1
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Akcay E, Karatas H. P2X7 receptors from the perspective of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in depression: Potential role of cannabidiol. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 41:100853. [PMID: 39296605 PMCID: PMC11407962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many patients with depressive disorder do not respond to conventional antidepressant treatment. There is an ongoing interest in investigating potential mechanisms of treatment resistance in depression to provide alternative treatment options involving inflammatory mechanisms. Increasing evidence implicates the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome as a critical factor in neuroinflammation. ATP-induced P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activation is a major trigger for inflammation, activating the canonical NLRP3 inflammatory cascade. Psychosocial stress, the primary environmental risk factor for depression, is associated with changes in ATP-mediated P2X7R signaling. Depression and stress response can be alleviated by Cannabidiol (CBD). CBD has an anti-inflammatory activity related to the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. However, CBD's effects on the inflammasome pathway are poorly understood in central nervous system (CNS) cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. This review will emphasize some findings for neuroinflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway involvement in depression, particularly addressing the ATP-induced P2X7R activation. Moreover, we will underline evidence for the effect of CBD on depression and address its potential impacts on neuroinflammation through the NLRP3 inflammasome cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Akcay
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Koller BH, Nguyen M, Snouwaert JN, Gabel CA, Ting JPY. Species-specific NLRP3 regulation and its role in CNS autoinflammatory diseases. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113852. [PMID: 38427558 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is essential for caspase-1 activation and the release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and gasdermin-D in myeloid cells. However, research on species-specific NLRP3's physiological impact is limited. We engineer mice with the human NLRP3 gene, driven by either the human or mouse promoter, via syntenic replacement at the mouse Nlrp3 locus. Both promoters facilitate hNLRP3 expression in myeloid cells, but the mouse promoter responds more robustly to LPS. Investigating the disease impact of differential NLRP3 regulation, we introduce the D305N gain-of-function mutation into both humanized lines. Chronic inflammation is evident with both promoters; however, CNS outcomes vary significantly. Despite poor response to LPS, the human promoter results in D305N-associated aseptic meningitis, mirroring human pathology. The mouse promoter, although leading to increased CNS expression post-LPS, does not induce meningitis in D305N mutants. Therefore, human-like NLRP3 expression may be crucial for accurate modeling of its role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly H Koller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - MyTrang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John N Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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3
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Putnam CD, Broderick L, Hoffman HM. The discovery of NLRP3 and its function in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes and innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:259-282. [PMID: 38146057 PMCID: PMC10950545 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
From studies of individual families to global collaborative efforts, the NLRP3 inflammasome is now recognized to be a key regulator of innate immunity. Activated by a panoply of pathogen-associated and endogenous triggers, NLRP3 serves as an intracellular sensor that drives carefully coordinated assembly of the inflammasome, and downstream inflammation mediated by IL-1 and IL-18. Initially discovered as the cause of the autoinflammatory spectrum of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), NLRP3 is now also known to play a role in more common diseases including cardiovascular disease, gout, and liver disease. We have seen cohesion in results from clinical studies in CAPS patients, ex vivo studies of human cells and murine cells, and in vivo murine models leading to our understanding of the downstream pathways, cytokine secretion, and cell death pathways that has solidified the role of autoinflammation in the pathogenesis of human disease. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure of the inflammasome have provided ways for us to visualize normal and mutant protein function and pharmacologic inhibition. The subsequent development of targeted therapies successfully used in the treatment of patients with CAPS completes the bench to bedside translational loop which has defined the study of this unique protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Putnam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lori Broderick
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
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4
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Accogli T, Hibos C, Vegran F. Canonical and non-canonical functions of NLRP3. J Adv Res 2023; 53:137-151. [PMID: 36610670 PMCID: PMC10658328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its discovery, NLRP3 is almost never separated from its major role in the protein complex it forms with ASC, NEK7 and Caspase-1, the inflammasome. This key component of the innate immune response mediates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 involved in immune response to microbial infection and cellular damage. However, NLRP3 has also other functions that do not involve the inflammasome assembly nor the innate immune response. These non-canonical functions have been poorly studied. Nevertheless, NLRP3 is associated with different kind of diseases probably through its inflammasome dependent function as through its inflammasome independent functions. AIM OF THE REVIEW The study and understanding of the canonical and non-canonical functions of NLRP3 can help to better understand its involvement in various pathologies. In parallel, the description of the mechanisms of action and regulation of its various functions, can allow the identification of new therapeutic strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THE REVIEW NLRP3 functions have mainly been studied in the context of the inflammasome, in myeloid cells and in totally deficient transgenic mice. However, for several year, the work of different teams has proven that NLRP3 is also expressed in other cell types where it has functions that are independent of the inflammasome. If these studies suggest that NLRP3 could play different roles in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of the cells, the mechanisms underlying NLRP3 non-canonical functions remain unclear. This is why we propose in this review an inventory of the canonical and non-canonical functions of NLRP3 and their impact in different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Accogli
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé- University of Burgundy, Dijon 21000, FRANCE; CAdIR Team - Centre de Recherche INSERM - UMR 1231, Dijon 21000, FRANCE
| | - Christophe Hibos
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé- University of Burgundy, Dijon 21000, FRANCE; CAdIR Team - Centre de Recherche INSERM - UMR 1231, Dijon 21000, FRANCE; Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, FRANCE
| | - Frédérique Vegran
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé- University of Burgundy, Dijon 21000, FRANCE; CAdIR Team - Centre de Recherche INSERM - UMR 1231, Dijon 21000, FRANCE; Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors - Centre anticancéreux GF Leclerc, Dijon 21000, FRANCE.
