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Focosi D, Franchini M, Senefeld JW, Joyner MJ, Sullivan DJ, Pekosz A, Maggi F, Casadevall A. Passive immunotherapies for the next influenza pandemic. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2533. [PMID: 38635404 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Influenzavirus is among the most relevant candidates for a next pandemic. We review here the phylogeny of former influenza pandemics, and discuss candidate lineages. After briefly reviewing the other existing antiviral options, we discuss in detail the evidences supporting the efficacy of passive immunotherapies against influenzavirus, with a focus on convalescent plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Mantua Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Alasiri A, Soltane R, Hegazy A, Khalil AM, Mahmoud SH, Khalil AA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Vaccination and Antiviral Treatment against Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses: A Harbinger of Virus Control or Evolution. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1628. [PMID: 38005960 PMCID: PMC10675773 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the panzootic nature of emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in wild migratory birds and domestic poultry, only a limited number of human infections with H5Nx viruses have been identified since its emergence in 1996. Few countries with endemic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have implemented vaccination as a control strategy, while most of the countries have adopted a culling strategy for the infected flocks. To date, China and Egypt are the two major sites where vaccination has been adopted to control avian influenza H5Nx infections, especially with the widespread circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses. This virus is currently circulating among birds and poultry, with occasional spillovers to mammals, including humans. Herein, we will discuss the history of AIVs in Egypt as one of the hotspots for infections and the improper implementation of prophylactic and therapeutic control strategies, leading to continuous flock outbreaks with remarkable virus evolution scenarios. Along with current pre-pandemic preparedness efforts, comprehensive surveillance of H5Nx viruses in wild birds, domestic poultry, and mammals, including humans, in endemic areas is critical to explore the public health risk of the newly emerging immune-evasive or drug-resistant H5Nx variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alasiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Akram Hegazy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza District, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Khalil
- Veterinary Sera and Vaccines Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt;
| | | | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
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Yin Y, Liu Y, Fen J, Liu K, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Characterization of an H7N9 Influenza Virus Isolated from Camels in Inner Mongolia, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0179822. [PMID: 36809036 PMCID: PMC10100662 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01798-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The H7N9 subtype of influenza virus can infect birds and humans, causing great losses in the poultry industry and threatening public health worldwide. However, H7N9 infection in other mammals has not been reported yet. In the present study, one H7N9 subtype influenza virus, A/camel/Inner Mongolia/XL/2020 (XL), was isolated from the nasal swabs of camels in Inner Mongolia, China, in 2020. Sequence analyses revealed that the hemagglutinin cleavage site of the XL virus was ELPKGR/GLF, which is a low-pathogenicity molecular characteristic. The XL virus had similar mammalian adaptations to human-originated H7N9 viruses, such as the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) Glu-to-Lys mutation at position 627 (E627K) mutation, but differed from avian-originated H7N9 viruses. The XL virus showed a higher SA-α2,6-Gal receptor-binding affinity and better mammalian cell replication than the avian H7N9 virus. Moreover, the XL virus had weak pathogenicity in chickens, with an intravenous pathogenicity index of 0.01, and intermediate virulence in mice, with a median lethal dose of 4.8. The XL virus replicated well and caused clear infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of mice. Our data constitute the first evidence that the low-pathogenicity H7N9 influenza virus can infect camels and therefore poses a high risk to public health. IMPORTANCE H5 subtype avian influenza viruses can cause serious diseases in poultry and wild birds. On rare occasions, viruses can cause cross-species transmission to mammalian species, including humans, pigs, horses, canines, seals, and minks. The H7N9 subtype of the influenza virus can also infect both birds and humans. However, viral infection in other mammalian species has not been reported yet. In this study, we found that the H7N9 virus could infect camels. Notably, the H7N9 virus from camels had mammalian adaption molecular markers, including altered receptor-binding activity on the hemagglutinin protein and an E627K mutation on the polymerase basic protein 2 protein. Our findings indicated that the potential risk of camel-origin H7N9 virus to public health is of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Fen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Li K, McCaw JM, Cao P. Enhanced viral infectivity and reduced interferon production are associated with high pathogenicity for influenza viruses. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010886. [PMID: 36758109 PMCID: PMC9946260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical evidence indicates that humans infected with the 1918 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses often displayed severe lung pathology. High viral load and extensive infiltration of macrophages are the hallmarks of highly pathogenic (HP) influenza viral infections. However, it remains unclear what biological mechanisms primarily determine the observed difference in the kinetics of viral load and macrophages between HP and low pathogenic (LP) viral infections, and how the mechanistic differences are associated with viral pathogenicity. In this study, we develop a mathematical model of viral dynamics that includes the dynamics of different macrophage populations and interferon. We fit the model to in vivo kinetic data of viral load and macrophage level from BALB/c mice infected with an HP or LP strain of H1N1/H5N1 virus to estimate model parameters using Bayesian inference. Our primary finding is that HP viruses have a higher viral infection rate, a lower interferon production rate and a lower macrophage recruitment rate compared to LP viruses, which are strongly associated with more severe tissue damage (quantified by a higher percentage of epithelial cell loss). We also quantify the relative contribution of macrophages to viral clearance and find that macrophages do not play a dominant role in the direct clearance of free viruses although their role in mediating immune responses such as interferon production is crucial. Our work provides new insight into the mechanisms that convey the observed difference in viral and macrophage kinetics between HP and LP infections and establishes an improved model-fitting framework to enhance the analysis of new data on viral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - James M. McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pengxing Cao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Ackerman EE, Weaver JJA, Shoemaker JE. Mathematical Modeling Finds Disparate Interferon Production Rates Drive Strain-Specific Immunodynamics during Deadly Influenza Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050906. [PMID: 35632648 PMCID: PMC9147528 DOI: 10.3390/v14050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing and magnitude of the immune response (i.e., the immunodynamics) associated with the early innate immune response to viral infection display distinct trends across influenza A virus subtypes in vivo. Evidence shows that the timing of the type-I interferon response and the overall magnitude of immune cell infiltration are both correlated with more severe outcomes. However, the mechanisms driving the distinct immunodynamics between infections of different virus strains (strain-specific immunodynamics) remain unclear. Here, computational modeling and strain-specific immunologic data are used to identify the immune interactions that differ in mice infected with low-pathogenic H1N1 or high-pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses. Computational exploration of free parameters between strains suggests that the production rate of interferon is the major driver of strain-specific immune responses observed in vivo, and points towards the relationship between the viral load and lung epithelial interferon production as the main source of variance between infection outcomes. A greater understanding of the contributors to strain-specific immunodynamics can be utilized in future efforts aimed at treatment development to improve clinical outcomes of high-pathogenic viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Ackerman
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.E.A.); (J.J.A.W.)
| | - Jordan J. A. Weaver
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.E.A.); (J.J.A.W.)
| | - Jason E. Shoemaker
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.E.A.); (J.J.A.W.)
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Correspondence:
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Yang J, Yang L, Zhu W, Wang D, Shu Y. Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of the H3 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses in China. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:929-936. [PMID: 34745694 PMCID: PMC8563336 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Na EJ, Kim YS, Kim YJ, Park JS, Oem JK. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of H7N7 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from South Korea. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102057. [PMID: 34696486 PMCID: PMC8540337 DOI: 10.3390/v13102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In addition to avian species, H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) also infect humans. In this study, two AIVs, H7N9 (20X-20) and H7N7 (34X-2), isolated from the feces of wild birds in South Korea in 2021, were genetically analyzed. The HA cleavage site of the two H7 Korean viruses was confirmed to be ELPKGR/GLF, indicating they are LPAIVs. There were no amino acid substitutions at the receptor-binding site of the HA gene of two H7 Korean viruses compared to that of A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9), which prefer human receptors. In the phylogenetic tree analysis, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses shared the highest nucleotide similarity with the Korean H7 subtype AIVs. In addition, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses showed high nucleotide similarity to that of the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus, which is a human influenza virus originating from avian influenza virus. Most internal genes (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NA, M, and NS) of the two H7 Korean viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage, except for the M gene of 34X-2. This result suggests that active reassortment occurred among AIVs. In pathogenicity studies of mice, the two H7 Korean viruses replicated in the lungs of mice. In addition, the body weight of mice infected with 34X-2 decreased 7 days post-infection (dpi) and inflammation was observed in the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions of the lungs of mice. These results suggest that mammals can be infected with the two H7 Korean AIVs. Our data showed that even low pathogenic H7 AIVs may infect mammals, including humans, as confirmed by the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus. Therefore, continuous monitoring and pathogenicity assessment of AIVs, even of LPAIVs, are required.
