1
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Wright PW, Li H, Rahman MA, Anderson EM, Karwan M, Carrell J, Anderson SK. The KIR2DL1 intermediate upstream element participates in gene activation. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:495-506. [PMID: 37801092 PMCID: PMC10651540 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The human KIR genes encode a family of class I MHC receptors that are expressed on subsets of NK cells. The expression of KIR proteins is controlled by a stochastic process, and competition between sense and antisense promoter elements has been suggested to program the variegated expression of these genes. Previous studies have demonstrated distinct roles of distal, intermediate, and proximal sense promoter/enhancer elements in gene activation and expression. Conversely, proximal and intronic antisense promoter transcripts have been associated with gene silencing at different stages of NK cell development. In the current study, we examine the effect of intermediate promoter deletion on KIR2DL1 expression in the YTS cell line. Homozygous deletion of the KIR2DL1 intermediate element did not affect proximal promoter activity but resulted in increased detection of upstream transcripts. No significant changes in alternative mRNA splicing or expression levels of KIR2DL1 protein were observed. However, intermediate element deletion was associated with a reduced frequency of gene activation by 5-azacytidine. Taken together, these results indicate that the intermediate element is not an enhancer required for KIR expression; however, it is required for the efficient activation of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Wright
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Hongchuan Li
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Md Ahasanur Rahman
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Erik M Anderson
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Megan Karwan
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey Carrell
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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2
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Jennifer Zhang Q. Donor selection based on NK alloreactivity for patients with hematological malignancies. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:695-703. [PMID: 35965181 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important defender against infections and tumors. Their function is regulated by the balance of inhibitory and activating receptors. Among all inhibitory NK receptors: killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and CD94/NKG2A recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class I molecules, allowing NK cells to be 'licensed' to avoid autoreactivity, but be fully functional at the same time. Licensed NK cells can target malignant cells with altered or downregulated/missing 'self' antigens. NK cell attacking malignant cells is one of the mechanisms of graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. Numerous studies have demonstrated that NK cells improve hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) survival by reducing relapse mortality through GVL effect. Therapeutic strategies, such as adoptive alloreactive NK cell transfer, CAR-NK cells, antibodies against NKG2A and KIR2DL1-3, have been utilized to treat hematological malignancies in HCT. In this review, NK cell functions, NK cell receptors and ligands, as well as common alloreactive NK donor selection algorithms for patients with hematological malignancies in the setting of HCT are discussed. The goal of this review is to provide insights on the controversial results and provide better understanding and resources on how to perform alloreactive donor NK cell selection in HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuheng Jennifer Zhang
- UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.
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3
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Zuo W, Yu XX, Liu XF, Chang YJ, Wang Y, Zhang XH, Xu LP, Liu KY, Zhao XS, Huang XJ, Zhao XY. The Interaction of HLA-C1/KIR2DL2/L3 Promoted KIR2DL2/L3 Single-Positive/NKG2C-Positive Natural Killer Cell Reconstitution, Raising the Incidence of aGVHD after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814334. [PMID: 35572602 PMCID: PMC9101514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2C+ natural killer (NK) cell plays a vital role in CMV infection control after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the modulation on NKG2C+ NK cell reconstitution is still unclear. NK cell education is affected by the interactions of HLA-I/killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR). Our aim is to figure out which HLA-I/KIR interaction plays a dominant role in NKG2C+ NK education. Based on allogeneic haploidentical HSCT, we investigated the expansion and function of single KIR positive NKG2C+ NK cells via the interaction of KIR with both donor HLA and recipient HLA at days 30, 90, and 180 after HSCT. KIR2DL2/L3 single-positive/NKG2C+ cells were significantly expanded compared with KIR2DL1 or KIR3DL1 single-positive/NKG2C+ cells when donors and recipients were both HLA-C1/C1 or HLA-C1C1BW4 (p < 0.05), with higher NKp30 expression (p < 0.05). Moreover, the proportion of single KIR positive NK cells increased in both NKG2C+/NKG2A- NK cells and conventional NKG2C-/NKG2A- NK cells over time. We also observed that increased proportion of KIR2DL2/L3 single-positive/NKG2C+ NK cells correlated with higher incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Our study allows a better understanding of HLA-I/KIR interaction in the NKG2C+ NK cell education after HSCT.
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4
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Meazza R, Falco M, Canevali P, Loiacono F, Colomar-Carando N, Muntasell A, Rea A, Mingari MC, Locatelli F, Moretta L, Lopez-Botet M, Pende D. Characterization of KIR + NK cell subsets with a monoclonal antibody selectively recognizing KIR2DL1 and blocking the specific interaction with HLA-C. HLA 2022; 100:119-132. [PMID: 35439359 PMCID: PMC9543057 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic identification of different NK cell subsets allows more in‐depth characterization of KIR repertoire and function, which are of potential interest in KIR and disease association studies. KIR genes are highly polymorphic, but a great homology exists among the various sequences and few monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specifically recognize a single KIR. This is the case of HP‐DM1 which was demonstrated by analysis of cell transfectants and epitope mapping to be exclusively KIR2DL1‐specific, covering all allotypes identified to date, except for KIR2DL1*022 and *020, and also to react with KIR2DS1*013. Here, we compared in immunofluorescence analyses the staining of HP‐DM1 with other available mAbs to precisely identify KIR2DL1+ NK cells in potential donors for αβT/B‐depleted haplo‐HSCT, with known KIR genotype. HP‐DM1 mAb was used in combination with EB6 or 11PB6 (anti‐KIR2DL1/S1 and anti‐KIR2DL3*005), 143211 (anti‐KIR2DL1/S5), and HP‐MA4 (anti‐KIR2DL1/S1/S3/S5) mAbs, allowing the accurate identification of different KIR+ NK cell subsets. These phenotypic evaluations appeared useful to dissect the expression pattern of various KIR2D in NK cells from KIR2DL3*005+ individuals, particularly if KIR2DS1 is present. HP‐DM1 mAb remarkably refined NK cell phenotyping of donors carrying KIR2DS5, either in the centromeric or telomeric region. Functional assays with KIR2DL1+/S1+/S5+ NK cells confirmed that only HP‐DM1 exclusively reacts with KIR2DL1. Finally, we demonstrated that HP‐DM1 mAb blocked KIR2DL1 recognition of C2+ HLA‐C. Altogether, the data support that HP‐DM1 is a unique reagent valuable for characterizing KIR+ NK cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Natalia Colomar-Carando
