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Chang HF, Schirra C, Pattu V, Krause E, Becherer U. Lytic granule exocytosis at immune synapses: lessons from neuronal synapses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1177670. [PMID: 37275872 PMCID: PMC10233144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1177670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis is a central mechanism of cellular communication. It is not only the basis for neurotransmission and hormone release, but also plays an important role in the immune system for the release of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. In cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), the formation of the immunological synapse is required for the delivery of the cytotoxic substances such as granzymes and perforin, which are stored in lytic granules and released via exocytosis. The molecular mechanisms of their fusion with the plasma membrane are only partially understood. In this review, we discuss the molecular players involved in the regulated exocytosis of CTL, highlighting the parallels and differences to neuronal synaptic transmission. Additionally, we examine the strengths and weaknesses of both systems to study exocytosis.
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2
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Gerganova V, Martin SG. Going with the membrane flow: the impact of polarized secretion on bulk plasma membrane flows. FEBS J 2023; 290:669-676. [PMID: 34797957 PMCID: PMC10078680 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Even the simplest cells show a remarkable degree of intracellular patterning. Like developing multicellular organisms, single cells break symmetry to establish polarity axes, pattern their cortex and interior, and undergo morphogenesis to acquire sometimes complex shapes. Symmetry-breaking and molecular patterns can be established through coupling of negative and positive feedback reactions in biochemical reaction-diffusion systems. Physical forces, perhaps best studied in the contraction of the metazoan acto-myosin cortex, which induces cortical and cytoplasmic flows, also serve to pattern-associated components. A less investigated physical perturbation is the in-plane flow of plasma membrane material caused by membrane trafficking. In this review, we discuss how bulk membrane flows can be generated at sites of active polarized secretion and growth, how they affect the distribution of membrane-associated proteins, and how they may be harnessed for patterning and directional movement in cells across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veneta Gerganova
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Wang ZH, Li W, Dong H, Han F. Current state of NK cell-mediated immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1077436. [PMID: 37078002 PMCID: PMC10107371 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1077436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has become one of the most common hematological diseases in western countries, with an annual incidence of 42/100,000. Conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapeutic drugs showed limitations in prognosis or in efficiency in high-risk patients. Immunotherapy represented is one of the most effective therapeutic approaches with the potential of better effect and prognosis. Natural killer (NK) cells are good options for immunotherapy as they can effectively mediate anti-tumor activity of immune system by expressing activating and inhibiting receptors and recognizing specific ligands on various tumor cells. NK cells are critical in the immunotherapy of CLL by enhancing self-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC), allogeneic NK cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapy. In this article, we reviewed the features, working mechanisms, and receptors of NK cells, and the available evidence of the advantages and disadvantages of NK cell-based immunotherapies, and put forward future study directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Han Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Surgical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Dong, ; Fujun Han,
| | - Fujun Han
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Dong, ; Fujun Han,
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4
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A. Rakityanskaya I, S. Ryabova T, A. Kalashnikova A. Recombinant Interferon Gamma: Influence on the Cytotoxic Activity of NK Cells in Patients with Chronic Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in combating viral infections. In this study, we examined the effect of therapy with recombinant interferon gamma (Ingaron) on cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Sixty patients with chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection (CEBVI) were examined. All patients were treated with Ingaron at a dose of 500,000 IU every other day IM. Initially, they received 10 injections of Ingaron followed by a 10-day break to assess the dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters. Then, the treatment was continued with five injections of Ingaron. In total, each patient received 15 injections or a total dose of 7,500,000 IU. The administration of recombinant interferon gamma at a total dose of 5,000,000 IU stimulated spontaneous and induced degranulation of NK cells in patients with CEBVI. After a full course of 7,500,000 IU of recombinant interferon gamma, CD107a expression on NK cells decreased but remained higher than before the onset of therapy and exceeded reference values. Thus, the maximum activity of NK cells in the peripheral blood of patients with CEBVI was reached 10 days after the administration of Ingaron at a total dose of 5,000,000 IU.
