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Ma E, Ohira T, Yasumura S, Hosoya M, Miyazaki M, Okazaki K, Nagao M, Hayashi F, Nakano H, Eguchi E, Funakubo N, Shimabukuro M, Yabe H, Maeda M, Ohto H, Kamiya K. Development of a Japanese Healthy Diet Index: The Fukushima Health Management Survey 2011. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14858. [PMID: 36429593 PMCID: PMC9690222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel healthy diet index for dietary quality can be used to assess food intake. After the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, the Fukushima Health Management Survey collected dietary data using a short-form food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The current study included eligible participants (n = 64,909) aged 16-84 years who answered the FFQ in 2011. The year- and sex-specific dietary patterns were determined via principal component analysis. Based on the typical Japanese, juice/dairy, and meat patterns, healthy diet index (HDI) scores were assigned for food items, resulting in Spearman's correlation coefficients of 0.730, -0.227, and -0.257, respectively. The mean (standard deviation) of the HDI scores (range: 1-18) were 9.89 (2.68) in men and 9.96 (2.58) in women. Older individuals, women, nonsmokers, those in good health and with regular physical exercise, and those who did not transfer residences had a high HDI score. In the confirmatory analysis, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of the highest vs. the lowest quartiles of HDI scores was 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) for overweight, 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) for large waist circumference, and 0.73 (0.66, 0.80) for dyslipidemia. The HDI score obtained using the FFQ can be applied to evaluate dietary profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Ma
- Health Promotion Centre, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohira
- Health Promotion Centre, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Seiji Yasumura
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Health Promotion Centre, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Paediatrician, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Health Promotion Centre, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kanako Okazaki
- Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Fukushima Medical University School of Medical Sciences, Fukushima 960-8516, Japan
| | - Masanori Nagao
- Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Hayashi
- Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakano
- Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Eri Eguchi
- Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Narumi Funakubo
- Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Michio Shimabukuro
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960–1295, Japan
| | - Masaharu Maeda
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohto
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiya
- Radiation Medical Science Centre for Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Bazshahi E, Pourreza S, Imani H, Azadbakht L, Ebaditabar M, Davarzani S, Babaei N, Naghshi S, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar S. The Association of Dietary Energy Density and Body Composition Components in a Sample of Iranian Adults. Front Nutr 2021; 8:751148. [PMID: 34778343 PMCID: PMC8588805 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.751148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to investigate the association between the energy density (ED) of diet and body composition components in Iranian adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 267 adults in Tehran. We obtained ED (kcal/g) using the two most common methods: ED1, ED from foods only with the exclusion of all beverages and ED2, from foods and all beverages. Body composition was measured using a multifrequency bio-impedance analysis. To find a strong association, we used both the linear and binary regression analysis in the three adjusted models. Results: The mean of ED1 and ED2 was 1.34 ± 0.23 and 0.89 ± 0.20 kcal/g, respectively. Increasing the ED of diet in both methods was associated with a high intake of dietary fat, of saturated fatty acid (SFA), of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), of oleic and linoleic acids, accompanied by a low intake of fruits, vegetables, and some vitamins and minerals. There was a significant positive relationship between fat-free mass index (FFMI) and ED1 (β = 4.44, p = 0.02). However, we found no significant association between the consumption of ED1 and fat mass index (FMI) (0.28; 95% CI 0.08, 0.98; p = 0.07), and abdominal obesity (0.91; 95% CI 0.43, 1.94; p = 0.82). Also, ED2 had no association with FMI (0.86; 95% CI 0.26, 2.80; p = 0.81) and abdominal obesity (0.78; 95% CI 0.35, 1.72; p = 0.54). No significant associations were found between ED and other anthropometric indices and body composition components after considering the confounders. Conclusion: This study supports the positive association between ED and poor dietary quality. However, our findings did not show significant associations of dietary energy density (DED) with anthropometric indices and body composition components. Further well-designed studies are required to investigate the exact link between DED and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Bazshahi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Pourreza
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Imani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Ebaditabar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Davarzani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nadia Babaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Naghshi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Bazshahi E, Sheikhhossein F, Amini MR, Shab-Bidar S. The association of dietary energy density and the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14291. [PMID: 33932083 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a growing body of evidence linking dietary energy density (DED) with metabolic disorders like obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, according to our knowledge, there has been no systematic review and mate-analysis on T2D and MetS with DED. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between DED with the risk of obesity, T2D and MetS in a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. METHODS We searched all published studies according to the defined keywords up to march 2020 in the PubMed/Medline and Scopus databases. We excluded those that did not calculate DED for total intake, no observed association between obesity, T2D, MetS as the primary or one of the outcomes with DED, no reported odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio (HR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), studies in children under 2 years old, patients with cancer and pregnant women. RESULTS From 2282, after deleting the duplicates and irrelevant studies, we entered 58 articles ( 47 systematic reviews and 11 meta-analyse). We indicated an increased risk of T2D in relation to DED (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.18-1.33, P < .001). But studies reviewed were inconsistent. All studies which examined the relationship between DED and MetS showed a positive relationship with an increased significant risk (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.22-2.07, P < .001). Most articles reported a direct association between DED and obesity but the relationship between DED and risk of obesity was not significant (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.92-1.17, P = .543). CONCLUSION In this systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, we found that the DED increased the risk of T2D and MetS but was not significant with the risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Bazshahi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sheikhhossein
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Amini