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5
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Sukhanov S, Higashi Y, Yoshida T, Mummidi S, Aroor AR, Jeffrey Russell J, Bender SB, DeMarco VG, Chandrasekar B. The SGLT2 inhibitor Empagliflozin attenuates interleukin-17A-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by targeting TRAF3IP2/ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Cell Signal 2021; 77:109825. [PMID: 33160017 PMCID: PMC8118186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and persistent oxidative stress contribute to the development and progression of vascular proliferative diseases. We hypothesized that the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17A induces oxidative stress and amplifies inflammatory signaling in human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) via TRAF3IP2-mediated NLRP3/caspase-1-dependent mitogenic and migratory proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Further, we hypothesized that these maladaptive changes are prevented by empagliflozin (EMPA), an SGLT2 (Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2) inhibitor. Supporting our hypotheses, exposure of cultured SMC to IL-17A promoted proliferation and migration via TRAF3IP2, TRAF3IP2-dependent superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production, NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation, and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Furthermore, NLRP3 knockdown, caspase-1 inhibition, and pretreatment with IL-1β and IL-18 neutralizing antibodies and IL-18BP, each attenuated IL-17A-induced SMC migration and proliferation. Importantly, SMC express SGLT2, and pre-treatment with EMPA attenuated IL-17A/TRAF3IP2-dependent oxidative stress, NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation, IL-1β and IL-18 secretion, and SMC proliferation and migration. Importantly, silencing SGLT2 attenuated EMPA-mediated inhibition of IL-17A-induced cytokine secretion and SMC proliferation and migration. EMPA exerted these beneficial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mitogenic and anti-migratory effects under normal glucose conditions and without inducing cell death. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of EMPA in vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Sukhanov
- Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Srinivas Mummidi
- Department of Human Genetics, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, TX, USA.
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Jacob Jeffrey Russell
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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6
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Gritsenko A, Green JP, Brough D, Lopez-Castejon G. Mechanisms of NLRP3 priming in inflammaging and age related diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:15-25. [PMID: 32883606 PMCID: PMC7571497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a vital part of the innate immune response, whilst its aberrant activation drives the progression of a number of non-communicable diseases. Thus, NLRP3 inflammasome assembly must be tightly controlled at several checkpoints. The priming step of NLRP3 inflammasome activation is associated with increased NLRP3 gene expression, as well as post-translational modifications that control NLRP3 levels and licence the NLRP3 protein for inflammasome assembly. Increasing life expectancy in modern society is accompanied by a growing percentage of elderly individuals. The process of aging is associated with chronic inflammation that drives and/or worsens a range of age related non-communicable conditions. The NLRP3 inflammasome is known to contribute to pathological inflammation in many settings, but the mechanisms that prime NLRP3 for activation throughout aging and related co-morbidities have not been extensively reviewed. Here we dissect the biochemical changes that occur during aging and the pathogenesis of age related diseases and analyse the mechanisms by which they prime the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus exacerbating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gritsenko
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jack P Green
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - David Brough
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Gloria Lopez-Castejon
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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7
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Wallert M, Börmel L, Lorkowski S. Inflammatory Diseases and Vitamin E-What Do We Know and Where Do We Go? Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000097. [PMID: 32692879 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-driven diseases and related comorbidities, such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases cause significant global burden. There is a growing body of evidence that nutrients alter inflammatory responses and can therefore make a decisive contribution to the treatment of these diseases. Recently, the inflammasome, a cytosolic multiprotein complex, has been identified as a key player in inflammation and the development of various inflammation-mediated disorders, with nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain (NLRP) 3 being the inflammasome of interest. Here an overview about the cellular signaling pathways underlying nuclear factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B-cells (NF-κB)- and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory processes, and the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diseases atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is provided; next, the current state of knowledge for drug-based and dietary-based interventions for treating cardiovascular diseases and NAFLD is discussed. To date, one of the most important antioxidants in the human diet is vitamin E. Various in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the different forms of vitamin E and also their derivatives have anti-inflammatory activity. Recent publications suggest that vitamin E-and possibly metabolites of vitamin E-are a promising therapeutic approach for treating inflammatory diseases such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Börmel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Corticosterone Inhibits LPS-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Priming in Macrophages by Suppressing Xanthine Oxidase. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6959741. [PMID: 32508525 PMCID: PMC7251469 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6959741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following traumatic insult and associated pathogen infection, innate immunity is activated during the perioperative period, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. The neuroendocrine response is also rapidly activated to regulate excessive inflammation; however, the molecular mechanisms are still not completely clear. This study is aimed at investigating the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome priming by endogenous glucocorticoids (corticosterone, CORT) and its relationship with xanthine oxidase (XO). RAW264.7 murine macrophages were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml). LPS-induced NLRP3 expression was pretreated by CORT at different concentrations (0-900 ng/ml). Then, the effect of higher concentrations of CORT (700 ng/ml) on LPS-induced NLRP3 expression and the effect of allopurinol (250 μg/ml) were observed. Finally, the effects of a CORT antagonist (RU486) on XO expression and activity and NLRP3 expression in macrophages were further analyzed. Supernatant levels IL-1β and IL-18 were measured. The results showed that LPS-induced NLRP3 expression was upregulated further by pretreatment with CORT (300 ng/ml) (P < 0.05); however, higher concentrations of CORT (greater than 700 ng/ml) downregulated NLRP3 expression (P < 0.01) and the expression and activity of XO (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Allopurinol significantly inhibited NLRP3 expression. However, XO expression and activity, NLRP3 expression, and supernatant IL-1β and IL-18 levels were significantly increased in the RU486 group compared with the CORT group. In conclusion, our results suggested that CORT inhibits LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome priming in macrophages. The underlying mechanism is related to the modulation of XO expression and activity, which may be involved in priming and activating the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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9
