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Long F, Doonan JM, Nielsen LR, Kjær ED, Kosawang C. Mother trees of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) disperse different sets of mycobiome through their seed wings. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:213. [PMID: 39080773 PMCID: PMC11289985 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endophytic mycobiome is present in all studied plant compartments, including fruits and seeds. Here, we studied the mycobiome of seed wings as they are transferred with seeds in common ash and tested whether the mycobiome differs among trees. To achieve this, we used ITS1-based amplicon sequencing and two genotypes of F. excelsior as a model to compare the mycobiome of mother trees and their wings. RESULTS We compared the mycobiome of 57 seed wings to the seed stalks (57) collected from two genotypes of F. excelsior using three ramets of each genotype. Alpha diversity indices (ACE, Fisher and Observed OTUs) suggested a higher richness of the mycobiome associated with the seed wing than the seed stalk within each genotype. However, there were neither significant differences in Shannon diversity between the mycobiomes from the two tissue types nor the two genotypes. PERMANOVA revealed significant differences in the mycobiome composition between tissue types (P < 0.001). It also showed a significant difference between seed wings (P = 0.04), but not between seed stalks of the two genotypes. Our results suggest that Fraxinus excelsior mother trees disperse different sets of mycobiomes with their seed wings, which may be important for germination and seedling establishment-especially in the light of ash dieback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Long
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - James M Doonan
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lene R Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Erik D Kjær
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Chatchai Kosawang
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Bhunjun C, Chen Y, Phukhamsakda C, Boekhout T, Groenewald J, McKenzie E, Francisco E, Frisvad J, Groenewald M, Hurdeal VG, Luangsa-ard J, Perrone G, Visagie C, Bai F, Błaszkowski J, Braun U, de Souza F, de Queiroz M, Dutta A, Gonkhom D, Goto B, Guarnaccia V, Hagen F, Houbraken J, Lachance M, Li J, Luo K, Magurno F, Mongkolsamrit S, Robert V, Roy N, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe D, Wang D, Wei D, Zhao C, Aiphuk W, Ajayi-Oyetunde O, Arantes T, Araujo J, Begerow D, Bakhshi M, Barbosa R, Behrens F, Bensch K, Bezerra J, Bilański P, Bradley C, Bubner B, Burgess T, Buyck B, Čadež N, Cai L, Calaça F, Campbell L, Chaverri P, Chen Y, Chethana K, Coetzee B, Costa M, Chen Q, Custódio F, Dai Y, Damm U, Santiago A, De Miccolis Angelini R, Dijksterhuis J, Dissanayake A, Doilom M, Dong W, Álvarez-Duarte E, Fischer M, Gajanayake A, Gené J, Gomdola D, Gomes A, Hausner G, He M, Hou L, Iturrieta-González I, Jami F, Jankowiak R, Jayawardena R, Kandemir H, Kiss L, Kobmoo N, Kowalski T, Landi L, Lin C, Liu J, Liu X, Loizides M, Luangharn T, Maharachchikumbura S, Mkhwanazi GM, Manawasinghe I, Marin-Felix Y, McTaggart A, Moreau P, Morozova O, Mostert L, Osiewacz H, Pem D, Phookamsak R, Pollastro S, Pordel A, Poyntner C, Phillips A, Phonemany M, Promputtha I, Rathnayaka A, Rodrigues A, Romanazzi G, Rothmann L, Salgado-Salazar C, Sandoval-Denis M, Saupe S, Scholler M, Scott P, Shivas R, Silar P, Silva-Filho A, Souza-Motta C, Spies C, Stchigel A, Sterflinger K, Summerbell R, Svetasheva T, Takamatsu S, Theelen B, Theodoro R, Thines M, Thongklang N, Torres R, Turchetti B, van den Brule T, Wang X, Wartchow F, Welti S, Wijesinghe S, Wu F, Xu R, Yang Z, Yilmaz N, Yurkov A, Zhao L, Zhao R, Zhou N, Hyde K, Crous P. What are the 100 most cited fungal genera? Stud Mycol 2024; 108:1-411. [PMID: 39100921 PMCID: PMC11293126 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2024.108.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The global diversity of fungi has been estimated between 2 to 11 million species, of which only about 155 000 have been named. Most fungi are invisible to the unaided eye, but they represent a major component of biodiversity on our planet, and play essential ecological roles, supporting life as we know it. Although approximately 20 000 fungal genera are presently recognised, the ecology of most remains undetermined. Despite all this diversity, the mycological community actively researches some fungal genera more commonly than others. This poses an interesting question: why have some fungal genera impacted mycology and related fields more than others? To address this issue, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to identify the top 100 most cited fungal genera. A thorough database search of the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed was performed to establish which genera are most cited. The most cited 10 genera are Saccharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Botrytis, Pichia, Cryptococcus and Alternaria. Case studies are presented for the 100 most cited genera with general background, notes on their ecology and economic significance and important research advances. This paper provides a historic overview of scientific research of these genera and the prospect for further research. Citation: Bhunjun CS, Chen YJ, Phukhamsakda C, Boekhout T, Groenewald JZ, McKenzie EHC, Francisco EC, Frisvad JC, Groenewald M, Hurdeal VG, Luangsa-ard J, Perrone G, Visagie CM, Bai FY, Błaszkowski J, Braun U, de Souza FA, de Queiroz MB, Dutta AK, Gonkhom D, Goto BT, Guarnaccia V, Hagen F, Houbraken J, Lachance MA, Li JJ, Luo KY, Magurno F, Mongkolsamrit S, Robert V, Roy N, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Wang DQ, Wei DP, Zhao CL, Aiphuk W, Ajayi-Oyetunde O, Arantes TD, Araujo JC, Begerow D, Bakhshi M, Barbosa RN, Behrens FH, Bensch K, Bezerra JDP, Bilański P, Bradley CA, Bubner B, Burgess TI, Buyck B, Čadež N, Cai L, Calaça FJS, Campbell LJ, Chaverri P, Chen YY, Chethana KWT, Coetzee B, Costa MM, Chen Q, Custódio FA, Dai YC, Damm U, de Azevedo Santiago ALCM, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Dijksterhuis J, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Dong W, Alvarez-Duarte E, Fischer M, Gajanayake AJ, Gené J, Gomdola D, Gomes AAM, Hausner G, He MQ, Hou L, Iturrieta-González I, Jami F, Jankowiak R, Jayawardena RS, Kandemir H, Kiss L, Kobmoo N, Kowalski T, Landi L, Lin CG, Liu JK, Liu XB, Loizides M, Luangharn T, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Makhathini Mkhwanazi GJ, Manawasinghe IS, Marin-Felix Y, McTaggart AR, Moreau PA, Morozova OV, Mostert L, Osiewacz HD, Pem D, Phookamsak R, Pollastro S, Pordel A, Poyntner C, Phillips AJL, Phonemany M, Promputtha I, Rathnayaka AR, Rodrigues AM, Romanazzi G, Rothmann L, Salgado-Salazar C, Sandoval-Denis M, Saupe SJ, Scholler M, Scott P, Shivas RG, Silar P, Souza-Motta CM, Silva-Filho AGS, Spies CFJ, Stchigel AM, Sterflinger K, Summerbell RC, Svetasheva TY, Takamatsu S, Theelen B, Theodoro RC, Thines M, Thongklang N, Torres R, Turchetti B, van den Brule T, Wang XW, Wartchow F, Welti S, Wijesinghe SN, Wu F, Xu R, Yang ZL, Yilmaz N, Yurkov A, Zhao L, Zhao RL, Zhou N, Hyde KD, Crous PW (2024). What are the 100 most cited fungal genera? Studies in Mycology 108: 1-411. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.108.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.S. Bhunjun
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Y.J. Chen
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - C. Phukhamsakda
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - T. Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- The Yeasts Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - E.H.C. McKenzie
- Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E.C. Francisco
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J.C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - V. G. Hurdeal
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - J. Luangsa-ard
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - G. Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C.M. Visagie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F.Y. Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J. Błaszkowski
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, Department of Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, PL-71434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - U. Braun
- Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - F.A. de Souza
- Núcleo de Biologia Aplicada, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rodovia MG 424 km 45, 35701–970, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - M.B. de Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal-RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - A.K. Dutta
- Molecular & Applied Mycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati - 781014, Assam, India
| | - D. Gonkhom
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - B.T. Goto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal-RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - V. Guarnaccia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - F. Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - M.A. Lachance
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - J.J. Li
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - K.Y. Luo
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - F. Magurno
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - S. Mongkolsamrit
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - V. Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - N. Roy
- Molecular & Applied Mycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati - 781014, Assam, India
| | - S. Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, P.R. China
| | - D.N. Wanasinghe
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Honghe 654400, Yunnan, China
| | - D.Q. Wang
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - D.P. Wei
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China
| | - C.L. Zhao
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - W. Aiphuk
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - O. Ajayi-Oyetunde
- Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 S Swing Rd, Greensboro, NC. 27409, USA
| | - T.D. Arantes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - J.C. Araujo
- Mykocosmos - Mycology and Science Communication, Rua JP 11 Qd. 18 Lote 13, Jd. Primavera 1ª etapa, Post Code 75.090-260, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Goiás (SEDUC/ GO), Quinta Avenida, Quadra 71, número 212, Setor Leste Vila Nova, Goiânia, Goiás, 74643-030, Brazil
| | - D. Begerow
- Organismic Botany and Mycology, Institute of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Bakhshi
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - R.N. Barbosa
- Micoteca URM-Department of Mycology Prof. Chaves Batista, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Center for Biosciences, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, Zip Code: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - F.H. Behrens
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, D-76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - K. Bensch
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - J.D.P. Bezerra
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - P. Bilański
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - C.A. Bradley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY 42445, USA
| | - B. Bubner
- Johan Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei, Institut für Forstgenetik, Eberswalder Chaussee 3a, 15377 Waldsieversdorf, Germany
| | - T.I. Burgess
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia
| | - B. Buyck
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 39, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - N. Čadež
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Food Science and Technology Department Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - L. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - F.J.S. Calaça
- Mykocosmos - Mycology and Science Communication, Rua JP 11 Qd. 18 Lote 13, Jd. Primavera 1ª etapa, Post Code 75.090-260, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Goiás (SEDUC/ GO), Quinta Avenida, Quadra 71, número 212, Setor Leste Vila Nova, Goiânia, Goiás, 74643-030, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ensino de Ciências (LabPEC), Centro de Pesquisas e Educação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus Central (CEPEC/UEG), Anápolis, GO, 75132-903, Brazil
| | - L.J. Campbell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - P. Chaverri
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA) and Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Y.Y. Chen
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - K.W.T. Chethana
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - B. Coetzee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- School for Data Sciences and Computational Thinking, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - M.M. Costa
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - F.A. Custódio
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil
| | - Y.C. Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - U. Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - A.L.C.M.A. Santiago
- Post-graduate course in the Biology of Fungi, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, 50740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - J. Dijksterhuis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - A.J. Dissanayake
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - M. Doilom
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - W. Dong
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - E. Álvarez-Duarte
- Mycology Unit, Microbiology and Mycology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Chile, Chile
| | - M. Fischer
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, D-76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - A.J. Gajanayake
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - J. Gené
- Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut & IURESCAT, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia Spain
| | - D. Gomdola
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - A.A.M. Gomes
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - G. Hausner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5N6
| | - M.Q. He
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - L. Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - I. Iturrieta-González
- Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut & IURESCAT, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia Spain
- Department of Preclinic Sciences, Medicine Faculty, Laboratory of Infectology and Clinical Immunology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
| | - F. Jami
- Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R. Jankowiak
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - R.S. Jayawardena
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - H. Kandemir
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - L. Kiss
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4350 Toowoomba, Australia
- Centre for Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - N. Kobmoo
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - T. Kowalski
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - L. Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - C.G. Lin
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - J.K. Liu
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - X.B. Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | | | - T. Luangharn
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - S.S.N. Maharachchikumbura
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - G.J. Makhathini Mkhwanazi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - I.S. Manawasinghe
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Y. Marin-Felix
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A.R. McTaggart
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - P.A. Moreau
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - O.V. Morozova
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Prof. Popov Str., 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 125, Lenin av., 300026 Tula, Russia
| | - L. Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - H.D. Osiewacz
- Faculty for Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - D. Pem
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - R. Phookamsak
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Honghe 654400, Yunnan, China
| | - S. Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - A. Pordel
- Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - C. Poyntner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A.J.L. Phillips
- Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Phonemany
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - I. Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - A.R. Rathnayaka
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - A.M. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
| | - G. Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - L. Rothmann
- Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - C. Salgado-Salazar
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville MD, 20705, USA
| | - M. Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - S.J. Saupe
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095 CNRS Université de Bordeaux, 1 rue Camille Saint Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - M. Scholler
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstraße 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Scott
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia
- Sustainability and Biosecurity, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth WA 6000, Australia
| | - R.G. Shivas
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4350 Toowoomba, Australia
| | - P. Silar
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Université de Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - A.G.S. Silva-Filho
- IFungiLab, Departamento de Ciências e Matemática (DCM), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), São Paulo, BraziI
| | - C.M. Souza-Motta
- Micoteca URM-Department of Mycology Prof. Chaves Batista, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Center for Biosciences, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, Zip Code: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - C.F.J. Spies
- Agricultural Research Council - Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - A.M. Stchigel
- Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut & IURESCAT, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia Spain
| | - K. Sterflinger
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts (INTK), Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Augasse 2–6, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - R.C. Summerbell
- Sporometrics, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T.Y. Svetasheva
- Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 125, Lenin av., 300026 Tula, Russia
| | - S. Takamatsu
- Mie University, Graduate School, Department of Bioresources, 1577 Kurima-Machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - B. Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - R.C. Theodoro
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical do RN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M. Thines
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - N. Thongklang
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - R. Torres
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B. Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences and DBVPG Industrial Yeasts Collection, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - T. van den Brule
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- TIFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - X.W. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - F. Wartchow
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - S. Welti
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S.N. Wijesinghe
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - F. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - R. Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Z.L. Yang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 S Swing Rd, Greensboro, NC. 27409, USA
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - N. Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A. Yurkov
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Brunswick, Germany
| | - L. Zhao
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - R.L. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - N. Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - K.D. Hyde
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht
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Meger J, Ulaszewski B, Pałucka M, Kozioł C, Burczyk J. Genomic prediction of resistance to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in common ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13694. [PMID: 38707993 PMCID: PMC11069026 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in introduced insect pests and pathogens due to anthropogenic environmental changes has become a major concern for tree species worldwide. Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) is one of such species facing a significant threat from the invasive fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Some studies have indicated that the susceptibility of ash to the pathogen is genetically determined, providing some hope for accelerated breeding programs that are aimed at increasing the resistance of ash populations. To address this challenge, we used a genomic selection strategy to identify potential genetic markers that are associated with resistance to the pathogen causing ash dieback. Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 300 common ash individuals from 30 populations across Poland (ddRAD, dataset A), we identified six significant SNP loci with a p-value ≤1 × 10-4 associated with health status. To further evaluate the effectiveness of GWAS markers in predicting health status, we considered two genomic prediction scenarios. Firstly, we conducted cross-validation on dataset A. Secondly, we trained markers on dataset A and tested them on dataset B, which involved whole-genome sequencing of 20 individuals from two populations. Genomic prediction analysis revealed that the top SNPs identified via GWAS exhibited notably higher prediction accuracies compared to randomly selected SNPs, particularly with a larger number of SNPs. Cross-validation analyses using dataset A showcased high genomic prediction accuracy, predicting tree health status with over 90% accuracy across the top SNP sets ranging from 500 to 10,000 SNPs from the GWAS datasets. However, no significant results emerged for health status when the model trained on dataset A was tested on dataset B. Our findings illuminate potential genetic markers associated with resistance to ash dieback, offering support for future breeding programs in Poland aimed at combating ash dieback and bolstering conservation efforts for this invaluable tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Meger
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological SciencesKazimierz Wielki UniversityBydgoszczPoland
| | - Bartosz Ulaszewski
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological SciencesKazimierz Wielki UniversityBydgoszczPoland
| | | | | | - Jarosław Burczyk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological SciencesKazimierz Wielki UniversityBydgoszczPoland
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Shamsi W, Mittelstrass J, Ulrich S, Kondo H, Rigling D, Prospero S. Possible Biological Control of Ash Dieback Using the Mycoparasite Hymenoscyphus Fraxineus Mitovirus 2. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1020-1027. [PMID: 38114080 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0346-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases represent a major threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. As the application of fungicides is often unfeasible and not a sustainable solution, only a few other control options are available, including biological control. In this context, the use of parasitic mycoviruses as biocontrol agents of fungal pathogens has recently gained particular attention. Since the 1990s, the Asian fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has been causing lethal ash dieback across Europe. In the present study, we investigated the biocontrol potential of the mitovirus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus mitovirus 2 (HfMV2) previously identified in Japanese populations of the pathogen. HfMV2 could be successfully introduced via co-culturing into 16 of 105 HfMV2-free isolates. Infection with HfMV2 had contrasting effects on fungal growth in vitro, from cryptic to detrimental or beneficial. Virus-infected H. fraxineus isolates whose growth was reduced by HfMV2 showed overall a lower virulence on ash (Fraxinus excelsior) saplings as compared with their isogenic HfMV2-free lines. The results suggest that mycoviruses exist in the native populations of H. fraxineus in Asia that have the potential for biological control of ash dieback in Europe. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajeeha Shamsi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jana Mittelstrass
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sven Ulrich
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Meger J, Kozioł C, Pałucka M, Burczyk J, Chybicki IJ. Genetic resources of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Poland. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:186. [PMID: 38481155 PMCID: PMC10935948 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of genetic structure and the factors that shape it has an impact on forest management practices. European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) has declined dramatically throughout its range as a result of a disease caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Despite the need for conservation and restoration of the species, genetic data required to guide these efforts at the country level are scarce. Thereofore, we studied the chloroplast and nuclear genetic diversity of 26 natural common ash populations (1269 trees) in Poland. RESULTS Chloroplast polymorphisms grouped the populations into two geographically structured phylogenetic lineages ascribed to different glacial refugia (the Balkans and the Eastern Alps). However, the populations demonstrated high genetic diversity (mean AR = 12.35; mean Ho = 0.769; mean He = 0.542) but low differentiation based on nuclear microsatellites (FST = 0.045). Significant spatial genetic structure, consistent with models of isolation by distance, was detected in 14 out of 23 populations. Estimated effective population size was moderate-to-high, with a harmonic mean of 57.5 individuals per population. CONCLUSIONS Genetic diversity was not homogeneously distributed among populations within phylogenetic gene pools, indicating that ash populations are not equal as potential sources of reproductive material. Genetic differences among populations could be related to their histories, including founder effects or gene flow between evolutionary lineages (admixture). Our results suggest that ash stands across Poland could be treated as two main management units (seed zones). Therefore, despite the homogenizing effect of pollen gene flow known for this species, the genetic structure should be taken into account in the management of the genetic resources of the common ash. Although ash dieback poses an additional challenge for the management of genetic resources, efforts should be directed towards protecting populations with high genetic diversity within defined phylogenetic units, as they may be an important source of adaptive variation for future stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Meger
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, Bydgoszcz, 85-064, Poland.