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Rea
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel Lopez-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela Pende
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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5
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Falco M, Meazza R, Alicata C, Canevali P, Muntasell A, Bottino C, Moretta L, Pende D, Lopez-Botet M. Epitope characterization of a monoclonal antibody that selectively recognizes KIR2DL1 allotypes. HLA 2022; 100:107-118. [PMID: 35411634 PMCID: PMC9544867 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) genes code for a family of inhibitory and activating receptors, finely tuning NK cell function. Numerous studies reported the relevance of KIR allelic polymorphism on KIR expression, ligand affinity, and strength in signal transduction. Although KIR variability, including gene copy number and allelic polymorphism, in combination with HLA class I polymorphism, impacts both KIR expression and NK cell education, only a precise phenotypic analysis can define the size of the different KIRpos NK cell subsets. In this context, reagents recognizing a limited number of KIRs is essential. In this study, we have characterized the specificity of an anti‐KIR mAb termed HP‐DM1. Testing its binding to HEK‐293T cells transfected with plasmids coding for different KIRs, we demonstrated that HP‐DM1 mAb exclusively reacts with KIR2DL1. Using site‐directed mutagenesis, we identified the four amino acids relevant for HP‐DM1 recognition: M44, S67, R68, and T70. HP‐DM1 mAb binds to a conformational epitope including M44, the residue crucial for HLA‐C K80 recognition by KIR2DL1. Based on the HP‐DM1 epitope characterization, we could extend its reactivity to all KIR2DL1 allotypes identified except for KIR2DL1*022 and, most likely, KIR2DL1*020, predicting that it does not recognize any other KIR with the only exception of KIR2DS1*013. Moreover, by identifying the residues relevant for HP‐DM1 binding, continuously updating of its reactivity will be facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Bottino
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,DIMES, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Pende
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Miguel Lopez-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Loubser S, Da Costa Dias B, Shalekoff S, Gentle NL, Tiemessen CT. Lack of association of KIR2DL1-R 245 and KIR2DL1-C 245 with HIV-1 control in black South Africans with HLA-C2. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:600-607. [PMID: 33906789 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activating/inhibitory Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs) partly regulate Natural Killer (NK) cells. KIR2DL1 allotypes with cysteine at position-245 (KIR2DL1-C245) express at lower levels and demonstrate weaker inhibitory signaling compared to allotypes with arginine at position-245 (KIR2DL1-R245). The functional consequence of either allotype in infectious diseases is unknown. Since NK cells mediate antiviral immunity, we investigated KIR2DL1-R245 and KIR2DL1-C245 in association with HIV-1 virological control in untreated immunocompetent black South Africans. Allotype carriage, determined by KIR2DL1 sequencing, was similar between uninfected South Africans (n = 104) and other black African populations, but differed significantly from Europeans, while no significant differences were noted between uninfected and HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 52). KIR2DL1 expression, measured by flow cytometry, in uninfected individuals showed higher KIR2DL1-R245 expression compared to KIR2DL1-C245 in white donors (n = 27), while black donors (n = 21) generally expressed lower levels of both allotypes. KIR2DL1 expression was reduced in HLA-C2 carriers, most evident in black HLA-C2/C2 donors. KIR2DL1-R245 and KIR2DL1-C245 did not associate with viral load when HLA-C2 ligands were present, however in HLA-C1 homozygotes, individuals with only KIR2DL1-R245, showed lower viral loads compared to carriers of both allotypes. The lack of association of KIR2DL1-R245 or KIR2DL1-C245 with HIV-1 control in HLA-C2 carriers may relate to lower KIR2DL1 expression levels in a population with high HLA-C2 prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Loubser
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Bianca Da Costa Dias
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Sharon Shalekoff
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Nikki L Gentle
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
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7
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Donor KIR3DL1/receptor HLA-Bw4-80I Combination Reduces Acute Leukemia Relapse after Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation without in Vitro T-cell Depletion. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2021; 13:e2021005. [PMID: 33489044 PMCID: PMC7813285 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2021.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Donor natural killer (NK) cell alloreactivity in umbilical cord bone marrow transplantation (UCBT) can lead to leukemic relapse. However, NK cell function is calibrated by interaction with human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). This study aimed to investigate graft-resistant leukemia after transplantation and compared specific genotypes of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in donors and human leukocyte antigen ligands in patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 232 patients with acute leukemia from a single center. Patients had undergone UCBT with myeloablative conditioning and without anti-thymocyte globulin. We identified the KIR genotypes of cord blood donors using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. All of the donors contained KIR3DL1. Results The patients were divided into three groups according to the HLA-B locus. The donor KIR3DL1 and recipient HLA-Bw4-80I combination was predictive of being highly educated and was associated with a lower relapse (P=0.006) and better overall survival (probability of relapse=0.13, P < 0.001) than the uneducated group. We found no significant increase in the incidence of acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease. Conclusions Our data suggest that the donor KIR3DL1/receptor and HLA-Bw4-80I combination in UCBT results in stronger graft-versus-leukemia effects and improved outcomes in patients with acute leukemia.
