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Hall W, Gartner C, Morphett K. How has the brain disease model of addiction contributed to tobacco control? Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 253:111033. [PMID: 38006672 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Our paper evaluates the extent to which the brain disease model of addiction (BDMA) has contributed to reducing the prevalence of tobacco smoking and tobacco-related harm over the past 20 years. We discuss the ways in which genetic and neuroscience research on nicotine addiction have contributed to our understanding of tobacco smoking. We then examine the extent to which the BDMA has produced more effective treatments to assist smoking cessation. We also assess the degree to which the BDMA has contributed to the tobacco control policies that have produced substantial reductions in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the two decades since the model was first proposed by Alan Leshner. We also assess whether the BDMA has reduced the stigmatisation of people who smoke tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Hall
- The National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, the University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Coral Gartner
- The School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie Morphett
- The School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Australia
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2
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Madge HYR, Alexander S, Azuar A, Zhang J, Koirala P, Burne TH, Toth I, Stephenson RJ. Synthetic Anti-Cocaine Nanoaccine Successfully Prevents Cocaine-Induced Hyperlocomotion. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12407-12419. [PMID: 37646732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most widely used and increasingly popular illicit psychoactive drugs. Unlike other commonly used substances of abuse, cocaine has no pharmacological therapies to treat addiction or aid in rehabilitation. Immunopharmacology has long been touted as a possible avenue to develop effective anticocaine therapies; however, lack of efficacy and designs which are not consistent with simple large-scale production have hindered vaccine translation. We have designed and synthesized a peptide-based anti-cocaine immunogen which we have shown is capable of inducing physiologically relevant immune responses in mice as part of a self-adjuvanting delivery system or in combination with the human-approved commercial adjuvant MF59. We have demonstrated that immunization with the reported vaccine elicits high titers of anti-cocaine IgG and prevents cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion in an in vivo murine model. This peptide-hapten immunogen along with self-adjuvanting liposomal-based delivery system provides a platform for the development of effective anti-drug vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Y R Madge
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Suzy Alexander
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, 4076, Australia
| | - Armira Azuar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Prashamsa Koirala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, 4076, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Rachel J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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3
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Vaccines against Drug Abuse—Are We There Yet? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060860. [PMID: 35746468 PMCID: PMC9230984 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Drug abuse is a worldwide problem that is detrimental to public health. The potential for drug abuse extends to both legal and illicit drugs. Drawbacks associated with current treatments include limited effectiveness, potential side effects and, in some instances, the absence of or concerns with approved therapy options. A significant amount of clinical research has been conducted investigating immunotherapy as a treatment option against drug abuse. Vaccines against drug abuse have been the main area of research, and are the focus of this review. Methods: An extensive search using “EBSCOhost (Multiple database collection)” with all 28 databases enabled (including “Academic Search Ultimate”, “CINAHL Plus with Full Text”, and MEDLINE), interrogation of the ClinicalTrials.gov website, and searches of individual clinical trial registration numbers, was performed in February and March of 2022. This search extended to references within the obtained articles. Results: A total of 23 registered clinical trials for treating drug abuse were identified: 15 for treatment of nicotine abuse (all vaccine-based trials), 6 against cocaine abuse (4 were vaccine-based trials and 2 were metabolic-enzyme-based trials), 1 against methamphetamine abuse (a monoclonal-antibody-based trial), and 1 multivalent opioid treatment (vaccine-based trial). As indicated on the ClinicalTrials.gov website (Home—ClinicalTrials.gov), the status of all but two of these trials was “Completed”. Phase 3 clinical trials were completed for vaccine treatments against nicotine and cocaine abuse only. Conclusion: Evidence in the form of efficacy data indicates that vaccines are not an option for treating nicotine or cocaine abuse. Efficacy data are yet to be obtained through completion of clinical trials for vaccines against opioid abuse. These findings align with the absence of regulatory approval for any of these treatments. This review further highlights the need for novel treatment strategies in instances where patients do not respond to current treatments, and while the search for efficacious vaccine-based treatments continues.
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Lee JC, Janda KD. Development of effective therapeutics for polysubstance use disorders. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 66:102105. [PMID: 34936944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders have focused on mono-substance abuse. However, recent epidemiological studies have found polysubstance use disorders (PUD) are becoming more prevalent and the abuse of adulterated drugs has led to increasing unintentional overdose deaths. Unfortunately, there are no approved pharmacological agents for PUD. Hence, a therapeutic model of interest to address this growing epidemic is immunopharmacotherapy, where individuals are inoculated with conjugate vaccines formulated with haptens that mimic the drug of abuse. These conjugate vaccines have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential against mono-substance abuse, thus recent studies have applied this model to address PUD. This review presents immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements against polysubstance abuse and discusses necessary developments for conjugate vaccines in order to effectively treat this unaddressed epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States.
