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Millet V, Gensollen T, Maltese M, Serrero M, Lesavre N, Bourges C, Pitaval C, Cadra S, Chasson L, Vu Man TP, Masse M, Martinez-Garcia JJ, Tranchida F, Shintu L, Mostert K, Strauss E, Lepage P, Chamaillard M, Broggi A, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Grimaud JC, Naquet P, Galland F. Harnessing the Vnn1 pantetheinase pathway boosts short chain fatty acids production and mucosal protection in colitis. Gut 2022; 72:1115-1128. [PMID: 36175116 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the management of patients with IBD, there is a need to identify prognostic markers and druggable biological pathways to improve mucosal repair and probe the efficacy of tumour necrosis factor alpha biologics. Vnn1 is a pantetheinase that degrades pantetheine to pantothenate (vitamin B5, a precursor of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis) and cysteamine. Vnn1 is overexpressed by inflamed colonocytes. We investigated its contribution to the tolerance of the intestinal mucosa to colitis-induced injury. DESIGN We performed an RNA sequencing study on colon biopsy samples from patients with IBD stratified according to clinical severity and modalities of treatment. We generated the VIVA mouse transgenic model, which specifically overexpresses Vnn1 on intestinal epithelial cells and explored its susceptibility to colitis. We developed a pharmacological mimicry of Vnn1 overexpression by administration of Vnn1 derivatives. RESULTS VNN1 overexpression on colonocytes correlates with IBD severity. VIVA mice are resistant to experimentally induced colitis. The pantetheinase activity of Vnn1 is cytoprotective in colon: it enhances CoA regeneration and metabolic adaptation of colonocytes; it favours microbiota-dependent production of short chain fatty acids and mostly butyrate, shown to regulate mucosal energetics and to be reduced in patients with IBD. This prohealing phenotype is recapitulated by treating control mice with the substrate (pantethine) or the products of pantetheinase activity prior to induction of colitis. In severe IBD, the protection conferred by the high induction of VNN1 might be compromised because its enzymatic activity may be limited by lack of available substrates. In addition, we identify the elevation of indoxyl sulfate in urine as a biomarker of Vnn1 overexpression, also detected in patients with IBD. CONCLUSION The induction of Vnn1/VNN1 during colitis in mouse and human is a compensatory mechanism to reinforce the mucosal barrier. Therefore, enhancement of vitamin B5-driven metabolism should improve mucosal healing and might increase the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Millet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Gensollen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Maltese
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Melanie Serrero
- Gastroenterology, AP-HM Hôpital Nord, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Lesavre
- Centre d'investigation Clinique (CIC), AP-HM Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Bourges
- Genetic Mechanisms of Disease Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christophe Pitaval
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Cadra
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Chasson
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Thien Phong Vu Man
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Masse
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
| | | | - Fabrice Tranchida
- ISM2, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Shintu
- ISM2, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Konrad Mostert
- Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Erick Strauss
- Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | | | - Achille Broggi
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inserm NGERE U1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Charles Grimaud
- Gastroenterology, AP-HM Hôpital Nord, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Naquet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Galland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille, France
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Boulant S, Forero A, Santer DM, Broggi A. Editorial: Type III interferons: Emerging roles beyond antiviral barrier defense. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1030812. [PMID: 36189214 PMCID: PMC9524184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1030812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Boulant
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Deanna M. Santer
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Achille Broggi
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Achille Broggi,
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Poli V, Pui-Yan Ma V, Di Gioia M, Broggi A, Benamar M, Chen Q, Mazitschek R, Haggarty SJ, Chatila TA, Karp JM, Zanoni I. Zinc-dependent histone deacetylases drive neutrophil extracellular trap formation and potentiate local and systemic inflammation. iScience 2021; 24:103256. [PMID: 34761180 PMCID: PMC8567386 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) driven by viruses or bacteria, as well as in numerous immune-mediated disorders. Histone citrullination by the enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and the consequent decondensation of chromatin are hallmarks in the induction of NETs. Nevertheless, additional histone modifications that may govern NETosis are largely overlooked. Herein, we show that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play critical roles in driving NET formation in human and mouse neutrophils. HDACs belonging to the zinc-dependent lysine deacetylases family are necessary to deacetylate histone H3, thus allowing the activity of PAD4 and NETosis. Of note, HDAC inhibition in mice protects against microbial-induced pneumonia and septic shock, decreasing NETosis and inflammation. Collectively, our findings illustrate a new fundamental step that governs the release of NETs and points to HDAC inhibitors as therapeutic agents that may be used to protect against ARDS and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Poli