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Christgen S, Place DE, Kanneganti TD. Toward targeting inflammasomes: insights into their regulation and activation. Cell Res 2020; 30:315-327. [PMID: 32152420 PMCID: PMC7118104 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-component signaling complexes critical to the initiation of pyroptotic cell death in response to invading pathogens and cellular damage. A number of innate immune receptors have been reported to serve as inflammasome sensors. Activation of these sensors leads to the proteolytic activation of caspase-1, a proinflammatory caspase responsible for the cleavage of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and the effector of pyroptotic cell death, gasdermin D. Though crucial to the innate immune response to infection, dysregulation of inflammasome activation can lead to the development of inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Therefore, clinical interest in the modulation of inflammasome activation is swiftly growing. As such, it is imperative to develop a mechanistic understanding of the regulation of these complexes. In this review, we divide the regulation of inflammasome activation into three parts. We discuss the transcriptional regulation of inflammasome components and related proteins, the post-translational mechanisms of inflammasome activation, and advances in the understanding of the structural basis of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelbi Christgen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David E Place
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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10
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van Leersum FS, Potjewijd J, van Geel M, Steijlen PM, Vreeburg M. Schnitzler's syndrome - a novel hypothesis of a shared pathophysiologic mechanism with Waldenström's disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:151. [PMID: 31228950 PMCID: PMC6589170 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schnitzler’s syndrome is an auto-inflammatory disorder which is characterized by two mandatory features: an urticarial rash and a monoclonal gammopathy. Although the pathophysiology of this syndrome is not yet fully understood, a role for interleukin-1 seems apparent. While this presumed link between interleukin-1 and the monoclonal gammopathy is not yet elucidated, a mutual factor in pathophysiology however seems likely. Here we present a novel hypothesis of a shared pathophysiologic mechanism between Schitzler’s syndrome and monoclonal gammopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S van Leersum
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229, HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J Potjewijd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229, HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Grow Research School for Oncology And Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P M Steijlen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229, HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Grow Research School for Oncology And Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Vreeburg
- Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Ghiasi SM, Dahllöf MS, Osmai Y, Osmai M, Jakobsen KK, Aivazidis A, Tyrberg B, Perruzza L, Prause MCB, Christensen DP, Fog-Tonnesen M, Lundh M, Grassi F, Chatenoud L, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Regulation of the β-cell inflammasome and contribution to stress-induced cellular dysfunction and apoptosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 478:106-114. [PMID: 30121202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
β-Cells may be a source of IL-1β that is produced as inactive pro-IL-1β and processed into biologically-active IL-1β by enzymatic cleavage mediated by the NLRP1-, NLRP3- and NLRC4-inflammasomes. Little is known about the β-cell inflammasomes. NLRP1-expression was upregulated in islet-cells from T2D-patients and by IL-1β+IFNγ in INS-1 cells in a histone-deacetylase dependent manner. NLRP3 was downregulated by cytokines in INS-1 cells. NLRC4 was barely expressed and not regulated by cytokines. High extracellular K+ reduced cytokine-induced apoptosis and NO production and restored cytokine-inhibited accumulated insulin-secretion. Basal inflammasome expression was JNK1-3 dependent. Knock-down of the ASC interaction domain common for NLRP1 and 3 improved insulin secretion and ameliorated IL-1β and/or glucolipotoxicity-induced cell death and reduced cytokine-induced NO-production. Broad inflammasome-inhibition, but not NLRP3-selective inhibition, protected against IL-1β-induced INS-1 cell-toxicity. We suggest that IL-1β causes β-cell toxicity in part by NLRP1 mediated caspase-1-activation and maturation of IL-1β leading to an autocrine potentiation loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Ghiasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Salling Dahllöf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yama Osmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirwais Osmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Kronberg Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Aivazidis
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Tyrberg
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Dan Ploug Christensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Fog-Tonnesen
- Diabetes Biology and Hagedorn Research Institute, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Lundh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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da Silva WC, Reis EC, Oshiro TM, Pontillo A. Genetics of Inflammasomes. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 108:321-341. [PMID: 30536178 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in inflammasome genes are responsible for rare monogenic and polygenic autoinflammatory diseases. On the other side, genetic polymorphisms in the same molecules contribute to the development of common multifactorial diseases (i.e., autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular pathologies, cancer). In this chapter we depicted the current knowledge about inflammasome genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Cardoso da Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
- Avenida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 - Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT) Prédio 2 - 3° andar, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Edione C Reis
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730 - 05508-000 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Telma M Oshiro
- Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Avenida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 - Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT) Prédio 2 - 3° andar, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730 - 05508-000 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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13