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Petrakis D, Margină D, Tsarouhas K, Tekos F, Stan M, Nikitovic D, Kouretas D, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. Obesity ‑ a risk factor for increased COVID‑19 prevalence, severity and lethality (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:9-19. [PMID: 32377709 PMCID: PMC7248467 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are a group of viruses that cause infections in the human respiratory tract, which can be characterized clinically from mild to fatal. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is the virus responsible. The global spread of COVID‑19 can be described as the worst pandemic in humanity in the last century. To date, COVID‑19 has infected more than 3,000,000 people worldwide and killed more than 200,000 people. All age groups can be infected from the virus, but more serious symptoms that can possibly result in death are observed in older people and those with underlying medical conditions such as cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Novel data report more severe symptoms and even a negative prognosis for the obese patients. A growing body of evidence connects obesity with COVID‑19 and a number of mechanisms from immune system activity attenuation to chronic inflammation are implicated. Lipid peroxidation creates reactive lipid aldehydes which in a patient with metabolic disorder and COVID‑19 will affect its prognosis. Finally, pregnancy‑associated obesity needs to be studied further in connection to COVID‑19 as this infection could pose high risk both to pregnant women and the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Petrakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Denisa Margină
- ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Fotios Tekos
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Miriana Stan
- ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
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The importance of school lunches to the overall dietary intake of children in Sweden: a nationally representative study. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:1705-1715. [PMID: 32312356 PMCID: PMC7267782 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: School lunches have potential to foster healthy diets in all children, but data on their importance are relatively scarce. The current study aimed to describe the dietary intake from school lunches by sex and school grade, and to assess how the daily intake, school lunch intake and the daily intake provided by lunch differ by sex and parental education. Design: Cross-sectional. All foods and drinks consumed for 1–3 weekdays were self-reported. Energy, absolute and energy-adjusted intakes of nutrients and food groups were calculated per weekday and per school lunch. Mixed-effects linear models assessed sociodemographic differences in dietary intakes. Nutrient and energy density at lunch and during the rest of the day were compared. Setting: Seventy-nine Swedish primary schools. Participants: Pupils in grades 5 and 8 (N 2002), nationally representative. Results: Lunch provided around half of daily vegetable intake and two-thirds of daily fish intake. Nutrient density was higher and energy density lower at lunch compared with the rest of the day (P < 0·001). Boys had greater energy-adjusted intakes of red/processed meat and lower intakes of vegetables and dietary fibre compared with girls (P < 0·001), overall and at lunch. Daily energy-adjusted intakes of most nutrients/food groups were lower for pupils of lower-educated parents compared with pupils of parents with higher education, but at lunch, only Fe and fibre intakes were significantly lower in this group. Conclusions: School lunches are making a positive contribution to the diets of Swedish children and may mitigate well-established sex differences and social inequalities in dietary intake.
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Nurulita CC, Wirjatmadi B. Perbedaan Kecukupan Energi dan Status Gizi Siswa Membawa Bekal dan Tidak Membawa Bekal Ke Sekolah. AMERTA NUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v3i4.2019.305-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The school age is growth and development era towards adolescence, and if nutritional disorders occur during this period, it will have a major impact on the next life cycle. One of the direct causes the occurrence of nutritional problems is unbalanced meal intake. Since the intake of foods that contain nutrients balanced is essential for growth and development, especially in childhood. One of the messages of a balanced nutritional guidelines for elementary school children that is bringing meal.Objectives: to study the difference of adequacy energy level and nutritional status of students who packed meal from home and not packed meal to schoolMethods: this research was an observational analytical with case control design which was located in Pacarkeling 1 Elementary School Surabaya on March – April 2019. The sample was 34 students in grade 4 and 5, also to the number of each group of 17 students. Sampling method using simple random sampling. The research Variables are adequacy difference of energy, nutritional status, students who bring meal in school. Data was analyzed by independent sample t-test. Data was collected through interview using food recall 2x24 hours, anthropometry data using weight and high measurement. Results: This study showed that there was difference of adequacy energy (p=0.011) and nutritional status (p=0.014) of students who packed meal to school and those who do not bring packed meal to school Conclusions: There was a significance difference between energy needs level and nutritional status of students who packed meal to school and those who do not bring packed meal to school ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Masa usia sekolah ialah masa tumbuh kembang anak menuju masa remaja sehingga rentan terkena gangguan gizi. Masa usia sekolah memiliki dampak yang cukup besar untuk masa kehidupan selanjutnya. Penyebab utama adanya gangguan gizi ialah konsumsi makanan yang tidak seimbang. Konsumsi makanan yang cukup mengandung zat gizi seimbang yang sangat penting untuk tumbuh kembang anak. Berdasarkan pedoman dari gizi seimbang untuk anak sekolah dasar yaitu membawa bekal makanan ke sekolahTujuan: mempelajari perbedaan kecukupan energi dan status gizi antara siswa membawa bekal dan tidak membawa bekal ke sekolahMetode: Metode penelitian bersifat observasional analitik dengan design case control yang berlokasi di SDN Pacar keling 1 Surabaya pada Maret-April 2019. Total sampel penelitian adalah sebanyak 34 sampel dengan jumlah setiap kelompok sebesar 17 sampel. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan simple random sampling, Variabel penelitian ini yaitu kecukupan energi, siswa membawa bekal dan tidak membawa bekal dan status gizi. Data dianalisis dengan uji independent T-test. pengukuran asupan makanan menggunakan metode wawancara menggunakan recall 2x24 jam dan instrument yang digunakan adalah meliputi timbangan berat badan digital, microtoise dan kuesionerHasil: terdapat perbedaan kecukupan energi (p= 0,014) dan status gizi (p= 0,011) siswa membawa bekal dan tidak membawa bekal.Kesimpulan: Kesimpulan penelitian ini adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada tingkat kecukupan energi, dan status gizi siswa membawa bekal dan tidak membawa bekal. sebaiknya, anak sekolah terutama sekolah dasar memperhatikan pemilihan jenis makanan sesuai dengan kebutuhan zat gizi dalam sehari.
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Arango-Angarita A, Rodríguez-Ramírez S, Serra-Majem L, Shamah-Levy T. Dietary Energy Density and Its Association with Overweight or Obesity in Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1612. [PMID: 30388849 PMCID: PMC6266059 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary energy density (DED) has been identified as a crucial dietary factor in body weight control, in that higher DED has been associated with weight gain. To our knowledge, no review studies have explained this association specifically in adolescents. The aim of this study was to describe the association of DED with overweight or obesity (OW/O) in adolescents, as derived from observational studies. We conducted a systematic search of the MEDLINE/PubMed and Science Direct databases, including studies published between January 2000 and December 2017. We selected the studies that included adolescents (aged 10⁻19 years) and contained DED-related information and anthropometric measurements of OW/O. From 1149 candidate studies, 30 were selected, though only 12 met all the inclusion criteria. Of these, only four found a positive association between DED and certain OW/O indicators, six found no association and two showed an inverse association with weight gain. These studies differed in several aspects such as design, DED calculation method and dietary assessment tool, leading to inconsistent results. Methodological differences found among the examined studies did not allow us to establish a clear conclusion of this association. Evidence in adolescents was also poor. New, standardized methodological approaches should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arango-Angarita
- Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, 62100 Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, 62100 Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, CP, Spain.
| | - Teresa Shamah-Levy
- Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, 62100 Morelos, Mexico.
