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Wu PY, Ji L, De Sanctis C, Francesconi A, Inglebert Y, McKinney RA. Loss of synaptopodin impairs mGluR5 and protein synthesis-dependent mGluR-LTD at CA3-CA1 synapses. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae062. [PMID: 38384385 PMCID: PMC10879843 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) is an important form of synaptic plasticity that occurs in many regions of the central nervous system and is the underlying mechanism for several learning paradigms. In the hippocampus, mGluR-LTD is manifested by the weakening of synaptic transmission and elimination of dendritic spines. Interestingly, not all spines respond or undergo plasticity equally in response to mGluR-LTD. A subset of dendritic spines containing synaptopodin (SP), an actin-associated protein is critical for mGluR-LTD and protects spines from elimination through mGluR1 activity. The precise cellular function of SP is still enigmatic and it is still unclear how SP contributes to the functional aspect of mGluR-LTD despite its modulation of the structural plasticity. In this study, we show that the lack of SP impairs mGluR-LTD by negatively affecting the mGluR5-dependent activity. Such impairment of mGluR5 activity is accompanied by a significant decrease of surface mGluR5 level in SP knockout (SPKO) mice. Intriguingly, the remaining mGluR-LTD becomes a protein synthesis-independent process in the SPKO and is mediated instead by endocannabinoid signaling. These data indicate that the postsynaptic protein SP can regulate the locus of expression of mGluR-LTD and provide insight into our understanding of spine/synapse-specific plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei You Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Linjia Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Claudia De Sanctis
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anna Francesconi
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yanis Inglebert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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2
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Zambo B, Gogl G, Morlet B, Eberling P, Negroni L, Moine H, Travé G. Comparative analysis of PDZ-binding motifs in the diacylglycerol kinase family. FEBS J 2024; 291:690-704. [PMID: 37942667 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) control local and temporal amounts of diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) by converting DAG to PA through phosphorylation in cells. Certain DGK enzymes possess C-terminal sequences that encode potential PDZ-binding motifs (PBMs), which could be involved in their recruitment into supramolecular signaling complexes. In this study, we used two different interactomic approaches, quantitative native holdup (nHU) and qualitative affinity purification (AP), both coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) to investigate the PDZ partners associated with the potential PBMs of DGKs. Complementing these results with site-specific affinity interactomic data measured on isolated PDZ domain fragments and PBM motifs, as well as evolutionary conservation analysis of the PBMs of DGKs, we explored functional differences within different DGK groups. All our results indicate that putative PBM sequences of type II enzymes, namely DGKδ, DGKη, and DGKκ, are likely to be nonfunctional. In contrast, type IV enzymes, namely DGKζ and DGKι, possess highly promiscuous PBMs that interact with a set of PDZ proteins with very similar affinity interactomes. The combination of various interactomic assays and evolutionary analyses provides a useful strategy for identifying functional domains and motifs within diverse enzyme families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglarka Zambo
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Gergo Gogl
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Bastien Morlet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Eberling
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Luc Negroni
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Hervé Moine
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Gilles Travé
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Ma L, Wang F, Li Y, Wang J, Chang Q, Du Y, Sadan J, Zhao Z, Fan G, Yao B, Chen JF. Brain methylome remodeling selectively regulates neuronal activity genes linking to emotional behaviors in mice exposed to maternal immune activation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7829. [PMID: 38030616 PMCID: PMC10687003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How early life experience is translated into storable epigenetic information leading to behavioral changes remains poorly understood. Here we found that Zika virus (ZIKV) induced-maternal immune activation (MIA) imparts offspring with anxiety- and depression-like behavior. By integrating bulk and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) with genome-wide 5hmC (5-hydroxymethylcytosine) profiling and 5mC (5-methylcytosine) profiling in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of ZIKV-affected male offspring mice, we revealed an overall loss of 5hmC and an increase of 5mC levels in intragenic regions, associated with transcriptional changes in neuropsychiatric disorder-related genes. In contrast to their rapid initiation and inactivation in normal conditions, immediate-early genes (IEGs) remain a sustained upregulation with enriched expression in excitatory neurons, which is coupled with increased 5hmC and decreased 5mC levels of IEGs in ZIKV-affected male offspring. Thus, MIA induces maladaptive methylome remodeling in brain and selectively regulates neuronal activity gene methylation linking to emotional behavioral abnormalities in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yangping Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Yuanning Du
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jotham Sadan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Guoping Fan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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4
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Wu PY, Ji L, De Sanctis C, Francesconi A, Inglebert Y, McKinney RA. Loss of synaptopodin impairs mGluR5 and protein synthesis dependent mGluR-LTD at CA3-CA1 synapses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.02.551676. [PMID: 37577654 PMCID: PMC10418280 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) is an important form of synaptic plasticity that occurs in many regions of the CNS and is the underlying mechanism for several learning paradigms. In the hippocampus, mGluR-LTD is manifested by the weakening of synaptic transmission and elimination of dendritic spines. Interestingly, not all spines respond or undergo plasticity equally in response to mGluR-LTD. A subset of dendritic spines containing synaptopodin (SP), an actin-associated protein, are critical for mGluR-LTD and protect spines from elimination through mGluR1 activity. The precise cellular function of SP is still enigmatic and it is still unclear how SP contributes to the functional aspect of mGluR-LTD despite of its modulation on the structural plasticity. In the present study, we show that the lack of SP impairs mGluR-LTD by negatively affecting the mGluR5-dependent activity. Such impairment of mGluR5 activity is accompanied by a significant decrease of surface mGluR5 level in SP knockout (SPKO) mice. Intriguingly, the remaining mGluR-LTD becomes a protein synthesis-independent process in the SPKO and is mediated instead by endocannabinoid signaling. These data show for the first time that the postsynaptic protein SP can regulate the locus of expression of mGluR-LTD and provide insight to our understanding of spine/synapse-specific plasticity. Significance statement Hippocampal group I metabotropic glutamate receptor dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD), a form of learning and memory, is misregulated in many murine models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite extensive studies there is a paucity of information on the molecular mechanism underlying mGluR-LTD. Previously, we reported that loss of synaptopodin, an actin-associated protein found in a subset of mature dendritic spines, impairs mGluR-LTD. In the current study, we uncover the molecular and cellular deficits involved. We find that synaptopodin is required for the mGluR5-Homer interaction and uncover synaptopodin as a molecular switch for mGluR-LTD expression, as mGluR-LTD becomes protein synthesis-independent and relies on endocannabinoid signaling in synaptopodin knock-out. This work provides insight into synaptopodin as a gatekeeper to regulate mGluR-LTD at hippocampal synapses.