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Victor Pui-Yan Ma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Achille Broggi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Mehdi Benamar
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114 MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142 MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114 MA, USA
| | - Talal A. Chatila
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Karp
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142 MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138 MA, USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
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4
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Sposito B, Broggi A, Pandolfi L, Crotta S, Clementi N, Ferrarese R, Sisti S, Criscuolo E, Spreafico R, Long JM, Ambrosi A, Liu E, Frangipane V, Saracino L, Bozzini S, Marongiu L, Facchini FA, Bottazzi A, Fossali T, Colombo R, Clementi M, Tagliabue E, Chou J, Pontiroli AE, Meloni F, Wack A, Mancini N, Zanoni I. The interferon landscape along the respiratory tract impacts the severity of COVID-19. Cell 2021; 184:4953-4968.e16. [PMID: 34492226 PMCID: PMC8373821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by overproduction of immune mediators, but the role of interferons (IFNs) of the type I (IFN-I) or type III (IFN-III) families remains debated. We scrutinized the production of IFNs along the respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients and found that high levels of IFN-III, and to a lesser extent IFN-I, characterize the upper airways of patients with high viral burden but reduced disease risk or severity. Production of specific IFN-III, but not IFN-I, members denotes patients with a mild pathology and efficiently drives the transcription of genes that protect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In contrast, compared to subjects with other infectious or noninfectious lung pathologies, IFNs are overrepresented in the lower airways of patients with severe COVID-19 that exhibit gene pathways associated with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. Our data demonstrate a dynamic production of IFNs in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and show IFNs play opposing roles at distinct anatomical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Sposito
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences and Ph.D. Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Achille Broggi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Laura Pandolfi
- Respiratory Disease Unit IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefania Crotta
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20100, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Sofia Sisti
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaclyn M Long
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alessandro Ambrosi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Enju Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vanessa Frangipane
- Respiratory Disease Unit IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Laura Saracino
- Respiratory Disease Unit IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Sara Bozzini
- Respiratory Disease Unit IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences and Ph.D. Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Fabio A Facchini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences and Ph.D. Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Andrea Bottazzi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fossali
- Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Riccardo Colombo
- Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20100, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Elena Tagliabue
- Value-based healthcare unit, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Janet Chou
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Federica Meloni
- Respiratory Disease Unit IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20100, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20100, Italy.
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Harb H, Benamar M, Lai PS, Contini P, Griffith JW, Crestani E, Schmitz-Abe K, Chen Q, Fong J, Marri L, Filaci G, Del Zotto G, Pishesha N, Kolifrath S, Broggi A, Ghosh S, Gelmez MY, Oktelik FB, Cetin EA, Kiykim A, Kose M, Wang Z, Cui Y, Yu XG, Li JZ, Berra L, Stephen-Victor E, Charbonnier LM, Zanoni I, Ploegh H, Deniz G, De Palma R, Chatila TA. Notch4 signaling limits regulatory T-cell-mediated tissue repair and promotes severe lung inflammation in viral infections. Immunity 2021; 54:1186-1199.e7. [PMID: 33915108 PMCID: PMC8080416 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A cardinal feature of COVID-19 is lung inflammation and respiratory failure. In a prospective multi-country cohort of COVID-19 patients, we found that increased Notch4 expression on circulating regulatory T (Treg) cells was associated with disease severity, predicted mortality, and declined upon recovery. Deletion of Notch4 in Treg cells or therapy with anti-Notch4 antibodies in conventional and humanized mice normalized the dysregulated innate immunity and rescued disease morbidity and mortality induced by a synthetic analog of viral RNA or by influenza H1N1 virus. Mechanistically, Notch4 suppressed the induction by interleukin-18 of amphiregulin, a cytokine necessary for tissue repair. Protection by Notch4 inhibition was recapitulated by therapy with Amphiregulin and, reciprocally, abrogated by its antagonism. Amphiregulin declined in COVID-19 subjects as a function of disease severity and Notch4 expression. Thus, Notch4 expression on Treg cells dynamically restrains amphiregulin-dependent tissue repair to promote severe lung inflammation, with therapeutic implications for COVID-19 and related infections.