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MacLean RR, Cowan A, Vernarelli JA. More to gain: dietary energy density is related to smoking status in US adults. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:365. [PMID: 29614996 PMCID: PMC5883399 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the current prevalence of both cigarette use and obesity in the United States, identification of dietary patterns that reduce mortality risk are important public health priorities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between cigarette use and dietary energy density, a marker for diet quality, in a population of current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers. Methods Data from a nationally representative sample of 5293 adults who participated in the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were analyzed. Specific survey procedures were used in the analysis to account for sample weights, unequal selection probability, and clustered design when evaluating the association between dietary energy density (ED, energy per weight of food, kcal/g) and current smoking status. Never smokers reported < 100 lifetime cigarettes. Smokers were identified as individuals reporting > 100 lifetime cigarettes and current smoking status was recorded as daily, some days (nondaily), or not at all (former). Results A strong linear relationship was observed between smoking pattern and dietary ED in current smokers. Compared to never smokers, daily smokers and nondaily smokers have significantly higher dietary ED (1.79 vs. 2.02 and 1.88, respectively; both p < 0.05); demonstrating that any amount of current cigarette consumption is associated with poor diet. Though former smokers had a higher dietary ED than never smokers, this difference still significantly lower than that of current smokers (p = 0.002). Conclusion These findings suggest that smoking status is associated with poor diet quality. Former smokers had a slightly lower ED value (1.84) than current non-daily smokers (1.89) but a higher value than never smokers (1.79).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ross MacLean
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Alexandra Cowan
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 238 Bannow Science Center, Fairfield, CT, 06824, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Vernarelli
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 238 Bannow Science Center, Fairfield, CT, 06824, USA. .,Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 216 Bannow Science Center, Fairfield, CT, 06824, USA.
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Fernando NNT, Campbell KJ, McNaughton SA, Zheng M, Lacy KE. Predictors of Dietary Energy Density among Preschool Aged Children. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020178. [PMID: 29415480 PMCID: PMC5852754 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a global problem with many contributing factors including dietary energy density (DED). This paper aims to investigate potential predictors of DED among preschool aged children in Victoria, Australia. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data for 209 mother–child pairs from the Melbourne Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial was conducted. Data for predictors (maternal child feeding and nutrition knowledge, maternal dietary intake, home food availability, socioeconomic status) were obtained through questionnaires completed by first-time mothers when children were aged 4 or 18 months. Three 24-h dietary recalls were completed when children were aged ~3.5 years. DED was calculated utilizing three methods: “food only”, “food and dairy beverages”, and “food and all beverages”. Linear regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between predictors and these three measures of children’s DED. Home availability of fruits (β: −0.82; 95% CI: −1.35, −0.29, p = 0.002 for DEDfood; β: −0.42; 95% CI: −0.82, −0.02, p = 0.041 for DEDfood+dairy beverages) and non-core snacks (β: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.20, p = 0.016 for DEDfood; β: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.15, p = 0.010 for DEDfood+dairy beverages) were significantly associated with two of the three DED measures. Providing fruit at home early in a child’s life may encourage the establishment of healthful eating behaviors that could promote a diet that is lower in energy density later in life. Home availability of non-core snacks is likely to increase the energy density of preschool children’s diets, supporting the proposition that non-core snack availability at home should be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmani N T Fernando
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Sarah A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
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Iglesia I, Mouratidou T, González-Gross M, Huybrechts I, Breidenassel C, Santabárbara J, Díaz LE, Hällström L, De Henauw S, Gottrand F, Kafatos A, Widhalm K, Manios Y, Molnar D, Stehle P, Moreno LA. Foods contributing to vitamin B 6, folate, and vitamin B 12 intakes and biomarkers status in European adolescents: The HELENA study. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56:1767-1782. [PMID: 27312567 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between food groups consumption and vitamin B6, folate and B12 intakes and biomarkers in adolescents. METHODS In total 2189 individuals participating in the cross-sectional Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study met the eligibility criteria for analysis of dietary intakes (46 % males) and 632 for biomarker analysis (47 % males). Food intakes were assessed by two non-consecutive 24-h recalls. Biomarkers were measured by chromatography and immunoassay. Food groups which best discriminated participants in the extreme tertiles of the distribution of vitamins were identified by discriminant analyses. Food groups with standardised canonical coefficients higher or equal to 0.3 were selected as valid discriminators of vitamins intake and biomarkers extreme tertiles. Linear mixed model elucidated the association between food groups and vitamins intakes and biomarkers. RESULTS Vitamin B6 intakes and biomarkers were best discriminated by meat (males and females), margarine and mixed origin lipids only in males and breakfast cereals (females). Breakfast cereals (males), and fruits, margarine and mixed origin lipids, vegetables excluding potatoes, breakfast cereals, and soups/bouillon (females) determined the most folate intakes and biomarkers. Considering vitamin B12 intakes and biomarkers, meat, and white and butter milk (males and females), snacks (males), and dairy products (females) best discriminated individual in the extremes of the distribution. Fewer associations were obtained with mixed model for biomarkers than for vitamins intakes with food groups. CONCLUSIONS Whereas B-vitamin intakes were associated with their food sources, biomarkers did with overall food consumption. Low-nutrient-density foods may compromise adolescents' vitamin status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Iglesia
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, SAI Building (Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación), 2nd floor, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Red de Salud Materno-infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Theodora Mouratidou
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, SAI Building (Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación), 2nd floor, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Christina Breidenassel
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Javier Santabárbara
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ligia-Esperanza Díaz
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lena Hällström
- Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (Huddinge), Sweden
- Sweden and School of Health, Care and Social Welfare Mälardalens University, Västerås, Sweden
| | | | | | - Anthony Kafatos
- University of Crete School of Medicine, 71033, Crete, Greece
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition- and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Denes Molnar
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Peter Stehle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, SAI Building (Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación), 2nd floor, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
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Associations between energy density of meals and snacks and overall diet quality and adiposity measures in British children and adolescents: the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Br J Nutr 2017; 116:1633-1645. [PMID: 27823581 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined how energy density (ED) of meals and snacks are associated with overall diet quality and adiposity measures in 1617 British children aged 4-18 years from the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. On the basis of data from 7-d weighed dietary record, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks on the basis of time (meals: 06.00-09.00, 12.00-14.00 and 17.00-20.00 hours; snacks: all others) or contribution to energy intake (EI) (meals: ≥15 %; snacks: <15 %). ED of meals and snacks was calculated on the basis of food only. Overall diet quality was assessed using the Mediterranean diet score (range 0-8). Irrespective of the definition of meals and snacks, ≥67 % of EI was derived from meals, whereas ED of meals was lower than ED of snacks (mean: 8·50-8·75 v. 9·69-10·52 kJ/g). Both ED of meals and ED of snacks were inversely associated with total intakes of vegetables, fruits, dietary fibre and overall diet quality and positively associated with total intakes of fat. However, the associations were stronger for ED of meals. The change in the Mediterranean diet score with a 1-unit increase of ED (kJ/g) was -0·35 to -0·30 for ED of meals and -0·09 to -0·06 for ED of snacks (all P<0·0001). After adjustment for potential confounders, all measures of ED of meals and snacks did not show positive associations with adiposity measures. In conclusion, although both ED of meals and ED of snacks were associated with adverse profiles of overall diet quality (but not adiposity measures), stronger associations were observed for ED of meals.