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5
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Lee JC, Janda KD. Immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:77-93. [PMID: 34458776 PMCID: PMC8341824 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is known to account for substance abuse disorders globally, second only to opioids, yet has no approved pharmacotherapies. Traditional therapies employ small molecule agonists or antagonists for substance use disorders or overdose reversal by targeting drug-specific receptors in the brain. However, the comprehensive mechanism of METH on multiple sites within the central nervous system (CNS) implies its receptors lack the high affinity and specificity required for an "ideal" drug target. The alternative to pharmacotherapies is to sequester abused drugs in the periphery, effectively eliminating the effects from CNS receptor occupation through pharmacokinetic antagonism. This review presents updates on immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse by focusing on the cultivation of research optimization strategies regarding hapten chemistry, carrier proteins, and adjuvants implemented in active immunization. Furthermore, we discuss necessary developments for each component of active immunopharmacotherapies and the future of active vaccines in treating METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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6
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Moulahoum H, Zihnioglu F, Timur S, Coskunol H. Novel technologies in detection, treatment and prevention of substance use disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 27:22-31. [PMID: 30648574 PMCID: PMC9298618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a widely recognized problem, which affects various levels of communities and influenced the world socioeconomically. Its source is deeply embedded in the global population. In order to fight against such an adversary, governments have spared no efforts in implementing substance abuse treatment centers and funding research to develop treatments and prevention procedures. In this review, we will discuss the use of immunological-based treatments and detection kit technologies. We will be detailing the steps followed to produce performant antibodies (antigens, carriers, and adjuvants) focusing on cocaine and methamphetamine as examples. Furthermore, part of this review is dedicated to substance use detection. Owing to novel technologies such as bio-functional polymeric surfaces and biosensors manufacturing, detection has become a more convenient method with the fast and on-site developed devices. Commercially available devices are able to test substance use disorders in urine, saliva, hair, and sweat. This improvement has had a tremendous impact on the prevention of driving under influence and other illicit behaviors. Lastly, substance abuse became a major issue involving the cooperation of experts on all levels to devise better treatment programs and prevent abuse-based accidents, injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Moulahoum
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
| | - Figen Zihnioglu
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Addiction Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
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7
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Ajonijebu DC, Abboussi O, Russell VA, Mabandla MV, Daniels WMU. Epigenetics: a link between addiction and social environment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2735-2747. [PMID: 28255755 PMCID: PMC11107568 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of drug abuse are apparently not limited to individuals but may also impact the vulnerability of their progenies to develop addictive behaviours. Epigenetic signatures, early life experience and environmental factors, converge to influence gene expression patterns in addiction phenotypes and consequently may serve as mediators of behavioural trait transmission between generations. The majority of studies investigating the role of epigenetics in addiction do not consider the influence of social interactions. This shortcoming in current experimental approaches necessitates developing social models that reflect the addictive behaviour in a free-living social environment. Furthermore, this review also reports on the advancement of interventions for drug addiction and takes into account the emerging roles of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in the etiology of drug addiction and that HDAC may be a potential therapeutic target at nucleosomal level to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyilemi C Ajonijebu
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Oualid Abboussi
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Vivienne A Russell
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Musa V Mabandla
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - William M U Daniels
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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8
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Lee KL, Twyman RM, Fiering S, Steinmetz N. Virus-based nanoparticles as platform technologies for modern vaccines. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:554-78. [PMID: 26782096 PMCID: PMC5638654 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale engineering is revolutionizing the development of vaccines and immunotherapies. Viruses have played a key role in this field because they can function as prefabricated nanoscaffolds with unique properties that are easy to modify. Viruses are immunogenic via multiple pathways, and antigens displayed naturally or by engineering on the surface can be used to create vaccines against the cognate virus, other pathogens, specific molecules or cellular targets such as tumors. This review focuses on the development of virus-based nanoparticle systems as vaccines indicated for the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases, chronic diseases, cancer, and addiction. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:554-578. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1383 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin L. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Nicole Steinmetz
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Radiology, Materials Science and Engineering, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University and Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106;
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9
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Collins KC, Schlosburg JE, Bremer PT, Janda KD. Methamphetamine Vaccines: Improvement through Hapten Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3878-85. [PMID: 27054372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) addiction is a serious public health problem, and current methods to abate addiction and relapse are currently ineffective for mitigating this growing global epidemic. Development of a vaccine targeting MA would provide a complementary strategy to existing behavioral therapies, but this has proven challenging. Herein, we describe optimization of both hapten design and formulation, identifying a vaccine that elicited a robust anti-MA immune response in mice, decreasing methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Collins
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM) and ‡Committee on Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM) and ‡Committee on Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM) and ‡Committee on Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM) and ‡Committee on Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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10
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Abstract