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Blok LER, Boon M, van Reijmersdal B, Höffler KD, Fenckova M, Schenck A. Genetics, molecular control and clinical relevance of habituation learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104883. [PMID: 36152842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Habituation is the most fundamental form of learning. As a firewall that protects our brain from sensory overload, it is indispensable for cognitive processes. Studies in humans and animal models provide increasing evidence that habituation is affected in autism and related monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). An integrated application of habituation assessment in NDDs and their animal models has unexploited potential for neuroscience and medical care. With the aim to gain mechanistic insights, we systematically retrieved genes that have been demonstrated in the literature to underlie habituation. We identified 258 evolutionarily conserved genes across species, describe the biological processes they converge on, and highlight regulatory pathways and drugs that may alleviate habituation deficits. We also summarize current habituation paradigms and extract the most decisive arguments that support the crucial role of habituation for cognition in health and disease. We conclude that habituation is a conserved, quantitative, cognition- and disease-relevant process that can connect preclinical and clinical work, and hence is a powerful tool to advance research, diagnostics, and treatment of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elisabeth Rosalie Blok
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marina Boon
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Boyd van Reijmersdal
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Kira Daniela Höffler
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Michaela Fenckova
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Jang S, Yang E, Kim D, Kim H, Kim E. Clmp Regulates AMPA and Kainate Receptor Responses in the Neonatal Hippocampal CA3 and Kainate Seizure Susceptibility in Mice. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 12:567075. [PMID: 33408624 PMCID: PMC7779639 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.567075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate synapse development through trans-synaptic adhesion and assembly of diverse synaptic proteins. Many synaptic adhesion molecules positively regulate synapse development; some, however, exert negative regulation, although such cases are relatively rare. In addition, synaptic adhesion molecules regulate the amplitude of post-synaptic receptor responses, but whether adhesion molecules can regulate the kinetic properties of post-synaptic receptors remains unclear. Here we report that Clmp, a homophilic adhesion molecule of the Ig domain superfamily that is abundantly expressed in the brain, reaches peak expression at a neonatal stage (week 1) and associates with subunits of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and kainate receptors (KARs). Clmp deletion in mice increased the frequency and amplitude of AMPAR-mediated miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSCs) and the frequency, amplitude, and decay time constant of KAR-mediated mEPSCs in hippocampal CA3 neurons. Clmp deletion had minimal impacts on evoked excitatory synaptic currents at mossy fiber-CA3 synapses but increased extrasynaptic KAR, but not AMPAR, currents, suggesting that Clmp distinctly inhibits AMPAR and KAR responses. Behaviorally, Clmp deletion enhanced novel object recognition and susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures, without affecting contextual or auditory cued fear conditioning or pattern completion-based contextual fear conditioning. These results suggest that Clmp negatively regulates hippocampal excitatory synapse development and AMPAR and KAR responses in the neonatal hippocampal CA3 as well as object recognition and kainate seizure susceptibility in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seil Jang
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doyoun Kim
- Center for Drug Discovery Platform Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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7
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Tsumagari R, Maruo K, Kakizawa S, Ueda S, Yamanoue M, Saito H, Suzuki N, Shirai Y. Precise Regulation of the Basal PKCγ Activity by DGKγ Is Crucial for Motor Coordination. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217866. [PMID: 33114041 PMCID: PMC7660329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase γ (DGKγ) is a lipid kinase to convert diacylglycerol (DG) to phosphatidic acid (PA) and indirectly regulates protein kinase C γ (PKCγ) activity. We previously reported that the basal PKCγ upregulation impairs cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) in the conventional DGKγ knockout (KO) mice. However, the precise mechanism in impaired cerebellar LTD by upregulated PKCγ has not been clearly understood. Therefore, we first produced Purkinje cell-specific DGKγ KO (tm1d) mice to investigate the specific function of DGKγ in Purkinje cells and confirmed that tm1d mice showed cerebellar motor dysfunction in the rotarod and beam tests, and the basal PKCγ upregulation but not PKCα in the cerebellum of tm1d mice. Then, the LTD-induced chemical stimulation, K-glu (50 mM KCl + 100 µM, did not induce phosphorylation of PKCα and dissociation of GluR2 and glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP) in the acute cerebellar slices of tm1d mice. Furthermore, treatment with the PKCγ inhibitor, scutellarin, rescued cerebellar LTD, with the phosphorylation of PKCα and the dissociation of GluR2 and GRIP. In addition, nonselective transient receptor potential cation channel type 3 (TRPC3) was negatively regulated by upregulated PKCγ. These results demonstrated that DGKγ contributes to cerebellar LTD by regulation of the basal PKCγ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tsumagari
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (R.T.); (K.M.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
| | - Kenta Maruo
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (R.T.); (K.M.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sho Kakizawa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Shuji Ueda
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (R.T.); (K.M.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
| | - Minoru Yamanoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (R.T.); (K.M.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
| | - Hiromitsu Saito
- Department of Animal Functional Genomics of Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Mie University Organization for the Promotion of Regional Innovation, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (H.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Animal Functional Genomics of Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Mie University Organization for the Promotion of Regional Innovation, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (H.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (R.T.); (K.M.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-078-803-5887
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8
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Marenne G, Hendricks AE, Perdikari A, Bounds R, Payne F, Keogh JM, Lelliott CJ, Henning E, Pathan S, Ashford S, Bochukova EG, Mistry V, Daly A, Hayward C, Wareham NJ, O'Rahilly S, Langenberg C, Wheeler E, Zeggini E, Farooqi IS, Barroso I. Exome Sequencing Identifies Genes and Gene Sets Contributing to Severe Childhood Obesity, Linking PHIP Variants to Repressed POMC Transcription. Cell Metab 2020; 31:1107-1119.e12. [PMID: 32492392 PMCID: PMC7267775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is genetically heterogeneous with monogenic and complex polygenic forms. Using exome and targeted sequencing in 2,737 severely obese cases and 6,704 controls, we identified three genes (PHIP, DGKI, and ZMYM4) with an excess burden of very rare predicted deleterious variants in cases. In cells, we found that nuclear PHIP (pleckstrin homology domain interacting protein) directly enhances transcription of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), a neuropeptide that suppresses appetite. Obesity-associated PHIP variants repressed POMC transcription. Our demonstration that PHIP is involved in human energy homeostasis through transcriptional regulation of central melanocortin signaling has potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications for patients with obesity and developmental delay. Additionally, we found an excess burden of predicted deleterious variants involving genes nearest to loci from obesity genome-wide association studies. Genes and gene sets influencing obesity with variable penetrance provide compelling evidence for a continuum of causality in the genetic architecture of obesity, and explain some of its missing heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Marenne
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Audrey E Hendricks
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Aliki Perdikari
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Bounds
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Julia M Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saad Pathan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sofie Ashford
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena G Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanisha Mistry
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Allan Daly
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Bartsch VB, Lord JS, Diering GH, Zylka MJ. Mania- and anxiety-like behavior and impaired maternal care in female diacylglycerol kinase eta and iota double knockout mice. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12570. [PMID: 30985063 PMCID: PMC6800745 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies linked diacylglycerol kinase eta and iota to mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and both genes are expressed throughout the brain. Here, we generated and behaviorally characterized female mice lacking Dgkh alone, Dgki alone, and double Dgkh/Dgki-knockout (dKO) mice. We found that fewer than 30% of newborn pups raised by dKO females survived to weaning, while over 85% of pups survived to weaning when raised by wild-type (WT) females. Poor survival under the care of dKO mothers was unrelated to pup genotype. Moreover, pups from dKO dams survived when fostered by WT dams, suggesting the poor survival rate of dKO-raised litters was related to impaired maternal care by dKO dams. Nest building was similar between WT and dKO dams; however, some dKO females failed to retrieve any pups in a retrieval assay. Pups raised by dKO dams had smaller or absent milk spots and reduced weight, indicative of impaired nursing. Unlike WT females, postpartum dKO females showed erratic, panicked responses to cage disturbances. Virgin dKO females showed behavioral signs of anxiety and mania, which were not seen in mice lacking either Dgkh or Dgki alone. Our research indicates that combined deletion of Dgkh and Dgki impairs maternal behavior in the early postpartum period, and suggests female dKO mice model symptoms of mania and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B. Bartsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Julia S. Lord
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Graham H. Diering
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark J. Zylka
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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10