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Snouwaert JN, Nguyen M, Repenning PW, Dye R, Livingston EW, Kovarova M, Moy SS, Brigman BE, Bateman TA, Ting JPY, Koller BH. An NLRP3 Mutation Causes Arthropathy and Osteoporosis in Humanized Mice. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3077-3088. [PMID: 27974218 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in host defense by facilitating caspase I activation and maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, whereas dysregulation of inflammasome activity results in autoinflammatory disease. Factors regulating human NLRP3 activity that contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of NLRP3-related diseases have largely been inferred from the study of Nlrp3 mutant mice. By generating a mouse line in which the NLRP3 locus is humanized by syntenic replacement, we show the functioning of the human NLRP3 proteins in vivo, demonstrating the ability of the human inflammasome to orchestrate immune reactions in response to innate stimuli. Humanized mice expressing disease-associated mutations develop normally but display acute sensitivity to endotoxin and develop progressive and debilitating arthritis characterized by granulocytic infiltrates, elevated cytokines, erosion of bones, and osteoporosis. This NLRP3-dependent arthritis model provides a platform for testing therapeutic reagents targeting the human inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - MyTrang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter W Repenning
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca Dye
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eric W Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martina Kovarova
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian E Brigman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Ted A Bateman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Beverly H Koller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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14
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Wang S, Xie X, Lei T, Zhang K, Lai B, Zhang Z, Guan Y, Mao G, Xiao L, Wang N. Statins Attenuate Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Oxidized LDL or TNF α in Vascular Endothelial Cells through a PXR-Dependent Mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:256-264. [PMID: 28546421 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in cardiovascular diseases. Statins exert an anti-inflammatory effect independent of their cholesterol-lowering effect. This study investigated the potential role of statins in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in endothelial cells (ECs). Western blotting and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in ECs. Simvastatin or mevastatin significantly suppressed the effects of ox-LDL or TNFα Promoter reporter assays and small interfering RNA knockdown revealed that statins inhibit ox-LDL-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the pregnane X receptor (PXR). In addition, PXR agonists (rifampicin and SR12813) or overexpression of a constitutively active PXR markedly suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conversely, PXR knockdown abrogated the suppressive effect of rifampicin on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Knockdown of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor or overexpression of IκBα-attenuated ox-LDL- or TNFα-triggered activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that mevastatin inhibited nuclear factor-κB binding to the promoter regions of the human NLRP3 gene. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the statin activation of PXR inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in response to atherogenic stimuli such as ox-LDL and TNFα in ECs, providing a new mechanism for the cardiovascular benefit of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolan Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
| | - Xinya Xie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
| | - Ting Lei
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
| | - Kang Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
| | - Baochang Lai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
| | - Zihui Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
| | - Youfei Guan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
| | - Guangmei Mao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
| | - Lei Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
| | - Nanping Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an , People's Republic of China (S.W., X.X., T.L., K.Z., B.L., Z.Z., L.X., N.W.); The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China (Y.G., N.W.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (G.M.)
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15
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Abstract
Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) and chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular syndrome/neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (CINCA/NOMID) were originally described as three distinct diseases. After the identification of their common genetic origin in 2001 and 2002, they are now perceived as a continuum of one disease entity and labelled cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). Mutations in the NLRP3 gene on chromosome 1q44 can be detected in many affected patients. These lead to the synthesis of an altered gene product named cryopyrin. This is part of the NLRP3 inflammasome and causes the activation of caspase 1 and an excess production of IL-1β, which is the driving force behind the inflammatory reactions observed in CAPS patients. In symptomatic patients, confirmation of a mutation using traditional methods of genetic analysis may not always be successful (up to 40% in the case of CINCA/NOMID phenotypes); however, in many cases somatic mutations can be found using modern methods, such as next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. In contrast, low-penetrance NLRP3 variants may also be identified in healthy family members and are present in low frequencies in the general population. Some of the mutation carriers nevertheless present with typical signs of autoinflammation; however, their phenotype is different compared to the classical CAPS presentation. These patients display unspecific systemic inflammatory signs more frequently but show an organ involvement less often. While the detection of NLRP3 gene mutations may be viewed as confirmatory, CAPS is still predominantly a clinical diagnosis; therefore, recently published diagnostic criteria do not require the demonstration of a mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Kümmerle-Deschner
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, autoinflammation reference center Tübingen, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
| | - P Lohse
- , Hohentwielstr. 32, 78250, Tengen, Deutschland
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16