| | - Czesław Kozioł
- Szklarska Poręba Forest District, Krasińskiego 6, Szklarska Poręba, 58-580, Poland
| | | | - Jarosław Burczyk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, Bydgoszcz, 85-064, Poland
| | - Igor J Chybicki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, Bydgoszcz, 85-064, Poland.
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Larionov MV, Volodkin AA, Volodkina OA, Lebedev EV, Khanbabayeva OE, Tazina SV, Kozlova EA, Orlova EE, Zubik IN, Bogdanova VD, Vorobyev MV, Demidova AP, Akhmetova LR, Kondratenko YI, Goloktionov II, Soboleva EV, Gordyushkina KM. Features of the Territorial Distribution, Composition and Structure of Phytocenoses with the Participation of Fraxinus excelsior, Their Resource Qualities, Ecological and Economic Importance (Southeastern Part of the East European Plain). LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010093. [PMID: 36676042 PMCID: PMC9866661 DOI: 10.3390/life13010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
At present, the distribution area of Fraxinus excelsior L. in the forest ecosystems of the Volga Region is rather low and ranges from 0.01% to 2.5%. In the Middle Volga Region, using the example of the Penza region, five types of deciduous forests were identified in the composition with Fraxinus excelsior L.: oak forest aegopodium, oak forest nettle, oak forest hazel-linden, oak forest aegopodium-motley grass, oak forest carex-motley grass. In the forest phytocenoses of the Moksha River basin, the quality of Fraxinus excelsior L. is 1.5-1.7. In the forest phytocenoses of the Khoper River basin, the average quality value reaches 2.4-2.8, and in the forest tracts of the Sura river basin it is 2.8-3.2. In the western part of the study area, individuals of age class II-III (21-40, 41-60 years) predominate, in the central part-age class I (1-20 years), in the eastern part-age class V (81-100 years). This circumstance allows us to conclude that its populations in the western regions are represented by stands of different ages; the presence of young stands and middle-aged stands indicates the presence of conditions for reproduction and distribution. At the border of its range, Fraxinus excelsior L. grows in a stable population; in the western part of the Middle Volga Region, the number of species in forest stands with a predominance of Fraxinus excelsior L. is 26-30% higher than this indicator in more eastern regions. In the direction from east to west, the number of species in the composition of forest stands increases (up to 8.4), with a predominance of Fraxinus excelsior L. The number of plant associations increases in the direction from east to west. If in the east of the Penza region Fraxinus excelsior L. occurs in 6-7 plant associations, then in the west of the region-in 18-25 associations. The maximum timber stock for 100 years of Fraxinus excelsior L. stands reaches 380 m3/ha. Such a natural bioresource potential is of importance for the conduct of the national economy. Forest management in phytocenoses with the participation of this tree species is a strategic branch direction. It is expedient to restore populations of Fraxinus excelsior L. everywhere and to cultivate them in the territory of the East European Plain and especially in its south-eastern part. This is fully consistent with the principles of sustainable ecological and economic development against the background of local natural, climatic and geographical conditions. This type is necessary when solving environmental, resource-saving and economic problems in the territory under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Viktorovich Larionov
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Russian State Social University (RSSU), 4 Wilhelm Peak Street, Building 1, 129226 Moscow, Russia
- State University of Management (SUM), 99 Ryazanskij Prospect Street, 109542 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “State University of Land Use Planning” (SULUP), 15 Kazakov Street, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +7-9096613318
| | - Alexey Anatolievich Volodkin
- Department “Crop Production and Forestry”, Penza State Agrarian University, 30 Botanicheskaja Street, 440014 Penza, Russia
| | - Olga Alexandrovna Volodkina
- Department “Crop Production and Forestry”, Penza State Agrarian University, 30 Botanicheskaja Street, 440014 Penza, Russia
| | - Evgeny Valentinovich Lebedev
- Department “Forest Inventory and Forest Management”, Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy, 97 Gagarin Avenue, 603107 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga Evgenievna Khanbabayeva
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Vitalievna Tazina
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Anatolyevna Kozlova
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Evgenievna Orlova
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna Nikolaevna Zubik
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Varvara Dmitrievna Bogdanova
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Vladimirovich Vorobyev
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena Pavlovna Demidova
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liliya Rafisovna Akhmetova
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Igorevna Kondratenko
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Ivanovich Goloktionov
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—Russian State Agrarian University, 49 Timiryazevskaya Street, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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Shamsi W, Kondo H, Ulrich S, Rigling D, Prospero S. Novel RNA viruses from the native range of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causal fungal agent of ash dieback. Virus Res 2022; 320:198901. [PMID: 36058013 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The native Japanese population of the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causal agent of ash dieback in Europe, was screened for viruses using a high-throughput sequencing method. Five RNA viruses were detected in 116 fungal isolates sequenced via Illumina RNA-seq platform, with an overall virus prevalence of 11.2%. The viruses were completely sequenced by RNA ligase mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM-RACE) followed by Sanger sequencing. The sequences appear to represent new species from three established families (Mito-, Endorna- and Partitiviridae), one recognized genus (Botybirnavirus) and a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the order Bunyavirales from the proposed family "Mybuviridae". The highest prevalence was found for the mitovirus (7.8%), that had two genomic forms (linear and circular), while the other viruses were detected each in one isolate. Co-infection of a mitovirus and an endornavirus was also observed in one of the infected isolates. Here we describe the molecular characterization of the identified viruses. This study expands the diversity of viruses in H. fraxineus and provides the basis for investigating the virus-mediated control of ash dieback in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajeeha Shamsi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland.
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Sven Ulrich
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
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8
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Pollen Viability of Fraxinus excelsior in Storage Experiments and Investigations on the Potential Effect of Long-Range Transport. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fragmented ash populations due to ash dieback may lead to a limited gene flow and pollination success. Therefore, the viability of ash pollen plays a major role for the survival of the species. The extent to which the long-distance transport of pollen affects pollen viability was investigated with experiments in a climate chamber using ash pollen samples from a seed orchard in Emmendingen, Germany. Furthermore, experiments with a volumetric pollen trap were conducted. A suitable storage temperature for ash pollen was determined by using four viability tests; TTC test, pollen germination, Alexander’s stain and Acetocarmine. An optimization of the germination medium was performed. We found a strong influence of prevailing temperatures on pollen viability, which decreased faster under warmer conditions. At moderate temperatures, viable pollen could still be observed after 28 days. Thus, a possible successful pollination can also be associated to long-range transported pollen. Storage experiments showed that pollen viability could be maintained longer at temperatures of −20 °C and −80 °C than at 4 °C. In particular, the TTC test has proven to be suitable for determining viability. Therefore, properly stored pollen can be used for breeding programs to support the survival of Fraxinus excelsior.