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MESH Headings
- Amphiregulin/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pneumonia, Viral/etiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Receptor, Notch4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Notch4/genetics
- Receptor, Notch4/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Harb
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehdi Benamar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peggy S Lai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Contini
- Deptartment of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jason W Griffith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Crestani
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klaus Schmitz-Abe
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Fong
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luca Marri
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Department of Research and Diagnostics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Novalia Pishesha
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Kolifrath
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Achille Broggi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Metin Yusuf Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betul Oktelik
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Kose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ye Cui
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Berra
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Charbonnier
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hidde Ploegh
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Deptartment of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; CNR-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (IBC), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Sposito B, Broggi A, Pandolfi L, Crotta S, Ferrarese R, Sisti S, Clementi N, Ambrosi A, Liu E, Frangipane V, Saracino L, Marongiu L, Facchini FA, Bottazzi A, Fossali T, Colombo R, Clementi M, Tagliabue E, Pontiroli AE, Meloni F, Wack A, Mancini N, Zanoni I. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection as a function of the interferon landscape across the respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients. bioRxiv 2021:2021.03.30.437173. [PMID: 33821280 PMCID: PMC8020981 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.30.437173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak driven by SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 2.5 million deaths globally, with the most severe cases characterized by over-exuberant production of immune-mediators, the nature of which is not fully understood. Interferons of the type I (IFN-I) or type III (IFN-III) families are potent antivirals, but their role in COVID-19 remains debated. Our analysis of gene and protein expression along the respiratory tract shows that IFNs, especially IFN-III, are over-represented in the lower airways of patients with severe COVID-19, while high levels of IFN-III, and to a lesser extent IFN-I, characterize the upper airways of patients with high viral burden but reduced disease risk or severity; also, IFN expression varies with abundance of the cell types that produce them. Our data point to a dynamic process of inter- and intra-family production of IFNs in COVID-19, and suggest that IFNs play opposing roles at distinct anatomical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Sposito
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, US
- Dep. of Biotechnology and Biosciences and Ph.D. program in Molecular and Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Achille Broggi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, US
| | - Laura Pandolfi
- Respiratory Disease Unit IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Crotta
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofia Sisti
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ambrosi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Enju Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, US
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanessa Frangipane
- Respiratory Disease Unit IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Saracino
- Respiratory Disease Unit IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Dep. of Biotechnology and Biosciences and Ph.D. program in Molecular and Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio A Facchini
- Dep. of Biotechnology and Biosciences and Ph.D. program in Molecular and Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bottazzi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fossali
- Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Colombo
- Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Federica Meloni
- Respiratory Disease Unit IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, US
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, US
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7
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Broggi A, Granucci F, Zanoni I. Type III interferons: Balancing tissue tolerance and resistance to pathogen invasion. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132623. [PMID: 31821443 PMCID: PMC7037241 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III IFNs, or IFN-λ, are the latest addition to the IFN family. Thanks to a restricted pattern of expression of their receptor and to unique immunomodulatory properties, IFN-λ stimulates pathogen clearance while, at the same time, curbing inflammation to maintain barrier integrity. Type III IFNs, or IFN-λ, are the newest members of the IFN family and were long believed to play roles that were redundant with those of type I IFNs. However, IFN-λ displays unique traits that delineate them as primary protectors of barrier integrity at mucosal sites. This unique role stems both from the restricted expression of IFN-λ receptor, confined to epithelial cells and to a limited pool of immune cells, and from unique immunomodulatory properties of IFN-λ. Here, we discuss recent findings that establish the unique capacity of IFN-λ to act at the barriers of the host to balance tissue tolerance and immune resistance against viral and bacterial challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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8