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8
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Centromeric KIR AA Individuals Harbor Particular KIR Alleles Conferring Beneficial NK Cell Features with Implications in Haplo-Identical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123595. [PMID: 33271841 PMCID: PMC7760878 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown a broad disparity of Natural Killer (NK) cell responses against leukemia highlighting good and bad responders resting on the Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) and HLA genetics. In this study, we deeply studied KIR2D allele expression, HLA-C recognition and functional effect on NK cells in 108 blood donors in combining high-resolution KIR allele typing and multicolor flow cytometry. The KIR2DL1*003 allotype is associated with centromeric (cen) AA motif and confers the highest NK cell frequency, expression level and strength of KIR/HLA-C interactions compared to the KIR2DL1*002 and KIR2DL1*004 allotypes respectively associated with cenAB and BB motifs. KIR2DL2*001 and *003 allotypes negatively affect the frequency of KIR2DL1+ and KIR2DL3+ NK cells. Altogether, our data suggest that cenAA individuals display more efficient KIR2DL alleles (L1*003 and L3*001) to mount a consistent frequency of KIR2DL+ NK cells and to confer an effective NK cell responsiveness. The transposition of our in vitro observations in the T-replete haplo-identical HSCT context led us to observe that cenAA HSC grafts limit significantly the incidence of relapse in patients with myeloid diseases after T-replete haplo-identical HSCT. As NK cells are crucial in HSCT reconstitution, one could expect that the consideration of KIR2DL1/2/3 allelic polymorphism could help to refine scores used for HSC donor selection.
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9
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Vargas LDB, Dourado RM, Amorim LM, Ho B, Calonga-Solís V, Issler HC, Marin WM, Beltrame MH, Petzl-Erler ML, Hollenbach JA, Augusto DG. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in KIR2DL1 Is Associated With HLA-C Expression in Global Populations. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1881. [PMID: 32983108 PMCID: PMC7478174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of NK cell activity is mediated through killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) ability to recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules as ligands. Interaction of KIR and HLA is implicated in viral infections, autoimmunity, and reproduction and there is growing evidence of the coevolution of these two independently segregating gene families. By leveraging KIR and HLA-C data from 1000 Genomes consortium we observed that the KIR2DL1 variant rs2304224 * T is associated with lower expression of HLA-C in individuals carrying the ligand HLA-C2 (p = 0.0059). Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated that this variant is also associated with higher expression of KIR2DL1 on the NK cell surface (p = 0.0002). Next, we applied next generation sequencing to analyze KIR2DL1 sequence variation in 109 Euro and 75 Japanese descendants. Analyzing the extended haplotype homozygosity, we show signals of positive selection for rs4806553 * G and rs687000 * G, which are in linkage disequilibrium with rs2304224 * T. Our results suggest that lower expression of HLA-C2 ligands might be compensated for higher expression of the receptor KIR2DL1 and bring new insights into the coevolution of KIR and HLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Brito Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Renata M Dourado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Brenda Ho
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Verónica Calonga-Solís
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Hellen C Issler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wesley M Marin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marcia H Beltrame
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jill A Hollenbach
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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10
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Kennedy PR, Barthen C, Williamson DJ, Pitkeathly WTE, Hazime KS, Cumming J, Stacey KB, Hilton HG, Carrington M, Parham P, Davis DM. Genetic diversity affects the nanoscale membrane organization and signaling of natural killer cell receptors. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaaw9252. [PMID: 31848320 PMCID: PMC6944503 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw9252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity in human natural killer (NK) cell receptors is linked to resistance and susceptibility to many diseases. Here, we tested the effect of this diversity on the nanoscale organization of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). Using superresolution microscopy, we found that inhibitory KIRs encoded by different genes and alleles were organized differently at the surface of primary human NK cells. KIRs that were found at low abundance assembled into smaller clusters than those formed by KIRs that were more highly abundant, and at low abundance, there was a greater proportion of KIRs in clusters. Upon receptor triggering, a structured interface called the immune synapse assembles, which facilitates signal integration and controls NK cell responses. Here, triggering of low-abundance receptors resulted in less phosphorylation of the downstream phosphatase SHP-1 but more phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Crk than did triggering of high-abundance receptors. In cells with greater KIR abundance, SHP-1 dephosphorylated Crk, which potentiated NK cell spreading during activation. Thus, genetic variation modulates both the abundance and nanoscale organization of inhibitory KIRs. That is, as well as the number of receptors at the cell surface varying with genotype, the way in which these receptors are organized in the membrane also varies. Essentially, a change in the average surface abundance of a protein at the cell surface is a coarse descriptor entwined with changes in local nanoscale clustering. Together, our data indicate that genetic diversity in inhibitory KIRs affects membrane-proximal signaling and, unexpectedly, the formation of activating immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa R Kennedy
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Charlotte Barthen
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - William T E Pitkeathly
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Khodor S Hazime
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Joshua Cumming
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Kevin B Stacey
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, D159, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Building 560, Room 21-89, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, D159, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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11
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Krieger E, Sabo R, Moezzi S, Cain C, Roberts C, Kimball P, Chesney A, McCarty J, Keating A, Romee R, Wiedl C, Qayyum R, Toor A. Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor-Ligand Interactions Predict Clinical Outcomes following Unrelated Donor Transplantations. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 26:672-682. [PMID: 31676338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and KIR ligand (KIRL) interactions play an important role in natural killer (NK) cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia effect following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the KIR gene and KIRL content in individuals, making it difficult to estimate the full clinical impact of NK cell reconstitution following HCT. Here we present a novel adaptive mathematical model designed to quantify these interactions to better assess the influence of NK cell-mediated alloreactivity on transplant outcomes. Ninety-eight HLA- matched unrelated donor (URD) HCT recipients were studied retrospectively. The KIR-KIRL interactions were quantified using a system of matrix equations. Unit values were ascribed to each KIR-KIRL interaction, and the directionality of interactions was denoted by either a positive (activating) or negative (inhibition) symbol; these interactions were then summed. The absolute values of both the missing KIRL and inhibitory KIR-KIRL interactions were significantly associated with overall survival and relapse. These score components were initially used to develop a weighted score (w-KIR score) and subsequently a simplified, nonweighted KIR-KIRL interaction score (IM-KIR score). Increased w-KIR score and IM-KIR score were predictive of all-cause mortality and relapse (w-KIR score: hazard ratio [HR], .37 [P = .001] and .44 [P = .044], respectively; IM-KIR score: HR, .5 [P = .049] and .44 [P = .002], respectively). IM-KIR score was also associated with NK cell reconstitution post-HCT. KIR-KIRL interactions as reflected by the w-KIR and IM-KIR scores influence both relapse risk and survival in recipients of HLA-matched URD HCT with hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Krieger