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Nielsen LR, Nagy NE, Piqueras S, Kosawang C, Thygesen LG, Hietala AM. Host−Pathogen Interactions in Leaf Petioles of Common Ash and Manchurian Ash Infected with Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020375. [PMID: 35208829 PMCID: PMC8875166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some common ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) show tolerance towards shoot dieback caused by the invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Leaf petioles are considered to serve as a pathogen colonization route to the shoots. We compared four common ash clones with variation in disease tolerance, and included the native host, Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica), as a reference. Tissue colonization, following rachis inoculation by H. fraxineus, was monitored by histochemical observations and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay specific to H. fraxineus. Axial spread of the pathogen towards the petiole base occurred primarily within the phloem and parenchyma, tissues rich in starch in healthy petioles. In inoculated petioles, a high content of phenolics surrounded the hyphae, presumably a host defense response. There was a relationship between field performance and susceptibility to leaf infection in three of the four studied common ash clones, i.e., good field performance was associated with a low petiole colonization level and vice versa. Low susceptibility to leaf infection may counteract leaf-to-shoot spread of the pathogen in common ash, but the limited number of clones studied warrants caution and a larger study. The Manchurian ash clone had the highest petiole colonization level, which may suggest that this native host has evolved additional mechanisms to avoid shoot infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene R. Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (C.K.); (L.G.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nina E. Nagy
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), 1431 Ås, Norway;
| | - Sara Piqueras
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (C.K.); (L.G.T.)
| | - Chatchai Kosawang
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (C.K.); (L.G.T.)
| | - Lisbeth G. Thygesen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (C.K.); (L.G.T.)
| | - Ari M. Hietala
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), 7734 Steinkjer, Norway;
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10
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Priming of Resistance-Related Phenolics: A Study of Plant-Associated Bacteria and Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122504. [PMID: 34946104 PMCID: PMC8707895 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is highly affected by the pathogenic fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in all of Europe. Increases in plant’s secondary metabolite (SM) production is often linked tol enhanced resistance to stress, both biotic and abiotic. Moreover, plant-associated bacteria have been shown to enhance SM production in inoculated plants. Thus, our hypothesis is that bacteria may boost ash SM production, hence priming the tree’s metabolism and facilitating higher levels of resilience to H. fraxineus. We tested three different ash genotypes and used Paenibacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. for inoculation in vitro. Total phenol (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and carotenoid contents were measured, as well as the chlorophyll a/b ratio and morphometric growth parameters, in a two-stage trial, whereby seedlings were inoculated with the bacteria during the first stage and with H. fraxineus during the second stage. While the tested bacteria did not positively affect the morphometric growth parameters of ash seedlings, they had a statistically significant effect on TPC, TFC, the chlorophyll a/b ratio and carotenoid content in both stages, thus confirming our hypothesis. Specifically, in ash genotype 64, both bacteria elicited an increase in carotenoid content, TPC and TFC during both stages. Additionally, Pseudomonas sp. inoculated seedlings demonstrated an increase in phenolics after infection with the fungus in both genotypes 64 and 87. Our results indicate that next to genetic selection of the most resilient planting material for ash reforestation, plant-associated bacteria could also be used to boost ash SM production.
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11
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Hebda A, Liszka A, Zgłobicki P, Nawrot-Chorabik K, Lyczakowski JJ. Transformation of European Ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) Callus as a Starting Point for Understanding the Molecular Basis of Ash Dieback. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112524. [PMID: 34834887 PMCID: PMC8622397 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The population of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) is currently facing the risk of collapse, mainly due to ash dieback, a disease caused by a pathogenic fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. To facilitate studies into the molecular basis of ash dieback and design breeding strategies for a generation of resistant trees, it is necessary to develop tools enabling the study of gene function in F. excelsior. Despite this, a method for the genetic engineering of F. excelsior is still missing. Here, we report the first successful genetic transformation of F. excelsior callus and a selection process enabling the formation of stable transgenic callus lines. The protocol relies on the use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transform callus tissue derived from embryos of F. excelsior. In our experiments, we used the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter system to demonstrate the transformation of callus cells and performed RT-PCR experiments to confirm the stable expression of the transgene. Since ash dieback threatens the long-term stability of many native F. excelsior populations, we hope that the transformation techniques described in this manuscript will facilitate rapid progress in uncovering the molecular basis of the disease and the validation of gene targets previously proposed to be linked to the resistance of trees to H. fraxineus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hebda
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.H.); (A.L.); (P.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra Liszka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.H.); (A.L.); (P.Z.)
| | - Piotr Zgłobicki
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.H.); (A.L.); (P.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Nawrot-Chorabik
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29-Listopada Ave. 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jan J. Lyczakowski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.H.); (A.L.); (P.Z.)
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12
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Topical Probiotics Do Not Satisfy New Criteria for Effective Use Due to Insufficient Skin Microbiome Knowledge. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a set of criteria for topical probiotics to adhere to for safe and effective use for the skin microbiome. To form the basis of the criteria, we redefine the term “probiotics” and discuss successful and unsuccessful high-profile examples of the artificial addition of organisms to ecosystems in nature to understand what worked and what did not. Probiotics are often immediately assumed to have health benefits. However, as ecologists are aware, interfering with ecosystems is potentially catastrophic. The addition or removal of just one organism can significantly upset the delicate ecosystem balance. If our criteria are not met, we argue that topical probiotics could also cause damage and will not be beneficial. Due to the large intra- and inter-personal variation of the skin microbiome, our current knowledge of a healthy skin microbiome composition is not complete enough to fully satisfy the criteria. In follow-up work, we will investigate whether current topical probiotics research and commercial products meet our new criteria. We will also discuss problems with how to measure their effectiveness and suggest alternative solutions to replacing the lost biodiversity of the skin microbiome that was stripped away by environmental factors in the Western world.
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13
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Klesse S, von Arx G, Gossner MM, Hug C, Rigling A, Queloz V. Amplifying feedback loop between growth and wood anatomical characteristics of Fraxinus excelsior explains size-related susceptibility to ash dieback. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:683-696. [PMID: 32705118 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has caused severe crown dieback and high mortality rates in Fraxinus excelsior in Europe. In addition to a strong genetic control of tolerance to the fungus, previous studies have found landscape heterogeneity to be an additional driver of variability in the severity of dieback symptoms. However, apart from climatic conditions related to heat and humidity influencing fungal infection success, the mechanistic understanding of why smaller or slower-growing trees are more susceptible to dieback remains less well understood. Here, we analyzed three stands in Switzerland with a unique setting of 8 years of data availability of intra-annual diameter growth and annual crown health assessments. We complemented this by ring width and quantitative wood anatomical measurements extending back before the monitoring started to investigate if wood anatomical adjustments can help better explain the size-related dieback phenomenon. We found that slower-growing trees or trees with smaller crowns already before the arrival of the fungus were more susceptible to dieback and mortality. Defoliation directly reduced growth as well as maximum earlywood vessel size, and the positive relationship between vessel size and growth rate caused a positive feedback amplifying and accelerating crown dieback. Measured non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in the outermost five rings did not significantly vary between healthy and weakened trees, which translate into large differences in absolute available amount of NSCs. Thus, we hypothesize that a lack of NSCs (mainly sugars) leads to lower turgor pressure and smaller earlywood vessels in the following year. This might impede efficient water transport and photosynthesis, and be responsible for stronger symptoms of dieback and higher mortality rates in smaller and slower-growing trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klesse
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions Department Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Forest Dynamics Department, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions Department Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Universitätstrasse 8-22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hug
- Forest Dynamics Department, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Forest Dynamics Department, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Queloz
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions Department Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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14
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Kosawang C, Sørensen H, Kjær ED, Dilokpimol A, McKinney LV, Collinge DB, Nielsen LR. Defining the twig fungal communities of Fraxinus species and Fraxinus excelsior genotypes with differences in susceptibility to ash dieback. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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When the Bough Breaks: How Do Local Authorities in the UK Assess Risk and Prepare a Response to Ash Dieback? FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ash dieback Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski), is an alien fungal disease probably introduced to Europe from Asia that currently presents a significant threat to native ash (Fraxinus L. spp.). In the United Kingdom a large proportion of ash trees are found outside of woodlands. This means that a wide diversity of land owners and managers are stakeholders in the response to ash dieback. Local authorities (local government units) hold responsibility for managing ash trees along the highways and other public sites, with a focus on maintaining public health and safety. Developing local action plans (LAPs) for ash dieback is promoted by the government as way for local authorities to plan an effective strategic response at a landscape scale. However, risk assessment frameworks and the knowledge about ash dieback that is needed for quality decision-making at this level is still lacking. The scientific uncertainty around ash dieback progression, mortality rates, and the hazards presented by the trees at different stages of infection present knowledge problems. The research aims to (i) develop and evaluate an approach to addressing ash dieback suited to local authorities across the United Kingdom, and (ii) address the research gaps surrounding the local authority approaches to risk assessment and overcoming “knowledge problems.” Our hypothesis is that action research can be used to develop an effective risk assessment framework and knowledge tools that can improve decision-making. Our research questions in support of these objectives are: (i) How do local authorities perceive, assess, and plan for risks? (ii) What information and knowledge do local authorities need to assess and manage the specific risks of ash dieback? Lastly, (iii) what processes drive the local authorities toward preparing and implementing LAPs? Data collection occurred between 2015–2019 and included: deliberative co-production and validation workshops, two survey questionnaires, and evaluative semi-structured interviews (SSIs). Local authorities were shown to assess risk and proportionality of response to ash dieback through processes of deliberative social learning mixing opinion, scientific and practice-based knowledge to reach a consensus over the methods and knowledge that would be used in decision-making. Placing ash dieback on corporate risk registers that cut across the multiple departments dealing with the problem facilitated political approval, action planning, and budget allocation. Generating locally specific knowledge and finding the resources and personnel to drive forward strategic planning and implementation were key to landscape scale responses and ratifying LAPs. Collaborative action research working on ways of assessing, learning, and responding to tree pests and diseases offer an important approach to problem-solving and developing responses at the landscape scale.