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Broggi A, Ghosh S, Sposito B, Spreafico R, Balzarini F, Lo Cascio A, Clementi N, De Santis M, Mancini N, Granucci F, Zanoni I. Type III interferons disrupt the lung epithelial barrier upon viral recognition. Science 2020; 369:706-712. [PMID: 32527925 PMCID: PMC7292499 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are central to antiviral immunity. Viral recognition elicits IFN production, which in turn triggers the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which engage in various antiviral functions. Type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) are widely expressed and can result in immunopathology during viral infections. By contrast, type III IFN (IFN-λ) responses are primarily restricted to mucosal surfaces and are thought to confer antiviral protection without driving damaging proinflammatory responses. Accordingly, IFN-λ has been proposed as a therapeutic in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other such viral respiratory diseases (see the Perspective by Grajales-Reyes and Colonna). Broggi et al. report that COVID-19 patient morbidity correlates with the high expression of type I and III IFNs in the lung. Furthermore, IFN-λ secreted by dendritic cells in the lungs of mice exposed to synthetic viral RNA causes damage to the lung epithelium, which increases susceptibility to lethal bacterial superinfections. Similarly, using a mouse model of influenza infection, Major et al. found that IFN signaling (especially IFN-λ) hampers lung repair by inducing p53 and inhibiting epithelial proliferation and differentiation. Complicating this picture, Hadjadj et al. observed that peripheral blood immune cells from severe and critical COVID-19 patients have diminished type I IFN and enhanced proinflammatory interleukin-6– and tumor necrosis factor-α–fueled responses. This suggests that in contrast to local production, systemic production of IFNs may be beneficial. The results of this trio of studies suggest that the location, timing, and duration of IFN exposure are critical parameters underlying the success or failure of therapeutics for viral respiratory infections. Science, this issue p. 706, p. 712, p. 718; see also p. 626 Viral infections of the lower respiratory tract are a leading cause of mortality. Mounting evidence indicates that most severe cases are characterized by aberrant immune responses and do not depend on viral burden. In this study, we assessed how type III interferons (IFN-λ) contribute to the pathogenesis induced by RNA viruses. We report that IFN-λ is present in the lower, but not upper, airways of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In mice, we demonstrate that IFN-λ produced by lung dendritic cells in response to a synthetic viral RNA induces barrier damage, causing susceptibility to lethal bacterial superinfections. These findings provide a strong rationale for rethinking the pathophysiological role of IFN-λ and its possible use in clinical practice against endemic viruses, such as influenza virus as well as the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benedetta Sposito
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fabio Balzarini
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Lo Cascio
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria De Santis
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM) "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Zanoni I, Granucci F, Broggi A. Interferon (IFN)-λ Takes the Helm: Immunomodulatory Roles of Type III IFNs. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1661. [PMID: 29234323 PMCID: PMC5712353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFNs) (or IFN-λ) are the latest addition to the IFN family. Even though they share little protein homology with type I IFN, both exhibit remarkable functional similarities: each can be induced in response to viral infections, and both lead to Janus kinases (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation. The JAK/STAT pathway induces antiviral responses and IFN-stimulated gene transcription. However, despite the similarities in their effector functions with type I IFNs, IFN-λ also has a non-redundant role in protecting barrier organs: epithelial cells preferentially produce IFN-λ rather than type I IFNs; and interferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1), the specific receptor for IFN-λ, is highly expressed on cells of epithelial lineage. Thus far, IFN-λ has been considered mainly as an epithelial cytokine, which restricts viral replication in epithelial cells and constitutes an added layer of protection at mucosal sites. However, it is now increasingly recognized that IFNLR1 is expressed broadly, and that immune cells such as neutrophils and dendritic cells also respond to IFN-λ. Moreover, in many in vivo models, IFN-λ modulates immune cell functions and thereby configures itself less as a cytokine that is only specific to the epithelium, and more as a cytokine that directly controls the inflammatory response at mucosal sites. Here, we critically review the recent literature on immune modulatory roles for IFN-λ, and distinguish between the direct and indirect effects of this IFN on immune cell functions in different inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Achille Broggi