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Barber CN, Raben DM. Roles of DGKs in neurons: Postsynaptic functions? Adv Biol Regul 2019; 75:100688. [PMID: 31836314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) contribute to an important part of intracellular signaling because, in addition to reducing diacylglycerol levels, they generate phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) Recent research has led to the discovery of ten mammalian DGK isoforms, all of which are found in the mammalian brain. Many of these isoforms have studied functions within the brain, while others lack such understanding in regards to neuronal roles, regulation, and structural dynamics. However, while previously a neuronal function for DGKθ was unknown, it was recently found that DGKθ is required for the regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and work is currently being conducted to elucidate the mechanism behind this regulation. Here we will review some of the roles of all mammalian DGKs and hypothesize additional roles. We will address the topic of redundancy among the ten DGK isoforms and discuss the possibility that DGKθ, among other DGKs, may have unstudied postsynaptic functions. We also hypothesize that in addition to DGKθ's presynaptic endocytic role, DGKθ might also regulate the endocytosis of AMPA receptors and other postsynaptic membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey N Barber
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel M Raben
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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11
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Bartsch VB, Niehaus JK, Taylor-Blake B, Zylka MJ. Enhanced histamine-induced itch in diacylglycerol kinase iota knockout mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217819. [PMID: 31167004 PMCID: PMC6550402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Subsets of small-diameter dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons detect pruritogenic (itch-causing) and algogenic (pain-causing) stimuli and can be activated or sensitized by chemical mediators. Many of these chemical mediators activate receptors that are coupled to lipid hydrolysis and diacylglycerol (DAG) production. Diacylglycerol kinase iota (DGKI) can phosphorylate DAG and is expressed at high levels in small-diameter mouse DRG neurons. Given the importance of these neurons in sensing pruritogenic and algogenic chemicals, we sought to determine if loss of DGKI impaired responses to itch- or pain-producing stimuli. Using male and female Dgki-knockout mice, we found that in vivo sensitivity to histamine—but not other pruritogens—was enhanced. In contrast, baseline pain sensitivity and pain sensitization following inflammatory or neuropathic injury were equivalent between wild type and Dgki-/- mice. In vitro calcium responses in DRG neurons to histamine was enhanced, while responses to algogenic ligands were unaffected by Dgki deletion. These data suggest Dgki regulates sensory neuron and behavioral responses to histamine, without affecting responses to other pruritogenic or algogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brings Bartsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jesse K. Niehaus
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Taylor-Blake
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Zylka
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Lee J, Lee S, Ryu YJ, Lee D, Kim S, Seo JY, Oh E, Paek SH, Kim SU, Ha CM, Choi SY, Kim KT. Vaccinia-related kinase 2 plays a critical role in microglia-mediated synapse elimination during neurodevelopment. Glia 2019; 67:1667-1679. [PMID: 31050055 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During postnatal neurodevelopment, excessive synapses must be eliminated by microglia to complete the establishment of neural circuits in the brain. The lack of synaptic regulation by microglia has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Here we suggest that vaccinia-related kinase 2 (VRK2), which is expressed in microglia, may stimulate synaptic elimination by microglia. In VRK2-deficient mice (VRK2KO ), reduced numbers of presynaptic puncta within microglia were observed. Moreover, the numbers of presynaptic puncta and synapses were abnormally increased in VRK2KO mice by the second postnatal week. These differences did not persist into adulthood. Even though an increase in the number of synapses was normalized, adult VRK2KO mice showed behavioral defects in social behaviors, contextual fear memory, and spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Ryu
- Research Division and Brain Research Core Facilities of Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ji-Young Seo
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Oh
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung U Kim
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chang-Man Ha
- Research Division and Brain Research Core Facilities of Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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13
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Diacylglycerol kinase control of protein kinase C. Biochem J 2019; 476:1205-1219. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The diacylglycerol kinases (DGK) are lipid kinases that transform diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA) in a reaction that terminates DAG-based signals. DGK provide negative regulation to conventional and novel protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes, limiting local DAG availability in a tissue- and subcellular-restricted manner. Defects in the expression/activity of certain DGK isoforms contribute substantially to cognitive impairment and mental disorders. Abnormal DGK overexpression in tumors facilitates invasion and resistance to chemotherapy preventing tumor immune destruction by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Effective translation of these findings into therapeutic approaches demands a better knowledge of the physical and functional interactions between the DGK and PKC families. DGKζ is abundantly expressed in the nervous and immune system, where physically and functionally interacts with PKCα. The latest discoveries suggest that PDZ-mediated interaction facilitates spatial restriction of PKCα by DGKζ at the cell–cell contact sites in a mechanism where the two enzymes regulate each other. In T lymphocytes, DGKζ interaction with Sorting Nexin 27 (SNX27) guarantees the basal control of PKCα activation. SNX27 is a trafficking component required for normal brain function whose deficit has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The enhanced PKCα activation as the result of SNX27 silencing in T lymphocytes aligns with the recent correlation found between gain-of-function PKCα mutations and AD and suggests that disruption of the mechanisms that provides a correct spatial organization of DGKζ and PKCα may lie at the basis of immune and neuronal synapse impairment.
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14
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Merida I, Arranz-Nicolás J, Torres-Ayuso P, Ávila-Flores A. Diacylglycerol Kinase Malfunction in Human Disease and the Search for Specific Inhibitors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:133-162. [PMID: 31227890 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are master regulator kinases that control the switch from diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA), two lipids with important structural and signaling properties. Mammalian DGKs distribute into five subfamilies that regulate local availability of DAG and PA pools in a tissue- and subcellular-restricted manner. Pharmacological manipulation of DGK activity holds great promise, given the critical contribution of specific DGK subtypes to the control of membrane structure, signaling complexes, and cell-cell communication. The latest advances in the DGK field have unveiled the differential contribution of selected isoforms to human disease. Defects in the expression/activity of individual DGK isoforms contribute substantially to cognitive impairment, mental disorders, insulin resistance, and vascular pathologies. Abnormal DGK overexpression, on the other hand, confers the acquisition of malignant traits including invasion, chemotherapy resistance, and inhibition of immune attack on tumors. Translation of these findings into therapeutic approaches will require development of methods to pharmacologically modulate DGK functions. In particular, inhibitors that target the DGKα isoform hold particular promise in the fight against cancer, on their own or in combination with immune-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Merida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Arranz-Nicolás
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Torres-Ayuso
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute (NCI-NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Antonia Ávila-Flores
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Moine H, Vitale N. Of local translation control and lipid signaling in neurons. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:194-205. [PMID: 30262213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fine-tuned regulation of new proteins synthesis is key to the fast adaptation of cells to their changing environment and their response to external cues. Protein synthesis regulation is particularly refined and important in the case of highly polarized cells like neurons where translation occurs in the subcellular dendritic compartment to produce long-lasting changes that enable the formation, strengthening and weakening of inter-neuronal connection, constituting synaptic plasticity. The changes in local synaptic proteome of neurons underlie several aspects of synaptic plasticity and new protein synthesis is necessary for long-term memory formation. Details of how neuronal translation is locally controlled only start to be unraveled. A generally accepted view is that mRNAs are transported in a repressed state and are translated locally upon externally cued triggering signaling cascades that derepress or activate translation machinery at specific sites. Some important yet poorly considered intermediates in these cascades of events are signaling lipids such as diacylglycerol and its balancing partner phosphatidic acid. A link between these signaling lipids and the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, Fragile X syndrome, is emphasizing the important role of these secondary messages in synaptically controlled translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Moine
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Université de Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France; Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR3212 CNRS, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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16
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Hachigian LJ, Carmona V, Fenster RJ, Kulicke R, Heilbut A, Sittler A, Pereira de Almeida L, Mesirov JP, Gao F, Kolaczyk ED, Heiman M. Control of Huntington's Disease-Associated Phenotypes by the Striatum-Enriched Transcription Factor Foxp2. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2688-2695. [PMID: 29212017 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of corticostriatal glutamatergic function is an early pathophysiological change associated with Huntington's disease (HD). The factors that regulate the maintenance of corticostriatal glutamatergic synapses post-developmentally are not well understood. Recently, the striatum-enriched transcription factor Foxp2 was implicated in the development of these synapses. Here, we show that, in mice, overexpression of Foxp2 in the adult striatum of two models of HD leads to rescue of HD-associated behaviors, while knockdown of Foxp2 in wild-type mice leads to development of HD-associated behaviors. We note that Foxp2 encodes the longest polyglutamine repeat protein in the human reference genome, and we show that it can be sequestered into aggregates with polyglutamine-expanded mutant Huntingtin protein (mHTT). Foxp2 overexpression in HD model mice leads to altered expression of several genes associated with synaptic function, genes that present additional targets for normalization of corticostriatal dysfunction in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea J Hachigian