The ability to prepare hapten-carrier conjugates reproducibly with consistent lot-to-lot hapten densities and protein yields is a critical component of hapten vaccine development. This entails the development of appropriate coupling chemistries that do not cause protein precipitation and the development of methods to quantify hapten density. Recently, extensive efforts have been devoted to design vaccines against drugs of abuse. We describe, herein, a method for conjugation of a morphine-like hapten (MorHap) to tetanus toxoid (TT), which involves conjugation of MorHap to the surface lysines of TT through the N-hydroxysuccinimide portion of a heterobifunctional linker and the subsequent attachment of the thiol on MorHap to the maleimide portion of the cross-linker. Methods are described for the analytical quantification of the hapten density of the conjugates using modified Ellman's test, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
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11
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Jalah R, Torres OB, Mayorov AV, Li F, Antoline JFG, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Deschamps JR, Beck Z, Alving CR, Matyas GR. Efficacy, but not antibody titer or affinity, of a heroin hapten conjugate vaccine correlates with increasing hapten densities on tetanus toxoid, but not on CRM197 carriers. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1041-53. [PMID: 25970207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against drugs of abuse have induced antibodies in animals that blocked the biological effects of the drug by sequestering the drug in the blood and preventing it from crossing the blood-brain barrier. Drugs of abuse are too small to induce antibodies and, therefore, require conjugation of drug hapten analogs to a carrier protein. The efficacy of these conjugate vaccines depends on several factors including hapten design, coupling strategy, hapten density, carrier protein selection, and vaccine adjuvant. Previously, we have shown that 1 (MorHap), a heroin/morphine hapten, conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and mixed with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A [L(MPLA)] as adjuvant, partially blocked the antinociceptive effects of heroin in mice. Herein, we extended those findings, demonstrating greatly improved vaccine induced antinociceptive effects up to 3% mean maximal potential effect (%MPE). This was obtained by evaluating the effects of vaccine efficacy of hapten 1 vaccine conjugates with varying hapten densities using two different commonly used carrier proteins, TT and cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197). Immunization of mice with these conjugates mixed with L(MPLA) induced very high anti-1 IgG peak levels of 400-1500 μg/mL that bound to both heroin and its metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. Except for the lowest hapten density for each carrier, the antibody titers and affinity were independent of hapten density. The TT carrier based vaccines induced long-lived inhibition of heroin-induced antinociception that correlated with increasing hapten density. The best formulation contained TT with the highest hapten density of ≥30 haptens/TT molecule and induced %MPE of approximately 3% after heroin challenge. In contrast, the best formulation using CRM197 was with intermediate 1 densities (10-15 haptens/CRM197 molecule), but the %MPE was approximately 13%. In addition, the chemical synthesis of 1, the optimization of the conjugation method, and the methods for the accurate quantification of hapten density are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Jalah
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Oscar B Torres
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Alexander V Mayorov
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Fuying Li
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Joshua F G Antoline
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Carl R Alving
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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12
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Loftis JM, Janowsky A. Neuroimmune basis of methamphetamine toxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 118:165-97. [PMID: 25175865 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although it is not known which antigen-specific immune responses (or if antigen-specific immune responses) are relevant or required for methamphetamine's neurotoxic effects, it is apparent that methamphetamine exposure is associated with significant effects on adaptive and innate immunity. Alterations in lymphocyte activity and number, changes in cytokine signaling, impairments in phagocytic functions, and glial activation and gliosis have all been reported. These drug-induced changes in immune response, particularly within the CNS, are now thought to play a critical role in the addiction process for methamphetamine dependence as well as for other substance use disorders. In Section 2, methamphetamine's effects on glial cell (e.g., microglia and astrocytes) activity and inflammatory signaling cascades are summarized, including how alterations in immune cell function can induce the neurotoxic and addictive effects of methamphetamine. Section 2 also describes neurotransmitter involvement in the modulation of methamphetamine's inflammatory effects. Section 3 discusses the very recent use of pharmacological and genetic animal models which have helped elucidate the behavioral effects of methamphetamine's neurotoxic effects and the role of the immune system. Section 4 is focused on the effects of methamphetamine on blood-brain barrier integrity and associated immune consequences. Clinical considerations such as the combined effects of methamphetamine and HIV and/or HCV on brain structure and function are included in Section 4. Finally, in Section 5, immune-based treatment strategies are reviewed, with a focus on vaccine development, neuroimmune therapies, and other anti-inflammatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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13
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Li QQ, Sun CY, Luo YX, Xue YX, Meng SQ, Xu LZ, Chen N, Deng JH, Zhai HF, Kosten TR, Shi J, Lu L, Sun HQ. A conjugate vaccine attenuates morphine- and heroin-induced behavior in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu093. [PMID: 25522425 PMCID: PMC4376548 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently approved medications for opioid addiction have shown clinical efficacy, but undesired side effects, dependence induced by the medications themselves, and low treatment compliance necessitate the need for novel therapies. METHODS A novel morphine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine was synthesized with 6-glutarylmorphine as the hapten and a lengthened linker of 6 carbon atoms. The titer and specificity of the triggered antibody were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of the vaccine on the morphine-induced elevation of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of the vaccine on morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and heroin-primed reinstatement of heroin self-administration were also assessed. RESULTS After subcutaneous administration in rats, the vaccine triggered a high antibody titer, with comparable specificity for morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, and heroin, but no interaction with dissimilar therapeutic opioid compounds, including buprenorphine, naloxone, and nalorphine, was observed. The vaccine significantly prevented the elevation of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens induced by a single morphine challenge. Moreover, the vaccine prevented the expression of morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and heroin-primed reinstatement of heroin seeking, suggesting its potential for preventing relapse. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that active immunization with the present vaccine induces a robust morphine/heroin-specific antibody response in rats and attenuates the behavioral effects of morphine and heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health (Dr Li, Ms C.-Y. Sun, Dr Luo, Ms Meng, Mr Xu, Ms Deng, Drs Lu, and H.-Q. Sun), and National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China (Drs Dr Li, Ms C.-Y. Sun, Dr Luo, Dr Xue, Ms Meng, Mr Xu, Ms Chen, Ms Deng, Drs Zhai, Shi, and Lu); Institute for Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China (Dr Li); Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China (Drs Lu and H.-Q. Sun); Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (Dr Kosten)