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Roy Sabo
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sanauz Moezzi
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Caitlin Cain
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Catherine Roberts
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pamela Kimball
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alden Chesney
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John McCarty
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Armand Keating
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rizwan Romee
- Dana-Farber Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christina Wiedl
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rehan Qayyum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Amir Toor
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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12
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Guillamón CF, Martínez-Sánchez MV, Gimeno L, Campillo JA, Server-Pastor G, Martínez-García J, Martínez-Escribano J, Torroba A, Ferri B, Abellán DJ, Legaz I, López-Álvarez MR, Moya-Quiles MR, Muro M, Minguela A. Activating KIRs on Educated NK Cells Support Downregulation of CD226 and Inefficient Tumor Immunosurveillance. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1307-1317. [PMID: 31239317 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapies using NK cells (NKc) expanded/activated ex vivo or stimulated in vivo with new immunostimulatory agents offer alternative opportunities for patients with recurrent/refractory tumors, but relevant biomarkers to guide the selection of patients are required for optimum results. Overall survival of 249 solid cancer patients was evaluated in relation to the genetics and/or the expression on peripheral blood NKcs of inhibitory and activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (iKIR and aKIR, respectively), HLA class I ligands, CD226 (also known as DNAM-1), and NKG2A. Compared with patients with higher expression, patients with low expression of CD226 on total NKcs showed shorter mean overall survival (60.7 vs. 98.0 months, P < 0.001), which was further reduced in presence of telomeric aKIRs (KIR2DS1-DS5 and/or KIR3DS1, 31.6 vs. 96.8 months, P < 0.001). KIR2DL2/S2+, KIR3DL1+, KIR2DL1+, and KIR2DL3+ NKc subsets in the presence of their cognate ligands primarily contributed to shortening patients' overall survival by increasing the sensitivity to CD226 downmodulation in aKIR-rich telomeric genotypes. In patients with high tumor burden who died during the follow-up period, aKIR-rich telomeric genotypes were associated with: (i) specific downmodulation of CD226 on educated NKcs but not on CD8+ T cells or uneducated NKcs, (ii) lower expression of CD226 and higher expression of NKG2A on aKIR+ NKcs, and (iii) lower numbers of total CD56dim NKcs. The reduced expression of CD226 on NKcs with aKIR-rich genotypes may be a biomarker indicative of NKc hyporesponsiveness in patients that could benefit from new NKc immune-stimulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción F Guillamón
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María V Martínez-Sánchez
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gimeno
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - José A Campillo
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gerardo Server-Pastor
- Urology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Amparo Torroba
- Pathology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Belén Ferri
- Pathology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel J Abellán
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Legaz
- Forensic Medicine, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - María R Moya-Quiles
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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13
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Gwozdowicz S, Nestorowicz K, Graczyk-Pol E, Szlendak U, Rogatko-Koros M, Mika-Witkowska R, Pawliczak D, Zubala M, Malinowska A, Witkowska A, Nowak J. KIR specificity and avidity of standard and unusual C1, C2, Bw4, Bw6 and A3/11 amino acid motifs at entire HLA:KIR interface between NK and target cells, the functional and evolutionary classification of HLA class I molecules. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:217-231. [PMID: 31210416 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells make vital contributions to the immune system and the reproductive system. Notably, NK cells of donor origin can recognize and kill residual leukaemic cells and cure malignant patients in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant setting. NK cell function is regulated by KIRs that recognize cognate HLA class I molecules on target cells, depending on their amino acid residues. In review, we addressed the question of binding capacity and avidity of HLA class I molecules to different killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) depending on all interacting amino acid residues both on HLA and KIR side. We searched PubMed database and analysed available HLA:KIR crystallographic data for amino acid residues in HLA molecules, those physically involved in binding KIRs (termed here the "entire KIR interface"). Within entire KIR interface, we selected five functional sequence motifs (14-19, 66-76, 77-84, 88-92 and 142-151) and classified them according to the conservation of their amino acid sequences among 8,942 HLA class I molecules. Although some conserved amino acid motifs were shared by different groups of KIR ligands, the HLA motif combinations were exclusive for the ligand groups. In 135 common HLA class I molecules with known HLA:KIR recognition, we found 54 combinations of five motifs in each of the KIR-binding interfaces (C1, C2, Bw4, A3/11) and conserved non-KIR-binding interfaces. Based on the entire KIR interface, this analysis allowed to classify 8,942 HLA class I molecules into KIR specificity groups. This functional and evolutionary classification of entire KIR interfaces provides a tool for unambiguously predicting HLA:KIR interactions for common and those HLA molecules that have not yet been functionally tested. Considering the entire KIR interface in HLA class I molecules, functional interactions of HLA and KIR can be predicted in immune responses, reproduction and allotransplantation. Further functional studies are needed on the HLA:KIR interaction variations caused by the repertoires of peptides presented by HLA molecules and KIR polymorphisms at allelic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gwozdowicz
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Nestorowicz
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Graczyk-Pol
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Szlendak
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Rogatko-Koros
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Mika-Witkowska
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Pawliczak
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Zubala
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Malinowska
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Witkowska
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Nowak
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Pende D, Falco M, Vitale M, Cantoni C, Vitale C, Munari E, Bertaina A, Moretta F, Del Zotto G, Pietra G, Mingari MC, Locatelli F, Moretta L. Killer Ig-Like Receptors (KIRs): Their Role in NK Cell Modulation and Developments Leading to Their Clinical Exploitation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1179. [PMID: 31231370 PMCID: PMC6558367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the first line of defense against viruses and to the control of tumor growth and metastasis spread. The discovery of HLA class I specific inhibitory receptors, primarily of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs), and of activating receptors has been fundamental to unravel NK cell function and the molecular mechanisms of tumor cell killing. Stemmed from the seminal discoveries in early '90s, in which Alessandro Moretta was the major actor, an extraordinary amount of research on KIR specificity, genetics, polymorphism, and repertoire has followed. These basic notions on NK cells and their receptors have been successfully translated to clinical applications, primarily to the haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to cure otherwise fatal leukemia in patients with no HLA compatible donors. The finding that NK cells may express the PD-1 inhibitory checkpoint, particularly in cancer patients, may allow understanding how anti-PD-1 therapy could function also in case of HLA class Ineg tumors, usually susceptible to NK-mediated killing. This, together with the synergy of therapeutic anti-checkpoint monoclonal antibodies, including those directed against NKG2A or KIRs, emerging in recent or ongoing studies, opened new solid perspectives in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pende