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Wang MS, Hu Y, Sanchez EE, Xie X, Roy NH, de Jesus M, Winer BY, Zale EA, Jin W, Sachar C, Lee JH, Hong Y, Kim M, Kam LC, Salaita K, Huse M. Mechanically active integrins target lytic secretion at the immune synapse to facilitate cellular cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3222. [PMID: 35680882 PMCID: PMC9184626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes fight pathogens and cancer by forming immune synapses with infected or transformed target cells and then secreting cytotoxic perforin and granzyme into the synaptic space, with potent and specific killing achieved by this focused delivery. The mechanisms that establish the precise location of secretory events, however, remain poorly understood. Here we use single cell biophysical measurements, micropatterning, and functional assays to demonstrate that localized mechanotransduction helps define the position of secretory events within the synapse. Ligand-bound integrins, predominantly the αLβ2 isoform LFA-1, function as spatial cues to attract lytic granules containing perforin and granzyme and induce their fusion with the plasma membrane for content release. LFA-1 is subjected to pulling forces within secretory domains, and disruption of these forces via depletion of the adaptor molecule talin abrogates cytotoxicity. We thus conclude that lymphocytes employ an integrin-dependent mechanical checkpoint to enhance their cytotoxic power and fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Wang
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Pharmacology Program, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elisa E Sanchez
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xihe Xie
- Neuroscience Program, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Miguel de Jesus
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Winer
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Zale
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weiyang Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chirag Sachar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanne H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yeonsun Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Cassioli C, Baldari CT. The Expanding Arsenal of Cytotoxic T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883010. [PMID: 35514977 PMCID: PMC9065447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) are the main cellular mediators of the adaptive immune defenses against intracellular pathogens and malignant cells. Upon recognition of specific antigen on their cellular target, CTLs assemble an immunological synapse where they mobilise their killing machinery that is released into the synaptic cleft to orchestrate the demise of their cell target. The arsenal of CTLs is stored in lysosome-like organelles that undergo exocytosis in response to signals triggered by the T cell antigen receptor following antigen recognition. These organelles include lytic granules carrying a cargo of cytotoxic proteins packed on a proteoglycan scaffold, multivesicular bodies carrying the death receptor ligand FasL, and the recently discovered supramolecular attack particles that carry a core of cytotoxic proteins encased in a non-membranous glycoprotein shell. Here we will briefly review the main features of these killing entities and discuss their interrelationship and interplay in CTL-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Filali L, Puissegur MP, Cortacero K, Cussat-Blanc S, Khazen R, Van Acker N, Frenois FX, Abreu A, Lamant L, Meyer N, Vergier B, Müller S, McKenzie B, Valitutti S. Ultrarapid lytic granule release from CTLs activates Ca 2+-dependent synaptic resistance pathways in melanoma cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk3234. [PMID: 35171665 PMCID: PMC8849291 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) exhibit ultrarapid lytic granule secretion, but whether melanoma cells mobilize defense mechanisms with commensurate rapidity remains unknown. We used single-cell time-lapse microscopy to offer high spatiotemporal resolution analyses of subcellular events in melanoma cells upon CTL attack. Target cell perforation initiated an intracellular Ca2+ wave that propagated outward from the synapse within milliseconds and triggered lysosomal mobilization to the synapse, facilitating membrane repair and conferring resistance to CTL induced cytotoxicity. Inhibition of Ca2+ flux and silencing of synaptotagmin VII limited synaptic lysosomal exposure and enhanced cytotoxicity. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry of patient melanoma nodules combined with automated image analysis showed that melanoma cells facing CD8+ CTLs in the tumor periphery or peritumoral area exhibited significant lysosomal enrichment. Our results identified synaptic Ca2+ entry as the definitive trigger for lysosomal deployment to the synapse upon CTL attack and highlighted an unpredicted defensive topology of lysosome distribution in melanoma nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Filali
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Puissegur
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Kevin Cortacero
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvain Cussat-Blanc
- Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (IRIT) - University Toulouse Capitole Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR5505, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Roxana Khazen
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Van Acker
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - François-Xavier Frenois
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Abreu
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Lamant
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Béatrice Vergier
- Service de Pathologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Equipe INSERM U1053-UMR BaRITOn (Eq 3), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabina Müller
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Brienne McKenzie
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
- Corresponding author. (S.V.); (B.M.)
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
- Corresponding author. (S.V.); (B.M.)
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Zaiatz Bittencourt V, Jones F, Tosetto M, Doherty GA, Ryan EJ. Dysregulation of Metabolic Pathways in Circulating Natural Killer Cells Isolated from Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1316-1325. [PMID: 33460436 PMCID: PMC8328302 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD], comprising Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC], are chronic conditions characterized by severe dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity resulting in the destruction of the intestinal mucosa. Natural killer [NK] cells play a pivotal role in the dynamic interaction between the innate and adaptive immune response. There is an increasing appreciation for the key role immunometabolism plays in the regulation of NK cell function, yet little remains known about the metabolic profile, cytokine secretion, and killing capacity of human NK cells during active IBD. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood of patients with moderate to severely active IBD and healthy controls. NK cells were stained with a combination of cell surface receptors, intracellular cytokines, and proteins and analyzed by flow cytometry. For measurements of NK cell cytotoxicity, the calcein-AM release assay was performed. The metabolic profile was analyzed by an extracellular flux analyzer. RESULTS NK cells from IBD patients produce large quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-17A and TNF-α ex vivo, but have limited killing capability. Furthermore, patient NK cells have reduced mitochondrial mass and oxidative phosphorylation. mTORC1, an important cell and metabolic regulator, demonstrated limited activity in both freshly isolated cells and cytokine-stimulated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that circulating NK cells of IBD patients have an unbalanced metabolic profile, with faulty mitochondria and reduced capacity to kill. These aberrations in NK cell metabolism may contribute to defective killing and thus the secondary infections and increased risk of cancer observed in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zaiatz Bittencourt
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Corresponding author: Vanessa Zaiatz Bittencourt, Centre for Colorectal Disease Education and Research Center (ERC), 3rd Floor, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland. Tel: + 353 01 221 4934;
| | - Fiona Jones
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miriam Tosetto
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Glen A Doherty
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth J Ryan
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Biological Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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9
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Zhang E, Shi Y, Han J, Han S. Organelle-Directed Metabolic Glycan Labeling and Optical Tracking of Dysfunctional Lysosomes Thereof. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15059-15068. [PMID: 33140967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic glycan labeling (MGL) has been employed for diverse purposes, such as cell surface glycan imaging and tumor surface engineering. We herein reported organelle-specific MGL (OMGL) for selective tagging of the inner limiting membrane of lysosomes over the cell surface. This is operated via acidity-promoted accumulation of optical probes in lysosomes and bioorthogonal ligation of the trapped probes with 9-azidosialic acid (AzSia) metabolically installed on lysosomal membrane proteins. Overcoming the limitation of classical organelle probes to dissipate from stressed organelles, OMGL enables optical tracking of pH-elevated lysosomes in exocytosis and membrane-permeabilized lysosomes in different cell death pathways. Thus, OMGL offers a new tool to study lysosome biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361005, China