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Faria AP, Albuquerque G, Moreira P, Rosário R, Araújo A, Teixeira V, Barros R, Lopes Ó, Moreira A, Padrão P. Association between energy density and diet cost in children. Porto Biomed J 2016; 1:106-111. [PMID: 32258558 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlights The average of the energy-adjusted diet cost in 6-12 years-old children was 2.17€/1000Kcal (SD + 0.49).Energy-density diets (EDs - Kcal/g) were calculated by three distinct methods: (1) with food and all beverages (ED1), (2) with food and caloric beverages (ED2), and (3) only with food (ED3).The distributions of the three EDs were statistically different, being higher the ED3 - calculated excluding all beverages (1.15Kcal (SD + 0.28) vs. ED2: 1.10Kcal/g; SD + 0.24 vs. ED1: 0.99Kcal/g; SD + 0.22).Lower energy-density diets (EDs) were associated with higher diet cost in a sample of school children from a Mediterranean country, regardless the differences between the EDs calculated by three distinct methods. Background Lower energy density diets tend to cost more, but data using different ways to calculate the dietary energy density, is scarce. Objectives To estimate the dietary energy density, and to assess how it is associated with the diet cost in children. Methods Data were obtained from a community-based survey from public elementary schools in Portugal. Dietary intake of 464 children (6-12 years) was assessed by a 24 h recall in 2007/2008. Dietary energy density (kcal/g) was calculated as following: (1) with food and all beverages (ED1), (2) with food and caloric beverages (ED2), and (3) only with food (ED3). Energy-adjusted diet cost (€/1000 kcal) was calculated based on the collection of food prices from a national leader supermarket. Anthropometric measures were taken and socio-demographic data were obtained from parents. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between diet cost and energy density. Results For boys, the energy-adjusted diet cost of the highest third of energy density was lower, between 81% in the ED3 (p for trend <0.001) and 87% in the ED1 (p for trend <0.001), compared to the lowest third. Girls showed similar, but weaker associations. Conclusions Higher dietary energy density was associated with lower dietary cost among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Faria
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Rosário
- Education School, Child Study Centre, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Nursing School, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Araújo
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Barros
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - André Moreira
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Immunoallergology, Hospital of São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Padrão
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Azadbakht L, Haghighatdoost F, Esmaillzadeh A. White Rice Consumption, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference among Iranian Female Adolescents. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:491-499. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Mendes A, Pereira JL, Fisberg RM, Marchioni DML. Dietary energy density was associated with diet quality in Brazilian adults and older adults. Appetite 2015; 97:120-6. [PMID: 26626824 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies present association of low dietary energy density with higher intake of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber, lower intake of fat, and better balance of macronutrients. The objective of this study was to verify the relationship between dietary energy density and diet quality measured by an index of diet quality. This study used data from 496 adults and 445 older adults of cross-sectional population-based survey from São Paulo conducted in 2008-2009, Brazil. Dietary intake data was assessed by two 24-h dietary recalls. Dietary energy density values were calculated based on foods only method. Dietary energy density and revised Brazilian Health Eating Index and its components, were estimated by usual intake using Multiple Source Method. The relationship between dietary energy density and the total revised Brazilian Health Eating Index and its components were assessed by Gaussian family log-link model for each age group. The analyses showed an inverse association between dietary energy density and total revised Brazilian Health Eating Index in adults (T2:β = 0.96, p < 0.001; T2:β = 0.86, p < 0.001) and older adults (T2:β = 0.96, p < 0.001; T2:β = 0.90, p < 0.001), and an inverse association between dietary energy density and nine of twelve revised Brazilian Health Eating Index components in adult and/or older adults groups. Dietary energy density was associated with diet quality in Brazilian adults and older adults regardless of sex, per capita household income, body mass index, physical activity level, current smoking habits status, alcohol beverage drinking status and usual energy intake (kilocalories) from beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Mendes
- University of São Paulo, Public Health School, Post-Graduation Program in Public Health Nutrition, Dr. Arnaldo Avenue, 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Lopes Pereira
- University of São Paulo, Public Health School, Post-Graduation Program in Public Health Nutrition, Dr. Arnaldo Avenue, 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Mara Fisberg
- University of São Paulo, Public Health School, Department of Nutrition, Dr. Arnaldo Avenue, 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dirce Maria Lobo Marchioni
- University of São Paulo, Public Health School, Department of Nutrition, Dr. Arnaldo Avenue, 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Hebestreit A, Börnhorst C, Pala V, Barba G, Eiben G, Veidebaum T, Hadjigergiou C, Molnár D, Claessens M, Fernández-Alvira JM, Pigeot I. Dietary energy density in young children across Europe. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 38 Suppl 2:S124-34. [PMID: 25376214 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe energy density (ED; kcal g(-1)) of dietary intake of European children. METHODS From 16, 228 children who participated in the IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS) baseline examination, 8551 children with 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDR), with plausible reported energy intakes and complete covariate information were included in the present analysis. ED was calculated using two methods: (1) ED including solid foods (EDF) and (2) ED including solid foods and energy-containing beverages (EDF&B). Beverage energy was calculated in kcal per day. Dietary characteristics and body mass index (BMI) z-score of children aged 2 to <6 years and 6 to <10 years were compared between children with an overall EDF below the <25th percentile, between the 25th and 75th percentile as well as above the >75th percentile. Standardised regression coefficients were estimated to assess the association between dietary characteristics, BMI z-score and ED of the diet. RESULTS Children with low EDF and EDF&B diets consumed less energy but higher quantity of food and beverages than children with high EDF and EDF&B diets. Consumption of caloric beverages decreased with increasing EDF&B of the diet owing to the relatively low ED of the beverages, in relation to solid foods. Generally, children with low EDF and EDF&B diets showed healthier food choices than peers with higher EDF and EDF&B diets. In this sample, EDF and EDF&B were not associated with BMI z-score. CONCLUSION Health promotion strategies should proclaim lower ED diets by means of foods with high water and low fat content and mainly fruit and vegetable components. Excluding caloric beverages from EDF calculation is a useful method to avoid misinterpretation of true exposure to a high energy dense diet. We recommend excluding caloric beverages from EDF calculation when investigating the effect of ED on a certain (health) outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hebestreit