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Vitale
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Munari
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Francesca Moretta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Core Facilities, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Oncohematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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15
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Le Luduec JB, Boudreau JE, Freiberg JC, Hsu KC. Novel Approach to Cell Surface Discrimination Between KIR2DL1 Subtypes and KIR2DS1 Identifies Hierarchies in NK Repertoire, Education, and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2019; 10:734. [PMID: 31024561 PMCID: PMC6460669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative activating and inhibitory receptor signaling controls the functional output of individual natural killer (NK) cells. Investigation of how competing signals impact response, however, has been hampered by the lack of available antibodies capable of distinguishing inhibitory and activating receptors with highly homologous ectodomains. Utilizing a novel combination of monoclonal antibodies with specificity for discrete inhibitory KIR2DL1 and activating KIR2DS1 allotypes found among 230 healthy donors, we investigated allele-specific receptor expression and function driven by KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS1 alleles. We found that co-expression of the HLA-C2 ligand diminishes KIR2DL1, but not KIR2DS1, cell surface staining, but does not impact the respective frequencies of KIR2DL1- and KIR2DS1-expressing cells within the NK repertoire. We can distinguish by flow cytometry NK cell populations expressing the most common KIR2DL1-C245 allotypes from those expressing the most common KIR2DL1-R245 allotypes, and we show that the informative differential binding anti-KIR2DL1/S1 clone 1127B is determined by amino acid residue T154. Although both KIR2DL1-C245 and KIR2DL1-R245 subtypes can be co-expressed in the same cell, NK cells preferentially express one or the other. Cells expressing KIR2DL1-C245 exhibited a lower KIR2DL1 cell surface density and lower missing-self reactivity in comparison to cells expressing KIR2DL1-R245. We found no difference, however, in sensitivity to inhibition or cell surface stability between the two KIR2DL1 isoforms, and both demonstrated similar expansion among NKG2C+ KIR2DL1+ NK cells in HCMV-seropositive healthy individuals. In addition to cell surface density of KIR2DL1, copy number of cognate HLA-C2 hierarchically impacted the effector capacity of both KIR2DL1+ cells and the tolerization of KIR2DS1+ NK cells. HLA-C2 tolerization of KIR2DS1+ NK cells could be overridden, however, by education via co-expressed self-specific inhibitory receptors, such as the heterodimer CD94/NKG2A. Our results demonstrate that effector function of NK cells expressing KIR2DL1 or KIR2DS1 is highly influenced by genetic variability and is calibrated by co-expression of additional NK receptors and cognate HLA-C2 ligands. These findings define the molecular conditions under which NK cells are activated or inhibited, potentially informing selection of donors for adoptive NK therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoît Le Luduec
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeanette E. Boudreau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julian C. Freiberg
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katharine C. Hsu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Jayaraman J, Kirgizova V, Di D, Johnson C, Jiang W, Traherne JA. qKAT: Quantitative Semi-automated Typing of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30907867 PMCID: PMC6794157 DOI: 10.3791/58646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a set of inhibitory and activating immune receptors, on natural killer (NK) and T cells, encoded by a polymorphic cluster of genes on chromosome 19. Their best-characterized ligands are the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules that are encoded within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus on chromosome 6. There is substantial evidence that they play a significant role in immunity, reproduction, and transplantation, making it crucial to have techniques that can accurately genotype them. However, high-sequence homology, as well as allelic and copy number variation, make it difficult to design methods that can accurately and efficiently genotype all KIR genes. Traditional methods are usually limited in the resolution of data obtained, throughput, cost-effectiveness, and the time taken for setting up and running the experiments. We describe a method called quantitative KIR semi-automated typing (qKAT), which is a high-throughput multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction method that can determine the gene copy numbers for all genes in the KIR locus. qKAT is a simple high-throughput method that can provide high-resolution KIR copy number data, which can be further used to infer the variations in the structurally polymorphic haplotypes that encompass them. This copy number and haplotype data can be beneficial for studies on large-scale disease associations, population genetics, as well as investigations on expression and functional interactions between KIR and HLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Jayaraman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge
| | | | - Da Di
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge; Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva
| | | | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge
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17
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Hu X, He J, Zhang HH, Bao XJ, Wang M, Zhang J, Cen JN, Wu XJ, Yang XJ. [Immune reconstruct regularity profile of KIR2DL1 and KIR3DL1 in unrelated-donor allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2019; 38:667-672. [PMID: 28954344 PMCID: PMC7348245 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the immune reconstruct regularity profile of KIR2DL1 and KIR3DL1 in unrelated-donor allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with KIR-AA genotype. Method: 75 donor-recipient pairs were performed by KIR genotying using PCR-SSP, and all donors were identified with KIR-AA genotype. Dynamic detections (including unrelated-donor on the day of transplantation and the recipient each month post allo-HSCT) of the expression of KIR2DL1/3DL1 on NK cell and mRNA level were performed in 291 cases using flow cytometry (FCM) and real-time fluorescent quantitation PCR (RT-qPCR) . Result: ①The median expression of KIR2DL1 in unrelated-donor on transplant's day was 21.60%, the median expression of KIR2DL1 in recipient 1M, 2M, 3M and 3-6M after transplantation were 7.40%, 12.00%, 16.92%, 17.64% respectively. The median expression of KIR2DL1 in unrelated-donor on transplant's day was 265.14 copies/10 000abl copies, the median expression of KIR2DL1 in recipient 1M, 2M, 3M, 3-6M, 6-9M, 9-12M after transplantation were 332.17, 438.31, 723.25, 414.17, 180.76 and 234.67 copies/10 000abl copies respectively. The median expression of KIR2DL1 on NK cells and mRNA level gradually increased at all time points after transplantation, and reached the highest expression at 3 months after transplantation. But mRNA expression levels increased earlier than NK cell membrane proteins. ②The median expression of KIR3DL1 in unrelated-donors on transplant's day was 18.56%, the median expression of KIR3DL1 in recipient 1M, 2M, 3M, 3-6M after transplantation were 23.83%, 22.57%, 23.02%, 21.60% respectively. The median expression of KIR3DL1 in unrelated-donor on transplant's day was 572.29 copies/10 000abl copies, the median expression of KIR3DL1 in recipient 1M, 2M, 3M, 3-6M, 6-9M, 9-12M after transplantation were 1 233.74, 1 140.42, 876.73, 1 057.07, 739.02 and 514.43 copies/10 000abl copies respectively. The median expression of KIR3DL1 on NK cells and mRNA level were higher than donors at 1 month after transplantation, and stable expression at all time points after transplantation, so mRNA and NK cell membrane proteins expression increased at the same time. Conclusion: The immune reconstruct regularity of KIR2DL1 and KIR3DL1 gene were different, which provided an experimental basis for selecting the best time to detect the expressions of KIR2DL1 and 3DL1 after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Center for Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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18