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Santus W, Barresi S, Mingozzi F, Broggi A, Orlandi I, Stamerra G, Vai M, Martorana AM, Polissi A, Köhler JR, Liu N, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Skin infections are eliminated by cooperation of the fibrinolytic and innate immune systems. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/15/eaan2725. [PMID: 28939652 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is activated in innate immune cells downstream of pattern recognition receptors, but little is known about NFAT's functions in innate immunity compared with adaptive immunity. We show that early activation of NFAT balances the two major phases of the innate response to Candida albicans skin infections: the protective containment (abscess) and the elimination (expulsion) phases. During the early containment phase, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces the deposit of collagen around newly recruited polymorphonuclear cells to prevent microbial spreading. During the elimination phase, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) blocks differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts by antagonizing TGF-β signaling. IFN-γ also induces the formation of plasmin that, in turn, promotes abscess capsule digestion and skin ulceration for microbial discharge. NFAT controls innate IFN-γ production and microbial expulsion. This cross-talk between the innate immune and the fibrinolytic systems also occurs during infection with Staphylococcus aureus and is a protective response to minimize tissue damage and optimize pathogen elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Santus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Barresi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mingozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Achille Broggi
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivan Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Stamerra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Vai
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra M Martorana
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Polissi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Julia R Köhler
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ningning Liu
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy. .,Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Zanoni I, Tan Y, Di Gioia M, Broggi A, Ruan J, Shi J, Donado CA, Shao F, Wu H, Springstead JR, Kagan JC. An endogenous caspase-11 ligand elicits interleukin-1 release from living dendritic cells. Science 2016; 352:1232-6. [PMID: 27103670 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) use pattern recognition receptors to detect microorganisms and activate protective immunity. These cells and receptors are thought to operate in an all-or-nothing manner, existing in an immunologically active or inactive state. Here, we report that encounters with microbial products and self-encoded oxidized phospholipids (oxPAPC) induce an enhanced DC activation state, which we call "hyperactive." Hyperactive DCs induce potent adaptive immune responses and are elicited by caspase-11, an enzyme that binds oxPAPC and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). oxPAPC and LPS bind caspase-11 via distinct domains and elicit different inflammasome-dependent activities. Both lipids induce caspase-11-dependent interleukin-1 release, but only LPS induces pyroptosis. The cells and receptors of the innate immune system can therefore achieve different activation states, which may permit context-dependent responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. Unit of Cell Signalling and Innate Immunity, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Yunhao Tan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Achille Broggi
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianbin Ruan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjin Shi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Carlos A Donado
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R Springstead
- Department of Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Broggi A, Cigni C, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Preparation of Single-cell Suspensions for Cytofluorimetric Analysis from Different Mouse Skin Regions. J Vis Exp 2016:e52589. [PMID: 27166881 DOI: 10.3791/52589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a barrier organ that interacts with the external environment. Being continuously exposed to potential microbial invasion, the dermis and epidermis home a variety of immune cells in both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Tools to obtain skin cell release for cytofluorimetric analyses are, therefore, very useful in order to study the complex network of immune cells residing in the skin and their response to microbial stimuli. Here, we describe an efficient methodology for the digestion of mouse skin to rapidly and efficiently obtain single-cell suspensions. This protocol allows maintenance of maximum cell viability without compromising surface antigen expression. We also describe how to take and digest skin samples from different anatomical locations, such as the ear, trunk, tail, and footpad. The obtained suspensions are then stained and analyzed by flow cytometry to discriminate between different leukocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Clara Cigni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center;
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center;
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13
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Abstract
The ability of the immune system to give rise to an effective response against pathogens while maintaining tolerance towards self-tissues has always been an object of keen interest for immunologist. Over the years, different theories have been proposed to explain if and how the immune system is able to discriminate between self and non-self, including the Infectious Non-self theory from Charles Janeway and Polly Matzinger's Danger theory. Nowadays we know Janeway's theory is largely true, however the immune system does respond to injured, stressed and necrotic cells releasing danger signals (DAMPs) with a potent inflammatory response. To avoid unwanted prolonged autoimmune reactions, though, danger-induced inflammation should be tightly regulated. In the present review we discuss how prototypic DAMPs are able to induce inflammation and the peculiarity of danger-induced inflammation, as opposed to a complete immune response to fight pathogen invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Bissa M, Pacchioni SM, Zanotto C, De Giuli Morghen C, Illiano E, Granucci F, Zanoni I, Broggi A, Radaelli A. Systemically administered DNA and fowlpox recombinants expressing four vaccinia virus genes although immunogenic do not protect mice against the highly pathogenic IHD-J vaccinia strain. Virus Res 2013; 178:374-82. [PMID: 24050999 PMCID: PMC9533858 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first-generation smallpox vaccine was based on live vaccinia virus (VV) and it successfully eradicated the disease worldwide. Therefore, it was not administered any more after 1980, as smallpox no longer existed as a natural infection. However, emerging threats by terrorist organisations has prompted new programmes for second-generation vaccine development based on attenuated VV strains, which have been shown to cause rare but serious adverse events in immunocompromised patients. Considering the closely related animal poxviruses that might also be used as bioweapons, and the increasing number of unvaccinated young people and AIDS-affected immunocompromised subjects, a safer and more effective smallpox vaccine is still required. New avipoxvirus-based vectors should improve the safety of conventional vaccines, and protect from newly emerging zoonotic orthopoxvirus diseases and from the threat of deliberate release of variola or monkeypox virus in a bioterrorist attack. In this study, DNA and fowlpox recombinants expressing the L1R, A27L, A33R and B5R genes were constructed and evaluated in a pre-clinical trial in mouse, following six prime/boost immunisation regimens, to compare their immunogenicity and protective efficacy against a challenge with the lethal VV IHD-J strain. Although higher numbers of VV-specific IFNγ-producing T lymphocytes were observed in the protected mice, the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response and the presence of neutralising antibodies did not always correlate with protection. In spite of previous successful results in mice, rabbits and monkeys, where SIV/HIV transgenes were expressed by the fowlpox vector, the immune response elicited by these recombinants was low, and most of the mice were not protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
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15
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Abstract
Conventional DCs are an extremely heterogeneous cell population that comprises several different subsets. A major distinction can be made between lymphoid-resident DCs that are present in the lymphoid tissues and the blood and migratory DCs that reside in the nonlymphoid tissues and migrate to the lymph nodes, both in homeostatic conditions and during the course of an infection. Migratory DCs differ from tissue to tissue but share the unique ability to transport antigens to the draining lymph nodes-in particular, tissue-restricted antigens in homeostatic conditions and microbial antigens after an infection. Recently, steady-state migratory DCs have gained much attention after the discovery of their high tolerogenic potential. The purpose of this review is to give a picture of the recent finding regarding steady-state migratory DCs with particular interest in their role in inducing T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- 1.University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy. or
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16
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Zanoni I, Ostuni R, Barresi S, Di Gioia M, Broggi A, Costa B, Marzi R, Granucci F. CD14 and NFAT mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced skin edema formation in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1747-57. [PMID: 22466648 DOI: 10.1172/jci60688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a multistep process triggered when innate immune cells - for example, DCs - sense a pathogen or injured cell or tissue. Edema formation is one of the first steps in the inflammatory response; it is fundamental for the local accumulation of inflammatory mediators. Injection of LPS into the skin provides a model for studying the mechanisms of inflammation and edema formation. While it is known that innate immune recognition of LPS leads to activation of numerous transcriptional activators, including nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) isoforms, the molecular pathways that lead to edema formation have not been determined. As PGE2 regulates many proinflammatory processes, including swelling and pain, and it is induced by LPS, we hypothesized that PGE2 mediates the local generation of edema following LPS exposure. Here, we show that tissue-resident DCs are the main source of PGE2 and the main controllers of tissue edema formation in a mouse model of LPS-induced inflammation. LPS exposure induced expression of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1), a key enzyme in PGE2 biosynthesis. mPGES-1 activation, PGE2 production, and edema formation required CD14 (a component of the LPS receptor) and NFAT. Therefore, tissue edema formation induced by LPS is DC and CD14/NFAT dependent. Moreover, DCs can regulate free antigen arrival at the draining lymph nodes by controlling edema formation and interstitial fluid pressure in the presence of LPS. We therefore suggest that the CD14/NFAT/mPGES-1 pathway represents a possible target for antiinflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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17