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - C Börnhorst
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - V Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Preventive & Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - G Barba
- Epidemology & Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - G Eiben
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - T Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - C Hadjigergiou
- Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - D Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - M Claessens
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J M Fernández-Alvira
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Pigeot
- 1] Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany [2] Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Marsh S, Ni Mhurchu C, Jiang Y, Maddison R. Modern screen-use behaviors: the effects of single- and multi-screen use on energy intake. J Adolesc Health 2015; 56:543-9. [PMID: 25772065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of using multiple screens at once on energy intake (EI) are unknown. This study compared EI of participants with access to multiple screens (television + iPad + smartphone) versus a single screen (television). METHODS A laboratory-based, randomized, two-arm parallel (multi-screen vs. single-screen) trial was conducted in 78 adolescents (ages, 13-18 years). Food and drink were available during a 1-hour exposure period. Total EI was the primary outcome. Linear regression analyses were conducted to test the treatment difference, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and appetite at baseline. RESULTS Total EI did not differ significantly between the two groups (multi-screen, 758 kcal [standard error = 75] vs. single-screen, 681 kcal [standard error = 75]; difference, +77 kcal; 95% confidence interval, -166 to +320). CONCLUSIONS EI did not differ between adolescents with access to multiple screens and those with access to a single screen; however, limitations in the study design may have decreased the power of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marsh
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Cliona Ni Mhurchu
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yannan Jiang
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ralph Maddison
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Dietary energy density: estimates, trends and dietary determinants for a nationally representative sample of the Irish population (aged 5–90 years). Br J Nutr 2014; 113:172-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Higher dietary energy density (DED) has been reported to be associated with weight gain, obesity and poorer dietary quality, yet nationally representative estimates that would allow tracking of secular trends and inter-country comparisons are limited. The aims of the present study were to calculate DED estimates for the Irish population and to identify dietary determinants of DED. Weighed/semi-weighed food records from three cross-sectional surveys (the National Children's Food Survey, the National Teens’ Food Survey and the National Adult Nutrition Survey) were collated to estimate habitual dietary intakes for a nationally representative sample of the Irish population, aged 5–90 years (n2535). DED estimates, calculated using the total diet method, the food only method and a novel method, including foods and solids in beverages, were 3·70 (sd1·09), 7·58 (sd1·72) and 8·40 (sd1·88) kJ/g, respectively. Determinants of DED did not vary by the calculation method used. Variation in the intakes of fruit, vegetables and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) across consumer groups contributed to the largest variance in DED estimates, followed by variation in the intakes of potatoes, fresh meat, bread, chips, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, and confectionery. DED estimates were inversely associated with age group and consistently lower for females than for males. The inverse association of DED with age group was explained by higher intakes of vegetables, fruit, fish, potatoes, fresh meat and brown bread and lower intakes of SSB, chocolate confectionery, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and savoury snacks in older age groups. Females consumed, on average, 1·5 times more fruit and vegetables combined when compared with males, largely explaining the sex differences in DED estimates. Current DED estimates for adults were similar to those calculated in a previous survey, carried out 10 years earlier. These estimates and determinants serve as a baseline for comparison for other works and public health campaigns.
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Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo describe relationships between the portion sizes of a range of foods commonly consumed by Irish children and adolescents and key indicators of dietary quality on the days they were consumed.DesignCross-sectional data from the Irish National Children’s Food Survey (2003–2004; 7 d weighed record) and National Teens’ Food Survey (2005–2006; 7 d semi-weighed record) were used to compare mean values for a number of dietary quality indicators (e.g. energy-adjusted intakes of saturated fat, dietary fibre and Na) across portion size tertiles for a range of foods, on the days the foods were consumed.SettingThe Republic of Ireland.SubjectsNationally representative samples of children aged 5–12 years (n594) and adolescents aged 13–17 years (n441).ResultsRelationships between food portion sizes and indicators of dietary quality on the days the foods were consumed were similar in both children and adolescents. Lower dietary energy density and saturated fat intakes, and higher dietary fibre intakes, were observed on the days larger portions of fruit and boiled potatoes were consumed. Higher dietary energy density and lower micronutrient intakes were observed on the days larger portions of sugar-sweetened beverages were consumed. Higher Na intakes were observed on the days larger portions of frying meats were consumed.ConclusionsThe current work identifies foods for which larger portion sizes may be associated with positive dietary attributes, as well as the opposite. Findings will form an evidence base from which more specific dietary guidance relating to portion size may be developed for Irish children and adolescents.