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Huhn O, Chazara O, Ivarsson MA, Retière C, Venkatesan TC, Norman PJ, Hilton HG, Jayaraman J, Traherne JA, Trowsdale J, Ito M, Kling C, Parham P, Ghadially H, Moffett A, Sharkey AM, Colucci F. High-Resolution Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of KIR2DL1 Alleles and Their Association with Pre-Eclampsia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:2593-2601. [PMID: 30249807 PMCID: PMC6258046 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Killer-cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) genes are inherited as haplotypes. They are expressed by NK cells and linked to outcomes of infectious diseases and pregnancy in humans. Understanding how genotype relates to phenotype is difficult because of the extensive diversity of the KIR family. Indeed, high-resolution KIR genotyping and phenotyping in single NK cells in the context of disease association is lacking. In this article, we describe a new method to separate NK cells expressing allotypes of the KIR2DL1 gene carried by the KIR A haplotype (KIR2DL1A) from those expressing KIR2DL1 alleles carried by the KIR B haplotype (KIR2DL1B). We find that in KIR AB heterozygous individuals, different KIR2DL1 allotypes can be detected in both peripheral blood and uterine NK cells. Using this new method, we demonstrate that both blood and uterine NK cells codominantly express KIR2DL1A and KIR2DL1B allotypes but with a predominance of KIR2DL1A variants, which associate with enhanced NK cell function. In a case-control study of pre-eclampsia, we show that KIR2DL1A, not KIR2DL1B, associates with increased disease risk. This method will facilitate our understanding of how individual KIR2DL1 allelic variants affect NK cell function and contribute to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Huhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Olympe Chazara
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A Ivarsson
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christelle Retière
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Nantes, 44011 Nantes, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes Angers, INSERM U1232, CNRS, Université d'Angers, 49035 Angers, France
| | - Timothy C Venkatesan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jyothi Jayaraman
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - James A Traherne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - John Trowsdale
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Mitsutero Ito
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Ashley Moffett
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Sharkey
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom;
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Colucci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, United Kingdom;
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
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19
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Bono M, Pende D, Bertaina A, Moretta A, Della Chiesa M, Sivori S, Zecca M, Locatelli F, Moretta L, Bottino C, Falco M. Analysis of KIR3DP1 Polymorphism Provides Relevant Information on Centromeric KIR Gene Content. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1460-1467. [PMID: 30068594 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) genes, collectively referred to as framework genes, characterize almost all KIR haplotypes. In particular, KIR3DL3 and KIR3DL2 mark the ends of the locus, whereas KIR3DP1 and KIR2DL4 are located in the central part. A recombination hot spot, mapped between KIR3DP1 and KIR2DL4, splits the haplotypes into two regions: a centromeric (Cen) region (spanning from KIR3DL3 to KIR3DP1) and a telomeric region (from KIR2DL4 to KIR3DL2), both varying in KIR gene content. In this study, we analyzed KIR3DP1 polymorphism in a cohort of 316 healthy, unrelated individuals. To this aim, we divided KIR3DP1 alleles into two groups by the use of a sequence-specific primer- PCR approach. Our data clearly indicated that KIR3DP1 alleles present on haplotypes carrying Cen-A or Cen-B1 regions differ from those having Cen-B2 motifs. Few donors (∼3%) made exceptions, and they were all, except one, characterized by uncommon haplotypes, including either KIR deletions or KIR duplications. Consequently, as KIR2DL1 is present in Cen-A and Cen-B1 regions but absent in Cen-B2 regions, we demonstrated that KIR3DP1 polymorphism might represent a suitable marker for KIR2DL1 gene copy number analysis. Moreover, because Cen-B1 and Cen-B2 regions are characterized by different KIR3DP1 alleles, we showed that KIR3DP1 polymorphism analysis also provides information to dissect between Cen-B1/Cen-B1 and Cen-B1/Cen-B2 donors. Taken together, our data suggest that the analysis of KIR3DP1 polymorphism should be included in KIR repertoire evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bono
- Dipartimento dei Laboratori di Ricerca, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- Dipartimento delle Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia e Terapia Cellulare e Genica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariella Della Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Zecca
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo Oncoematologia Pediatrica, 27100 Pavia, Italy; and
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia e Terapia Cellulare e Genica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Area di Ricerca Immunologica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottino
- Dipartimento dei Laboratori di Ricerca, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Dipartimento dei Laboratori di Ricerca, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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20
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Boudreau JE, Hsu KC. Natural Killer Cell Education and the Response to Infection and Cancer Therapy: Stay Tuned. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:222-239. [PMID: 29397297 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The functional capacities of natural killer (NK) cells differ within and between individuals, reflecting considerable genetic variation. 'Licensing/arming', 'disarming', and 'tuning' are models that have been proposed to explain how interactions between MHC class I molecules and their cognate inhibitory receptors - Ly49 in mice and KIR in humans - 'educate' NK cells for variable reactivity and sensitivity to inhibition. In this review we discuss recent progress toward understanding the genetic, epigenetic, and molecular features that titrate NK effector function and inhibition, and the impact of variable NK cell education on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Boudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
| | - Katharine C Hsu
- Immunology Program and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Ries M, Reynolds MR, Bashkueva K, Crosno K, Capuano S, Prall TM, Wiseman R, O’Connor DH, Rakasz EG, Uno H, Lifson JD, Evans DT. KIR3DL01 upregulation on gut natural killer cells in response to SIV infection of KIR- and MHC class I-defined rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006506. [PMID: 28708886 PMCID: PMC5529027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells provide an important early defense against viral pathogens and are regulated in part by interactions between highly polymorphic killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on NK cells and their MHC class I ligands on target cells. We previously identified MHC class I ligands for two rhesus macaque KIRs: KIR3DL01 recognizes Mamu-Bw4 molecules and KIR3DL05 recognizes Mamu-A1*002. To determine how these interactions influence NK cell responses, we infected KIR3DL01+ and KIR3DL05+ macaques with and without defined ligands for these receptors with SIVmac239, and monitored NK cell responses in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. NK cell responses in blood were broadly stimulated, as indicated by rapid increases in the CD16+ population during acute infection and sustained increases in the CD16+ and CD16-CD56- populations during chronic infection. Markers of proliferation (Ki-67), activation (CD69 & HLA-DR) and antiviral activity (CD107a & TNFα) were also widely expressed, but began to diverge during chronic infection, as reflected by sustained CD107a and TNFα upregulation by KIR3DL01+, but not by KIR3DL05+ NK cells. Significant increases in the frequency of KIR3DL01+ (but not KIR3DL05+) NK cells were also observed in tissues, particularly in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, where this receptor was preferentially upregulated on CD56+ and CD16-CD56- subsets. These results reveal broad NK cell activation and dynamic changes in the phenotypic properties of NK cells in response to SIV infection, including the enrichment of KIR3DL01+ NK cells in tissues that support high levels of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Ries