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Nogales A, Villamayor L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Ortego J, Martinez-Sobrido L, DeDiego ML. Natural Selection of H5N1 Avian Influenza A Viruses with Increased PA-X and NS1 Shutoff Activity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091760. [PMID: 34578340 PMCID: PMC8472985 DOI: 10.3390/v13091760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) can infect a broad range of mammalian and avian species. However, the host innate immune system provides defenses that restrict IAV replication and infection. Likewise, IAV have evolved to develop efficient mechanisms to counteract host antiviral responses to efficiently replicate in their hosts. The IAV PA-X and NS1 non-structural proteins are key virulence factors that modulate innate immune responses and virus pathogenicity during infection. To study the determinants of IAV pathogenicity and their functional co-evolution, we evaluated amino acid differences in the PA-X and NS1 proteins of early (1996–1997) and more recent (since 2016) H5N1 IAV. H5N1 IAV have zoonotic and pandemic potential and represent an important challenge both in poultry farming and human health. The results indicate that amino acid changes occurred over time, affecting the ability of these two non-structural H5N1 IAV proteins to inhibit gene expression and affecting virus pathogenicity. These results highlight the importance to monitor the evolution of these two virulence factors of IAV, which could result in enhanced viral replication and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Center for Animal Health Research, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (S.U.-T.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Laura Villamayor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Center for Animal Health Research, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (S.U.-T.); (J.O.)
| | - Javier Ortego
- Center for Animal Health Research, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (S.U.-T.); (J.O.)
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.L.D.)
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Yeo SJ, Hoang VT, Duong TB, Nguyen NM, Tuong HT, Azam M, Sung HW, Park H. Emergence of a Novel Reassortant H5N3 Avian Influenza Virus in Korean Mallard Ducks in 2018. Intervirology 2021; 65:1-16. [PMID: 34438407 DOI: 10.1159/000517057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The avian influenza (AI) virus causes a highly contagious disease which is common in wild and domestic birds and sporadic in humans. Mutations and genetic reassortments among the 8 negative-sense RNA segments of the viral genome alter its pathogenic potential, demanding well-targeted, active surveillance for infection control. METHODS Wild duck fecal samples were collected during the 2018 bird health annual surveillance in South Korea for tracking variations of the AI virus. One low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N3 reassortment virus (A/mallard duck/South Korea/KNU18-91/2018 [H5N3]) was isolated and genomically characterized by phylogenetic and molecular analyses in this study. RESULTS It was devoid of polybasic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site and exhibited a stalk region without deletion in the neuraminidase (NA) gene and NA inhibitor resistance-linked E/D627K/N and D701N marker mutations in the PB2 gene, suggesting its low-pathogenic AI. It showed a potential of a reassortment where only HA originated from the H5N3 poultry virus of China and other genes were derived from Mongolia. In phylogenetic analysis, HA was different from that of the isolate of H5N3 in Korea, 2015. In addition, this novel virus showed adaptation in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, with 8.05 ± 0.14 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) /mL at 36 h postinfection. However, it could not replicate in mice well, showing positive growth at 3 days postinfection (dpi) (2.1 ± 0.13 log10 TCID50/mL) but not at 6 dpi. CONCLUSIONS The HA antigenic relationship of A/mallard duck/South Korea/KNU18-91/2018 (H5N3) showed differences toward one of the old low-pathogenic H5N3 viruses in Korea. These results indicated that a novel reassortment low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N3 subtype virus emerged in South Korea in 2018 via novel multiple reassortments with Eurasian viruses, rather than one of old Korean H5N3 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Bao Duong
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien Thi Tuong
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mudsser Azam
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Nuñez IA, Ross TM. A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2019; 7:2515135518821625. [PMID: 30834359 PMCID: PMC6391539 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518821625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, CVI Room 1504, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Beidas M, Chehadeh W. Effect of Human Coronavirus OC43 Structural and Accessory Proteins on the Transcriptional Activation of Antiviral Response Elements. Intervirology 2018; 61:30-35. [PMID: 30041172 PMCID: PMC7179558 DOI: 10.1159/000490566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) infection are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the ability of HCoV-OC43 to antagonize the transcriptional activation of antiviral response elements. Methods HCoV-OC43 structural (membrane M and nucleocapsid N) and accessory proteins (ns2a and ns5a) were expressed individually in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells. The transcriptional activation of antiviral response elements was assessed by measuring the levels of firefly luciferase expressed under the control of interferon (IFN)-stimulated response element (ISRE), IFN-β promoter, or nuclear factor kappa B response element (NF-κB-RE). The antiviral gene expression profile in HEK-293 cells was determined by PCR array. Results The transcriptional activity of ISRE, IFN-β promoter, and NF-κB-RE was significantly reduced in the presence of HCoV-OC43 ns2a, ns5a, M, or N protein, following the challenge of cells with Sendai virus, IFN-α or tumor necrosis factor-α. The expression of antiviral genes involved in the type I IFN and NF-κB signaling pathways was also downregulated in the presence of HCoV-OC43 structural or accessory proteins. Conclusion Both structural and accessory HCoV-OC43 proteins are able to inhibit antiviral response elements in HEK-293 cells, and to block the activation of different antiviral signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wassim Chehadeh