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O'Sullivan TA, Bremner AP, Bremer HK, Seares ME, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Lyons-Wall P, Devine A, Oddy WH. Dairy product consumption, dietary nutrient and energy density and associations with obesity in Australian adolescents. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 28:452-64. [PMID: 25157608 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy intake is likely to influence dietary energy density (ED) and nutrient density (ND), which are factors representing aspects of dietary quality. Although evidence suggests dairy intake is unlikely to contribute to obesity, intake tends to decrease over adolescence, potentially as a result of concerns around weight gain. We examined associations between dairy intake, ED and ND, and investigated relationships with obesity in adolescents. METHODS The present study comprised a cross-sectional study of 1613 14-year-olds in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Adolescents completed a 212-item food frequency questionnaire. Nutrient Rich Food index 9.3 (NRF9.3) was used to estimate ND. Age-specific body mass index (BMI) and waist-height cut-offs were used to categorise obesity risk. RESULTS Mean (SD) dairy intake was: 2.62 (1.51) servings daily; ED was 4.53 (0.83) (food and beverage) and 6.28 (1.33) (food only); ND was 373 (109). Dairy intake was inversely associated with ED and positively associated with ND. The odds of being overweight (as assessed by BMI) increased by 1.24 (95% confidence interval = 1.09-1.42) with each 100-point increase in ND, after adjustment for potential confounders and energy intake. ED measures and dairy intake were inversely associated with obesity after adjustment for confounders; associations became nonsignificant after energy adjustment. CONCLUSIONS The NRF9.3 was originally designed to assess foods, not diets. Further research in other cohorts to determine whether similar findings exist, or investigations into alternate measures of dietary ND, may prove useful. Our findings may be the result of factors such as an excess consumption of refined but fortified foods. Although higher dairy intakes were associated with higher ND, intakes were not associated with higher obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A O'Sullivan
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - A P Bremner
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - H K Bremer
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - M E Seares
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - L J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - T A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P Lyons-Wall
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - A Devine
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - W H Oddy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Marsh S, Ni Mhurchu C, Jiang Y, Maddison R. Comparative effects of TV watching, recreational computer use, and sedentary video game play on spontaneous energy intake in male children. A randomised crossover trial☆. Appetite 2014; 77:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lassen AD, Beck A, Leedo E, Andersen EW, Christensen T, Mejborn H, Thorsen AV, Tetens I. Effectiveness of offering healthy labelled meals in improving the nutritional quality of lunch meals eaten in a worksite canteen. Appetite 2013; 75:128-34. [PMID: 24373732 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Healthier meal selections at restaurants and canteens are often limited and not actively promoted. In this Danish study the effectiveness of a healthy labelling certification program in improving dietary intake and influencing edible plate waste was evaluated in a quasi-experimental study design. Employees from an intervention worksite canteen and a matched control canteen were included in the study at baseline (February 2012), after completing the certification process (end-point) and six month from end-point (follow-up) (total n=270). In order to estimate nutrient composition of the consumed lunch meals and plate waste a validated digital photographic method was used combining estimation of food intake with food nutrient composition data. Food satisfaction was rated by participants using a questionnaire. Several significant positive nutritional effects were observed at the intervention canteen including a mean decrease in energy density in the consumed meals from 561kJ/100g at baseline to 368 and 407kJ/100g at end-point and follow-up, respectively (P<0.001). No significant changes were seen with regard to food satisfaction and plate waste. In the control canteen no positive nutritional effects were observed. The results of the study highlight the potential of using healthy labelling certification programs as a possible driver for increasing both the availability and awareness of healthy meal choices, thereby improving dietary intake when eating out.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Lassen
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | - A Beck
- EFFECT, Nutrition Research Unit, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - E Leedo
- EFFECT, Nutrition Research Unit, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - E W Andersen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - T Christensen
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - H Mejborn
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - A V Thorsen
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - I Tetens
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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O'Connor L, Walton J, Flynn A. Water intakes and dietary sources of a nationally representative sample of Irish adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013; 27:550-6. [PMID: 24313620 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence that even mild dehydration is associated with various morbidities, water intake estimates in free-living populations are lacking. The present study aimed to estimate water intakes and dietary sources in a nationally representative sample of the Irish adult population. METHODS A 4-day semi-weighed food record was used to collect dietary intake data from 1500 free-living adults aged 18-90 years in the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008-2010) from which water intake was estimated. To enable fluid intake estimation, additional questions on how water and milk were consumed were incorporated. Total water intake was calculated as drinking water plus water from other beverages and food moisture. RESULTS The mean (SD) daily total water intake for Irish adults was 2.31 (0.92) L day(-1) [males 2.52 (1.00) L day(-1) ; females 2.09 (0.79) L day(-1)]. Intakes were lowest in elderly adults, as well as in those with less education, a lower social class, less energy expenditure and a higher body mass index and body fat percentage. In total, 67% of water came from beverages and 33% came from food moisture. Alcoholic beverages and teas individually contributed to total water intake in amounts similar to the drinking water contribution. CONCLUSIONS These data may be used as a foundation for further research in the area of the effect of under consumption of water on health outcomes to guide public health messages regarding adequate water intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Connor
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
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Energy density, diet quality, and central body fat in a nationwide survey of young Spaniards. Nutrition 2013; 29:1350-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Dietary energy density and its association with the nutritional quality of the diet of children and teenagers. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e10. [PMID: 25191558 PMCID: PMC4153288 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the relationship between dietary energy density (DED) and the nutritional
quality of the diet, using data from the Irish National Children's Food Survey (NCFS) and
the National Teens' Food Survey (NTFS), two cross-sectional studies of food consumption
were carried out between 2003 and 2006. Data from the NCFS and NTFS were used to examine
the intakes of nutrients and foods among those with low- (NCFS <7·56, NTFS
<7·65 kJ/g), medium- (NCFS 7·56–8·75, NTFS 7·66–8·85 kJ/g) and high-energy-dense
diets (NCFS >8·75, NTFS >8·85 kJ/g). A 7-d food diary was used to collect
food intake data from children (n 594) and teenagers (n
441). DED (kJ/g) was calculated including food alone and excluding beverages. Participants
with lower DED consumed more food (weight) but not more energy. They also consumed less
fat and added sugars and more protein, carbohydrates, starch and dietary fibre and had
higher intakes of micronutrients. Participants with lower DED had food intake patterns
that adhered more closely to food-based dietary guidelines. Low DED was associated with
multiple individual indicators of a better nutritional quality of the diet, including
higher intakes of dietary fibre and micronutrients and a generally better balance of
macronutrients, as well as being associated with food intake patterns that were closer to
healthy eating guidelines. Taken together, these findings support the conclusion that a
low DED may be an indicator of a better nutritional quality of the diet.