| | - Hong-Qiang Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health (Dr Li, Ms C.-Y. Sun, Dr Luo, Ms Meng, Mr Xu, Ms Deng, Drs Lu, and H.-Q. Sun), and National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China (Drs Dr Li, Ms C.-Y. Sun, Dr Luo, Dr Xue, Ms Meng, Mr Xu, Ms Chen, Ms Deng, Drs Zhai, Shi, and Lu); Institute for Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China (Dr Li); Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China (Drs Lu and H.-Q. Sun); Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (Dr Kosten)
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14
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Collins KC, Schlosburg JE, Lockner JW, Bremer PT, Ellis BA, Janda KD. Lipid tucaresol as an adjuvant for methamphetamine vaccine development. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4079-81. [PMID: 24615284 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00682h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The immunopotentiator tucaresol was modified for incorporation into liposomes, where it was found to be a superior adjuvant to MPLA for vaccination against methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Collins
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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15
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Gottås A, Øiestad EL, Boix F, Vindenes V, Ripel Å, Thaulow CH, Mørland J. Levels of heroin and its metabolites in blood and brain extracellular fluid after i.v. heroin administration to freely moving rats. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:546-56. [PMID: 23865556 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heroin, with low affinity for μ-opioid receptors, has been considered to act as a prodrug. In order to study the pharmacokinetics of heroin and its active metabolites after i.v. administration, we gave a bolus injection of heroin to rats and measured the concentration of heroin and its metabolites in blood and brain extracellular fluid (ECF). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH After an i.v. bolus injection of heroin to freely moving Sprague-Dawley rats, the concentrations of heroin and metabolites in blood samples from the vena jugularis and in microdialysis samples from striatal brain ECF were measured by ultraperformance LC-MS/MS. KEY RESULTS Heroin levels decreased very fast, both in blood and brain ECF, and could not be detected after 18 and 10 min respectively. 6-Monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) increased very rapidly, reaching its maximal concentrations after 2.0 and 4.3 min, respectively, and falling thereafter. Morphine increased very slowly, reaching its maximal levels, which were six times lower than the highest 6-MAM concentrations, after 12.6 and 21.3 min, with a very slow decline during the rest of the experiment and only surpassing 6-MAM levels at least 30 min after injection. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS After an i.v. heroin injection, 6-MAM was the predominant opioid present shortly after injection and during the first 30 min, not only in the blood but also in rat brain ECF. 6-MAM might therefore mediate most of the effects observed shortly after heroin intake, and this finding questions the general assumption that morphine is the main and most important metabolite of heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gottås
- Department of Drug Abuse Research and Method Development, Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Alving CR, Matyas GR, Torres O, Jalah R, Beck Z. Adjuvants for vaccines to drugs of abuse and addiction. Vaccine 2014; 32:5382-9. [PMID: 25111169 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic vaccines to drugs of abuse, including nicotine, cocaine, heroin, oxycodone, methamphetamine, and others are being developed. The theoretical basis of such vaccines is to induce antibodies that sequester the drug in the blood in the form of antibody-bound drug that cannot cross the blood brain barrier, thereby preventing psychoactive effects. Because the drugs are haptens a successful vaccine relies on development of appropriate hapten-protein carrier conjugates. However, because induction of high and prolonged levels of antibodies is required for an effective vaccine, and because injection of T-independent haptenic drugs of abuse does not induce memory recall responses, the role of adjuvants during immunization plays a critical role. As reviewed herein, preclinical studies often use strong adjuvants such as complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant and others that cannot be, or in the case of many newer adjuvants, have never been, employed in humans. Balanced against this, the only adjuvant that has been included in candidate vaccines in human clinical trials to nicotine and cocaine has been aluminum hydroxide gel. While aluminum salts have been widely utilized worldwide in numerous licensed vaccines, the experience with human responses to aluminum salt-adjuvanted vaccines to haptenic drugs of abuse has suggested that the immune responses are too weak to allow development of a successful vaccine. What is needed is an adjuvant or combination of adjuvants that are safe, potent, widely available, easily manufactured, and cost-effective. Based on our review of the field we recommend the following adjuvant combinations either for research or for product development for human use: aluminum salt with adsorbed monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA); liposomes containing MPLA [L(MPLA)]; L(MPLA) adsorbed to aluminum salt; oil-in-water emulsion; or oil-in-water emulsion containing MPLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Oscar Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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17
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Marasco CC, Goodwin CR, Winder DG, Schramm-Sapyta NL, McLean JA, Wikswo JP. Systems-level view of cocaine addiction: the interconnection of the immune and nervous systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1433-42. [PMID: 24903164 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214537747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is a complex assembly of physiological systems designed to manage the multidirectional transport of both information and nutrients. An intricate interplay between the nervous, circulatory, and secretory systems is therefore necessary to sustain life, allow delivery of nutrients and therapeutic drugs, and eliminate metabolic waste products and toxins. These systems also provide vulnerable routes for modification by substances of abuse. Addictive substances are, by definition, neurologically active, but as they and their metabolites are spread throughout the body via the nervous, circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems, there is abundant opportunity for interaction with numerous cell and tissue types. Cocaine is one such substance that exerts a broad physiological effect. While a great deal of the research concerning addiction has addressed the neurological effects of cocaine use, only a few studies have been aimed at delineating the role that cocaine plays in various body systems. In this paper, we probe the current research regarding cocaine and the immune system, and map a systems-level view to outline a broader perspective of the biological response to cocaine. Specifically, our overview of the neurological and immunomodulatory effects of the drug will allow a broader perspective of the biological response to cocaine. The focus of this review is on the connection between the nervous and immune systems and the role this connection plays in the long-term complications of cocaine use. By describing the multiplicity of these connections, we hope to inspire detailed investigations into the immunological interplay in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Marasco