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16
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Evans MR. Will natural resistance result in populations of ash trees remaining in British woodlands after a century of ash dieback disease? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190908. [PMID: 31598257 PMCID: PMC6731731 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel pests and diseases are becoming increasingly common, and often cause additional mortality to host species in the newly contacted communities. This can alter the structure of the community up to, and including, the extinction of host species. In the last 20 years, ash dieback (ADB) disease has spread into Europe from East Asia. It has caused substantial mortality in ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations. However, a proportion of the individuals in most populations appear to be less susceptible to ADB and resistance seems to have high heritability. These observations have led to suggestions that ash populations may be sustainable after the disease. In order to test this hypothesis, I modified an existing model of UK woodland (parametrized for Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire) to take into account the impact of ADB and allowed offspring to inherit resistance traits from their parent. The results suggest that ash populations would still exist in 100 years, but at lower levels than they are currently. For example, when the initial proportion of resistant individuals is about 10% and heritability of resistance is 0.5, then the population of ash falls to about one-third of present levels. The proportion of individuals initially resistant to ADB had a larger effect on population size after 100 years than the heritability of resistance. The fact that the initial size of the resistant population is important to achieve a high population size in the presence of ADB suggests that a selective breeding programme with the intention of augmenting the natural ash populations would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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17
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Advanced spectroscopy-based phenotyping offers a potential solution to the ash dieback epidemic. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17448. [PMID: 30487524 PMCID: PMC6262010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural and urban forests worldwide are increasingly threatened by global change resulting from human-mediated factors, including invasions by lethal exotic pathogens. Ash dieback (ADB), incited by the alien invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, has caused large-scale population decline of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) across Europe, and is threatening to functionally extirpate this tree species. Genetically controlled host resistance is a key element to ensure European ash survival and to restore this keystone species where it has been decimated. We know that a low proportion of the natural population of European ash expresses heritable, quantitative resistance that is stable across environments. To exploit this resource for breeding and restoration efforts, tools that allow for effective and efficient, rapid identification and deployment of superior genotypes are now sorely needed. Here we show that Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of phenolic extracts from uninfected bark tissue, coupled with a model based on soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), can robustly discriminate between ADB-resistant and susceptible European ash. The model was validated with populations of European ash grown across six European countries. Our work demonstrates that this approach can efficiently advance the effort to save such fundamental forest resource in Europe and elsewhere.
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18
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Schlegel M, Queloz V, Sieber TN. The Endophytic Mycobiome of European Ash and Sycamore Maple Leaves - Geographic Patterns, Host Specificity and Influence of Ash Dieback. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2345. [PMID: 30405540 PMCID: PMC6207852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is threatened by the introduced ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causal agent of ash dieback. Endophytic fungi are known to modulate their host's resistance against pathogens. To understand possible consequences of ash dieback on the endophytic mycobiome, F. excelsior leaves were collected in naturally regenerated forests and the fungal communities analyzed by classic culture and Illumina amplicon sequencing using a newly developed and validated fungal-specific primer. Collections were done in the area infested by ash dieback north of the Alps, and in the disease free area on the south side. Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) was additionally collected, as well as the flowering ash (F. ornus), which occurs naturally in the south and shows tolerance to ash dieback. Both cultivation and amplicon sequencing revealed characteristic endophytic fungal communities dominated by several strictly host specific Venturia species. On A. pseudoplatanus, a hitherto undescribed Venturia species was identified. Due to its dominance on F. excelsior, V. fraxini is unlikely to go extinct in case of reduced host densities. A majority of species was not strictly host specific and is therefore likely less affected by ash dieback in the future. Still, shifts in community structure and loss of genetic diversity cannot be excluded. The potentially endangered endophyte Hymenoscyphus albidus was rarely found. In addition to host specificity, species with preferences for leaf laminae or petioles were found. We also detected considerable geographical variation between sampling sites and clear differences between the two sides of the Alps for endophytes of F. excelsior, but not A. pseudoplatanus. Since sycamore maple is not affected by an epidemic, this could point toward an influence of ash dieback on ash communities, although firm conclusions are not possible because of host preferences and climatic differences. Furthermore, the mycobiota of F. excelsior trees with or without dieback symptoms were compared, but no clear differences were detected. Besides methodical refinement, our study provides comprehensive data on the ash mycobiome that we expect to be subject to changes caused by an emerging disease of the host tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schlegel
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, Forest Pathology and Dendrology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Queloz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Swiss Forest Protection, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas N Sieber
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, Forest Pathology and Dendrology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Sollars ESA, Buggs RJA. Genome-wide epigenetic variation among ash trees differing in susceptibility to a fungal disease. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:502. [PMID: 29954338 PMCID: PMC6022711 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background European ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) are currently threatened by ash dieback (ADB) caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus but a small percentage of the population possesses natural low susceptibility. The genome of a European ash tree has recently been sequenced. Here, we present whole genome DNA methylation data for two F. excelsior genotypes with high susceptibility to ADB, and two genotypes with low susceptibility, each clonally replicated. We also include two genotypes of Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica), an ash species which has co-evolved with H. fraxineus and also has low susceptibility to ADB. Results In F. excelsior, we find an average methylation level of 76.2% in the CG context, 52.0% in the CHG context, and 13.9% in the CHH context; similar levels to those of tomato. We find higher methylation in transposable elements as opposed to non-mobile elements, and high densities of Non-Differentially Methylation Positions (N-DMPs) in genes with housekeeping functions. Of genes putatively duplicated in whole genome duplication (WGD) events, an average of 25.9% are differentially methylated in at least one cytosine context, potentially indicative of unequal silencing. Variability in methylation patterns exists among clonal replicates, and this is only slightly less than the variability found between different genotypes. Of twenty genes previously found to have expression levels associated with ADB susceptibility, we find only two of these have differential methylation between high and low susceptibility F. excelsior trees. In addition, we identify 1683 significant Differentially Methylated Regions (DMRs) (q-value< 0.001) between the high and low susceptibility genotypes of F. excelsior trees, of which 665 remain significant when F. mandshurica samples are added to the low susceptibility group. Conclusions We find a higher frequency of differentially methylated WGD-derived gene duplicates in ash than other plant species previously studied. We also identify a set of genes with differential methylation between genotypes and species with high versus low susceptibility to ADB. This provides valuable foundational data for future work on the role that epigenetics may play in gene dosage compensation and susceptibility to ADB in ash. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4874-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S A Sollars
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Richard J A Buggs
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. .,Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
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20
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Erichsen EO, Budde KB, Sagheb-Talebi K, Bagnoli F, Vendramin GG, Hansen OK. Hyrcanian forests-Stable rear-edge populations harbouring high genetic diversity of Fraxinus excelsior,
a common European tree species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ortvald Erichsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Katharina Birgit Budde
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Khosro Sagheb-Talebi
- Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO); Tehran Iran
| | - Francesca Bagnoli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources; National Research Council; Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) Italy
| | | | - Ole Kim Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
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21
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McMullan M, Rafiqi M, Kaithakottil G, Clavijo BJ, Bilham L, Orton E, Percival-Alwyn L, Ward BJ, Edwards A, Saunders DGO, Garcia Accinelli G, Wright J, Verweij W, Koutsovoulos G, Yoshida K, Hosoya T, Williamson L, Jennings P, Ioos R, Husson C, Hietala AM, Vivian-Smith A, Solheim H, MaClean D, Fosker C, Hall N, Brown JKM, Swarbreck D, Blaxter M, Downie JA, Clark MD. The ash dieback invasion of Europe was founded by two genetically divergent individuals. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1000-1008. [PMID: 29686237 PMCID: PMC5969572 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accelerating international trade and climate change make pathogen spread an increasing concern. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causal agent of ash dieback, is a fungal pathogen that has been moving across continents and hosts from Asian to European ash. Most European common ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) are highly susceptible to H. fraxineus, although a minority (~5%) have partial resistance to dieback. Here, we assemble and annotate a H. fraxineus draft genome which approaches chromosome scale. Pathogen genetic diversity across Europe and in Japan, reveals a strong bottleneck in Europe, though a signal of adaptive diversity remains in key host interaction genes. We find that the European population was founded by two divergent haploid individuals. Divergence between these haplotypes represents the ancestral polymorphism within a large source population. Subsequent introduction from this source would greatly increase adaptive potential of the pathogen. Thus, further introgression of H. fraxineus into Europe represents a potential threat and Europe-wide biological security measures are needed to manage this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark McMullan
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ben J Ward
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Anne Edwards
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | | - Walter Verweij
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Kentaro Yoshida
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hosoya
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Renaud Ioos
- ANSES Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Malzéville, France
| | | | - Ari M Hietala
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Dan MaClean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Neil Hall
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Edinburgh Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Matthew D Clark
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. .,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