| | - Yilong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361005, China
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361005, China
| | - Shoufa Han
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361005, China
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10
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Various Stages of Immune Synapse Formation Are Differently Dependent on the Strength of the TCR Stimulus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072475. [PMID: 32252488 PMCID: PMC7177831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are key players of the adaptive immune system that target tumors and infected cells. A central step to that is the formation of a cell–cell contact zone between the CTL and its target called an immune synapse (IS). Here, we investigate the influence of the initial T cell receptor (TCR) trigger of a cytolytic IS on the distinct steps leading to cytotoxic granule (CG) exocytosis. We stimulated primary CTLs from mouse using lipid bilayers with varying anti-CD3 but constant ICAM concentrations. We fluorescently labeled molecular markers of distinct IS zones such as actin, CD3, granzyme B, and Synaptobrevin2 in CTLs and imaged cytolytic IS formation by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). We found that an intermediate anti-CD3 concentration of 10 µg/mL induces the fastest adhesion of CTLs to the bilayers and results in maximal CG fusion efficiency. The latency of actin ring formation, dwell time, and maximum surface area at the IS exhibit different dependencies on the stimulatory anti-CD3 concentrations. The number and surface area of CD3 clusters at the IS seem to show a different dependency to the TCR trigger when compared to their dwell time. Finally, the mode of full CG exocytosis appears to be independent of the TCR trigger.
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11
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Ogbomo H, Timm-McCann M, Barnes T, Xiang RF, Jamil K, Ganguly A, Stack D, Huston SM, Li SS, Colarusso P, Mody CH. Granule-Dependent NK Cell Killing of Cryptococcus Requires Kinesin to Reposition the Cytolytic Machinery for Directed Cytotoxicity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3017-3032. [PMID: 30208325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is the most important cause of fungal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Host defense against Cryptococcus involves direct killing by NK cells. That NK cells from HIV-infected patients fail to polarize perforin to the microbial synapse and kill C. neoformans led us to explore the mechanisms used to reposition and polarize the cytolytic granules to the synapse. Using live-cell imaging, we observed microtubule and granule movements in response to Cryptococcus that revealed a kinesin-dependent event. Eg5-kinesin bound to perforin-containing granules and was required for association with the microtubules. Inhibition of Eg5-kinesin abrogated dynein-dependent granule convergence to the MTOC and granule and MTOC polarization to the synapse and suppressed NK cell killing of Cryptococcus. In contrast, Eg5-kinesin was dispensable for tumor killing. This reveals an alternative mechanism of MTOC repositioning and granule polarization, not used in tumor cytotoxicity, in which Eg5-kinesin is required to initiate granule movement, leading to microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ogbomo
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Martina Timm-McCann
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tavish Barnes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Richard F Xiang
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khusraw Jamil
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anutosh Ganguly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Danuta Stack
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shaunna M Huston
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pina Colarusso
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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12
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Prager I, Watzl C. Mechanisms of natural killer cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1319-1329. [PMID: 31107565 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0718-269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cytotoxicity, the ability to kill other cells, is an important effector mechanism of the immune system to combat viral infections and cancer. Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are the major mediators of this activity. Here, we summarize the cytotoxic mechanisms of NK cells. NK cells can kill virally infected of transformed cells via the directed release of lytic granules or by inducing death receptor-mediated apoptosis via the expression of Fas ligand or TRAIL. The biogenesis of perforin and granzymes, the major components of lytic granules, is a highly regulated process to prevent damage during the synthesis of these cytotoxic molecules. Additionally, NK cells have developed several strategies to protect themselves from the cytotoxic activity of granular content upon degranulation. While granule-mediated apoptosis is a fast process, death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity requires more time. Current data suggest that these 2 cytotoxic mechanisms are regulated during the serial killing activity of NK cells. As many modern approaches of cancer immunotherapy rely on cellular cytotoxicity for their effectiveness, unraveling these pathways will be important to further progress these therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Prager
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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13
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Golán I, Rodríguez de la Fuente L, Costoya JA. NK Cell-Based Glioblastoma Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E522. [PMID: 30567306 PMCID: PMC6315402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive and most common malignant primary brain tumor diagnosed in adults. GB shows a poor prognosis and, unfortunately, current therapies are unable to improve its clinical outcome, imposing the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. The main reason for the poor prognosis is the great cell heterogeneity of the tumor mass and its high capacity for invading healthy tissues. Moreover, the glioblastoma microenvironment is capable of suppressing the action of the immune system through several mechanisms such as recruitment of cell modulators. Development of new therapies that avoid this immune evasion could improve the response to the current treatments for this pathology. Natural Killer (NK) cells are cellular components of the immune system more difficult to deceive by tumor cells and with greater cytotoxic activity. Their use in immunotherapy gains strength because they are a less toxic alternative to existing therapy, but the current research focuses on mimicking the NK attack strategy. Here, we summarize the most recent studies regarding molecular mechanisms involved in the GB and immune cells interaction and highlight the relevance of NK cells in the new therapeutic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Golán
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory MOL, Departamento de Fisioloxia, CiMUS, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Laura Rodríguez de la Fuente
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory MOL, Departamento de Fisioloxia, CiMUS, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Jose A Costoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory MOL, Departamento de Fisioloxia, CiMUS, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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14
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Metabolic reprogramming of natural killer cells in obesity limits antitumor responses. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1330-1340. [PMID: 30420624 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Up to 49% of certain types of cancer are attributed to obesity, and potential mechanisms include overproduction of hormones, adipokines, and insulin. Cytotoxic immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells, are important in tumor surveillance, but little is known about the impact of obesity on immunosurveillance. Here, we show that obesity induces robust peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-driven lipid accumulation in NK cells, causing complete 'paralysis' of their cellular metabolism and trafficking. Fatty acid administration, and PPARα and PPARδ (PPARα/δ) agonists, mimicked obesity and inhibited mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated glycolysis. This prevented trafficking of the cytotoxic machinery to the NK cell-tumor synapse. Inhibiting PPARα/δ or blocking the transport of lipids into mitochondria reversed NK cell metabolic paralysis and restored cytotoxicity. In vivo, NK cells had blunted antitumor responses and failed to reduce tumor growth in obesity. Our results demonstrate that the lipotoxic obese environment impairs immunosurveillance and suggest that metabolic reprogramming of NK cells may improve cancer outcomes in obesity.