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Cody R Goodwin
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - John A McLean
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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18
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Rosenberg JB, De BP, Hicks MJ, Janda KD, Kaminsky SM, Worgall S, Crystal RG. Suppression of nicotine-induced pathophysiology by an adenovirus hexon-based antinicotine vaccine. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:595-603. [PMID: 23611296 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite antismoking campaigns, cigarette smoking remains a pervasive addiction with significant societal impact, accounting for one of every five deaths. Smoking cessation therapies to help smokers quit are ineffective with a high recidivism rate. With the knowledge that nicotine is the principal addictive compound of cigarettes, we have developed an antismoking vaccine based on the highly immunogenic properties of the hexon protein purified from the serotype 5 adenovirus (Ad) capsid. We hypothesized that an effective antinicotine vaccine could be based on coupling the nicotine hapten AM1 to purified Ad hexon protein. To assess this, AM1 was conjugated to hexon purified from serotype 5 Ad to produce the HexonAM1 vaccine. C57Bl/6 mice were sensitized by 10 daily nicotine administrations (0.5 mg/kg, subcutaneous) to render the mice addicted to nicotine. Control groups were sensitized to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The mice were then immunized with HexonAM1 (4 μg, intramuscular) at 0, 3, and 6 weeks. By 6 weeks, the HexonAM1-vaccinated mice had serum antinicotine antibody titers of 1.1×10(6)±7.6×10(4). To demonstrate that these high antinicotine titers were sufficient to suppress the effects of nicotine, HexonAM1-vaccinated mice were evaluated for nicotine-induced hypoactive behavior with nicotine challenges (0.5 mg/kg wt) over 5 weeks. In all challenges, the HexonAM1-vaccinated mice behaved similar to PBS-challenged naive mice. These data demonstrate that a vaccine comprised of a nicotine analog coupled to Ad hexon can evoke a high level of antinicotine antibodies sufficient to inhibit nicotine-induced behavior. The HexonAM1 vaccine represents a platform paradigm for vaccines against small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Rosenberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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19
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Matyas GR, Rice KC, Cheng K, Li F, Antoline JFG, Iyer MR, Jacobson AE, Mayorov AV, Beck Z, Torres OB, Alving CR. Facial recognition of heroin vaccine opiates: type 1 cross-reactivities of antibodies induced by hydrolytically stable haptenic surrogates of heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, and morphine. Vaccine 2014; 32:1473-9. [PMID: 24486371 PMCID: PMC4090106 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel synthetic compounds similar to heroin and its major active metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine, were examined as potential surrogate haptens for the ability to interface with the immune system for a heroin vaccine. Recent studies have suggested that heroin-like haptens must degrade hydrolytically to induce independent immune responses both to heroin and to the metabolites, resulting in antisera containing mixtures of antibodies (type 2 cross-reactivity). To test this concept, two unique hydrolytically stable haptens were created based on presumed structural facial similarities to heroin or to its active metabolites. After conjugation of a heroin-like hapten (DiAmHap) to tetanus toxoid and mixing with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A, high titers of antibodies after two injections in mice had complementary binding sites that exhibited strong type 1 ("true") specific cross-reactivity with heroin and with both of its physiologically active metabolites. Mice immunized with each surrogate hapten exhibited reduced antinociceptive effects caused by injection of heroin. This approach obviates the need to create hydrolytically unstable synthetic heroin-like compounds to induce independent immune responses to heroin and its active metabolites for vaccine development. Facial recognition of hydrolytically stable surrogate haptens by antibodies together with type 1 cross-reactivities with heroin and its metabolites can help to guide synthetic chemical strategies for efficient development of a heroin vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Fuying Li
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Joshua F G Antoline
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Alexander V Mayorov
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Oscar B Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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20
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Volkow ND, Baler RD. Addiction science: Uncovering neurobiological complexity. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt B:235-49. [PMID: 23688927 PMCID: PMC3818510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Until very recently addiction-research was limited by existing tools and strategies that were inadequate for studying the inherent complexity at each of the different phenomenological levels. However, powerful new tools (e.g., optogenetics and designer drug receptors) and high throughput protocols are starting to give researchers the potential to systematically interrogate "all" genes, epigenetic marks, and neuronal circuits. These advances, combined with imaging technologies (both for preclinical and clinical studies) and a paradigm shift toward open access have spurred an unlimited growth of datasets transforming the way we investigate the neurobiology of substance use disorders (SUD) and the factors that modulate risk and resilience. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Chen YH, Wu KL, Tsai HM, Chen CH. Treatment of methamphetamine abuse: an antibody-based immunotherapy approach. J Food Drug Anal 2013; 21:S82-S86. [PMID: 26334109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant with tens of millions of abusers around the world, and currently there is no effective or approved medication for addiction to it. Monoclonal antibodies with a high affinity for methamphetamine have the potential to sequester the drug in the vascular compartment and reduce entry into the brain, acting as peripheral pharmacokinetic antagonists without inducing adverse effects on neurons. However, in order to maintain the antibodies at an effective level, repeated administration is required, which would be expensive and problematic for patient compliance. In this study, we intended to investigate whether using a recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer technique can be an effective approach to achieve long-term expression of anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies in mouse models. We generated a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector encoding the heavy and light chains of an anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody, which were constructed in a single open reading frame and linked with a 2A self-processing sequence. In the context of virus-mediated gene transfer, expression of full-length and functional monoclonal antibodies was successfully demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Further investigations on dose optimization, long-term expression, and protection from methamphetamine challenge in mouse models are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsiang Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Lun Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Min Tsai
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan ; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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22