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Deswaerte V, Ruwanpura SM, Jenkins BJ. Transcriptional regulation of inflammasome-associated pattern recognition receptors, and the relevance to disease pathogenesis. Mol Immunol 2016; 86:3-9. [PMID: 27697299 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade it has emerged that inflammasome complexes provide a pivotal platform for the host innate immune system to respond to exogenous infectious microbes (viruses, bacteria, fungi) and non-infectious environmental agents (cigarette smoke, pollution), as well as endogenous "danger" signals. Upon the canonical activation of inflammasomes, a key effector function is to catalyze, via caspase-1, the maturation of the potent pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, which, in addition to chronic inflammatory responses have also been intimately linked to the inflammatory form of lytic cell death, pyroptosis. However, recent evidence suggests that inflammasomes exhibit marked pleiotropism beyond their canonical functions, whereby their activation can also influence a large number of cellular responses including proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and metabolism. It is therefore not surprising that the dysregulated expression and/or activation of inflammasomes is increasingly implicated in numerous disease states, such as chronic auto-inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. In this review we will highlight recent advancements in our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding inflammasome-associated innate immune receptors, and the impact on a variety of cellular responses during disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Deswaerte
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Saleela M Ruwanpura
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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17
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The kinase activity of PKR represses inflammasome activity. Cell Res 2016; 26:367-79. [PMID: 26794869 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase R (PKR) functions in the antiviral response by controlling protein translation and inflammatory cell signaling pathways. We generated a transgenic, knock-in mouse in which the endogenous PKR is expressed with a point mutation that ablates its kinase activity. This novel animal allows us to probe the kinase-dependent and -independent functions of PKR. We used this animal together with a previously generated transgenic mouse that is ablated for PKR expression to determine the role of PKR in regulating the activity of the cryopyrin inflammasome. Our data demonstrate that, in contradiction to earlier reports, PKR represses cryopyrin inflammasome activity. We demonstrate that this control is mediated through the established function of PKR to inhibit protein translation of constituents of the inflammasome to prevent initial priming during innate immune signaling. These findings identify an important role for PKR to dampen inflammation during the innate immune response and caution against the previously proposed therapeutic strategy to inhibit PKR to treat inflammation.
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18
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Buelvas Jiménez N, Suárez Useche RJ. Regulación del inflamasoma NLRP3: bioquímica y más allá de ella. IATREIA 2015. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v28n2a07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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19
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Boaru SG, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Van de Leur E, Lehnen E, Liedtke C, Weiskirchen R. NLRP3 inflammasome expression is driven by NF-κB in cultured hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:700-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Role of genetic alterations in the NLRP3 and CARD8 genes in health and disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:846782. [PMID: 25788762 PMCID: PMC4348606 DOI: 10.1155/2015/846782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of a common inflammatory disease is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors contributing to the susceptibility of disease. Studies have reported that these exogenous and endogenous components may perturb the balance of innate immune response by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. The multimeric NLRP3 complex results in the caspase-1 activation and the release of potent inflammatory cytokines, like IL-1β. Several studies have been performed on the association of the genetic alterations in genes encoding NLRP3 and CARD8 with the complex diseases with inflammatory background, like inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. The aim of the present review is therefore to summarize the literature regarding genetic alterations in these genes and their association with health and disease.
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21
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Wang S, Lei T, Zhang K, Zhao W, Fang L, Lai B, Han J, Xiao L, Wang N. Xenobiotic pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates innate immunity via activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30075-81. [PMID: 25202020 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.578781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a member of nuclear receptor superfamily and responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics. Our previously study demonstrated that PXR is expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) and acts as a master regulator of detoxification genes to protect ECs against xenobiotics. Vascular endothelial cells are key sentinel cells to sense the pathogens and xenobiotics. In this study, we examined the potential function of PXR in the regulation of innate immunity in vasculatures. Treatments with PXR agonists or overexpression of a constitutively active PXR in cultured ECs increased gene expression of the key pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLR-2, -4, -9) and NOD-like receptors (NOD-1 and -2 and NLRP3). In particular, PXR agonism triggered the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the ensuing cleavage and maturation of caspase-1 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Conversely, selective antagonism or gene silencing of PXR abrogated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In addition, we identified NLRP3 as a transcriptional target of PXR by using the promoter-reporter and ChIP assays. In summary, our findings revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of innate immune by PXR, which may act as a master transcription factor controlling the convergence between the detoxification of xenobiotics and the innate immunity against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolan Wang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061 and
| | - Ting Lei
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061 and
| | - Kang Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061 and
| | - Wenxiang Zhao
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061 and
| | - Li Fang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Baochang Lai
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061 and
| | - Jie Han
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061 and
| | - Lei Xiao
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061 and
| | - Nanping Wang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061 and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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22
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Broggi A, Granucci F. Microbe- and danger-induced inflammation. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:127-33. [PMID: 25037632 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the immune system to give rise to an effective response against pathogens while maintaining tolerance towards self-tissues has always been an object of keen interest for immunologist. Over the years, different theories have been proposed to explain if and how the immune system is able to discriminate between self and non-self, including the Infectious Non-self theory from Charles Janeway and Polly Matzinger's Danger theory. Nowadays we know Janeway's theory is largely true, however the immune system does respond to injured, stressed and necrotic cells releasing danger signals (DAMPs) with a potent inflammatory response. To avoid unwanted prolonged autoimmune reactions, though, danger-induced inflammation should be tightly regulated. In the present review we discuss how prototypic DAMPs are able to induce inflammation and the peculiarity of danger-induced inflammation, as opposed to a complete immune response to fight pathogen invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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23