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Zanoni I, Bodio C, Broggi A, Ostuni R, Caccia M, Collini M, Venkatesh A, Spreafico R, Capuano G, Granucci F. Similarities and differences of innate immune responses elicited by smooth and rough LPS. Immunol Lett 2011; 142:41-7. [PMID: 22207037 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane. LPS comprises three covalently linked regions: the lipid A, the rough core oligosaccharide, and the O-antigenic side chain determining serotype specificity. Wild-type LPS (sLPS) contains the O-antigenic side chain and is referred to as smooth. Rough LPS (rLPS) does not contain the O-side chain. Most wt bacteria and especially wt Enterobacteriaceae express prevalently the sLPS form although some truncated rLPS molecules always reach the external membrane. The two sLPS and rLPS forms are used almost indistinctly to study the effects on innate immune cells. Nevertheless, there is evidence that their mechanism of action may be different. For instance, while sLPS requires CD14 for the initiation of both MyD88-dependent and independent signal transduction pathways at least at low doses, rLPS leads to MyD88-dependent responses in the absence of CD14 even at low doses. Here we have identified additional differences in the signaling capacity of the two LPS species in the mouse. We have found that rLPS, diversely from sLPS, is capable of activating in dendritic cells (DCs) the Ca(2+)/calcineurin and NFAT pathway in a CD14-independent manner, moreover it is also capable per se of activating the inflammasome and eliciting IL-1β secretion independent of the presence of additional stimuli required instead for sLPS. The ability of rLPS of activating the inflammasome in vitro has as a direct consequence a higher efficiency of rLPS-exposed DCs in activating natural killer (NK) cells compared to sLPS-exposed DCs. However, diversely from possible predictions, we found that the different efficiencies of the two LPS species in eliciting innate responses are almost nullified in vivo. Therefore, sLPS and rLPS induce nearly similar in vivo innate responses but with different mechanisms of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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18
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Broggi A, Vitali C, Mingozzi F, Raimondi G, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Regulatory T cell conversion by migratory but not lymphoid tissue resident dendritic cells (50.11). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.50.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
There is evidence that dendritic cells (DCs) induce peripheral tolerance. Although studies on specific DC subsets have proven their ability to induce regulatory T cell conversion (iTreg cells), little is know about the DC subtypes actually able to promote peripheral CD4+ T cell tolerance to autoantigens in vivo. Here, we show that, when autoantigen presentation is not confined to specific DC subsets but is extended to all conventional DCs, steady state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) possess unique ability to induce antigen-specific iTreg cells in cutaneous lymph nodes (CLNs). Diversely, lymphoid tissue resident DCs do not show this capacity. Moreover, DC-derived CCL22 contributes to the retention of iTreg cells in CLNs and skin. Therefore migratory DCs represent the DC population devoted to the maintenance of peripheral self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- 1Biotecnology and Bio, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Vitali
- 1Biotecnology and Bio, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Ivan Zanoni
- 1Biotecnology and Bio, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Bertozzi M, Broggi A, Gomez CH, Fedriga RI, Vezzoni G, DelRose M. Pedestrian Detection in Far Infrared Images based on the use of Probabilistic Templates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1109/ivs.2007.4290135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bertozzi M, Broggi A, Carletti M, Fascioli A, Graf T, Grisleri P, Meinecke M. IR Pedestrian Detection for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-45243-0_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Bertozzi M, Broggi A. GOLD: a parallel real-time stereo vision system for generic obstacle and lane detection. IEEE Trans Image Process 1998; 7:62-81. [PMID: 18267380 DOI: 10.1109/83.650851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the generic obstacle and lane detection system (GOLD), a stereo vision-based hardware and software architecture to be used on moving vehicles to increment road safety. Based on a full-custom massively parallel hardware, it allows to detect both generic obstacles (without constraints on symmetry or shape) and the lane position in a structured environment (with painted lane markings) at a rate of 10 Hz. Thanks to a geometrical transform supported by a specific hardware module, the perspective effect is removed from both left and right stereo images; the left is used to detect lane markings with a series of morphological filters, while both remapped stereo images are used for the detection of free-space in front of the vehicle. The output of the processing is displayed on both an on-board monitor and a control-panel to give visual feedbacks to the driver. The system was tested on the mobile laboratory (MOB-LAB) experimental land vehicle, which was driven for more than 3000 km along extra-urban roads and freeways at speeds up to 80 km/h, and demonstrated its robustness with respect to shadows and changing illumination conditions, different road textures, and vehicle movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bertozzi
- Dept. of Inf. Technol., Parma Univ., Italy.
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Abstract
The main aim of this work is the development of a vision-based road detection system fast enough to cope with the difficult real-time constraints imposed by moving vehicle applications. The hardware platform, a special-purpose massively parallel system, has been chosen to minimize system production and operational costs. This paper presents a novel approach to expectation-driven low-level image segmentation, which can be mapped naturally onto mesh-connected massively parallel SIMD architectures capable of handling hierarchical data structures. The input image is assumed to contain a distorted version of a given template; a multiresolution stretching process is used to reshape the original template in accordance with the acquired image content, minimizing a potential function. The distorted template is the process output.