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Cai X, Whitfield T, Moreno AY, Grant Y, Hixon MS, Koob GF, Janda KD. Probing the effects of hapten stability on cocaine vaccine immunogenicity. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4176-84. [PMID: 23927436 DOI: 10.1021/mp400214w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Judicious hapten design has been shown to be of importance when trying to generate a viable vaccine against a drug of abuse. Hapten design has typically been predicated upon faithfully emulating the unique chemical architecture that each drug presents. However, the need for drug-hapten congruency may also compromise vaccine immunogenicity if the drug-hapten conjugate possesses chemical epitope instability. There has been no systematic study on the impact of hapten stability as it relates to vaccine immunogenicity. As a starting point, we have probed the stability of a series of cocaine haptens through varying several of its structural elements, including functionality at the C2-position, the nature of the linker, and its site of attachment. Accordingly, a hydrolytic stability profile of four cocaine haptens (GNNA, GNNS, GNE, and GNC) was produced, and these results were compared through each hapten's immunological properties, which were generated via active vaccination. From this group of four, three of the haptens, GNE, GNNA, and GNC, were further examined in an animal behavioral model, and findings here were again measured in relationship to hapten stability. We demonstrate a corresponding relationship between the half-life of the hapten and its immunogenicity, wherein haptens presenting a fully representative cocaine framework elicited higher concentrations of cocaine-specific IgG in sera and also conferred better protection against cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Our results indicate that hapten half-life plays an important role in vaccine immunogenicity and this in turn can impact animal behavioral effects when challenged with a drug of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Cai
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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23
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Rüedi-Bettschen D, Wood SL, Gunnell MG, West CM, Pidaparthi RR, Carroll FI, Blough BE, Owens SM. Vaccination protects rats from methamphetamine-induced impairment of behavioral responding for food. Vaccine 2013; 31:4596-602. [PMID: 23906885 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
(+)-Methamphetamine (METH) addiction is a chronic disease that interferes with fundamental brain-mediated behaviors and biological functions like eating. These studies present preclinical efficacy and safety profiles for a METH conjugate vaccine (IC(KLH)-SMO9) designed to treat METH abuse. ICKLH-SMO9 efficacy and safety were assessed over a 16-week period by monitoring general health and stability of responding in a food maintained behavioral paradigm. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press for food reinforcers until stable behavior was established. Rats (n=9/group) were then immunized with 100 μg of a control antigenic carrier protein (IC(KLH)-Cys) or IC(KLH)-SMO9 in Alhydrogel adjuvant, with booster immunizations at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Health, immunization site and behavior were assessed daily. No adverse effects were found. During weeks 14-16, when antibody titers and METH affinity (K(d)=13.9 ± 1.7 nM) were maximal, all rats received progressively higher METH doses (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) every 3-4 days, followed by behavioral testing. Even though the lower METH doses from 0.3 to 1.0 mg/kg produced no impairment in food maintained behavior, 3.0-mg/kg in control rats showed significantly (p<0.05) reduced response rates and number of reinforcers earned, as well as reduced food intake. In sharp contrast, the IC(KLH)-SMO9 group showed no changes in food maintained behavior at any METH dose, even though METH serum concentrations showed profound increases due to anti-METH antibody binding. These findings suggest the IC(KLH)-SMO9 vaccine is effective and safe at reducing adverse METH-induced effects, even at high METH doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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24
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Matyas GR, Mayorov AV, Rice KC, Jacobson AE, Cheng K, Iyer MR, Li F, Beck Z, Janda KD, Alving CR. Liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A: a potent adjuvant system for inducing antibodies to heroin hapten analogs. Vaccine 2013; 31:2804-10. [PMID: 23624097 PMCID: PMC4120113 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to create an effective immunization approach for a potential vaccine to heroin, liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A [L(MPLA)] were tested as an adjuvant system to induce antibodies to heroin hapten analogs. Four synthetic haptens and two immunization strategies were employed. In the first strategy, a hydrophobic 23 amino acid immunogenic peptide derived from the membrane proximal external region of gp41 from HIV-1 envelope protein was embedded as a carrier in the outer surface of L(MPLA), to which was conjugated a 15 amino acid universal T cell epitope and a terminal heroin hapten analog. In the second strategy, tetanus toxoid (TT) carrier protein was decorated with haptens by conjugation, and the hapten-conjugated protein was mixed with L(MPLA). After immunization of mice, each of the immunization strategies was effective for induction of IgG anti-hapten antibodies. The first immunization strategy induced a mean end-point IgG titer against one of two haptens tested of approximately 12,800; however, no detectable antibodies were induced against the liposome-associated HIV-1 carrier peptide. In the second immunization strategy, depending on the hapten used for decorating the TT, end-point IgG titers ranged from 100,000 to 6,500,000. In this strategy, in which hapten was conjugated to the TT, end-point IgG titers of 400,000 to the TT carrier were observed with each conjugate. However, upon mixing unconjugated TT with L(MPLA), anti-TT titers of 6,500,000 were observed. We conclude that L(MPLA) serves as a potent adjuvant for inducing antibodies to candidate heroin haptens. However, antibodies to the carrier peptide or protein were partly or completed inhibited by the presence of conjugated hapten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Alexander V. Mayorov
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20852 MD USA
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20852 MD USA
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20852 MD USA
| | - Malliga R. Iyer
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20852 MD USA
| | - Fuying Li
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20852 MD USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Carl R. Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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25
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Loftis JM, Huckans M. Substance use disorders: psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms and new targets for therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:289-300. [PMID: 23631821 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 76.4 million people worldwide meet criteria for alcohol use disorders, and 15.3 million meet criteria for drug use disorders. Given the high rates of addiction and the associated health, economic, and social costs, it is essential to develop a thorough understanding of the impact of substance abuse on mental and physical health outcomes and to identify new treatment approaches for substance use disorders (SUDs). Psychoneuroimmunology is a rapidly expanding, multidisciplinary area of research that may be of particular importance to addiction medicine, as its focus is on the dynamic and complex interactions among behavioral factors, the central nervous system, and the endocrine and immune systems (Ader, 2001). This review, therefore, focuses on: 1) the psychoneuroimmunologic effects of SUDs by substance type and use pattern, and 2) the current and future treatment strategies, including barriers that can impede successful recovery outcomes. Evidence-based psychosocial and pharmacotherapeutic treatments are reviewed. Psychological factors and central nervous system correlates that impact treatment adherence and response are discussed. Several novel therapeutic approaches that are currently under investigation are introduced; translational data from animal and human studies is presented, highlighting immunotherapy as a promising new direction for addiction medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Loftis