- *Dr. Wassim Chehadeh, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13310 (Kuwait), E-Mail
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Dahiru Rogo L, Rezaei F, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Ghavami N, Fatemi-Nasab G, Mokhtari-Azad T. Analysis of amino acid changes in NS protein of influenza A/(H3N2) virus in Iranian isolates. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Roles of NS gene of influenza A virus in virulence and replication are well established but extent of its variation in seasonal influenza A (H3N2) viruses in Iran is not well known. Materials & methods: NS gene of 37 (A/H3N2) virus isolates were sequenced and analyzed for information on genetic changes. Results: Data analysis of NS1 protein revealed two amino acid substitutions E26K and Q193R in almost all strains. Substitutions in T58P in 27.0%, A86S in 13.5% and each of V11G, M81I and P85T in 2.7% Iranian strains were also observed. Mutations in NS2/NEP protein were observed in K36E, Q101L and F107S. Conclusion: Many mutations were observed for the first time in Iranian strains. Their function remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawal Dahiru Rogo
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, PMB 3011, Nigeria
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Z Shafiei-Jandaghi
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Fatemi-Nasab
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Neumann G. H5N1 influenza virulence, pathogenicity and transmissibility: what do we know? Future Virol 2015; 10:971-980. [PMID: 26617665 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype have infected more than 600 people since 1997, resulting in the deaths of approximately 60% of those infected. Multiple studies have established the viral hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein as the major determinant of H5N1 virulence. HA mediates host-specific virus binding to cells, and mutations that allow efficient binding to viral receptors on mammalian cells are critical (although not sufficient) for H5N1 transmissibility among mammals. The viral polymerase PB2 protein is also a critical virulence determinant, and adaptive mutations in this protein are crucial for efficient H5N1 virus replication in mammals. Additionally, viral proteins (such as NS1 and PB1-F2) with roles in innate immune responses also affect the virulence of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Tel.: +1 608 890 2907; ;
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Zhu CY, Zheng FL, She XS, Zhao D, Gu Y, Duan YT, Chang AK, Liu HS. Identification of NS1 domains of avian H5N1 influenza virus which influence the interaction with the NOLC1 protein. Virus Genes 2015; 50:238-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Schmitz ML, Kracht M, Saul VV. The intricate interplay between RNA viruses and NF-κB. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2754-2764. [PMID: 25116307 PMCID: PMC7114235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses have rapidly evolving genomes which often allow cross-species transmission and frequently generate new virus variants with altered pathogenic properties. Therefore infections by RNA viruses are a major threat to human health. The infected host cell detects trace amounts of viral RNA and the last years have revealed common principles in the biochemical mechanisms leading to signal amplification that is required for mounting of a powerful antiviral response. Components of the RNA sensing and signaling machinery such as RIG-I-like proteins, MAVS and the inflammasome inducibly form large oligomers or even fibers that exhibit hallmarks of prions. Following a nucleation event triggered by detection of viral RNA, these energetically favorable and irreversible polymerization events trigger signaling cascades leading to the induction of antiviral and inflammatory responses, mediated by interferon and NF-κB pathways. Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to manipulate these host cell signaling pathways in order to ensure their replication. We will discuss at the examples of influenza and HTLV-1 viruses how a fascinating diversity of biochemical mechanisms is employed by viral proteins to control the NF-κB pathway at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vera V Saul
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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16