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vitor Carmona
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC) and Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Coimbra Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Robert J Fenster
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ruth Kulicke
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adrian Heilbut
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Annie Sittler
- ICM (Brain and Spine Institute) Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC) and Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Coimbra Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric D Kolaczyk
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Myriam Heiman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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17
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Pendleton AL, Shen F, Taravella AM, Emery S, Veeramah KR, Boyko AR, Kidd JM. Comparison of village dog and wolf genomes highlights the role of the neural crest in dog domestication. BMC Biol 2018; 16:64. [PMID: 29950181 PMCID: PMC6022502 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domesticated from gray wolves between 10 and 40 kya in Eurasia, dogs display a vast array of phenotypes that differ from their ancestors, yet mirror other domesticated animal species, a phenomenon known as the domestication syndrome. Here, we use signatures persisting in dog genomes to identify genes and pathways possibly altered by the selective pressures of domestication. RESULTS Whole-genome SNP analyses of 43 globally distributed village dogs and 10 wolves differentiated signatures resulting from domestication rather than breed formation. We identified 246 candidate domestication regions containing 10.8 Mb of genome sequence and 429 genes. The regions share haplotypes with ancient dogs, suggesting that the detected signals are not the result of recent selection. Gene enrichments highlight numerous genes linked to neural crest and central nervous system development as well as neurological function. Read depth analysis suggests that copy number variation played a minor role in dog domestication. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify genes that act early in embryogenesis and can confer phenotypes distinguishing domesticated dogs from wolves, such as tameness, smaller jaws, floppy ears, and diminished craniofacial development as the targets of selection during domestication. These differences reflect the phenotypes of the domestication syndrome, which can be explained by alterations in the migration or activity of neural crest cells during development. We propose that initial selection during early dog domestication was for behavior, a trait influenced by genes which act in the neural crest, which secondarily gave rise to the phenotypes of modern dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Pendleton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Feichen Shen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Angela M Taravella
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sarah Emery
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Krishna R Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Adam R Boyko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Kidd
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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18
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Lrfn2-Mutant Mice Display Suppressed Synaptic Plasticity and Inhibitory Synapse Development and Abnormal Social Communication and Startle Response. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5872-5887. [PMID: 29798891 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3321-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SALM1 (SALM (synaptic adhesion-like molecule), also known as LRFN2 (leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing), is a postsynaptic density (PSD)-95-interacting synaptic adhesion molecule implicated in the regulation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) clustering largely based on in vitro data, although its in vivo functions remain unclear. Here, we found that mice lacking SALM1/LRFN2 (Lrfn2-/- mice) show a normal density of excitatory synapses but altered excitatory synaptic function, including enhanced NMDAR-dependent synaptic transmission but suppressed NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region. Unexpectedly, SALM1 expression was detected in both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons and Lrfn2-/- CA1 pyramidal neurons showed decreases in the density of inhibitory synapses and the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic transmission. Behaviorally, ultrasonic vocalization was suppressed in Lrfn2-/- pups separated from their mothers and acoustic startle was enhanced, but locomotion, anxiety-like behavior, social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and learning and memory were largely normal in adult male Lrfn2-/- mice. These results suggest that SALM1/LRFN2 regulates excitatory synapse function, inhibitory synapse development, and social communication and startle behaviors in mice.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate synapse development and function, which govern neural circuit and brain functions. The SALM/LRFN (synaptic adhesion-like molecule/leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing) family of synaptic adhesion proteins consists of five known members for which the in vivo functions are largely unknown. Here, we characterized mice lacking SALM1/LRFN2 (SALM1 KO) known to associate with NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and found that these mice showed altered NMDAR-dependent synaptic transmission and plasticity, as expected, but unexpectedly also exhibited suppressed inhibitory synapse development and synaptic transmission. Behaviorally, SALM1 KO pups showed suppressed ultrasonic vocalization upon separation from their mothers and SALM1 KO adults showed enhanced responses to loud acoustic stimuli. These results suggest that SALM1/LRFN2 regulates excitatory synapse function, inhibitory synapse development, social communication, and acoustic startle behavior.
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Choi B, Lee HW, Mo S, Kim JY, Kim HW, Rhyu IJ, Hong E, Lee YK, Choi JS, Kim CH, Kim H. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A overexpressed in mouse forebrain modulates synaptic transmission and mGluR-LTD of CA1 pyramidal neurons. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193859. [PMID: 29617377 PMCID: PMC5884490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A (IP3K-A) regulates the level of the inositol polyphosphates, inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and inositol tetrakisphosphate to modulate cellular signaling and intracellular calcium homeostasis in the central nervous system. IP3K-A binds to F-actin in an activity-dependent manner and accumulates in dendritic spines, where it is involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. IP3K-A knockout mice exhibit deficits in some forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus synapses of the hippocampus. In the present study, to further elucidate the role of IP3K-A in the brain, we developed a transgenic (Tg) mouse line in which IP3K-A is conditionally overexpressed approximately 3-fold in the excitatory neurons of forebrain regions, including the hippocampus. The Tg mice showed an increase in both presynaptic release probability of evoked responses, along with bigger synaptic vesicle pools, and miniature excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude, although the spine density or the expression levels of the postsynaptic density-related proteins NR2B, synaptotagmin 1, and PSD-95 were not affected. Hippocampal-dependent learning and memory tasks, including novel object recognition and radial arm maze tasks, were partially impaired in Tg mice. Furthermore, (R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine-induced metabotropic glutamate receptor long-term depression was inhibited in Tg mice and this inhibition was dependent on protein kinase C but not on the IP3 receptor. Long-term potentiation and depression dependent on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor were marginally affected in Tg mice. In summary, this study shows that overexpressed IP3K-A plays a role in some forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tasks as well as in synaptic transmission and plasticity by regulating both presynaptic and postsynaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungil Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Brain Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Brain Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seojung Mo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Brain Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Yong Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Brain Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Brain Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Brain Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunhwa Hong
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Lee
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Seek Choi
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong-Hyun Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology and Neuroscience Program, Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (C-HK); (HK)
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Brain Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (C-HK); (HK)
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Abstract
Mutations in the cereblon (CRBN) gene cause human intellectual disability, one of the most common cognitive disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms of CRBN-related intellectual disability remain poorly understood. We investigated the role of CRBN in synaptic function and animal behavior using male mouse and Drosophila models. Crbn knock-out (KO) mice showed normal brain and spine morphology as well as intact synaptic plasticity; however, they also exhibited decreases in synaptic transmission and presynaptic release probability exclusively in excitatory synapses. Presynaptic function was impaired not only by loss of CRBN expression, but also by expression of pathogenic CRBN mutants (human R419X mutant and Drosophila G552X mutant). We found that the BK channel blockers paxilline and iberiotoxin reversed this decrease in presynaptic release probability in Crbn KO mice. In addition, paxilline treatment also restored normal cognitive behavior in Crbn KO mice. These results strongly suggest that increased BK channel activity is the pathological mechanism of intellectual disability in CRBN mutations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCereblon (CRBN), a well known target of the immunomodulatory drug thalidomide, was originally identified as a gene that causes human intellectual disability when mutated. However, the molecular mechanisms of CRBN-related intellectual disability remain poorly understood. Based on the idea that synaptic abnormalities are the most common factor in cognitive dysfunction, we monitored the synaptic structure and function of Crbn knock-out (KO) animals to identify the molecular mechanisms of intellectual disability. Here, we found that Crbn KO animals showed cognitive deficits caused by enhanced BK channel activity and reduced presynaptic glutamate release. Our findings suggest a physiological pathomechanism of the intellectual disability-related gene CRBN and will contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for CRBN-related intellectual disability.