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Reynolds
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ksenia Bashkueva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristin Crosno
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Trent M. Prall
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Roger Wiseman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hajime Uno
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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22
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Prall TM, Graham ME, Karl JA, Wiseman RW, Ericsen AJ, Raveendran M, Alan Harris R, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Rogers J, O'Connor DH. Improved full-length killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor transcript discovery in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:325-339. [PMID: 28343239 PMCID: PMC5856007 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) modulate disease progression of pathogens including HIV, malaria, and hepatitis C. Cynomolgus and rhesus macaques are widely used as nonhuman primate models to study human pathogens, and so, considerable effort has been put into characterizing their KIR genetics. However, previous studies have relied on cDNA cloning and Sanger sequencing that lack the throughput of current sequencing platforms. In this study, we present a high throughput, full-length allele discovery method utilizing Pacific Biosciences circular consensus sequencing (CCS). We also describe a new approach to Macaque Exome Sequencing (MES) and the development of the Rhexome1.0, an adapted target capture reagent that includes macaque-specific capture probe sets. By using sequence reads generated by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and MES to inform primer design, we were able to increase the sensitivity of KIR allele discovery. We demonstrate this increased sensitivity by defining nine novel alleles within a cohort of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM), a geographically isolated population with restricted KIR genetics that was thought to be completely characterized. Finally, we describe an approach to genotyping KIRs directly from sequence reads generated using WGS/MES reads. The findings presented here expand our understanding of KIR genetics in MCM by associating new genes with all eight KIR haplotypes and demonstrating the existence of at least one KIR3DS gene associated with every haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent M Prall
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Michael E Graham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Julie A Karl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Adam J Ericsen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | | | - R Alan Harris
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
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23
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Shaffer BC, Hsu KC. How important is NK alloreactivity and KIR in allogeneic transplantation? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 29:351-358. [PMID: 27890259 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo HCT) is a major cause of death in transplant recipients. Efforts to control relapse by promoting donor T-cell alloreactivity, such as withdrawal of immune suppression or donor lymphocyte infusions, are limited by the propensity to induce graft versus host disease (GVHD) and by inadequate efficacy. Therefore, options for AML patients who have relapsed AML after allo HCT are few and outcomes are poor. Similar to T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells have potent anti-leukemia effector capacity, and yet unlike T-cells, NK cells do not mediate GVHD. Furthermore, their function does not require matching of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) between donor and recipient. Maximizing donor NK alloreactivity thus holds the exciting possibility to induce the graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect without engendering GVHD. Among the array of activating and inhibitory NK cell surface receptors, the killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) play a central role in modulating NK effector function. Here we will review how KIR mediates donor alloreactivity, discuss the role of KIR gene and allele typing to optimize allo HCT donor selection, and discuss how KIR may aid adoptive NK and other cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Shaffer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katharine C Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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24
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Jiang W, Johnson C, Simecek N, López-Álvarez MR, Di D, Trowsdale J, Traherne JA. qKAT: a high-throughput qPCR method for KIR gene copy number and haplotype determination. Genome Med 2016; 8:99. [PMID: 27686127 PMCID: PMC5041586 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), expressed on natural killer cells and T cells, have considerable biomedical relevance playing significant roles in immunity, pregnancy and transplantation. The KIR locus is one of the most complex and polymorphic regions of the human genome. Extensive sequence homology and copy number variation makes KIRs technically laborious and expensive to type. To aid the investigation of KIRs in human disease we developed a high-throughput, multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction method to determine gene copy number for each KIR locus. We used reference DNA samples to validate the accuracy and a cohort of 1698 individuals to evaluate capability for precise copy number discrimination. The method provides improved information and identifies KIR haplotype alterations that were not previously visible using other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jiang
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - C Johnson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - N Simecek
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - M R López-Álvarez
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - D Di
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - J Trowsdale
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - J A Traherne
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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25
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Goodridge JP, Önfelt B, Malmberg KJ. Newtonian cell interactions shape natural killer cell education. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:197-213. [PMID: 26284479 PMCID: PMC4832384 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Newton's third law of motion states that for every action on a physical object there is an equal and opposite reaction. The dynamic change in functional potential of natural killer (NK) cells during education bears many features of such classical mechanics. Cumulative physical interactions between cells, under a constant influence of homeostatic drivers of differentiation, lead to a reactive spectrum that ultimately shapes the functionality of each NK cell. Inhibitory signaling from an array of self‐specific receptors appear not only to suppress self‐reactivity but also aid in the persistence of effector functions over time, thereby allowing the cell to gradually build up a functional potential. Conversely, the frequent non‐cytolytic interactions between normal cells in the absence of such inhibitory signaling result in continuous stimulation of the cells and attenuation of effector function. Although an innate cell, the degree to which the fate of the NK cell is predetermined versus its ability to adapt to its own environment can be revealed through a Newtonian view of NK cell education, one which is both chronological and dynamic. As such, the development of NK cell functional diversity is the product of qualitatively different physical interactions with host cells, rather than simply the sum of their signals or an imprint based on intrinsically different transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie P Goodridge