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15
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Santiago V, Rezvani K, Sekine T, Stebbing J, Kelleher P, Armstrong-James D. Human NK Cells Develop an Exhaustion Phenotype During Polar Degranulation at the Aspergillus fumigatus Hyphal Synapse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2344. [PMID: 30405602 PMCID: PMC6204393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal infection affecting immunocompromised individuals. Increasing understanding of natural killer (NK) cell immunobiology has aroused considerable interest around the role of NK cells in pulmonary aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host. Murine studies indicate that NK cells play a critical role in pulmonary clearance of A. fumigatus. We show that the in vitro interaction between NK cells and A. fumigatus induces partial activation of NK cell immune response, characterised by low-level production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES, polarisation of lytic granules and release of fungal DNA. We observed a contact-dependent down-regulation of activatory receptors NKG2D and NKp46 on the NK cell surface, and a failure of full granule release. Furthermore, the NK cell cytokine-mediated response to leukaemic cells was impaired in the presence of A. fumigatus. These observations suggest that A. fumigatus-mediated NK cell immunoparesis may represent an important mechanism of immune evasion during pulmonary aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Santiago
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Kennedy Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darius Armstrong-James
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Bioorthogonal Conjugation Directed by a Sugar-Sorting Pathway for Continual Tracking of Stressed Organelles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Xue Z, Zhang E, Liu J, Han J, Han S. Bioorthogonal Conjugation Directed by a Sugar-Sorting Pathway for Continual Tracking of Stressed Organelles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10096-10101. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Enkang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology; Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shoufa Han
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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18
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Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins impair pro-inflammatory macrophage responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6458. [PMID: 29691463 PMCID: PMC5915385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing soft tissue infections are lethal polymicrobial infections. Two key microbes that cause necrotizing soft tissue infections are Streptococcus pyogenes and Clostridium perfringens. These pathogens evade innate immunity using multiple virulence factors, including cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). CDCs are resisted by mammalian cells through the sequestration and shedding of pores during intrinsic membrane repair. One hypothesis is that vesicle shedding promotes immune evasion by concomitantly eliminating key signaling proteins present in cholesterol-rich microdomains. To test this hypothesis, murine macrophages were challenged with sublytic CDC doses. CDCs suppressed LPS or IFNγ-stimulated TNFα production and CD69 and CD86 surface expression. This suppression was cell intrinsic. Two membrane repair pathways, patch repair and intrinsic repair, might mediate TNFα suppression. However, patch repair did not correlate with TNFα suppression. Intrinsic repair partially contributed to macrophage dysfunction because TLR4 and the IFNγR were partially shed following CDC challenge. Intrinsic repair was not sufficient for suppression, because pore formation was also required. These findings suggest that even when CDCs fail to kill cells, they may impair innate immune signaling responses dependent on cholesterol-rich microdomains. This is one potential mechanism to explain the lethality of S. pyogenes and C. perfringens during necrotizing soft tissue infections.