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Marchioni DML, Mendes A, Gorgulho B, Stella RH, Fisberg RM. [Dietary energy density and associated factors: how is the population of Sao Paulo doing?]. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA E METABOLOGIA 2013; 56:638-45. [PMID: 23329187 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000900007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate dietary energy density in adults living in Sao Paulo and associated factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Subjects were participants of ISA-Capital study, which was carried out with probabilistic sampling (n = 710 adults). Food consumption was assessed by R24h. Correlations with dietary constituents were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Associations with demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle data were investigated by multivariate regression models. RESULTS The average energy density was 1.98 kcal/g (95% CI [1.94, 2.01]). It was positively correlated with energy, fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol, saturated fat, sucrose, trans fat and added sugar intake; and negatively correlated with fiber intake. Only age and smoking were associated with energy density. CONCLUSIONS High values of energy density and the relationship determined with other nutritional constituents denote the poor quality of the diet in this population, which may be contributing to the rising rates of overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirce Maria Lobo Marchioni
- Departamento de Nutrição em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Grieger JA, Kim S, Cobiac L. Where do Australian children get their dietary fibre? A focus on breakfast food choices. Nutr Diet 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2012.01640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Little is known about dietary patterns on weekdays and weekend days in children, and the aim of the present study was to investigate 4–14-year-old children's dietary patterns specifically on weekdays (Monday–Thursday) and weekend days (Saturday–Sunday). Dietary data were derived from the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity 2003–8, where a total of 784 children aged 4–14 years completed a 7 d pre-coded food record. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns in the age groups 4–6, 7–10 and 11–14 years. Consistently, two dietary patterns, labelled ‘processed’ and ‘health conscious’, emerged on both weekdays and weekend days. Factor scores from corresponding dietary patterns were significantly correlated between weekdays and weekend days with the exception of the ‘health conscious’ pattern in the 7–10-year-olds. Within each age group, children with high agreement for the ‘processed’ pattern had a significantly higher dietary energy density, which was reflected in significantly higher intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages and lower intakes of fruit and vegetables, compared with children with high agreement for the ‘health conscious’ pattern (P< 0·05). Moreover, these variables indicated less healthy dietary intakes on weekend days than on weekdays for both patterns. In conclusion, two distinct dietary patterns, labelled ‘processed’ and ‘health conscious’, were identified on both weekdays and weekend days for each age group. While overall major dietary patterns may somewhat track between weekdays and weekends, the specific foods actually eaten became less healthy during weekends.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare differences in children's diet quality on weekdays (Monday-Thursday), Fridays and weekend days. DESIGN A representative cross-sectional study in which participants completed a 7 d pre-coded food record. Mean intakes of energy, macronutrients and selected food items (g/10 MJ) as well as energy density were compared between weekdays, Fridays and weekend days for each gender in three age groups (4-6, 7-10 and 11-14 years) using Tobit analysis to account for zero intakes. SETTING The Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity 2003-2008. SUBJECTS Children (n 784; 49·9 % boys) aged 4-14 years. RESULTS For both genders in all age groups (P < 0·05), energy intake was higher during weekends than on weekdays, and intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages and white bread were higher, whereas intake of rye bread was lower. This contributed to a higher percentage of energy from added sugars, a lower fibre content and a higher energy density on weekend days v. weekdays. In children aged 4-6 and 7-10 years, the diet on weekend days was also characterized by higher intakes of sweets and chocolate and lower intakes of fruit and vegetables. Overall, the diet on Fridays appeared as a mix of the diets on weekdays and weekend days. CONCLUSIONS Significant differences and distinct characteristic patterns were found in children's diet quality during weekdays, Fridays and weekend days. The present study suggests that in prevention of childhood overweight and obesity, more attention should be paid to the higher energy intake, especially from sugar-rich foods and beverages, on Fridays and weekend days.