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21
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Zhang H, Zhao C, Lv C, Liu X, Du S, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang W. Geniposide Alleviates Amyloid-Induced Synaptic Injury by Protecting Axonal Mitochondrial Trafficking. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 10:309. [PMID: 28179878 PMCID: PMC5263130 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic and mitochondrial pathologies are early events in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Normal axonal mitochondrial function and transport play crucial roles in maintaining synaptic function by producing high levels of adenosine triphosphate and buffering calcium. However, there can be abnormal axonal mitochondrial trafficking, distribution, and fragmentation, which are strongly correlated with amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced synaptic loss and dysfunction. The present study examined the neuroprotective effect of geniposide, a compound extracted from gardenia fruit in Aβ-treated neurons and an AD mouse model. Geniposide alleviated Aβ-induced axonal mitochondrial abnormalities by increasing axonal mitochondrial density and length and improving mitochondrial motility and trafficking in cultured hippocampal neurons, consequently ameliorating synaptic damage by reversing synaptic loss, addressing spine density and morphology abnormalities, and ameliorating the decreases in synapse-related proteins in neurons and APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. These findings provide new insights into the effects of geniposide administration on neuronal and synaptic functions under conditions of Aβ enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; College of Life Science, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Cui Lv
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of ScienceJinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Sanqi Biotechnology and PharmaceuticalKunming, China
| | - Shijing Du
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yongyan Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Sanqi Biotechnology and PharmaceuticalKunming, China
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22
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Raben DM, Barber CN. Phosphatidic acid and neurotransmission. Adv Biol Regul 2016; 63:15-21. [PMID: 27671966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play a vital role in the health and functioning of neurons and interest in the physiological role of neuronal lipids is certainly increasing. One neuronal function in which neuronal lipids appears to play key roles in neurotransmission. Our understanding of the role of lipids in the synaptic vesicle cycle and neurotransmitter release is becoming increasingly more important. Much of the initial research in this area has highlighted the major roles played by the phosphoinositides (PtdIns), diacylglycerol (DAG), and phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Of these, PtdOH has not received as much attention as the other lipids although its role and metabolism appears to be extremely important. This lipid has been shown to play a role in modulating both exocytosis and endocytosis although its precise role in either process is not well defined. The currently evidence suggest this lipid likely participates in key processes by altering membrane architecture necessary for membrane fusion, mediating the penetration of membrane proteins, serving as a precursor for other important SV cycling lipids, or activating essential enzymes. In this review, we address the sources of PtdOH, the enzymes involved in its production, the regulation of these enzymes, and its potential roles in neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Raben
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Casey N Barber
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Tabet R, Vitale N, Moine H. Fragile X syndrome: Are signaling lipids the missing culprits? Biochimie 2016; 130:188-194. [PMID: 27597551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability and autism. FXS results from the absence of FMRP, an RNA binding protein associated to ribosomes that influences the translation of specific mRNAs in post-synaptic compartments of neurons. The main molecular consequence of the absence of FMRP is an excessive translation of neuronal protein in several areas of the brain. This local protein synthesis deregulation is proposed to underlie the defect in synaptic plasticity responsible for FXS. Recent findings in neurons of the fragile X mouse model (Fmr1-KO) uncovered another consequence of the lack of FMRP: a deregulation of the diacylglycerol (DAG)/phosphatidic acid (PA) homeostasis. DAG and PA are two interconvertible lipids that influence membrane architecture and that act as essential signaling molecules that activate various downstream effectors, including master regulators of local protein synthesis and actin polymerization. As a consequence, DAG and PA govern a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, vesicle/membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal organization. At the synapse, the level of these lipids is proposed to influence the synaptic activation status. FMRP appears as a master regulator of this neuronal process by controlling the translation of a diacylglycerol kinase enzyme that converts DAG into PA. The deregulated levels of DAG and PA caused by the absence of FMRP could represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardos Tabet
- Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR3212 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Moine
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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24
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Lee D, Kim E, Tanaka-Yamamoto K. Diacylglycerol Kinases in the Coordination of Synaptic Plasticity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:92. [PMID: 27630986 PMCID: PMC5005321 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is activity-dependent modification of the efficacy of synaptic transmission. Although, detailed mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity are diverse and vary at different types of synapses, diacylglycerol (DAG)-associated signaling has been considered as an important regulator of many forms of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Recent evidences indicate that DAG kinases (DGKs), which phosphorylate DAG to phosphatidic acid to terminate DAG signaling, are important regulators of LTP and LTD, as supported by the results from mice lacking specific DGK isoforms. This review will summarize these studies and discuss how specific DGK isoforms distinctly regulate different forms of synaptic plasticity at pre- and postsynaptic sites. In addition, we propose a general role of DGKs as coordinators of synaptic plasticity that make local synaptic environments more permissive for synaptic plasticity by regulating DAG concentration and interacting with other synaptic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic ScienceDaejeon, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Yamamoto
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul, South Korea
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25
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SALM4 suppresses excitatory synapse development by cis-inhibiting trans-synaptic SALM3-LAR adhesion. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12328. [PMID: 27480238 PMCID: PMC4974644 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate various aspects of synapse development, function and plasticity. These functions mainly involve trans-synaptic interactions and positive regulations, whereas cis-interactions and negative regulation are less understood. Here we report that SALM4, a member of the SALM/Lrfn family of synaptic adhesion molecules, suppresses excitatory synapse development through cis inhibition of SALM3, another SALM family protein with synaptogenic activity. Salm4-mutant (Salm4−/−) mice show increased excitatory synapse numbers in the hippocampus. SALM4 cis-interacts with SALM3, inhibits trans-synaptic SALM3 interaction with presynaptic LAR family receptor tyrosine phosphatases and suppresses SALM3-dependent presynaptic differentiation. Importantly, deletion of Salm3 in Salm4−/− mice (Salm3−/−; Salm4−/−) normalizes the increased excitatory synapse number. These results suggest that SALM4 negatively regulates excitatory synapses via cis inhibition of the trans-synaptic SALM3–LAR adhesion. Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate synapse development and function by both cis and trans-interactions. Here, Lie et al. show that postsynaptic SALM4 regulates excitatory synapse numbers by cis inhibition of the SALM3-LAR transynaptic interaction.
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26
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Kamiya Y, Mizuno S, Komenoi S, Sakai H, Sakane F. Activation of conventional and novel protein kinase C isozymes by different diacylglycerol molecular species. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:361-366. [PMID: 28955926 PMCID: PMC5613651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of diacylglycerol (DG) molecular species are produced in stimulated cells. Conventional (α, βII and γ) and novel (δ, ε, η and θ) protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are known to be activated by DG. However, a comprehensive analysis has not been performed. In this study, we analyzed activation of the PKC isozymes in the presence of 2–2000 mmol% 16:0/16:0-, 16:0/18:1-, 18:1/18:1-, 18:0/20:4- or 18:0/22:6-DG species. PKCα activity was strongly increased by DG and exhibited less of a preference for 18:0/22:6-DG at 2 mmol%. PKCβII activity was moderately increased by DG and did not have significant preference for DG species. PKCγ activity was moderately increased by DG and exhibited a moderate preference for 18:0/22:6-DG at 2 mmol%. PKCδ activity was moderately increased by DG and exhibited a preference for 18:0/22:6-DG at 20 and 200 mmol%. PKCε activity moderately increased by DG and showed a moderate preference for 18:0/22:6-DG at 2000 mmol%. PKCη was not markedly activated by DG. PKCθ activity was the most strongly increased by DG and exhibited a preference for 18:0/22:6-DG at 2 and 20 mmol% DG. These results indicate that conventional and novel PKCs have different sensitivities and dependences on DG and a distinct preference for shorter and saturated fatty acid-containing and longer and polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing DG species, respectively. This differential regulation would be important for their physiological functions. We comprehensively analyzed activation of c/nPKC isozymes by different DG species. c/nPKCs have different sensitivities and dependences on DG. c/nPKCs have a distinct preference for different fatty acid-containing DG species. This differential regulation would be important for PKCs' physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuna Kamiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Satoru Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Suguru Komenoi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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27
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Tabet R, Moutin E, Becker JAJ, Heintz D, Fouillen L, Flatter E, Krężel W, Alunni V, Koebel P, Dembélé D, Tassone F, Bardoni B, Mandel JL, Vitale N, Muller D, Le Merrer J, Moine H. Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) controls diacylglycerol kinase activity in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3619-28. [PMID: 27233938 PMCID: PMC4932937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522631113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the absence of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) in neurons. In the mouse, the lack of FMRP is associated with an excessive translation of hundreds of neuronal proteins, notably including postsynaptic proteins. This local protein synthesis deregulation is proposed to underlie the observed defects of glutamatergic synapse maturation and function and to affect preferentially the hundreds of mRNA species that were reported to bind to FMRP. How FMRP impacts synaptic protein translation and which mRNAs are most important for the pathology remain unclear. Here we show by cross-linking immunoprecipitation in cortical neurons that FMRP is mostly associated with one unique mRNA: diacylglycerol kinase kappa (Dgkκ), a master regulator that controls the switch between diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid signaling pathways. The absence of FMRP in neurons abolishes group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent DGK activity combined with a loss of Dgkκ expression. The reduction of Dgkκ in neurons is sufficient to cause dendritic spine abnormalities, synaptic plasticity alterations, and behavior disorders similar to those observed in the FXS mouse model. Overexpression of Dgkκ in neurons is able to rescue the dendritic spine defects of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene KO neurons. Together, these data suggest that Dgkκ deregulation contributes to FXS pathology and support a model where FMRP, by controlling the translation of Dgkκ, indirectly controls synaptic proteins translation and membrane properties by impacting lipid signaling in dendritic spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardos Tabet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Enora Moutin
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme A J Becker
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Plateforme Métabolomique, Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67082 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Biogènese Membranaire; UMR 5200 CNRS, Plateforme Métabolome, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Flatter
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Violaine Alunni
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascale Koebel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Doulaye Dembélé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Barbara Bardoni
- CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) Neogenex, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mandel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR3212 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Muller
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Le Merrer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Moine
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
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28
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Distinct 1-monoacylglycerol and 2-monoacylglycerol kinase activities of diacylglycerol kinase isozymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1170-1176. [PMID: 27346717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) consists of ten isozymes and is involved in a wide variety of patho-physiological events. However, the enzymological properties of DGKs have not been fully understood. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis on the 1-monoacylglycerol kinase (MGK) and 2-MGK activities of ten DGK isozymes. We revealed that type I (α, β and γ), type II (δ, η and κ) and type III (ε) DGKs have 7.9-19.2% 2-MGK activity compared to their DGK activities, whereas their 1-MGK activities were <3.0%. Both the 1-MGK and 2-MGK activities of the type IV DGKs (ζ and ι) were <1% relative to their DGK activities. Intriguingly, type V DGKθ has approximately 6% 1-MGK activity and <2% 2-MGK activity compared to its DGK activity. Purified DGKθ exhibited the same results, indicating that its 1-MGK activity is intrinsic. Therefore, DGK isozymes are categorized into three types with respect to their 1-MGK and 2-MGK activities: those having (1) 2-MGK activity relatively stronger than their 1-MGK activity (types I-III), (2) only negligible 1-MGK and 2-MGK activities (type IV), and (3) 1-MGK activity stronger than its 2-MGK activity (type V). The 1-MGK activity of DGKθ and the 2-MGK activity of DGKα were stronger than those of the acylglycerol kinase reported as 1-MGK and 2-MGK to date. The presence or absence of 1-MGK and 2-MGK activities may be essential to the patho-physiological functions of each DGK isozyme.