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Sambles CM, Salmon DL, Florance H, Howard TP, Smirnoff N, Nielsen LR, McKinney LV, Kjær ED, Buggs RJA, Studholme DJ, Grant M. Ash leaf metabolomes reveal differences between trees tolerant and susceptible to ash dieback disease. Sci Data 2017; 4:170190. [PMID: 29257137 PMCID: PMC5735976 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
European common ash, Fraxinus excelsior, is currently threatened by Ash dieback (ADB) caused by the fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. To detect and identify metabolites that may be products of pathways important in contributing to resistance against H. fraxineus, we performed untargeted metabolomic profiling on leaves from five high-susceptibility and five low-susceptibility F. excelsior individuals identified during Danish field trials. We describe in this study, two datasets. The first is untargeted LC-MS metabolomics raw data from ash leaves with high-susceptibility and low-susceptibility to ADB in positive and negative mode. These data allow the application of peak picking, alignment, gap-filling and retention-time correlation analyses to be performed in alternative ways. The second, a processed dataset containing abundances of aligned features across all samples enables further mining of the data. Here we illustrate the utility of this dataset which has previously been used to identify putative iridoid glycosides, well known anti-herbivory terpenoid derivatives, and show differential abundance in tolerant and susceptible ash samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Sambles
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Deborah L. Salmon
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Hannah Florance
- SynthSys, Roger Land Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Thomas P. Howard
- School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon, Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Lene R. Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C 1958, Denmark
| | - Lea V. McKinney
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C 1958, Denmark
| | - Erik D. Kjær
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C 1958, Denmark
| | - Richard J. A. Buggs
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - David J. Studholme
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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23
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A first assessment of Fraxinus excelsior (common ash) susceptibility to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (ash dieback) throughout the British Isles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16546. [PMID: 29185457 PMCID: PMC5707348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ash dieback (ADB), caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, has severely damaged a large proportion of ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) in continental Europe. We have little damage data for the British Isles where the disease was found only five years ago in the Southeast, and is still spreading. A large-scale screening trial to evaluate ADB damage to provenances of F. excelsior sourced from throughout the British Isles was planted in 2013 in the southeast of England. In 2016, we scored trees by their level of ADB damage observed in field at the two worst affected (based on assessments in 2015) of the 14 sites. Significant differences were found in average ADB damage among planting sites and seed source provenances. Trees from certain provenances in Scotland were the least damaged by ADB, whereas trees from Wales and Southeast England were the most badly damaged in both trial sites. Thus the levels of ADB damage currently seen in ash populations in Southeast England may not be an accurate predictor of the damage expected in future throughout the British Isles. Given all provenances contained some healthy trees, a breeding programme to produce genetically variable native ash tree populations with lower ADB susceptibility may be feasible.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Allan Downie
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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25
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Muñoz F, Marçais B, Dufour J, Dowkiw A. Rising Out of the Ashes: Additive Genetic Variation for Crown and Collar Resistance to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in Fraxinus excelsior. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1535-1543. [PMID: 27349738 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-15-0284-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, ash dieback due to the invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is threatening Fraxinus excelsior in most of its natural range. Previous studies reported significant levels of genetic variability in susceptibility in F. excelsior either in field or inoculation experiments. The present study was based on a field experiment planted in 1995, 15 years before onset of the disease. Crown and collar status were monitored on 777 trees from 23 open-pollinated progenies originating from three French provenances. Health status was modeled using a Bayesian approach where spatiotemporal effects were explicitly taken into account. Moderate narrow-sense heritability was found for crown dieback (h2 = 0.42). This study is first to show that resistance at the collar level is also heritable (h2 = 0.49 for collar lesions prevalence and h2 = 0.42 for their severity) and that there is significant genetic correlation (r = 0.40) between the severities of crown and collar symptoms. There was no evidence for differences between provenances. Family effects were detected, but computing individual breeding values showed that most of the genetic variation lies within families. In agreement with previous reports, early flushing correlates with healthier crown. Implications of these results in disease management and breeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Muñoz
- First, third, and fourth authors: INRA, UR 0588, Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France; and second author: INRA, Nancy Université, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, IFR 110, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Benoît Marçais
- First, third, and fourth authors: INRA, UR 0588, Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France; and second author: INRA, Nancy Université, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, IFR 110, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Jean Dufour
- First, third, and fourth authors: INRA, UR 0588, Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France; and second author: INRA, Nancy Université, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, IFR 110, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Arnaud Dowkiw
- First, third, and fourth authors: INRA, UR 0588, Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France; and second author: INRA, Nancy Université, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, IFR 110, F-54280 Champenoux, France
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26
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Palomar G, Bosch J, Cano JM. Heritability of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis burden and its genetic correlation with development time in a population of Common toad (Bufo spinosus). Evolution 2016; 70:2346-2356. [PMID: 27480345 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the important threat that emerging pathogens pose for the conservation of biodiversity as well as human health, very little is known about the adaptive potential of host species to withstand infections. We studied the quantitative genetic architecture responsible for the burden of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a population of common toads in conjunction with other life-history traits (i.e., body size and development rate) that may be affected by common selective pressures. We found a significant heritable component that is associated with fungal burden, which may allow for local adaptation to this pathogen to proceed. In addition, the high genetic correlation found between fungal burden and development time suggests that both traits have to be taken into account in order to assess the adaptive response of host populations to this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Palomar
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Edificio de Investigación, Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós s/n, 33600, Mieres, Spain. .,Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama, Cta. M-604, Km. 27.6, 28740, Rascafría, Spain
| | - José Manuel Cano
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Edificio de Investigación, Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós s/n, 33600, Mieres, Spain.,Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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27
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Perry A, Wachowiak W, Brown AV, Ennos RA, Cottrell JE, Cavers S. Substantial heritable variation for susceptibility to Dothistroma septosporum within populations of native British Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris). PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 65:987-996. [PMID: 27587900 PMCID: PMC4984854 DOI: 10.1111/ppa.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The threat from pests and pathogens to native and commercially planted forest trees is unprecedented and expected to increase under climate change. The degree to which forests respond to threats from pathogens depends on their adaptive capacity, which is determined largely by genetically controlled variation in susceptibility of the individual trees within them and the heritability and evolvability of this trait. The most significant current threat to the economically and ecologically important species Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is dothistroma needle blight (DNB), caused by the foliar pathogen Dothistroma septosporum. A progeny-population trial of 4-year-old Scots pine trees, comprising six populations from native Caledonian pinewoods each with three to five families in seven blocks, was artificially inoculated using a single isolate of D. septosporum. Susceptibility to D. septosporum, assessed as the percentage of non-green needles, was measured regularly over a period of 61 days following inoculation, during which plants were maintained in conditions ideal for DNB development (warm; high humidity; high leaf wetness). There were significant differences in susceptibility to D. septosporum among families indicating that variation in this trait is heritable, with high estimates of narrow-sense heritability (0.38-0.75) and evolvability (genetic coefficient of variation, 23.47). It is concluded that native Scots pine populations contain sufficient genetic diversity to evolve lower susceptibility to D. septosporum through natural selection in response to increased prevalence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perry
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK
| | - W Wachowiak
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK; Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences Parkowa 562-035 Kórnik Poland
| | - A V Brown
- Forestry Commission 231 Corstorphine Road EH12 7AT UK
| | - R A Ennos
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology The University of Edinburgh Ashworth Building Charlotte Auerbach Road, King's Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3JF UK
| | - J E Cottrell
- Forest Research Northern Research Station Roslin Midlothian EH25 9SY UK
| | - S Cavers
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK
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28
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Friend or foe? Biological and ecological traits of the European ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in its native environment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21895. [PMID: 26900083 PMCID: PMC4761999 DOI: 10.1038/srep21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, an introduced ascomycete fungus and primary causal agent of European ash dieback, was investigated on Fraxinus mandshurica trees in its native range in Primorye region of Far East Russia. This evidence is the first report of H. fraxineus on healthy, asymptomatic F. mandshurica trees. High-throughput sequencing revealed 49 distinct fungal taxa associated with leaves of F. mandshurica, 12 of which were identified to species level. Phyllosphere fungal assemblages were similar among sites despite being largely geographically distant. Many organisms comprising the foliar fungal community on F. mandshurica in Far East Russia have similarity to those reported inhabiting F. excelsior in Europe based on previous studies. However, Mycosphaerella sp., the most dominant species in this study and detected in nearly all samples, was associated only with F. mandshurica. Genetic diversity of H. fraxineus was significantly higher in the Far East Russian population than in Europe. In contrast to its aggressive behaviour on Fraxinus excelsior in Europe, H. fraxineus appears to be a benign associate of indigenous F. mandshurica that initially induces quiescent and asymptomatic infections in healthy trees prior to active host colonization normally associated with modification of host tissue during senescence.