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19
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Gwalani LA, Orange JS. Single Degranulations in NK Cells Can Mediate Target Cell Killing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3231-3243. [PMID: 29592963 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes important in defense against viral infection and cancer. NK cells mediate cytotoxicity predominantly through directed secretion of lytic granules, which are specialized lysosome-related organelles, containing effector molecules such as perforin and granzymes. Although many requirements for lytic granule transport to, and secretion at, the NK cell lytic synapse are known, the minimum number of degranulation events required by an NK cell to kill its target is unknown. We performed high-resolution four-dimensional confocal microscopy of human NK-target cell conjugates to quantify NK cell degranulation (using a degranulation indicator, LAMP-1-pHluorin) as well as target cell death. Despite containing almost 200 granules, we found that an individual NK cell needed only two to four degranulation events, on average, to mediate target cell death. Although NK cells released approximately one-tenth of their total lytic granule reserve upon a single target, they required just over one-hundredth of their total lytic granules to kill a target cell. Importantly, the kinetics of NK cell killing correlated to the size of and the amount of effector molecules contained within lytic granules, as well as the temporal, but not spatial, organization of degranulation events. Thus, our study answers a fundamental question as to how many degranulation events it takes for a human NK cell to kill its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavesh A Gwalani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
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20
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Zhou X, Friedmann KS, Lyrmann H, Zhou Y, Schoppmeyer R, Knörck A, Mang S, Hoxha C, Angenendt A, Backes CS, Mangerich C, Zhao R, Cappello S, Schwär G, Hässig C, Neef M, Bufe B, Zufall F, Kruse K, Niemeyer BA, Lis A, Qu B, Kummerow C, Schwarz EC, Hoth M. A calcium optimum for cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. J Physiol 2018; 596:2681-2698. [PMID: 29368348 DOI: 10.1113/jp274964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells are required to eliminate cancer cells. We analysed the Ca2+ dependence of CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity and found that in particular CTLs have a very low optimum of [Ca2+ ]i (between 122 and 334 nm) and [Ca2+ ]o (between 23 and 625 μm) for efficient cancer cell elimination, well below blood plasma Ca2+ levels. As predicted from these results, partial down-regulation of the Ca2+ channel Orai1 in CTLs paradoxically increases perforin-dependent cancer cell killing. Lytic granule release at the immune synapse between CTLs and cancer cells has a Ca2+ optimum compatible with this low Ca2+ optimum for efficient cancer cell killing, whereas the Ca2+ optimum for CTL migration is slightly higher and proliferation increases monotonously with increasing [Ca2+ ]o . We propose that a partial inhibition of Ca2+ signals by specific Orai1 blockers at submaximal concentrations could contribute to tumour elimination. ABSTRACT Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells are required to protect the human body against cancer. Ca2+ is a key metabolic factor for lymphocyte function and cancer homeostasis. We analysed the Ca2+ dependence of CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity against cancer cells and found that CTLs have a bell-shaped Ca2+ dependence with an optimum for cancer cell elimination at rather low [Ca2+ ]o (23-625 μm) and [Ca2+ ]i (122-334 nm). This finding predicts that a partial inhibition of Orai1 should increase (rather than decrease) cytotoxicity of CTLs at [Ca2+ ]o higher than 625 μm. We tested this hypothesis in CTLs and indeed found that partial down-regulation of Orai1 by siRNA increases the efficiency of cancer cell killing. We found two mechanisms that may account for the Ca2+ optimum of cancer cell killing: (1) migration velocity and persistence have a moderate optimum between 500 and 1000 μm [Ca2+ ]o in CTLs, and (2) lytic granule release at the immune synapse between CTLs and cancer cells is increased at 146 μm compared to 3 or 800 μm, compatible with the Ca2+ optimum for cancer cell killing. It has been demonstrated in many cancer cell types that Orai1-dependent Ca2+ signals enhance proliferation. We propose that a decrease of [Ca2+ ]o or partial inhibition of Orai1 activity by selective blockers in the tumour microenvironment could efficiently reduce cancer growth by simultaneously increasing CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity and decreasing cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Kim S Friedmann
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Hélène Lyrmann
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Rouven Schoppmeyer
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Arne Knörck
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mang
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Cora Hoxha
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Adrian Angenendt
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Christian S Backes
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Carmen Mangerich
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Sabrina Cappello
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany.,Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schwär
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Carmen Hässig
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Marc Neef
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66041, Germany
| | - Bernd Bufe
- Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Frank Zufall
- Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66041, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Barbara A Niemeyer
- Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Annette Lis
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Carsten Kummerow
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Eva C Schwarz
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
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21
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Kim JS, Shin BR, Lee HK, Lee JH, Kim KH, Choi JE, Ji AY, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Cd226-/- natural killer cells fail to establish stable contacts with cancer cells and show impaired control of tumor metastasis in vivo. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1338994. [PMID: 28920003 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1338994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD226 is an activating receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells, and other immune cells. Upon binding to its ligands expressed on target cells, CD226 activates intracellular signaling that triggers cytokine production and degranulation in NK cells. However, the role of CD226 in contact dynamics between NK and cancer cells has remained unclear. Our time-lapse images showed that individual wild-type CD226+ NK cells contacted B16F10 melanoma cells for 23.7 min, but Cd226-/- NK cells only for 12.8 min, although both NK cell subsets showed equal contact frequency over 4 h. On the surface of B16F10 cells, CD226+ cells stayed at the same site with oscillating movement (named stable contact), while Cd226-/- NK cells moved around at a velocity of 4 μm/min (named unstable contact). Consequently, Cd226-/- NK cells did not kill B16F10 cells in vitro and did not inhibit their metastasis into the lung in vivo. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CD226 enables prolonged stable interaction between NK and cancer cells, which is needed for efficient killing of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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22