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29
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Choi SY, Lee K, Park Y, Lee SH, Jo SH, Chung S, Kim KT. Non-Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls Inhibit G-Protein Coupled Receptor-Mediated Ca2+ Signaling by Blocking Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150921. [PMID: 26963511 PMCID: PMC4786281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous pollutants which accumulate in the food chain. Recently, several molecular mechanisms by which non-dioxin-like (NDL) PCBs mediate neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral toxicity have been elucidated. However, although the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is a significant target for neurobehavioral disturbance, our understanding of the effects of PCBs on GPCR signaling remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of NDL-PCBs on GPCR-mediated Ca2+ signaling in PC12 cells. We found that ortho-substituted 2,2’,6-trichlorinated biphenyl (PCB19) caused a rapid decline in the Ca2+ signaling of bradykinin, a typical Gq- and phospholipase Cβ-coupled GPCR, without any effect on its inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. PCB19 reduced thapsigargin-induced sustained cytosolic Ca2+ levels, suggesting that PCB19 inhibits SOCE. The abilities of other NDL-PCBs to inhibit store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) were also examined and found to be of similar potencies to that of PCB19. PCB19 also showed a manner equivalent to that of known SOCE inhibitors. PCB19-mediated SOCE inhibition was confirmed by demonstrating the ability of PCB19 to inhibit the SOCE current and thapsigargin-induced Mn2+ influx. These results imply that one of the molecular mechanism by which NDL-PCBs cause neurobehavioral disturbances involves NDL-PCB-mediated inhibition of SOCE, thereby interfering with GPCR-mediated Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Keimin Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yurim Park
- Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Jo
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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30
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Jang S, Oh D, Lee Y, Hosy E, Shin H, van Riesen C, Whitcomb D, Warburton JM, Jo J, Kim D, Kim SG, Um SM, Kwon SK, Kim MH, Roh JD, Woo J, Jun H, Lee D, Mah W, Kim H, Kaang BK, Cho K, Rhee JS, Choquet D, Kim E. Synaptic adhesion molecule IgSF11 regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:84-93. [PMID: 26595655 PMCID: PMC5010778 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate synapse development and plasticity through mechanisms that include trans-synaptic adhesion and recruitment of diverse synaptic proteins. We found that the immunoglobulin superfamily member 11 (IgSF11), a homophilic adhesion molecule that preferentially expressed in the brain, is a dual-binding partner of the postsynaptic scaffolding protein PSD-95 and AMPA glutamate receptors (AMPARs). IgSF11 required PSD-95 binding for its excitatory synaptic localization. In addition, IgSF11 stabilized synaptic AMPARs, as determined by IgSF11 knockdown-induced suppression of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission and increased surface mobility of AMPARs, measured by high-throughput, single-molecule tracking. IgSF11 deletion in mice led to the suppression of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus and long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. IgSF11 did not regulate the functional characteristics of AMPARs, including desensitization, deactivation or recovery. These results suggest that IgSF11 regulates excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity through its tripartite interactions with PSD-95 and AMPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seil Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Daeyoung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA
University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeunkum Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science
(IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Eric Hosy
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for
Neuroscience, France; CNRS UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hyewon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Christoph van Riesen
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of
Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Whitcomb
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Bristol, Whitson street, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Whitson
street, Bristol, UK
| | - Julia M. Warburton
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Bristol, Whitson street, Bristol, UK
| | - Jihoon Jo
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Bristol, Whitson street, Bristol, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University
Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Doyoun Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science
(IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sun Gyun Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science
(IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Seung Min Um
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Seok-kyu Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of
Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi
463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeop Daniel Roh
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science
(IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jooyeon Woo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Heejung Jun
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul
National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Dongmin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical
Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, 126-1, 5-Ka, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu,
Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Won Mah
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry,
Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical
Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, 126-1, 5-Ka, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu,
Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul
National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Kwangwook Cho
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,
University of Bristol, Whitson street, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Whitson
street, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeong-Seop Rhee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of
Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Choquet
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for
Neuroscience, France; CNRS UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science
(IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Goldschmidt HL, Tu-Sekine B, Volk L, Anggono V, Huganir RL, Raben DM. DGKθ Catalytic Activity Is Required for Efficient Recycling of Presynaptic Vesicles at Excitatory Synapses. Cell Rep 2015; 14:200-7. [PMID: 26748701 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission relies on coordinated coupling of synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis and endocytosis. While much attention has focused on characterizing proteins involved in SV recycling, the roles of membrane lipids and their metabolism remain poorly understood. Diacylglycerol, a major signaling lipid produced at synapses during synaptic transmission, is regulated by diacylglycerol kinase (DGK). Here, we report a role for DGKθ in the mammalian CNS in facilitating recycling of presynaptic vesicles at excitatory synapses. Using synaptophysin- and vGlut1-pHluorin optical reporters, we found that acute and chronic deletion of DGKθ attenuated the recovery of SVs following neuronal stimulation. Rescue of recycling kinetics required DGKθ kinase activity. Our data establish a role for DGK catalytic activity at the presynaptic nerve terminal in SV recycling. Altogether, these data suggest that DGKθ supports synaptic transmission during periods of elevated neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana L Goldschmidt
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hunterian 503, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Becky Tu-Sekine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hunterian 503, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lenora Volk
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hunterian 1001, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Victor Anggono
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hunterian 1001, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Daniel M Raben
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hunterian 503, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Xie S, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. Diacylglycerol kinases in membrane trafficking. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2015; 5:e1078431. [PMID: 27057419 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2015.1078431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) belong to a family of cytosolic kinases that regulate the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG), converting it into phosphatidic acid (PA). There are 10 known mammalian DGK isoforms, each with a different tissue distribution and substrate specificity. These differences allow regulation of cellular responses by fine-tuning the delicate balance of cellular DAG and PA. DGK isoforms are best characterized as mediators of signal transduction and immune function. However, since recent studies reveal that DAG and PA are also involved in the regulation of endocytic trafficking, it is therefore anticipated that DGKs also plays an important role in membrane trafficking. In this review, we summarize the literature discussing the role of DGK isoforms at different stages of endocytic trafficking, including endocytosis, exocytosis, endocytic recycling, and transport from/to the Golgi apparatus. Overall, these studies contribute to our understanding of the involvement of PA and DAG in endocytic trafficking, an area of research that is drawing increasing attention in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; University of Nebraska Medical Center ; Omaha, NE USA
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; University of Nebraska Medical Center ; Omaha, NE USA