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Trowsdale J, Jones DC, Barrow AD, Traherne JA. Surveillance of cell and tissue perturbation by receptors in the LRC. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:117-36. [PMID: 26284474 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) encompasses several sets of genes with a common evolutionary origin and which form a branch of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). Comparisons of LRC genes both within and between species calls for a high degree of plasticity. The drive for this unprecedented level of variation is not known, but it relates in part to interaction of several LRC products with polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. However, the range of other proposed ligands for LRC products indicates a dynamic set of receptors that have adapted to detect target molecules relating to numerous cellular pathways. Several receptors in the complex bind a molecular signature in collagenous ligands. Others detect a variety of motifs relating to pathogens in addition to cellular stress, attesting to the opportunistic versatility of LRC receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Des C Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander D Barrow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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27
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Rettman P, Willem C, David G, Riou R, Legrand N, Esbelin J, Cesbron A, Senitzer D, Gagne K, Retière C. New insights on the natural killer cell repertoire from a thorough analysis of cord blood cells. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:471-9. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0116-036r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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28
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Li H, Wright PW, McCullen M, Anderson SK. Characterization of KIR intermediate promoters reveals four promoter types associated with distinct expression patterns of KIR subtypes. Genes Immun 2016; 17:66-74. [PMID: 26656451 PMCID: PMC4724278 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes contain multiple promoters that control the process of gene activation and variegated expression of KIR on natural killer (NK) and T cells. Specific subfamilies of KIR genes have differences in the timing and tissue specificity of expression: however, previous studies of the proximal KIR promoters have not shown significant differences in activity between differentially expressed KIR gene subsets. The recent identification of an intermediate KIR promoter (ProI) associated with KIR2DL1 expression suggested a central role for this element in KIR expression. The current study identifies ProI elements in all of the KIR genes, revealing four classes of ProI that correspond with four distinct expression phenotypes of KIR subgroups: KIR2DL2/S2/L3 that are expressed early in reconstituting NK after transplant; KIR2DL4 that is expressed by CD56-bright NK in a non-variegated manner; KIR3DL3 that is not expressed by circulating NK cells; and the remaining KIR that are expressed by subsets of CD56-dim NK. The four classes of ProI are structurally diverse and display distinct functional properties. Altogether, these results indicate that KIR ProI elements contribute to the tissue/cell-type specificity of KIR transcription and cooperate with the probabilistic proximal promoter to control KIR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, MD, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - P W Wright
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, MD, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - M McCullen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - S K Anderson
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, MD, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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29
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Della Chiesa M, Sivori S, Carlomagno S, Moretta L, Moretta A. Activating KIRs and NKG2C in Viral Infections: Toward NK Cell Memory? Front Immunol 2015; 6:573. [PMID: 26617607 PMCID: PMC4638145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important players in the immune defense against viral infections. The contribution of activating killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and CD94/NKG2C in regulating anti-viral responses has recently emerged. Thus, in the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting, the presence of donor activating KIRs (aKIRs) may protect against viral infections, while in HIV-infected individuals, KIR3DS1, in combination with HLA-Bw4-I80, results in reduction of viral progression. Since, studies have been performed mainly at the genetic or transcriptional level, the effective size, the function, and the "licensing" status of NK cells expressing aKIRs, as well as the nature of their viral ligands, require further investigation. Certain viral infections, mainly due to Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), can deeply influence the NK cell development and function by inducing a marked expansion of mature NKG2C(+) NK cells expressing self-activating KIRs. This suggests that NKG2C and/or aKIRs are involved in the selective proliferation of this subset. The persistent, HCMV-induced, imprinting suggests that NK cells may display unexpected adaptive immune traits. The role of aKIRs and NKG2C in regulating NK cell responses and promoting a memory-like response to certain viruses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Della Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova , Genoa , Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova , Genoa , Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova , Genoa , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Dipartimento di Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Bambin Gesù , Roma , Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova , Genoa , Italy
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30
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Li L, Cha H, Yu X, Xie H, Wu C, Dong N, Huang J. The characteristics of NK cells in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mouse spleens. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4371-9. [PMID: 26319521 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are classic innate immune cells that play roles in many types of infectious disease. Recently, some new characteristics of NK cells were discovered. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were infected with Schistosoma japonicum for 5-6 weeks and lymphocytes were isolated from the spleen to detect some of the NK cell characteristics by multiparametric flow cytometry. The results revealed that the S. japonicum infection induced a large amount of NK cells, although the percentage of NK cells was not increased significantly. At the same time, the results showed that infected mouse splenic NK cells expressed increased levels of CD25 and CD69 and produced more IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17 and less IFN-γ after stimulation with PMA and ionomycin. This meant that NK cells played a role in S. japonicum infection. Moreover, decreased NKG2A/C/E (CD94) expression levels were detected on the surface of NK cells from infected mouse spleens, which might serve as a NK cell activation mechanism. Additionally, high levels of IL-10, but not PD-1, were expressed on the infected mouse NK cells, which implied that functional exhaustion might exist in the splenic NK cells from S. japonicum-infected mice. Collectively, our results suggest that NK cells play important roles in the course of S. japonicum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hefei Cha
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiuxue Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Functional Experiment Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Changyou Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Nuo Dong
- Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center and Eye Institute of Xiamen University, 361001, Xiamen, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.
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