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are key signalling platforms that detect pathogenic microorganisms and sterile stressors, and that activate the highly pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. In this Review, we discuss the complex regulatory mechanisms that facilitate a balanced but effective inflammasome-mediated immune response, and we highlight the similarities to another molecular signalling platform - the apoptosome - that monitors cellular health. Extracellular regulatory mechanisms are discussed, as well as the intracellular control of inflammasome assembly, for example, via ion fluxes, free radicals and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
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24
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Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz-Quezada S, Gómez-Llorente C, Gil A. Probiotic mechanisms of action. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012; 61:160-74. [PMID: 23037511 DOI: 10.1159/000342079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when ingested in adequate amounts. The strains most frequently used as probiotics include lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Probiotics have demonstrated significant potential as therapeutic options for a variety of diseases, but the mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been fully elucidated yet. Several important mechanisms underlying the antagonistic effects of probiotics on various microorganisms include the following: modification of the gut microbiota, competitive adherence to the mucosa and epithelium, strengthening of the gut epithelial barrier and modulation of the immune system to convey an advantage to the host. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that probiotics communicate with the host by pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein-like receptors, which modulate key signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-ĸB and mitogen-activated protein kinase, to enhance or suppress activation and influence downstream pathways. This recognition is crucial for eliciting measured antimicrobial responses with minimal inflammatory tissue damage. A clear understanding of these mechanisms will allow for appropriate probiotic strain selection for specific applications and may uncover novel probiotic functions. The goal of this systematic review was to explore probiotic modes of action focusing on how gut microbes influence the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bermudez-Brito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology José Mataix, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
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25
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Abstract
An inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that serves as a platform for caspase-1 activation and caspase-1-dependent proteolytic maturation and secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Though a number of inflammasomes have been described, the NLRP3 inflammasome is the most extensively studied but also the most elusive. It is unique in that it responds to numerous physically and chemically diverse stimuli. The potent proinflammatory and pyrogenic activities of IL-1β necessitate that inflammasome activity is tightly controlled. To this end, a priming step is first required to induce the expression of both NLRP3 and proIL-1β. This event renders the cell competent for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion, and it is highly regulated by negative feedback loops. Despite the wide array of NLRP3 activators, the actual triggering of NLRP3 is controlled by integration a comparatively small number of signals that are common to nearly all activators. Minimally, these include potassium efflux, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and, for certain activators, lysosomal destabilization. Further investigation of how these and potentially other as yet uncharacterized signals are integrated by the NLRP3 inflammasome and the relevance of these biochemical events in vivo should provide new insight into the mechanisms of host defense and autoinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Gross
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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26
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Zhang AQ, Zeng L, Gu W, Zhang LY, Zhou J, Jiang DP, Du DY, Hu P, Yang C, Yan J, Wang HY, Jiang JX. Clinical relevance of single nucleotide polymorphisms within the entire NLRP3 gene in patients with major blunt trauma. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2011; 15:R280. [PMID: 22112657 PMCID: PMC3388683 DOI: 10.1186/cc10564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family has been recognized as comprising intracellular pattern recognition receptors in which NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3) plays an important role in the initiation of host immune inflammatory responses. The genetic variants have been recognized to be critical determinants of interindividual differences in both inflammatory responses and clinical outcomes in critical illness. However, little is known about the clinical relevance of NLRP3 gene polymorphisms in critical illness. METHODS A total of 718 patients with major blunt trauma were included in this study. Six tag SNPs (tSNPs) were selected from the entire NLRP3 gene through construction of haplotype bins, and they were genotyped using a pyrosequencing method. They were analyzed in relation to sepsis morbidity rate, multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) scores and IL-1β production. Moreover, the functionality of the rs2027432 polymorphism was assessed by the observation of its effect on transcriptional activities. RESULTS Among the six tSNPs genotyped in this study, two of them (rs2027432 and rs12048215) were significantly associated with sepsis morbidity rate and MOD scores. A significant association was also observed between these two polymorphisms and IL-1β production by peripheral leukocytes in response to ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation. However, no combined effects were found between these two polymorphisms. In addition, the rs2027432 polymorphism could significantly enhance the promoter activities of the NLRP3 gene. CONCLUSIONS rs2027432 and rs12048215 polymorphisms might be used as relevant risk estimates for the development of sepsis and MOD syndrome in patients with major trauma, in which rs2027432 might be a functional SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Road 10, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