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Many pharmacological approaches have been used in managing substance use disorders. Conventional pharmacological agents have relatively short durations of action which make them vulnerable to non-adherence and relapse to substance use disorder. To overcome this problem, long-acting preparations have been developed with the aim of reducing the frequency of use and hence improving adherence. This review takes a broad overview of the long-acting preparations available for the management of substance use disorders. The pharmacology, advantages and disadvantages of these preparations are discussed. Many of these preparations hold promise for improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Hegde
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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27
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De BP, Pagovich OE, Hicks MJ, Rosenberg JB, Moreno AY, Janda KD, Koob GF, Worgall S, Kaminsky SM, Sondhi D, Crystal RG. Disrupted adenovirus-based vaccines against small addictive molecules circumvent anti-adenovirus immunity. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 24:58-66. [PMID: 23140508 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vaccine vectors have been used for many applications due to the capacity of the Ad capsid proteins to evoke potent immune responses, but these vectors are often ineffective in the context of pre-existing anti-Ad immunity. Leveraging the knowledge that E1(-)E3(-) Ad gene transfer vectors are potent immunogens, we have developed a vaccine platform against small molecules by covalently coupling analogs of small molecules to the capsid proteins of disrupted Ad (dAd5). We hypothesized that the dAd5 platform would maintain immunopotency even in the context of anti-Ad neutralizing antibodies. To test this hypothesis, we coupled cocaine and nicotine analogs, GNE and AM1, to dAd5 capsid proteins to generate dAd5GNE and dAd5AM1, respectively. Mice were pre-immunized with Ad5Null, resulting in high titer anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibodies comparable to those observed in the human population. The dAd5GNE and dAd5AM1 vaccines elicited high anti-cocaine and anti-nicotine antibody titers, respectively, in both naive and Ad5-immune mice, and both functioned to prevent cocaine or nicotine from reaching the brain of anti-Ad immune mice. Thus, disrupted Ad5 evokes potent humoral immunity that is effective in the context of pre-existing neutralizing anti-Ad immunity, overcoming a major limitation for current Ad-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P De
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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28
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Brimijoin S. Interception of cocaine by enzyme or antibody delivered with viral gene transfer: a novel strategy for preventing relapse in recovering drug users. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2012; 10:880-91. [PMID: 22229308 DOI: 10.2174/187152711799219398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in enzyme engineering has led to versions of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) that hydrolyze cocaine efficiently in plasma, reduce concentrations reaching reward neurocircuity in the brain, and weaken behavioral responses to this drug. Along with enzyme advances, increasingly avid anti-cocaine antibodies and potent anti-cocaine vaccines have also been developed. Here we review these developments and consider the potential advantages along with the risks of delivering drug-intercepting proteins via gene transfer approaches to treat cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota, USA.
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29
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Koob G, Hicks MJ, Wee S, Rosenberg JB, De BP, Kaminsky SM, Moreno A, Janda KD, Crystal RG. Anti-cocaine vaccine based on coupling a cocaine analog to a disrupted adenovirus. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2012; 10:899-904. [PMID: 22229312 DOI: 10.2174/187152711799219334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The challenge in developing an anti-cocaine vaccine is that cocaine is a small molecule, invisible to the immune system. Leveraging the knowledge that adenovirus (Ad) capsid proteins are highly immunogenic in humans, we hypothesized that linking a cocaine hapten to Ad capsid proteins would elicit high-affinity, high-titer antibodies against cocaine, sufficient to sequester systemically administered cocaine and prevent access to the brain, thus suppressing cocaine-induced behaviors. Based on these concepts, we developed dAd5GNE, a disrupted E1-E3- serotype 5 Ad with GNE, a stable cocaine analog, covalently linked to the Ad capsid proteins. In pre-clinical studies, dAd5GNE evoked persistent, high titer, high affinity IgG anti-cocaine antibodies, and was highly effective in blocking cocaine-induced hyperactivity and cocaine self-administration behavior in rats. Future studies will be designed to expand the efficacy studies, carry out relevant toxicology studies, and test dAd5GNE in human cocaine addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Koob
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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30
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Goniewicz ML, Delijewski M. Nicotine vaccines to treat tobacco dependence. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 9:13-25. [PMID: 23108361 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is globally far more widespread than use of any other substance of abuse. Nicotine is an important tobacco constituent that is responsible for addictive properties of smoking. The currently available medications for the treatment of nicotine addiction have limited efficacy. A challenging novel therapeutic concept is vaccination against nicotine. An efficient vaccine would generate antibodies that sequester nicotine in the blood and prevent its access to the brain. The vaccine would have great potential for treating nicotine addiction and for relapse prevention. We reviewed the current status of vaccines against nicotine addiction that are undergoing clinical trials or are in preclinical development. We discuss problems associated with the development of nicotine vaccines, their efficacy in addiction treatment, challenges and ethical concerns. Existing evidence indicates that nicotine vaccination is well tolerated and capable of inducing an immune response but its effectiveness in increasing smoking abstinence has not been shown so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej L Goniewicz
- Tobacco Dependence Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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31
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Abstract