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; University of Nebraska Medical Center ; Omaha, NE USA
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33
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Choi TY, Jung S, Nah J, Ko HY, Jo SH, Chung G, Park K, Jung YK, Choi SY. Low levels of methyl β-cyclodextrin disrupt GluA1-dependent synaptic potentiation but not synaptic depression. J Neurochem 2015; 132:276-85. [PMID: 25418874 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) is a reagent that depletes cholesterol and disrupts lipid rafts, a type of cholesterol-enriched cell membrane microdomain. Lipid rafts are essential for neuronal functions such as synaptic transmission and plasticity, which are sensitive to even low doses of MβCD. However, how MβCD changes synaptic function, such as N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) activity, remains unclear. We monitored changes in synaptic transmission and plasticity after disrupting lipid rafts with MβCD. At low concentrations (0.5 mg/mL), MβCD decreased basal synaptic transmission and miniature excitatory post-synaptic current without changing NMDA-R-mediated synaptic transmission and the paired-pulse facilitation ratio. Interestingly, low doses of MβCD failed to deplete cholesterol or affect α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPA-R) and NMDA-R levels, while clearly reducing GluA1 levels selectively in the synaptosomal fraction. Low doses of MβCD decreased the inhibitory effects of NASPM, an inhibitor for GluA2-lacking AMPA-R. MβCD successfully decreased NMDA-R-mediated long-term potentiation but did not affect the formation of either NMDA-R-mediated or group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression. MβCD inhibited de-depression without affecting de-potentiation. These results suggest that MβCD regulates GluA1-dependent synaptic potentiation but not synaptic depression in a cholesterol-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yong Choi
- Department of Physiology and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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34
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Tu-Sekine B, Goldschmidt H, Raben DM. Diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and their metabolic enzymes in synaptic vesicle recycling. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 57:147-52. [PMID: 25446883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle includes exocytosis of vesicles loaded with a neurotransmitter such as glutamate, coordinated recovery of SVs by endocytosis, refilling of vesicles, and subsequent release of the refilled vesicles from the presynaptic bouton. SV exocytosis is tightly linked with endocytosis, and variations in the number of vesicles, and/or defects in the refilling of SVs, will affect the amount of neurotransmitter available for release (Sudhof, 2004). There is increasing interest in the roles synaptic vesicle lipids and lipid metabolizing enzymes play in this recycling. Initial emphasis was placed on the role of polyphosphoinositides in SV cycling as outlined in a number of reviews (Lim and Wenk, 2009; Martin, 2012; Puchkov and Haucke, 2013; Rohrbough and Broadie, 2005). Other lipids are now recognized to also play critical roles. For example, PLD1 (Humeau et al., 2001; Rohrbough and Broadie, 2005) and some DGKs (Miller et al., 1999; Nurrish et al., 1999) play roles in neurotransmission which is consistent with the critical roles for phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) and diacylglycerol (DAG) in the regulation of SV exo/endocytosis (Cremona et al., 1999; Exton, 1994; Huttner and Schmidt, 2000; Lim and Wenk, 2009; Puchkov and Haucke, 2013; Rohrbough and Broadie, 2005). PLD generates phosphatidic acid by catalyzing the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and in some systems this PtdOH is de-phosphorylated to generate DAG. In contrast, DGK catalyzes the phosphorylation of DAG thereby converting it into PtdOH. While both enzymes are poised to regulate the levels of DAG and PtdOH, therefore, they both lead to the generation of PtdOH and could have opposite effects on DAG levels. This is particularly important for SV cycling as PtdOH and DAG are both needed for evoked exocytosis (Lim and Wenk, 2009; Puchkov and Haucke, 2013; Rohrbough and Broadie, 2005). Two lipids and their involved metabolic enzymes, two sphingolipids have also been implicated in exocytosis: sphingosine (Camoletto et al., 2009; Chan et al., 2012; Chan and Sieburth, 2012; Darios et al., 2009; Kanno et al., 2010; Rohrbough et al., 2004) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (Chan, Hu, 2012; Chan and Sieburth, 2012; Kanno et al., 2010). Finally a number of reports have focused on the somewhat less well studies roles of sphingolipids and cholesterol in SV cycling. In this report, we review the recent understanding of the roles PLDs, DGKs, and DAG lipases, as well as sphingolipids and cholesterol play in synaptic vesicle cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Tu-Sekine
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hana Goldschmidt
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel M Raben
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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35
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Atwood BK, Lovinger DM, Mathur BN. Presynaptic long-term depression mediated by Gi/o-coupled receptors. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:663-73. [PMID: 25160683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Long-term depression (LTD) of the efficacy of synaptic transmission is now recognized as an important mechanism for the regulation of information storage and the control of actions, as well as for synapse, neuron, and circuit development. Studies of LTD mechanisms have focused mainly on postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptor trafficking. However, the focus has now expanded to include presynaptically expressed plasticity, the predominant form being initiated by presynaptically expressed Gi/o-coupled metabotropic receptor (Gi/o-GPCR) activation. Several forms of LTD involving activation of different presynaptic Gi/o-GPCRs as a 'common pathway' are described. We review here the literature on presynaptic Gi/o-GPCR-mediated LTD, discuss known mechanisms, gaps in our knowledge, and evaluate whether all Gi/o-GPCRs are capable of inducing presynaptic LTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady K Atwood
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, MSC 9411, Bethesda, MD 20852-9411, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, MSC 9411, Bethesda, MD 20852-9411, USA
| | - Brian N Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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36
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Shirai Y, Saito N. Diacylglycerol kinase as a possible therapeutic target for neuronal diseases. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:28. [PMID: 24708409 PMCID: PMC4005014 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) is a lipid kinase converting diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid, and regulates many enzymes including protein kinase C, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase, and mTOR. To date, ten mammalian DGK subtypes have been cloned and divided into five groups, and they show subtype-specific tissue distribution. Therefore, each DGK subtype is thought to be involved in respective cellular responses by regulating balance of the two lipid messengers, diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. Indeed, the recent researches using DGK knockout mice have clearly demonstrated the importance of DGK in the immune system and its pathophysiological roles in heart and insulin resistance in diabetes. Especially, most subtypes show high expression in brain with subtype specific regional distribution, suggesting that each subtype has important and unique functions in brain. Recently, neuronal functions of some DGK subtypes have accumulated. Here, we introduce DGKs with their structural motifs, summarize the enzymatic properties and neuronal functions, and discuss the possibility of DGKs as a therapeutic target of the neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Shirai
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Animal Production Resources, Applied Chemistry in Bioscience Division, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501 Kobe, Japan.
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37
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Melatonin inhibits voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channel-mediated neurotransmitter release. Brain Res 2014; 1557:34-42. [PMID: 24560601 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is involved in various neuronal functions such as circadian rhythmicity and thermoregulation. Melatonin has a wide range of pharmacologically effective concentration levels from the nanomolar to millimolar levels. Recently, the antiepileptic effect of high dose melatonin has been the focus of clinical studies; however, its detailed mechanism especially in relation to neurotransmitter release and synaptic transmission remains unclear. We studied the effect of melatonin at high concentrations on the neurotransmitter release by monitoring norepinephrine release in PC12 cells, and excitatory postsynaptic potential in rat hippocampal slices. Melatonin inhibits the 70mM K(+)-induced Ca(2+) increase at millimolar levels without effect on bradykinin-triggered Ca(2+) increase in PC12 cells. Melatonin (1mM) did not affect A2A adenosine receptor-evoked cAMP production, and classical melatonin receptor antagonists did not reverse the melatonin-induced inhibitory effect, suggesting G-protein coupled receptor independency. Melatonin inhibits the 70mM K(+)-induced norepinephrine release at a similar effective concentration range in PC12 cells. We confirmed that melatonin (100µM) inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission of the hippocampal Schaffer collateral pathway with the decrease in basal synaptic transmission and the increase in paired pulse ratio. These results show that melatonin inhibits neurotransmitter release through the blocking of voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels and suggest a possible mechanism for the antiepileptic effect of melatonin.