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Tanaka N, Izawa K, Saito MK, Sakuma M, Oshima K, Ohara O, Nishikomori R, Morimoto T, Kambe N, Goldbach-Mansky R, Aksentijevich I, de Saint Basile G, Neven B, van Gijn M, Frenkel J, Aróstegui JI, Yagüe J, Merino R, Ibañez M, Pontillo A, Takada H, Imagawa T, Kawai T, Yasumi T, Nakahata T, Heike T. High incidence of NLRP3 somatic mosaicism in patients with chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, articular syndrome: results of an International Multicenter Collaborative Study. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2011; 63:3625-32. [PMID: 21702021 PMCID: PMC3498501 DOI: 10.1002/art.30512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, articular (CINCA) syndrome, also known as neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), is a dominantly inherited systemic autoinflammatory disease. Although heterozygous germline gain-of-function NLRP3 mutations are a known cause of this disease, conventional genetic analyses fail to detect disease-causing mutations in ∼40% of patients. Since somatic NLRP3 mosaicism has been detected in several mutation-negative NOMID/CINCA syndrome patients, we undertook this study to determine the precise contribution of somatic NLRP3 mosaicism to the etiology of NOMID/CINCA syndrome. METHODS An international case-control study was performed to detect somatic NLRP3 mosaicism in NOMID/CINCA syndrome patients who had shown no mutation during conventional sequencing. Subcloning and sequencing of NLRP3 was performed in these mutation-negative NOMID/CINCA syndrome patients and their healthy relatives. Clinical features were analyzed to identify potential genotype-phenotype associations. RESULTS Somatic NLRP3 mosaicism was identified in 18 of the 26 patients (69.2%). Estimates of the level of mosaicism ranged from 4.2% to 35.8% (mean ± SD 12.1 ± 7.9%). Mosaicism was not detected in any of the 19 healthy relatives (18 of 26 patients versus 0 of 19 relatives; P < 0.0001). In vitro functional assays indicated that the detected somatic NLRP3 mutations had disease-causing functional effects. No differences in NLRP3 mosaicism were detected between different cell lineages. Among nondescript clinical features, a lower incidence of mental retardation was noted in patients with somatic mosaicism. Genotype-matched comparison confirmed that patients with somatic NLRP3 mosaicism presented with milder neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSION Somatic NLRP3 mutations were identified in 69.2% of patients with mutation-negative NOMID/CINCA syndrome. This indicates that somatic NLRP3 mosaicism is a major cause of NOMID/CINCA syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Tanaka
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazushi Izawa
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Koichi Oshima
- RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, and Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, and Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Naotomo Kambe
- Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Joost Frenkel
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Imagawa
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kawai
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshio Heike
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Tohno M, Shimosato T, Aso H, Kitazawa H. Immunobiotic Lactobacillus strains augment NLRP3 expression in newborn and adult porcine gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:410-6. [PMID: 22024502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We isolated cDNA encoding porcine nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor family, pryin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) from Peyer's patches. The complete nucleotide open reading frame of porcine NLRP3 contains 3108-bp encoding a deduced polypeptide of 1036-amino acid residues. The porcine NLRP3 amino acid sequence is more similar to the longest isoform of human than the mouse counterpart. The predicted amino acid sequence of porcine NLRP3 presented nine C-terminal leucine-rich repeat domains. In newborn swine, the expression of NLRP3 was detected at higher levels in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, while lower levels were observed in intestinal tissues. In adult swine, NLRP3 was strongly expressed in Peyer's patches and the mesenteric lymph nodes, and the expression level in the lower intestinal tissues was comparable to that in spleen. Toll-like receptor and nucleotide-binding domain ligands, as well as Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus gasseri, enhanced NLRP3 expression in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) of newborn and adult swine. Our results should aid in understanding the intestinal immunoregulatory mechanisms underlying NLRP3 activation and the priming ability of immunobiotic lactic acid bacteria in porcine GALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tohno
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara 329-2793, Japan.
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Busillo JM, Azzam KM, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoids sensitize the innate immune system through regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38703-38713. [PMID: 21940629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.275370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have long been recognized as powerful anti-inflammatory compounds that are one of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs in the world. However, their role in the regulation of innate immunity is not well understood. We sought to examine the effects of glucocorticoids on the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), a central component of the inflammasome and innate immunity. Surprisingly, we show that glucocorticoids induce both NLRP3 messenger RNA and protein, which is a critical component of the inflammasome. The glucocorticoid-dependent induction of NLRP3 sensitizes the cells to extracellular ATP and significantly enhances the ATP-mediated release of proinflammatory molecules, including mature IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. This effect was specific for glucocorticoids and dependent on the glucocorticoid receptor. These studies demonstrate a novel role for glucocorticoids in sensitizing the initial inflammatory response by the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Busillo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Health and Human Services, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Kathleen M Azzam
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Department of Health and Human Services, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Health and Human Services, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
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30
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Barker BR, Taxman DJ, Ting JPY. Cross-regulation between the IL-1β/IL-18 processing inflammasome and other inflammatory cytokines. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:591-7. [PMID: 21839623 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasome-forming NLRs are well characterized members of a protein complex mediating the activation of caspase-1 and the cleavage of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their active, secreted forms. New data suggest that components of the inflammasome cascade may have roles in influencing inflammasome-independent pathways of cytokine production. These influences on other immune cytokine pathways are complemented by data suggesting that non-inflammasome cytokines can influence the activation of the inflammasome, either directly or by influencing transcription of inflammasome components. The crosstalk between these cytokine cascades may lead to increased abilities for the cell to respond to diverse pathogen threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne R Barker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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31