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Kapnick SM, Stinchcombe JC, Griffiths GM, Schwartzberg PL. Inducible T Cell Kinase Regulates the Acquisition of Cytolytic Capacity and Degranulation in CD8 + CTLs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2699-2711. [PMID: 28213500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mutations in inducible T cell kinase (ITK) are susceptible to viral infections, particularly EBV, suggesting that these patients have defective function of CD8+ CTLs. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ITK deficiency on cytolysis in murine CTLs deficient in ITK, and both human and murine cells treated with an ITK inhibitor. We find that ITK deficiency leads to a global defect in the cytolysis of multiple targets. The absence of ITK both affected CTL expansion and delayed the expression of cytolytic effectors during activation. Furthermore, absence of ITK led to a previously unappreciated intrinsic defect in degranulation. Nonetheless, these defects could be overcome by early or prolonged exposure to IL-2, or by addition of IL-12 to cultures, revealing that cytokine signaling could restore the acquisition of effector function in ITK-deficient CD8+ T cells. Our results provide new insight into the effect of ITK and suboptimal TCR signaling on CD8+ T cell function, and how these may contribute to phenotypes associated with ITK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta M Kapnick
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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23
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Hsu HT, Mace EM, Carisey AF, Viswanath DI, Christakou AE, Wiklund M, Önfelt B, Orange JS. NK cells converge lytic granules to promote cytotoxicity and prevent bystander killing. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:875-889. [PMID: 27903610 PMCID: PMC5166499 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic granule convergence to the MTOC prepares NK cells for cytotoxic effector function. Hsu et al. demonstrate that convergence increases specificity in directed secretion, thereby preventing bystander killing. Natural killer (NK) cell activation triggers sequential cellular events leading to destruction of diseased cells. We previously identified lytic granule convergence, a dynein- and integrin signal–dependent movement of lysosome-related organelles to the microtubule-organizing center, as an early step in the cell biological process underlying NK cell cytotoxicity. Why lytic granules converge during NK cell cytotoxicity, however, remains unclear. We experimentally controlled the availability of human ligands to regulate NK cell signaling and promote granule convergence with either directed or nondirected degranulation. By the use of acoustic trap microscopy, we generated specific effector–target cell arrangements to define the impact of the two modes of degranulation. NK cells with converged granules had greater targeted and less nonspecific “bystander” killing. Additionally, NK cells in which dynein was inhibited or integrin blocked under physiological conditions demonstrated increased nondirected degranulation and bystander killing. Thus, NK cells converge lytic granules and thereby improve the efficiency of targeted killing and prevent collateral damage to neighboring healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ting Hsu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Alexandre F Carisey
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Dixita I Viswanath
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Athanasia E Christakou
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 .,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
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24
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Huth TK, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. ERK1/2, MEK1/2 and p38 downstream signalling molecules impaired in CD56 dim CD16+ and CD56 bright CD16 dim/- natural killer cells in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis patients. J Transl Med 2016; 14:97. [PMID: 27098723 PMCID: PMC4839077 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural Killer (NK) cell effector functions are dependent on phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway to produce an effective immune response for the clearance of target cells infected with viruses, bacteria or malignantly transformed cells. Intracellular signals activating NK cell cytokine production and cytotoxic activity are propagated through protein phosphorylation of MAPKs including MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity is consistently reported in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) patients and intracellular signalling by MAPK in NK cells remains to be investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to investigate MAPK downstream signalling molecules in NK cell phenotypes from CFS/ME patients. Methods Flow cytometric protocols were used to measure phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway in CD56brightCD16dim/− and CD56dimCD16+ NK cells following stimulation with K562 tumour cells or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate plus ionomycin. NK cell cytotoxic activity, degranulation, lytic proteins and cytokine production were also measured as markers for CD56brightCD16dim/− and CD56dimCD16+ NK cell function using flow cytometric protocols. Results CFS/ME patients (n = 14) had a significant decrease in ERK1/2 in CD56dimCD16+ NK cells compared to the non-fatigued controls (n = 11) after incubation with K562 cells. CD56brightCD16dim/− NK cells from CFS/ME patients had a significant increase in MEK1/2 and p38 following incubation with K562 cells. Conclusions This is the first study to report significant differences in MAPK intracellular signalling molecules in CD56dimCD16+ and CD56brightCD16dim/− NK cells from CFS/ME patients. The current results highlight the importance of intracellular signalling through the MAPK pathway for synergistic effector function of CD56dimCD16+ and CD56brightCD16dim/− NK cells to ensure efficient clearance of target cells. In CFS/ME patients, dysfunctional MAPK signalling may contribute to reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0859-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teilah Kathryn Huth
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia. .,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
| | - Donald Staines
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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Jarukanont D, Bonifas Arredondo I, Femat R, Garcia ME. Vesicle Motion during Sustained Exocytosis in Chromaffin Cells: Numerical Model Based on Amperometric Measurements. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144045. [PMID: 26675312 PMCID: PMC4699451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromaffin cells release catecholamines by exocytosis, a process that includes vesicle docking, priming and fusion. Although all these steps have been intensively studied, some aspects of their mechanisms, particularly those regarding vesicle transport to the active sites situated at the membrane, are still unclear. In this work, we show that it is possible to extract information on vesicle motion in Chromaffin cells from the combination of Langevin simulations and amperometric measurements. We developed a numerical model based on Langevin simulations of vesicle motion towards the cell membrane and on the statistical analysis of vesicle arrival times. We also performed amperometric experiments in bovine-adrenal Chromaffin cells under Ba2+ stimulation to capture neurotransmitter releases during sustained exocytosis. In the sustained phase, each amperometric peak can be related to a single release from a new vesicle arriving at the active site. The amperometric signal can then be mapped into a spike-series of release events. We normalized the spike-series resulting from the current peaks using a time-rescaling transformation, thus making signals coming from different cells comparable. We discuss why the obtained spike-series may contain information about the motion of all vesicles leading to release of catecholamines. We show that the release statistics in our experiments considerably deviate from Poisson processes. Moreover, the interspike-time probability is reasonably well described by two-parameter gamma distributions. In order to interpret this result we computed the vesicles’ arrival statistics from our Langevin simulations. As expected, assuming purely diffusive vesicle motion we obtain Poisson statistics. However, if we assume that all vesicles are guided toward the membrane by an attractive harmonic potential, simulations also lead to gamma distributions of the interspike-time probability, in remarkably good agreement with experiment. We also show that including the fusion-time statistics in our model does not produce any significant changes on the results. These findings indicate that the motion of the whole ensemble of vesicles towards the membrane is directed and reflected in the amperometric signals. Our results confirm the conclusions of previous imaging studies performed on single vesicles that vesicles’ motion underneath plasma membranes is not purely random, but biased towards the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daungruthai Jarukanont
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Imelda Bonifas Arredondo
- División de Matemáticas Aplicadas, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4 Sección., San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Ricardo Femat
- División de Matemáticas Aplicadas, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4 Sección., San Luis Potosí, México
- * E-mail: (RF); (MEG)
| | - Martin E. Garcia
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- * E-mail: (RF); (MEG)
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26
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Gil-Krzewska A, Wood SM, Murakami Y, Nguyen V, Chiang SCC, Cullinane AR, Peruzzi G, Gahl WA, Coligan JE, Introne WJ, Bryceson YT, Krzewski K. Chediak-Higashi syndrome: Lysosomal trafficking regulator domains regulate exocytosis of lytic granules but not cytokine secretion by natural killer cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1165-1177. [PMID: 26478006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) cause Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), a rare immunodeficiency with impaired cytotoxic lymphocyte function, mainly that of natural killer (NK) cells. Our understanding of NK cell function deficiency in patients with CHS and how LYST regulates lytic granule exocytosis is very limited. OBJECTIVE We sought to delineate cellular defects associated with LYST mutations responsible for the impaired NK cell function seen in patients with CHS. METHODS We analyzed NK cells from patients with CHS with missense mutations in the LYST ARM/HEAT (armadillo/huntingtin, elongation factor 3, protein phosphatase 2A, and the yeast kinase TOR1) or BEACH (beige and Chediak-Higashi) domains. RESULTS NK cells from patients with CHS displayed severely reduced cytotoxicity. Mutations in the ARM/HEAT domain led to a reduced number of perforin-containing granules, which were significantly increased in size but able to polarize to the immunologic synapse; however, they were unable to properly fuse with the plasma membrane. Mutations in the BEACH domain resulted in formation of normal or slightly enlarged granules that had markedly impaired polarization to the IS but could be exocytosed on reaching the immunologic synapse. Perforin-containing granules in NK cells from patients with CHS did not acquire certain lysosomal markers (lysosome-associated membrane protein 1/2) but were positive for markers of transport vesicles (cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor), late endosomes (Ras-associated binding protein 27a), and, to some extent, early endosomes (early endosome antigen 1), indicating a lack of integrity in the endolysosomal compartments. NK cells from patients with CHS had normal cytokine compartments and cytokine secretion. CONCLUSION LYST is involved in regulation of multiple aspects of NK cell lytic activity, ranging from governance of lytic granule size to control of their polarization and exocytosis, as well as regulation of endolysosomal compartment identity. LYST functions in the regulated exocytosis but not in the constitutive secretion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gil-Krzewska
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Md
| | - Stephanie M Wood
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yousuke Murakami
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Md
| | - Victoria Nguyen
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Md
| | - Samuel C C Chiang
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew R Cullinane
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Md
| | - William A Gahl
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - John E Coligan
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Md
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Md.
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Hoekstra ME, Dijkgraaf FE, Schumacher TN, Rohr JC. Assessing T lymphocyte function and differentiation by genetically encoded reporter systems. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:392-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Martin-Antonio B, Najjar A, Robinson SN, Chew C, Li S, Yvon E, Thomas MW, Mc Niece I, Orlowski R, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Bueno C, Menendez P, Fernández de Larrea C, Urbano-Ispizua A, Shpall EJ, Shah N. Transmissible cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells by cord blood-derived NK cells is mediated by vesicle trafficking. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:96-107. [PMID: 25168239 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK) are important effectors of anti-tumor immunity, activated either by the downregulation of HLA-I molecules on tumor cells and/or the interaction of NK-activating receptors with ligands that are overexpressed on target cells upon tumor transformation (including NKG2D and NKP30). NK kill target cells by the vesicular delivery of cytolytic molecules such as Granzyme-B and Granulysin activating different cell death pathways, which can be Caspase-3 dependent or Caspase-3 independent. Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable neoplastic plasma-cell disorder. However, we previously reported the encouraging observation that cord blood-derived NK (CB-NK), a new source of NK, showed anti-tumor activity in an in vivo murine model of MM and confirmed a correlation between high levels of NKG2D expression by MM cells and increased efficacy of CB-NK in reducing tumor burden. We aimed to characterize the mechanism of CB-NK-mediated cytotoxicity against MM cells. We show a Caspase-3- and Granzyme-B-independent cell death, and we reveal a mechanism of transmissible cell death between cells, which involves lipid-protein vesicle transfer from CB-NK to MM cells. These vesicles are secondarily transferred from recipient MM cells to neighboring MM cells amplifying the initial CB-NK cytotoxicity achieved. This indirect cytotoxicity involves the transfer of NKG2D and NKP30 and leads to lysosomal cell death and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species in MM cells. These findings suggest a novel and unique mechanism of CB-NK cytotoxicity against MM cells and highlight the importance of lipids and lipid transfer in this process. Further, these data provide a rationale for the development of CB-NK-based cellular therapies in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martin-Antonio
