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Michio Hirano
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Mary Kay Koenig
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Cornelia Kornblum
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Lehman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Longo
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Judit Molnar
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Sumit Parikh
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Han Phan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Russell Saneto
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Serenella Servidei
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Toscano
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - John Vissing
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Jerry Vockley
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Finman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - David A Brown
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - James A Shiffer
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Michelango Mancuso
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital (A.K.), Harvard Medical School Boston; Neuromuscular Unit (E.B.), Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico, IRCCS, Rome; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C.), Programma di Neurogenetica; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (V.C.), University of Bologna, Italy; Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute (B.H.C.), Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Stanford University School of Medicine (G.M.E.), CA; Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program (M.J.F., A.G.), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary (G.S.G.), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; University of California (R.H.), San Diego, La Jolla; Columbia University Irving Medical Center (M.H.), New York; Friedrich-Baur-Institute (T.K.), Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.K.), University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Section (C.K.), University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (C.L.), Milano, Italy; Vancouver General Hospital (A.L.), British Columbia, Canada; University of Utah (N.L.), Salt Lake City; Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders (M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute (S.P.), OH; Rare Disease Research (H.P.), Atlanta, GA; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.D.S.P.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Seattle Children's Hospital (R.S.), WA; Baylor College of Medicine (F.S.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (F.S.); Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Hong Kong SAR; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli and Istituto di Neurologia (S.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; McMaster University Medical Center (M.T.), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Neurology and Neuromuscular Unit (A.T.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy; University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado (J.L.K.V.H.), Aurora; Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center (John Vissing), Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (Jerry Vockley), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Jupiter Point Pharma Consulting (J.S.F.), LLC; Stealth BioTherapeutics (D.A.B.)Write On Time Medical Communications (J.A.S.), LLC; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M.), Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
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