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29
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Development of Ash Dieback in South-Eastern Germany and the Increasing Occurrence of Secondary Pathogens. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Harper AL, McKinney LV, Nielsen LR, Havlickova L, Li Y, Trick M, Fraser F, Wang L, Fellgett A, Sollars ESA, Janacek SH, Downie JA, Buggs RJA, Kjær ED, Bancroft I. Molecular markers for tolerance of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) to dieback disease identified using Associative Transcriptomics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19335. [PMID: 26757823 PMCID: PMC4725942 DOI: 10.1038/srep19335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree disease epidemics are a global problem, impacting food security, biodiversity and national economies. The potential for conservation and breeding in trees is hampered by complex genomes and long lifecycles, with most species lacking genomic resources. The European Ash tree Fraxinus excelsior is being devastated by the fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which causes ash dieback disease. Taking this system as an example and utilizing Associative Transcriptomics for the first time in a plant pathology study, we discovered gene sequence and gene expression variants across a genetic diversity panel scored for disease symptoms and identified markers strongly associated with canopy damage in infected trees. Using these markers we predicted phenotypes in a test panel of unrelated trees, successfully identifying individuals with a low level of susceptibility to the disease. Co-expression analysis suggested that pre-priming of defence responses may underlie reduced susceptibility to ash dieback.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Vig McKinney
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Rostgaard Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yi Li
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Martin Trick
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Fiona Fraser
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | | | - J. Allan Downie
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Richard. J. A. Buggs
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Erik Dahl Kjær
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian Bancroft
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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31
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Pautasso M, Schlegel M, Holdenrieder O. Forest health in a changing world. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:826-842. [PMID: 25502075 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Forest pathology, the science of forest health and tree diseases, is operating in a rapidly developing environment. Most importantly, global trade and climate change are increasing the threat to forest ecosystems posed by new diseases. Various studies relevant to forest pathology in a changing world are accumulating, thus making it necessary to provide an update of recent literature. In this contribution, we summarize research at the interface between forest pathology and landscape ecology, biogeography, global change science and research on tree endophytes. Regional outbreaks of tree diseases are requiring interdisciplinary collaboration, e.g. between forest pathologists and landscape ecologists. When tree pathogens are widely distributed, the factors determining their broad-scale distribution can be studied using a biogeographic approach. Global change, the combination of climate and land use change, increased pollution, trade and urbanization, as well as invasive species, will influence the effects of forest disturbances such as wildfires, droughts, storms, diseases and insect outbreaks, thus affecting the health and resilience of forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree endophytes can contribute to biological control of infectious diseases, enhance tolerance to environmental stress or behave as opportunistic weak pathogens potentially competing with more harmful ones. New molecular techniques are available for studying the complete tree endobiome under the influence of global change stressors from the landscape to the intercontinental level. Given that exotic tree diseases have both ecologic and economic consequences, we call for increased interdisciplinary collaboration in the coming decades between forest pathologists and researchers studying endophytes with tree geneticists, evolutionary and landscape ecologists, biogeographers, conservation biologists and global change scientists and outline interdisciplinary research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pautasso
- Forest Pathology & Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland,
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32
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Elvira-Recuenco M, Iturritxa E, Majada J, Alia R, Raposo R. Adaptive potential of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) populations to the emerging pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium circinatum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114971. [PMID: 25500822 PMCID: PMC4263721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a concern on how emerging pests and diseases will affect the distribution range and adaptability of their host species, especially due to different conditions derived from climate change and growing globalization. Fusarium circinatum, which causes pitch canker disease in Pinus species, is an exotic pathogen of recent introduction in Spain that threatens its maritime pine (P. pinaster) stands. To predict the impact this disease will have on the species, we examine host resistance traits and their genetic architecture. Resistance phenotyping was done in a clonal provenance/progeny trial, using three-year-old cuttings artificially inoculated with the pathogen and maintained under controlled environmental conditions. A total number of 670 ramets were assessed, distributed in 10 populations, with a total of 47 families, 2 to 5 half-sibs per family, and 3-7 ramets per clone. High genetic variation was found at the three hierarchical levels studied: population, family and clone, being both additive and non-additive effects important. Narrow-sense and broad-sense heritability estimates were relatively high, with respective values of 0.43-0.58 and 0.51-0.8, depending on the resistance traits measured (lesion length, lesion length rate, time to wilting, and survival). These values suggest the species' high capacity of evolutionary response to the F. circinatum pathogen. A population originated in Northern Spain was the most resistant, while another from Morocco was the most susceptible. The total number of plants that did not show lesion development or presented a small lesion (length<30 mm) was 224 out of 670, indicating a high proportion of resistant trees in the offspring within the analyzed populations. We found large differences among populations and considerable genetic variation within populations, which should allow, through natural or artificial selection, the successful adaptation of maritime pine to pitch canker disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Elvira-Recuenco
- Silviculture and Forest Management Department, Forest Research Center (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenia Iturritxa
- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (NEIKER), Granja Modelo-Arkaute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juan Majada
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Center (CETEMAS), Finca Experimental La Mata, Principado de Asturias, Spain
| | - Ricardo Alia
- Forest Ecology and Genetics Department, Forest Research Center (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, Palencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Raposo
- Silviculture and Forest Management Department, Forest Research Center (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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33
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Cleary MR, Andersson PF, Broberg A, Elfstrand M, Daniel G, Stenlid J. Genotypes of Fraxinus excelsior with different susceptibility to the ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus and their response to the phytotoxin viridiol - a metabolomic and microscopic study. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 102:115-25. [PMID: 24709032 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Eight European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) genotypes with different known susceptibility to Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus were tested against the phytotoxin viridiol and their response described at the microscopic and metabolomic level. All ash genotypes were sensitive to the toxin and necrosis was detectable after 24h. Among the three viridiol concentrations used in the experiment, the lowest concentration (14.7μM) yielded markedly lower mean damage scores compared to those resulting from seedlings tested at higher dosages. The highest damage scores were associated with the susceptible ash clones S-101, S-106 and S-125, but also with resistant clone R-104. Three resistant clones (R-131, R-121, and R-118) had lower mean damage scores compared to susceptible clones. Wilting of leaves was more common 48h after treatment and more pronounced on seedlings with high damage scores. The resulting lesions generally lacked browning of tissue and displayed only surface disruption of cells in direct contact with the toxin. A delay in symptom development was evident on all five resistant clones tested with the two higher concentrations of viridiol. LC-HRMS and MS/MS analyses of ash seedling extracts suggest several secoiridoid compounds as well as compounds related to abscisic acid (ABA) to be produced in response to viridiol. ABA-cysteine and xanthoxin were found at significantly higher concentrations in susceptible clones compared to resistant clones after treatment with viridiol, suggesting a primary role of ABA in response to stress. The results observed in this study suggest that genetic resistance to H. pseudoalbidus among ash genotypes may be explained, in part, by the varied response to phytotoxins produced by the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Cleary
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, PO Box 7026, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - P F Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Broberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, PO Box 7026, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Daniel
- Department of Forest Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Vallvägen 9C, PO Box 7008, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, PO Box 7026, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bengtsson SBK, Barklund P, von Brömssen C, Stenlid J. Seasonal pattern of lesion development in diseased Fraxinus excelsior infected by Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e76429. [PMID: 24759550 PMCID: PMC3997337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ash dieback is a recent widespread disease on ash (Fraxinus sp.) that is causing important economic and ecological losses throughout Europe. The disease is initiated by the ascomycetous fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph Chalara fraxinea). The main aim of this study was to investigate seasonal pattern of lesion development associated with ash dieback. We present data on the spread of 324 natural lesions in ash shoots, branches and stems surveyed over a 32 month period. Most lesions were active and showed the greatest rate of growth during the summer; however, lesions were active throughout the year. Tree mortality was high, with more than a third of the surveyed trees dying during the study. Although many lesions permanently ceased to develop, the rate at which new lesions emerged was greater than the rate at which lesions entered a resting phase. The most common cause for a lesion going into a permanent state of rest was that it had encountered a branch-base. Genotype analysis showed that multiple infections can occur in a single tree given that different genotypes were identified in different lesions as well as in single lesions. A weak positive correlation was noted between tree health and tree size and a weak negative correlation was noted between tree overall health and lesion activity. The lower limit for H. pseudoalbidus growth in culture was between 4.0°C and 0.5°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Barbro Katrin Bengtsson