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Trapp S, Soubieux D, Marty H, Esnault E, Hoffmann TW, Chandenier M, Lion A, Kut E, Quéré P, Larcher T, Ledevin M, Munier S, Naffakh N, Marc D. Shortening the unstructured, interdomain region of the non-structural protein NS1 of an avian H1N1 influenza virus increases its replication and pathogenicity in chickens. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1233-1243. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently circulating H5N1 influenza viruses have undergone a complex evolution since the appearance of their progenitor A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 in 1996. After the eradication of the H5N1 viruses that emerged in Hong Kong in 1997 (HK/97 viruses), new genotypes of H5N1 viruses emerged in the same region in 2000 that were more pathogenic for both chickens and mice than HK/97 viruses. These, as well as virtually all highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses since 2000, harbour a deletion of aa 80–84 in the unstructured region of the non-structural (NS) protein NS1 linking its RNA-binding domain to its effector domain. NS segments harbouring this mutation have since been found in non-H5N1 viruses and we asked whether this 5 aa deletion could have a general effect not limited to the NS1 of H5N1 viruses. We genetically engineered this deletion in the NS segment of a duck-origin avian H1N1 virus, and compared the in vivo and in vitro properties of the WT and NSdel8084 viruses. In experimentally infected chickens, the NSdel8084 virus showed both an increased replication potential and an increased pathogenicity. This in vivo phenotype was correlated with a higher replicative efficiency in vitro, both in embryonated eggs and in a chicken lung epithelial cell line. Our data demonstrated that the increased replicative potential conferred by this small deletion was a general feature not restricted to NS1 from H5N1 viruses and suggested that viruses acquiring this mutation may be selected positively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Trapp
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Denis Soubieux
- Equipe BioVA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Hélène Marty
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Evelyne Esnault
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Thomas W. Hoffmann
- Equipe BioVA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Margaux Chandenier
- Equipe BioVA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Adrien Lion
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Emmanuel Kut
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Quéré
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Thibaut Larcher
- LUNAM Université, École Nationale Vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), 44307 Nantes, France
- INRA UMR 703, APEX, Oniris-La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Mireille Ledevin
- LUNAM Université, École Nationale Vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), 44307 Nantes, France
- INRA UMR 703, APEX, Oniris-La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Sandie Munier
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, EA302, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, EA302, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Marc
- Equipe BioVA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Post J, Peeters B, Cornelissen JBWJ, Vervelde L, Rebel JMJ. Contribution of the NS1 gene of H7 avian influenza virus strains to pathogenicity in chickens. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:396-403. [PMID: 24236854 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Using reverse genetics (rg), we generated two reassortant viruses carrying the NS1 gene of two closely related HPAIV and LPAIV H7N1 variants (designated rgH7N7 HP(HPNS1) and rgH7N7 HP(LPNS1), respectively) in the backbone of the HP H7N7 strain A/Chicken/Netherlands/621557/03 (rgH7N7 HP). Comparison of these reassortants allowed us to determine the effect of amino acid differences in the nuclear export and nucleolar localization sequences of NS1 on pathogenesis in chickens. Compared to rgH7N7 HP(LPNS1), a delay in weight gain and an increase in mortality were observed for rgH7N7 HP(HPNS1). Furthermore, an increase in viral load in brains, lungs, and cloacal swabs, as well as an increased induction of mRNA for type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines in brains, were observed for rgH7N7 HP(HPNS1). Comparison of rgH7N7 HP(LPNS1) with the backbone strain rgH7N7 HP allowed us to examine differences in pathogenesis due to differences in NS1 alleles. rgH7N7 HP, which contained allele A of NS1 showed a higher in vitro replication rate and proved to be more virulent than the isogenic virus carrying allele B of NS1(rgH7N7 HP(LPNS1)). In addition, higher virus accumulation in the lungs and brains, and an increased induction of host gene responses, especially in the brains, were found for rgH7N7 HP compared to rgH7N7 HP(LPNS1). No large differences were observed in type I interferon expression in the lungs of chickens infected with any of the viruses, suggesting that differences in virulence due to differences in NS1 could be related to differences in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vital organs such as the brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Post
- 1 Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR , Lelystad, The Netherlands
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18
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Yin J, Liu S, Zhu Y. An overview of the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus. Virol Sin 2013; 28:3-15. [PMID: 23325419 PMCID: PMC7090813 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first human case of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection was reported in 1997, this highly pathogenic virus has infected hundreds of people around the world and resulted in many deaths. The ability of H5N1 to cross species boundaries, and the presence of polymorphisms that enhance virulence, present challenges to developing clear strategies to prevent the pandemic spread of this highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. This review summarizes the current understanding of, and recent research on, the avian influenza H5N1 virus, including transmission, virulence, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Yin