Not only has immunopharmacotherapy grown into a field that addresses the abuse of numerous illicit substances, but also the treatment methodologies within immunopharmacotherapy have expanded from traditional active vaccination to passive immunization with anti-drug monoclonal antibodies, optimized mAb formats, and catalytic drug-degrading antibodies. Many laboratories have focused on transitioning distinct immunopharmacotherapeutics to clinical evaluation, but with respect to the indication of cocaine abuse, only the active vaccine TA-CD, which is modeled after our original cocaine hapten GNC, has been carried through to human clinical trials. The successful application of murine mAb GNC92H2 to the reversal of cocaine overdose in a mouse model prompted investigations of human immunoglobulins with the clinical potential to serve as cocaine antidotes. We now report the therapeutic utility of a superior clone, human mAb GNCgzk (K(d) = 0.18 nM), which offers a 10-fold improvement in cocaine binding affinity. The GNCgzk manifold was engineered for rapid cocaine clearance, and administration of the F(ab')₂ and Fab formats even after the appearance of acute behavioral signs of cocaine toxicity granted nearly complete prevention of lethality. Thus, contrary to the immunopharmacotherapeutic treatment of drug self-administration, minimal antibody doses were shown to counteract the lethality of a molar excess of circulating cocaine. Passive vaccination with drug-specific antibodies represents a viable treatment strategy for the human condition of cocaine overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Treweek
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology of The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetic treatment strategy targets the drug molecule itself, aiming to reduce drug concentration at the site of action, thereby minimizing any pharmacodynamic effect. This approach might be useful in the treatment of acute drug toxicity/overdose and in the long-term treatment of addiction. Phase IIa controlled clinical trials with anticocaine and antinicotine vaccines have shown good tolerability and some efficacy, but Phase IIb and III trials have been disappointing because of the failure to generate adequate antibody titers in most participants. Monoclonal antibodies against cocaine, methamphetamine and phencyclidine have shown promise in animal studies, as has enhancing cocaine metabolism with genetic variants of human butyrylcholinesterase, with a bacterial esterase, and with catalytic monoclonal antibodies. Pharmacokinetic treatments offer potential advantages in terms of patient adherence, absence of medication interactions and benefit for patients who cannot take standard medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gorelick
- Chemistry & Drug Metabolism Section Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Berti F. The design of semi-synthetic and synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1045-66. [PMID: 22646863 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.609554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed during the last 30 years. They are a potent tool for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases like meningitis and pneumonia. The concept of hapten-carrier conjugation is now being extended to other disease areas. AREAS COVERED This is an overview of the history and current status of glycoconjugate vaccines. The authors discuss the approaches for their preparation and quality control as well as those variables which might affect their product profile. The authors also look at the potential to develop fully synthetic conjugate vaccines based on the progress of organic chemistry. Additionally, new applications of conjugate vaccines technology in the field of non-infectious diseases are discussed. Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the issues and complexities involved in the preparation and characterization of conjugate vaccines, the variables that might affect their immunogenicity and the potential for future applications. EXPERT OPINION The immunogenicity of weak T-independent antigens can be increased in quantity and quality by conjugation to protein carriers, which provide T-cell help. Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed so far. Various conjugation procedures and carrier proteins can be used. Many variables impact on the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines and a tight control through physicochemical tests is important to ensure manufacturing and clinical consistency. New and challenging targets for conjugate vaccines are represented by cancer and other non-infectious diseases.
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Carroll FI, Blough BE, Pidaparthi RR, Abraham P, Gong PK, Deng L, Huang X, Gunnell M, Lay JO, Peterson EC, Owens SM. Synthesis of mercapto-(+)-methamphetamine haptens and their use for obtaining improved epitope density on (+)-methamphetamine conjugate vaccines. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5221-8. [PMID: 21682289 DOI: 10.1021/jm2004943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of the mercapto-hapten (S)-N-(2-(mercaptoethyl)-6-(3-(2-(methylamino)propyl)phenoxy)hexanamide [3, (+)-METH HSMO9] and its use to prepare METH-conjugated vaccines (MCV) from maleimide-activated proteins. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of the MCV synthesized using 3 showed there was a high and controllable epitope density on two different carrier proteins. In addition, the MCV produced a substantially greater immunological response in mice than previous METH haptens, and a monoclonal antibody generated from this MCV in mice showed a very high affinity for (+)-METH (K(D) = 6.8 nM). The efficient covalent coupling of (+)-METH HSMO9 to the activated carrier proteins suggests that this approach could be cost-effective for large-scale production of MCV. In addition, the general methods described for the synthesis of (+)-METH HSMO9 (3) and its use to synthesize MCV will be applicable for conjugated vaccines of small molecules and other substances of abuse such as morphine, nicotine, and cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Hall W, Gartner C. Ethical and policy issues in using vaccines to treat and prevent cocaine and nicotine dependence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011; 24:191-6. [PMID: 21430537 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e328345922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the rationale of vaccines against cocaine and nicotine, to review progress in developing and trialing vaccines to treat dependence on these drugs and to discuss some of the ethical issues that may arise from their use in legally coerced addiction treatment or for prevention of addiction in adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS Several randomized controlled trials of cocaine and nicotine vaccines for relapse prevention have produced mixed results. The studies demonstrate that it is possible to raise antibodies to cocaine and nicotine in humans. In abstinent patients who show high levels of drug antibodies, the rewarding effects of these drugs are attenuated. Phase 2 trials have not found nicotine vaccines to be superior to placebo because only a third of those vaccinated develop sufficient levels of antibody to block the effects of nicotine. SUMMARY Vaccines are a novel approach to relapse prevention that need to more reliably induce immunity in a larger proportion of vaccinated patients if they are to protect against relapse after achieving abstinence. Vaccines are unlikely to prevent addiction in adolescents. Their use under legal coercion should only be considered after considerable experience with their use in voluntary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Hall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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36
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Cocaine analog coupled to disrupted adenovirus: a vaccine strategy to evoke high-titer immunity against addictive drugs. Mol Ther 2011; 19:612-9. [PMID: 21206484 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the concept that anticocaine antibodies could prevent inhaled cocaine from reaching its target receptors in the brain, an effective anticocaine vaccine could help reverse cocaine addiction. Leveraging the knowledge that E1(-)E3(-) adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vectors are potent immunogens, we have developed a novel vaccine platform for addictive drugs by covalently linking a cocaine analog to the capsid proteins of noninfectious, disrupted Ad vector. The Ad-based anticocaine vaccine evokes high-titer anticocaine antibodies in mice sufficient to completely reverse, on a persistent basis, the hyperlocomotor activity induced by intravenous administration of cocaine.
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