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Bauernfeind F, Ablasser A, Bartok E, Kim S, Schmid-Burgk J, Cavlar T, Hornung V. Inflammasomes: current understanding and open questions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:765-83. [PMID: 21072676 PMCID: PMC11114650 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system relies on its capability to detect invading microbes, tissue damage, or stress via evolutionarily conserved receptors. The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing family of pattern recognition receptors includes several proteins that drive inflammation in response to a wide variety of molecular patterns. In particular, the NLRs that participate in the formation of a molecular scaffold termed the "inflammasome" have been intensively studied in past years. Inflammasome activation by multiple types of tissue damage or by pathogen-associated signatures results in the autocatalytic cleavage of caspase-1 and ultimately leads to the processing and thus secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, most importantly interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Here, we review the current knowledge of mechanisms leading to the activation of inflammasomes. In particular, we focus on the controversial molecular mechanisms that regulate NLRP3 signaling and highlight recent advancements in DNA sensing by the inflammasome receptor AIM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Bauernfeind
- Unit for Clinical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Ablasser
- Unit for Clinical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Unit for Clinical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Kim
- Unit for Clinical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan Schmid-Burgk
- Unit for Clinical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Taner Cavlar
- Unit for Clinical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Unit for Clinical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
The acute inflammatory response is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it plays a key role in initial host defense, particularly against many infections. On the other hand, its aim is imprecise, and as a consequence, when it is drawn into battle, it can cause collateral damage in tissues. In situations where the inciting stimulus is sterile, the cost-benefit ratio may be high; because of this, sterile inflammation underlies the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Although there have been major advances in our understanding of how microbes trigger inflammation, much less has been learned about this process in sterile situations. This review focuses on a subset of the many sterile stimuli that can induce inflammation-specifically dead cells and a variety of irritant particles, including crystals, minerals, and protein aggregates. Although this subset of stimuli is structurally very diverse and might appear to be unrelated, there is accumulating evidence that the innate immune system may recognize them in similar ways and stimulate the sterile inflammatory response via common pathways. Here we review established and emerging data about these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655, USA.
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Hornung V, Latz E. Critical functions of priming and lysosomal damage for NLRP3 activation. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:620-3. [PMID: 20201015 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multi-protein complexes that form in response to infectious or injurious challenges. Inflammasomes control the activity of caspase-1, which is essential for the maturation and release of IL-1beta family cytokines. The NLRP1, IPAF and AIM2 inflammasomes recognize specific substances, while the NLRP3 inflammasome responds to many structurally and chemically diverse triggers. Here, we discuss the critical roles of priming and lysosomal damage in NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Hornung
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Chakraborty S, Nazmi A, Dutta K, Basu A. Neurons under viral attack: victims or warriors? Neurochem Int 2010; 56:727-35. [PMID: 20206655 PMCID: PMC7115389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
When the central nervous system (CNS) is under viral attack, defensive antiviral responses must necessarily arise from the CNS itself to rapidly and efficiently curb infections with minimal collateral damage to the sensitive, specialized and non-regenerating neural tissue. This presents a unique challenge because an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lack of proper lymphatic drainage keeps the CNS virtually outside the radar of circulating immune cells that are at constant vigilance for antigens in peripheral tissues. Limited antigen presentation skills of CNS cells in comparison to peripheral tissues is because of a total lack of dendritic cells and feeble expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in neurons and glia. However, research over the past two decades has identified immune effector mechanisms intrinsic to the CNS for immediate tackling, attenuating and clearing of viral infections, with assistance pouring in from peripheral circulation in the form of neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells at a later stage. Specialized CNS cells, microglia and astrocytes, were regarded as sole sentinels of the brain for containing a viral onslaught but neurons held little recognition as a potential candidate for protecting itself from the proliferation and pathogenesis of neurotropic viruses. Accumulating evidence however indicates that extracellular insult causes neurons to express immune factors characteristic of lymphoid tissues. This article aims to comprehensively analyze current research on this conditional alteration in the protein expression repertoire of neurons and the role it plays in CNS innate immune response to counter viral infections.
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Abstract
Inflammation is the coordinated immune response to harmful stimuli that appear during infections or after tissue damage. Cells of the innate immune system are the central players in mediating inflammatory tissue responses. These cells are equipped with an array of signaling receptors that detect foreign molecular substances or altered endogenous molecules that appear under situations of stress. This review provides an overview of recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that lead to inflammatory reactions. We discuss the current knowledge of the mechanisms leading to the activation of cytoplasmic, multimolecular protein complexes, termed "inflammasomes," which regulate the activity of caspase-1 and the maturation and release of IL-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stutz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Bauernfeind FG, Horvath G, Stutz A, Alnemri ES, MacDonald K, Speert D, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Wu J, Monks BG, Fitzgerald KA, Hornung V, Latz E. Cutting edge: NF-kappaB activating pattern recognition and cytokine receptors license NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating NLRP3 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:787-91. [PMID: 19570822 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2167] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The IL-1 family cytokines are regulated on transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Pattern recognition and cytokine receptors control pro-IL-1beta transcription whereas inflammasomes regulate the proteolytic processing of pro-IL-1beta. The NLRP3 inflammasome, however, assembles in response to extracellular ATP, pore-forming toxins, or crystals only in the presence of proinflammatory stimuli. How the activation of gene transcription by signaling receptors enables NLRP3 activation remains elusive and controversial. In this study, we show that cell priming through multiple signaling receptors induces NLRP3 expression, which we identified to be a critical checkpoint for NLRP3 activation. Signals provided by NF-kappaB activators are necessary but not sufficient for NLRP3 activation, and a second stimulus such as ATP or crystal-induced damage is required for NLRP3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz G Bauernfeind
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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