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Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary energy density is favorably associated with dietary diversity score among female university students in Isfahan. Nutrition 2012; 28:991-5. [PMID: 22541059 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the relation between dietary energy density and dietary diversity score (DDS) in Isfahanian female university students. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in 289 healthy females who were randomly chosen by a cluster random sampling method from among students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. A validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess the usual dietary intake. Dietary energy density was calculated as an individual's reported daily energy intake (kilocalories per day) per total weight of foods (excluding beverages) consumed (grams per day). The DDS was calculated based on the scoring of the five food groups of the Food Guide Pyramid. RESULTS The mean dietary energy density was 1.60 ± 0.29 kcal/g. Individuals in the top tertile of dietary energy density had the lowest mean DDS (means among tertiles: first, 9.61 ± 1.92; second, 6.98 ± 1.22; third, 3.63 ± 1.02; P < 0.05) and diversity scores of vegetables (1.91 ± 0.33, 1.54 ± 0.26, 1.11 ± 0.2, P < 0.01) and fruit (1.98 ± 0.72, 1.89 ± 0.66, 1.44 ± 0.3, P < 0.05). Those in the top tertile of the DDS had the lowest mean dietary energy density (2.08 ± 0.36, 1.69 ± 0.31, 1.38 ± 0.25 kcal/g, P < 0.05). There was an inverse and significant association between dietary energy density and DDS (r = -0.3, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION There was inverse significant association between the DDS and dietary energy density in Isfahanian female university students. Further prospective investigations will be needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Azadbakht
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Effects on nutrient intake of a family-based intervention to promote increased consumption of low-fat starchy foods through education, cooking skills and personalised goal setting: the Family Food and Health Project. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1833-44. [PMID: 22017999 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511005101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the prevalence of fat-rich, energy-dense diets is a public health priority. The present parallel-designed randomised study compared three interventions aimed to increase intakes of low-fat starchy foods and to reduce fat intakes among 589 individuals from 169 families in the Family Food and Health Project (FFHP). Intervention A was education only, intervention B provided 'cook and eat' sessions only, whereas intervention C included personalised goal setting, 'cook and eat' and education. Diet was assessed at baseline (T0) and at 3 months (T1), 6 months (T2) and 18 months (T3) post-intervention. Retention rates were 75 % at T1, 63 % at T2 and 40 % at T3. ANCOVA (baseline intake as covariate) was assessed between intervention differences at T1, T2 and T3. At T1, individuals in intervention C consumed less fat (P = 0·02) and more total carbohydrate (P = 0·001), starch (P = 0·04) vitamin C (P = 0·002) and NSP (P = 0·01) than those in intervention A. Whereas similar dietary intakes were reported across interventions at T2, participants in intervention C had less energy-dense diets that contained more NSP and vitamin C at T3 than intervention A (P < 0·0001, P = 0·002 and P = 0·01, respectively). Across all intervention groups, the more socially deprived participants in the FFHP (n 119) consumed less fat (P = 0·01) and more total carbohydrate (P = 0·02) at T2 than the least socially deprived (n 240). These data demonstrate the importance of personalised goal setting to translate knowledge and practical cooking skills into healthier food choices, suggesting that low-fat starchy food-focused interventions may be effective in reducing fat intake.
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Effectiveness of a Canteen Take Away concept in promoting healthy eating patterns among employees. Public Health Nutr 2011; 15:452-8. [PMID: 21729459 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980011001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of a relatively novel concept of providing employees with healthy ready-to-heat meals to bring home to their families, here referred to as Canteen Take Away (CTA). DESIGN Employees' dietary intake on two weekdays when they received free CTA was compared with that on weekdays when they did not receive CTA. Four non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls were applied to assess dietary intake on a daily basis. Moreover, a digital photographic method was used to assess evening meal intake for three consecutive weeks. Data were analysed using a mixed-effects model. SETTING A financial worksite offering CTA. SUBJECTS Twenty-seven employees. RESULTS Overall dietary quality as expressed by the energy density of the food (excluding beverages) was found to be significantly lower on days consuming CTA meals compared to days not consuming CTA with regard to evening meal intake (average difference: -187 (95 % CI -225, -149) kJ/100 g) and on a daily basis (average difference: -77 (95 % CI -132, -21) kJ/100 g). Other favourable differences included increased vegetable intake (average difference: 83 (95 % CI 67, 98) g/evening meal, 109 (95 % CI 62, 155) g/d). CONCLUSION The present study shows that providing healthy take-away dinners has potential for promoting healthy dietary habits among employees. This reinforces the importance of availability and convenience as effective tools to promote healthy eating habits.
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Diet cost, diet quality and socio-economic position: how are they related and what contributes to differences in diet costs? Public Health Nutr 2011; 14:1680-92. [PMID: 21255480 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980010003642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine diet costs in relation to dietary quality and socio-economic position, and to investigate underlying reasons for differences in diet costs. DESIGN Dietary intake was assessed by a 4 d food diary and evaluated using the 2005 Healthy Eating Index (HEI). National consumer food prices collected by Statistics Sweden and from two online stores/supermarkets were used to estimate diet costs. SETTING Sweden. SUBJECTS A nationally representative sample of 2160 children aged 4, 8 or 11 years. RESULTS Higher scores on the HEI resulted in higher diet costs and, conversely, higher diet costs were linked to increased total HEI scores. Children who consumed the most healthy and/or expensive diets ate a more energy-dilute and varied diet compared with those who ate the least healthy and/or least expensive diets. They also consumed more fish, ready meals and fruit. Regression analysis also linked increased food costs to these food groups. There was a positive, but weak, relationship between HEI score and diet cost, parental education and parental occupation respectively. CONCLUSIONS Healthy eating is associated with higher diet cost in Swedish children, in part because of price differences between healthy and less-healthy foods. The cheapest and most unhealthy diets were found among those children whose parents were the least educated and had manual, low-skill occupations. Our results pose several challenges for public health policy makers, as well as for nutrition professionals, when forming dietary strategies and providing advice for macro- and microlevels in society.
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Patterson E, Wärnberg J, Kearney J, Sjöström M. The tracking of dietary intakes of children and adolescents in Sweden over six years: the European Youth Heart Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009; 6:91. [PMID: 20003331 PMCID: PMC2797763 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-6-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stability of dietary habits through various life-stages is not well understood. A better understanding of the tracking of diet over time could have implications for health promotion as well as for the planning of nutritional epidemiology studies. We examined the stability of dietary intakes of children and adolescents over six years. METHODS As part of the European Youth Heart Study, in 1998-9, a 24-h dietary recall was performed on over one thousand 9- and 15-year-olds in Sweden. In 2004-5, 40% returned to the follow-up study. These 452 subjects (273 15- and 179 21-year-olds) were assigned to age- and gender-specific tertiles of intakes of food groups, energy, selected nutrients and energy density (low, mid and high) at each time point. The agreement between the classification of subjects into tertiles at both time points was examined using Cohen's weighted kappa and other stability coefficients. We included a dropout analysis and considered the effect that energy mis-reporting might have on our results. RESULTS Fair tracking was seen between childhood and adolescence for the milk, fil and yoghurt food group (kappa = 0.30), and between adolescence and young adulthood for fruit (kappa = 0.24). Slight tracking was observed for most other food groups and fair to slight tracking for all nutrients studied. Only membership of the high milk, fil and yoghurt tertile could be predicted from membership at baseline, in children. Excluding potential energy mis-reporters did not affect the results. CONCLUSIONS Despite the long time between data collections, and the method of dietary data collection used, evidence for slight tracking was observed for most food groups and nutrients over these six years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Patterson
- Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden.
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