- The State Key laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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19
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Dai J, Wang G, Li W, Zhang L, Yang J, Zhao X, Chen X, Xu Y, Li K. High-throughput screening for anti-influenza A virus drugs and study of the mechanism of procyanidin on influenza A virus-induced autophagy. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2012; 17:605-17. [PMID: 22286278 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111435236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we have established a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform based on the influenza A virus (IAV) vRNA promoter. Using this HTS platform, we selected 35 medicinal plants out of 83 examples of traditional Chinese medicine and found that 7 examples had not been reported. After examining many previous reports, we found that Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., Vitis vinifera L, and Cinnamomum cassia Presl had a common active compound, procyanidin, and then determined the anti-IAV effect of procyanidin and explored its mechanism of action. With a plaque inhibition assay and a time-of-addition experiment, we found that procyanidin could inhibit the IAV replication at several stages of the life cycle. In the Western blot and EGFP-LC3 localization assays, we found that procyanidin could inhibit the accumulation of LC3II and the dot-like aggregation of EGFP-LC3. In the RT-PCR and Western blot assays, we found procyanidin could inhibit the expression of Atg7, Atg5, and Atg12. Finally, by the bimolecular fluorescence complementation-fluorescence resonance energy transfer and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found that procyanidin could inhibit the formation of the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 heterotrimer and the dissociation of the beclin1/bcl2 heterodimer. In conclusion, we have established an HTS platform and identified procyanidin as a novel and promising anti-IAV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Dai
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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20
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Li W, Wang G, Zhang H, Shen Y, Dai J, Wu L, Zhou J, Jiang Z, Li K. Inability of NS1 protein from an H5N1 influenza virus to activate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway correlates to the enhanced virus replication upon PI3K inhibition. Vet Res 2012; 43:36. [PMID: 22530768 PMCID: PMC3416684 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, activated during influenza A virus infection, can promote viral replication via multiple mechanisms. Direct binding of NS1 protein to p85β subunit of PI3K is required for activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Binding and subsequent activation of PI3K is believed to be a conserved character of influenza A virus NS1 protein. Sequence variation of NS1 proteins in different influenza A viruses led us to investigate possible deviation from the conservativeness. RESULTS In the present study, NS1 proteins from four different influenza A virus subtypes/strains were tested for their ability to bind p85β subunit of PI3K and to activate PI3K/Akt. All NS1 proteins efficiently bound to p85β and activated PI3K/Akt, with the exception of NS1 protein from an H5N1 virus (A/Chicken/Guangdong/1/05, abbreviated as GD05), which bound to p85β but failed to activate PI3K/Akt, implying that as-yet-unidentified domain(s) in NS1 may alternatively mediate the activation of PI3K. Moreover, PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, did not suppress but significantly increased the replication of GD05 virus. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that activation of PI3K/Akt by NS1 protein is not highly conserved among influenza A viruses and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway as an anti-influenza strategy may not work for all influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yanqin Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jianping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Liqi Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zhiwu Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
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Wang X, Deng X, Yan W, Zhu Z, Shen Y, Qiu Y, Shi Z, Shao D, Wei J, Xia X, Ma Z. Stabilization of p53 in influenza A virus-infected cells is associated with compromised MDM2-mediated ubiquitination of p53. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18366-75. [PMID: 22474335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.335422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) induces apoptosis of infected cells. In response to IAV infection, p53, a tumor suppressor involved in regulating apoptosis and host antiviral defense, accumulates and becomes activated. This study was undertaken to examine the mechanism of p53 accumulation in IAV-infected cells. Here we show that p53 accumulation in IAV-infected cells results from protein stabilization, which was associated with compromised Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination of p53. In IAV-infected cells, p53 was stabilized and its half-life was remarkably extended. The ladders of polyubiquitinated p53 were not detectable in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and were less sensitive to proteasome-mediated degradation. IAV infection did not affect the abundance of Mdm2, a major ubiquitin E3 ligase responsible for regulating p53 ubiquitination and degradation, but weakened the interaction between p53 and Mdm2. Viral nucleoprotein (NP) was able to increase the transcriptional activity and stability of p53. Furthermore, NP was found to associate with p53 and to impair the p53-Mdm2 interaction and Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination, demonstrating its role in inhibiting Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodu Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