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Barklund
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia von Brömssen
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Citron CA, Junker C, Schulz B, Dickschat JS. Ein flüchtiges Lacton ausHymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, dem Pathogen der Europäischen Esche, inhibiert die Keimung seines Wirtes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Citron CA, Junker C, Schulz B, Dickschat JS. A volatile lactone of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, pathogen of European ash dieback, inhibits host germination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4346-9. [PMID: 24644234 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The largely unknown secondary metabolism of the plant pathogenic fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus was investigated by use of the CLSA method. A set of volatile lactones was identified by GC/MS. The lactones were synthesized and used in bioassays in which one of the compounds was found to be a strong germination inhibitor for ash seeds, causing necroses in the plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Citron
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universtität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig (Germany)
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Ghelardini L, Berlin S, Weih M, Lagercrantz U, Gyllenstrand N, Rönnberg-Wästljung AC. Genetic architecture of spring and autumn phenology in Salix. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:31. [PMID: 24438179 PMCID: PMC3945485 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In woody plants from temperate regions, adaptation to the local climate results in annual cycles of growth and dormancy, and optimal regulation of these cycles are critical for growth, long-term survival, and competitive success. In this study we have investigated the genetic background to growth phenology in a Salix pedigree by assessing genetic and phenotypic variation in growth cessation, leaf senescence and bud burst in different years and environments. A previously constructed linkage map using the same pedigree and anchored to the annotated genome of P. trichocarpa was improved in target regions and used for QTL analysis of the traits. The major aims in this study were to map QTLs for phenology traits in Salix, and to identify candidate genes in QTL hot spots through comparative mapping with the closely related Populus trichocarpa. RESULTS All traits varied significantly among genotypes and the broad-sense heritabilities ranged between 0.5 and 0.9, with the highest for leaf senescence. In total across experiment and years, 80 QTLs were detected. For individual traits, the QTLs explained together from 21.5 to 56.5% of the variation. Generally each individual QTL explained a low amount of the variation but three QTLs explained above 15% of the variation with one QTL for leaf senescence explaining 34% of the variation. The majority of the QTLs were recurrently identified across traits, years and environments. Two hotspots were identified on linkage group (LG) II and X where narrow QTLs for all traits co-localized. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the most detailed analysis of QTL detection for phenology in Salix conducted so far. Several hotspot regions were found where QTLs for different traits and QTLs for the same trait but identified during different years co-localised. Many QTLs co-localised with QTLs found in poplar for similar traits that could indicate common pathways for these traits in Salicaceae. This study is an important first step in identifying QTLs and candidate genes for phenology traits in Salix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ghelardini
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Institute for Plant Protection, Italian National Research Council CNR, 50019 Sesto fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sofia Berlin
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Weih
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lagercrantz
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niclas Gyllenstrand
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Christin Rönnberg-Wästljung
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Thomasset M, Hodkinson TR, Restoux G, Frascaria-Lacoste N, Douglas GC, Fernández-Manjarrés JF. Thank you for not flowering: conservation genetics and gene flow analysis of native and non-native populations of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) in Ireland. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 112:596-606. [PMID: 24424162 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The risks of gene flow between interfertile native and introduced plant populations are greatest when there is no spatial isolation of pollen clouds and phenological patterns overlap completely. Moreover, invasion probabilities are further increased if introduced populations are capable of producing seeds by selfing. Here we investigated the mating system and patterns of pollen-mediated gene flow among populations of native ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and mixed plantations of non-native ash (F. angustifolia and F. excelsior) as well as hybrid ash (F. excelsior × F. angustifolia) in Ireland. We analysed the flowering phenology of the mother trees and genotyped with six microsatellite loci in progeny arrays from 132 native and plantation trees (1493 seeds) and 444 potential parents. Paternity analyses suggested that plantation and native trees were pollinated by both native and introduced trees. No signs of significant selfing in the introduced trees were observed and no evidence of higher male reproductive success was found for introduced trees compared with native ones either. A small but significant genetic structure was found (φft=0.05) and did not correspond to an isolation-by-distance pattern. However, we observed a significant temporal genetic structure related to the different phenological groups, especially with early and late flowering native trees; each phenological group was pollinated with distinctive pollen sources. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to the conservation and invasiveness of ash and the spread of resistance genes against pathogens such as the fungus Chalara fraxinea that is destroying common ash forests in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomasset
- 1] School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland [2] Teagasc, Kinsealy Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T R Hodkinson
- 1] School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland [2] Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Restoux
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - N Frascaria-Lacoste
- 1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France [2] AgroParisTech, Paris, France [3] CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
| | - G C Douglas
- Teagasc, Kinsealy Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J F Fernández-Manjarrés
- 1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France [2] AgroParisTech, Paris, France [3] CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
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Gross A, Holdenrieder O, Pautasso M, Queloz V, Sieber TN. Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, the causal agent of European ash dieback. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:5-21. [PMID: 24118686 PMCID: PMC6638674 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ascomycete Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph Chalara fraxinea) causes a lethal disease known as ash dieback on Fraxinus excelsior and Fraxinus angustifolia in Europe. The pathogen was probably introduced from East Asia and the disease emerged in Poland in the early 1990s; the subsequent epidemic is spreading to the entire native distribution range of the host trees. This pathogen profile represents a comprehensive review of the state of research from the discovery of the pathogen and points out knowledge gaps and research needs. TAXONOMY Members of the genus Hymenoscyphus (Helotiales, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiomycetes, Ascomycota) are small discomycetes which form their ascomata on dead plant material. A phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) of the rDNA indicated the avirulent Hymenoscyphus albidus, a species native to Europe, as the closest relative of H. pseudoalbidus. SYMPTOMS Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus causes necrotic lesions on leaves, twigs and stems, eventually leading to wilting and dieback of girdled shoots. Bark lesions are characterized by a typical dark- to cinnamon-brown discoloration. LIFE CYCLE Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus is heterothallic and reproduces sexually on ash petioles in the litter once a year. Ascospores are wind dispersed and infect ash leaves during the summer. The asexual spores only serve as spermatia. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES The most important techniques for fungal handling, such as detection, isolation, culturing, storage, crossing and ascocarp production, are briefly described. MANAGEMENT Once the disease is established, management is hardly possible. The occurrence of a small fraction of partially tolerant trees constitutes hope for resistance breeding in the future. Healthy-looking trees should be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrin Gross
- Forest Pathology and Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hietala AM, Timmermann V, BØrja I, Solheim H. The invasive ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus exerts maximal infection pressure prior to the onset of host leaf senescence. FUNGAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gross A, Zaffarano P, Duo A, Grünig C. Reproductive mode and life cycle of the ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:977-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bengtsson S, Vasaitis R, Kirisits T, Solheim H, Stenlid J. Population structure of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus and its genetic relationship to Hymenoscyphus albidus. FUNGAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kjær ED, McKinney LV, Nielsen LR, Hansen LN, Hansen JK. Adaptive potential of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) populations against the novel emerging pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. Evol Appl 2011; 5:219-28. [PMID: 25568043 PMCID: PMC3353348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging infectious pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus has spread across much of Europe within recent years causing devastating damage on European common ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) and associated plant communities. The present study demonstrates the presence of additive genetic variation in susceptibility of natural F. excelsior populations to the new invasive disease. We observe high levels of additive variation in the degree of susceptibility with relatively low influence of environmental factors (narrow-sense heritability = 0.37–0.52). Most native trees are found to be highly susceptible, and we estimate that only around 1% has the potential of producing offspring with expected crown damage of <10% under the present disease pressure. The results suggest that the presence of additive genetic diversity in natural F. excelsior populations can confer the species with important ability to recover, but that low resistance within natural European populations is to be expected because of a low frequency of the hypo-sensitive trees. Large effective population sizes will be required to avoid genetic bottlenecks. The role of artificial selection and breeding for protection of the species is discussed based on the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Dahl Kjær
- Forest & Landscape, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lea Vig McKinney
- Forest & Landscape, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lene Rostgaard Nielsen
- Forest & Landscape, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars Nørgaard Hansen
- Forest & Landscape, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jon Kehlet Hansen
- Forest & Landscape, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
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