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Abstract
Presents a system for the extraction of road boundaries from an image taken in an out-of-town environment. In this application, computational speed and performance play a fundamental role in the selection of the hardware platform and the design of algorithms. The algorithm has been designed to be implemented on a special-purpose mesh-connected SIR ID architecture, PAPRICA, which will be fitted to the vehicle. This presentation focuses on the algorithms and in particular on processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Broggi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Parma Univ
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Palagi B, Villa F, Verga P, Broggi A, Guzzini F, Cozzi C, Tomasi A, Picozzi R. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate by impulse synthesis: clinical validation and optimization. Nuklearmedizin 1988; 27:147-50. [PMID: 3141906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Impulse synthesis is a technique which relies upon the logic of continuous infusion but extracts the clearance value from single-injection data by shifting and adding them until an asymptotic value is attained. This study has been aimed at validating and optimizing clinically the measurement of glomerular filtration rate by impulse synthesis. A single intravenous injection of 51Cr-EDTA has been made in 32 patients and plasma activity monitored over the next 6 h. Glomerular filtration rate computed by a single-exponential fit method (GFR-SEF) has been shown to be significantly (p less than 0.001) overestimated when compared with the glomerular filtration rate obtained by the impulse synthesis technique (GFR-IS) in spite of an excellent (r = 0.989) linear correlation between the two sets of data. On the other hand, the comparison between GFR-IS and 24-h creatinine clearance has not shown any significant difference. Moreover, we have found that in patients with severe renal failure GFR-IS is overestimated when the sampling time span is shortened to 3 h. On the other hand, GFR-IS is slightly underestimated in patients with severe renal failure when the convolution time interval is increased over a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Palagi
- Servizio di Medicina Nucleare, Ospedale di Saronno, Italy
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Monza GC, Lampertico M, Ferrari A, Tarolo GL, Picozzi R, Camerone G, Neri V, Broggi A. Prolactin and thyrotropin secretin in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: study of the variations induced by TRH, metoclopramide and cimetidine. J Nucl Med Allied Sci 1981; 25:71-8. [PMID: 6796661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lampertico M, Monza GC, Neri V, Picozzi R, Tarolo GL, Broggi A. Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and cimetidine in patients with severe liver disease. J Nucl Med Allied Sci 1981; 25:19-25. [PMID: 6788910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Martinenghi P, Broggi A, Paganini E, Battaglia A, Marelli A, Dozio F, Bisazza R, Ermolli M. [Portal cavernoma. Observation of a case and clinico-nosographic considerations (author's transl)]. Chir Ital 1980; 32:1248-53. [PMID: 7249184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The clinical case of a sixty-two year old woman suffering for about six years from rare episodes of cramplike pains in the right hypochondriac region, radiated to the homolateral scapula, is described. After diagnosis of biliary calculosis, the patient was admitted to hospital and her gallbladder removed. During the operation a number of venous ectasias of the portal system were evidenced at the hepatic hilus, and their biopsy led to a diagnosis of portal cavernoma. The possible part played by the cavernoma in producing the patient's clinical picture is discussed, with reference also to other cases of cavernoma of varying location. This is followed by a review of the literature, in which stress is placed on the different aetiopathogenetic interpretations of angiomas and in particular of portal cavernomas. The possible evolution of angiomas and present treatment trends are also mentioned.
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Broggi A, Paganini E, Dozio F, Battaglia A, Zocchi G, Bisazza R. [Colonic mucins in idiopathic proctocolitis and Crohn's disease]. Chir Ital 1980; 32:404-12. [PMID: 7237658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The AA. examine 75 cases of Crohn disease for studying the secretion of mucina in the different stages of disease. The result is that the acute stage is marked by a strong depletion of mucina; the interesting part of this work is that the study of sulpherized acid mucinae is an excellent standard of diagnosis in regard to the benign evolution of this disease.
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Perelli-Ercolini M, Broggi A, Della Barba A. [Post-traumatic cutaneous necrosis]. Minerva Ortop 1971; 22:306-8. [PMID: 5130341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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