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38
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Ishisaka M, Hara H. The Roles of Diacylglycerol Kinases in the Central Nervous System: Review of Genetic Studies in Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:336-43. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r07cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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39
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Sato M, Liu K, Sasaki S, Kunii N, Sakai H, Mizuno H, Saga H, Sakane F. Evaluations of the selectivities of the diacylglycerol kinase inhibitors R59022 and R59949 among diacylglycerol kinase isozymes using a new non-radioactive assay method. Pharmacology 2013; 92:99-107. [PMID: 23949095 DOI: 10.1159/000351849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ten mammalian diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) isozymes (α-κ) have been identified. Recent studies have revealed that DGK isozymes play pivotal roles in a wide variety of pathophysiological functions. Thus, it is important to be able to easily check DGK activity in each pathophysiological event. Moreover, the conventional DGK assay is quite laborious because it requires the use of a radioisotope and thin-layer chromatography including multiple extraction steps. In order to minimize the laborious procedures, we established a non-radioactive, single well, two-step DGK assay system. We demonstrated that, compared to the conventional method, the new assay system has comparable sensitivity and much higher efficiency, and is effective in detecting potential agents with high reliability (Z'-factor = 0.69 ± 0.12; n = 3). Using the newly developed assay, we comprehensively evaluated the DGK isozyme selectivities of commercially available DGK inhibitors, R59022 and R59949, in vitro. We found that among 10 isozymes, R59022 strongly inhibited type I DGKα and moderately attenuated type III DGKε and type V DGKθ, and that R59949 strongly inhibited type I DGK α and γ, and moderately attenuated type II DGK δ and κ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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40
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Joshi RP, Koretzky GA. Diacylglycerol kinases: regulated controllers of T cell activation, function, and development. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6649-73. [PMID: 23531532 PMCID: PMC3645659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14046649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a diverse family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG), a crucial second messenger of receptor-mediated signaling, to phosphatidic acid (PA). Both DAG and PA are bioactive molecules that regulate a wide set of intracellular signaling proteins involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Clear evidence points to a critical role for DGKs in modulating T cell activation, function, and development. More recently, studies have elucidated factors that control DGK function, suggesting an added complexity to how DGKs act during signaling. This review summarizes the available knowledge of the function and regulation of DGK isoforms in signal transduction with a particular focus on T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan P. Joshi
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Gary A. Koretzky
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-215-746-5522; Fax: +1-215-746-5525
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41
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Tu-Sekine B, Raben DM. Dual regulation of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)-θ: polybasic proteins promote activation by phospholipids and increase substrate affinity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41619-27. [PMID: 23091060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases are important mediators of lipid signaling cascades, and insight into their regulation is of increasing interest. Using purified DGK-θ, we show that this isoform is subject to dual regulation and that the previously characterized stimulation by acidic phospholipids is dependent on the presence of a positively charged protein or peptide. Polybasic cofactors lowered the K(m) for diacylglycerol at the membrane surface (K(m)((surf))), and worked synergistically with acidic phospholipids to increase activity 10- to 30-fold, suggesting that the purified enzyme is autoinhibited. Vesicle pulldown studies showed that acidic phospholipids recruit polybasic cofactors to the vesicle surface but have little effect on the membrane association of DGK-θ, suggesting that a triad of enzyme, acidic lipid and basic protein are necessary for interfacial activity. Importantly, these data demonstrate that the interfacial association and catalytic activity of DGK-θ are independently regulated. Finally, we show that DGK-θ directly interacts with, and is activated by, basic proteins such as histone H1 and Tau with nm affinity, consistent with a potential role for a polybasic protein or protein domain in the activation of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Tu-Sekine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20120, USA
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42
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Tu-Sekine B, Goldschmidt H, Petro E, Raben DM. Diacylglycerol kinase θ: regulation and stability. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 53:118-26. [PMID: 23266086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Given the well-established roles of diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) in a variety of signaling cascades, it is not surprising that there is an increasing interest in understanding their physiological roles and mechanisms that regulate their cellular levels. One class of enzymes capable of coordinately regulating the levels of these two lipids is the diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). These enzymes catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate of ATP to the hydroxyl group of DAG, which generates PtdOH while reducing DAG. As these enzymes reciprocally modulate the relative levels of these two signaling lipids, it is essential to understand the regulation and roles of these enzymes in various tissues. One system where these enzymes play important roles is the nervous system. Of the ten mammalian DGKs, eight of them are readily detected in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS): DGK-α, DGK-β, DGK-γ, DGK-η, DGK-ζ, DGK-ι, DGK-ε, and DGK-θ. Despite the increasing interest in DGKs, little is known about their regulation. We have focused some attention on understanding the enzymology and regulation of one of these DGK isoforms, DGK-θ. We recently showed that DGK-θ is regulated by an accessory protein containing polybasic regions. We now report that this accessory protein is required for the previously reported broadening of the pH profile observed in cell lysates in response to phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Our data further reveal DGK-θ is regulated by magnesium and zinc, and sensitive to the known DGK inhibitor R599022. These data outline new parameters involved in regulating DGK-θ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Tu-Sekine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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43
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Rincón E, Gharbi SI, Santos-Mendoza T, Mérida I. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ: At the crossroads of lipid signaling and protein complex organization. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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44
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Abstract
Ribbon synapses continuously transmit graded membrane potential changes into changes of synaptic vesicle exocytosis and rely on intense synaptic membrane trafficking. The synaptic ribbon is considered central to this process. In the present study we asked whether tonically active ribbon synapses are associated with the generation of certain lipids, specifically the highly active signaling phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA). Using PA-sensor proteins, we demonstrate that PA is enriched at mouse retinal ribbon synapses in close vicinity to the synaptic ribbon in situ. As shown by heterologous expression, RIBEYE, a main component of synaptic ribbons, is responsible for PA binding at synaptic ribbons. Furthermore, RIBEYE is directly involved in the synthesis of PA. Using various independent substrate binding and enzyme assays, we demonstrate that the B domain of RIBEYE possesses lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acyltransferase (LPAAT) activity, which leads to the generation of PA from LPA. Since an LPAAT-deficient RIBEYE mutant does not recruit PA-binding proteins to artificial synaptic ribbons, whereas wild-type RIBEYE supports PA binding, we conclude that the LPAAT activity of the RIBEYE(B) domain is a physiologically relevant source of PA generation at the synaptic ribbon. We propose that PA generated at synaptic ribbons likely facilitates synaptic vesicle trafficking.
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45
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Inhibitors of diacylglycerol metabolism reduce time to the onset of glutamate release potentation by mGlu7 receptors. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:144-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Shaping up the membrane: diacylglycerol coordinates spatial orientation of signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:593-603. [PMID: 21798744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol signals by binding and activating C1 domain-containing proteins expressed principally in neuronal and immune tissues. This restricted expression profile suggests that diacylglycerol-regulated signals are particularly relevant in cell-cell communication processes in which active endocytosis and exocytosis take place. Not surprisingly, various experimental approaches have demonstrated a crucial role for diacylglycerol effectors and metabolizing enzymes in the control of immune responses, neuron communication and phagocytosis. Current research delineates a scenario in which coordinated decoding of diacylglycerol signals is translated into complex biological responses such as neuronal plasticity, T cell development or cytolytic killing. Diacylglycerol functions reach maximal diversity in these highly specialized systems in which signal intensity directly regulates distinct biological outcomes. This review brings together the most recent studies, emphasizing the contribution of compartmentalized DAG metabolism to orientated signaling events.
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47
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Tu-Sekine B, Raben DM. Regulation and roles of neuronal diacylglycerol kinases: a lipid perspective. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 46:353-64. [PMID: 21539478 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2011.577761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), resulting in the coordinate regulation of these two lipid second messengers. This regulation is particularly important in the nervous system where it is now well-established that DAG and PtdOH serve very important roles in modulating a variety of neurological functions. There are currently 10 identified mammalian DGKs, organized into five classes or "Types" based upon similarities in their primary sequences. A number of studies have identified eight of these isoforms in various regions of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS): DGK-α, DGK-β, DGK-γ, DGK-η, DGK-ζ, DGK-ι, DGK-ϵ, and DGK-θ. Further studies have provided compelling evidence supporting roles for these enzymes in neuronal spine density, myelination, synaptic activity, neuronal plasticity, epileptogenesis and neurotransmitter release. The physiological regulation of these enzymes is less clear. Like all interfacial enzymes, DGKs metabolize their hydrophobic substrate (DAG) at a membrane-aqueous interface. Therefore, these enzymes can be regulated by alterations in their subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, and/or membrane association. In this review, we summarize what is currently understood about the localization and regulation of the neuronal DGKs in the mammalian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Tu-Sekine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
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