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22
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Variability among the neuraminidase, non-structural 1 and PB1-F2 proteins in the influenza A virus genome. Virus Genes 2012; 44:363-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Dai JP, Li WZ, Zhao XF, Wang GF, Yang JC, Zhang L, Chen XX, Xu YX, Li KS. A drug screening method based on the autophagy pathway and studies of the mechanism of evodiamine against influenza A virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42706. [PMID: 22900043 PMCID: PMC3416798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, we have established a drug screening method based on the autophagy signal pathway using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BiFC-FRET) technique to develop novel anti-influenza A virus (IAV) drugs. We selected Evodia rutaecarpa Benth out of 83 examples of traditional Chinese medicine and explored the mechanisms of evodiamine, the major active component of Evodia rutaecarpa Benth, on anti-IAV activity. Our results showed that evodiamine could significantly inhibit IAV replication, as determined by a plaque inhibition assay, an IAV vRNA promoter luciferase reporter assay and the Sulforhodamine B method using cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction. Additionally, evodiamine could significantly inhibit the accumulation of LC3-II and p62, and the dot-like aggregation of EGFP-LC3. This compound also inhibited the formation of the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 heterotrimer, the expressions of Atg5, Atg7 and Atg12, and the cytokine release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 after IAV infection. Evodiamine inhibited IAV-induced autophagy was also dependent on its action on the AMPK/TSC2/mTOR signal pathway. In conclusion, we have established a new drug screening method, and selected evodiamine as a promising anti-IAV compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiang-Feng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ge-Fei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Cai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Xuan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang-Sheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Lazo PA, Santos CR. Interference with p53 functions in human viral infections, a target for novel antiviral strategies? Rev Med Virol 2011; 21:285-300. [PMID: 21726011 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections cause a major stress in host cells. The cellular responses to stress are mediated by p53, which by deregulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, may also be part of the host cell reaction to fight infections. Therefore, during evolutionary viral adaptation to host organisms, viruses have developed strategies to manipulate host cell p53 dependent pathways to facilitate their viral life cycles. Thus, interference with p53 function is an important component in viral pathogenesis. Many viruses have proteins that directly affect p53, whereas others alter the regulation of p53 in an indirect manner, mediated by Hdm2 or Akt, or induction of interferon. Rescue of p53 activity is becoming an area of therapeutic development in oncology. It might be feasible that manipulation of p53 mediated responses can become a therapeutic option to limit viral replication or dissemination. In this report, the mechanisms by which viral proteins manipulate p53 responses are reviewed, and it is proposed that a pharmacological rescue of p53 functions might help to control viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Lazo
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Terrier O, Josset L, Textoris J, Marcel V, Cartet G, Ferraris O, N'guyen C, Lina B, Diaz JJ, Bourdon JC, Rosa-Calatrava M. Cellular transcriptional profiling in human lung epithelial cells infected by different subtypes of influenza A viruses reveals an overall down-regulation of the host p53 pathway. Virol J 2011; 8:285. [PMID: 21651802 PMCID: PMC3127840 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza viruses can modulate and hijack several cellular signalling pathways to efficiently support their replication. We recently investigated and compared the cellular gene expression profiles of human lung A549 cells infected by five different subtypes of human and avian influenza viruses (Josset et al. Plos One 2010). Using these transcriptomic data, we have focused our analysis on the modulation of the p53 pathway in response to influenza infection. Results Our results were supported by both RT-qPCR and western blot analyses and reveal multiple alterations of the p53 pathway during infection. A down-regulation of mRNA expression was observed for the main regulators of p53 protein stability during infection by the complete set of viruses tested, and a significant decrease in p53 mRNA expression was also observed in H5N1 infected cells. In addition, several p53 target genes were also down-regulated by these influenza viruses and the expression of their product reduced. Conclusions Our data reveal that influenza viruses cause an overall down-regulation of the host p53 pathway and highlight this pathway and p53 protein itself as important viral targets in the altering of apoptotic processes and in cell-cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Terrier
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine VirPath, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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