- 1] Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA [2] Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute/University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Najjar
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S N Robinson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Chew
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Yvon
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M W Thomas
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - I Mc Niece
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Cell Therapy Program of the School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Menendez
- 1] Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Cell Therapy Program of the School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Fernández de Larrea
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute/University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Urbano-Ispizua
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute/University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N Shah
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Tompkins N, MacKenzie B, Ward C, Salgado D, Leidal A, McCormick C, Pohajdak B. Cytohesin-associated scaffolding protein (CASP) is involved in migration and IFN-γ secretion in Natural Killer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:165-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Asanuma D, Takaoka Y, Namiki S, Takikawa K, Kamiya M, Nagano T, Urano Y, Hirose K. Acidic-pH-Activatable Fluorescence Probes for Visualizing Exocytosis Dynamics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6085-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Asanuma D, Takaoka Y, Namiki S, Takikawa K, Kamiya M, Nagano T, Urano Y, Hirose K. Acidic-pH-Activatable Fluorescence Probes for Visualizing Exocytosis Dynamics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Mace EM, Dongre P, Hsu HT, Sinha P, James AM, Mann SS, Forbes LR, Watkin LB, Orange JS. Cell biological steps and checkpoints in accessing NK cell cytotoxicity. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:245-55. [PMID: 24445602 PMCID: PMC3960583 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity is governed by the formation of a lytic immune synapse in discrete regulated steps, which give rise to an extensive array of cellular checkpoints in accessing NK cell-mediated cytolytic defense. Appropriate progression through these cell biological steps is critical for the directed secretion of specialized secretory lysosomes and subsequent target cell death. Here we highlight recent discoveries in the formation of the NK cell cytolytic synapse as well as the molecular steps and cell biological checkpoints required for this essential host defense process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prachi Dongre
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hsiang-Ting Hsu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Papiya Sinha
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Shaina S Mann
- Case Western Reserve Medical School, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Levi B Watkin
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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33
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Benčina M. Illumination of the spatial order of intracellular pH by genetically encoded pH-sensitive sensors. SENSORS 2013; 13:16736-58. [PMID: 24316570 PMCID: PMC3892890 DOI: 10.3390/s131216736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins have been extensively used for engineering genetically encoded sensors that can monitor levels of ions, enzyme activities, redox potential, and metabolites. Certain fluorescent proteins possess specific pH-dependent spectroscopic features, and thus can be used as indicators of intracellular pH. Moreover, concatenated pH-sensitive proteins with target proteins pin the pH sensors to a definite location within the cell, compartment, or tissue. This study provides an overview of the continually expanding family of pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins that have become essential tools for studies of pH homeostasis and cell physiology. We describe and discuss the design of intensity-based and ratiometric pH sensors, their spectral properties and pH-dependency, as well as their performance. Finally, we illustrate some examples of the applications of pH sensors targeted at different subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Benčina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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34
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Pattu V, Halimani M, Ming M, Schirra C, Hahn U, Bzeih H, Chang HF, Weins L, Krause E, Rettig J. In the crosshairs: investigating lytic granules by high-resolution microscopy and electrophysiology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:411. [PMID: 24348478 PMCID: PMC3841761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) form an integral part of the adaptive immune system. Their main function is to eliminate bacteria- and virus-infected target cells by releasing perforin and granzymes (the lethal hit) contained within lytic granules (LGs), at the CTL-target-cell interface [the immunological synapse (IS)]. The formation of the IS as well as the final events at the IS leading to target-cell death are both highly complex and dynamic processes. In this review we highlight and discuss three high-resolution techniques that have proven invaluable in the effort to decipher key features of the mechanism of CTL effector function and in particular lytic granule maturation and fusion. Correlative light and electron microscopy allows the correlation between organelle morphology and localization of particular proteins, while total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) enables the study of lytic granule dynamics at the IS in real time. The combination of TIRFM with patch-clamp membrane capacitance measurements finally provides a tool to quantify the size of fusing LGs at the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Pattu
- Institute of Physiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | | | - Min Ming
- Institute of Physiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | - Claudia Schirra
- Institute of Physiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | - Ulrike Hahn
- Institute of Physiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | - Hawraa Bzeih
- Institute of Physiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | - Hsin-Fang Chang
- Institute of Physiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | - Lisa Weins
- Institute of Physiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Institute of Physiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
| | - Jens Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, Saarland University , Homburg, Saar , Germany
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van der Sluijs P, Zibouche M, van Kerkhof P. Late steps in secretory lysosome exocytosis in cytotoxic lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2013; 4:359. [PMID: 24302923 PMCID: PMC3831147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer cells are a subset of cytotoxic lymphocytes that are important in host defense against infections and transformed cells. They exert this function through recognition of target cells by cell surface receptors, which triggers a signaling program that results in a re-orientation of the microtubule organizing center and secretory lysosomes toward the target cell. Upon movement of secretory lysosomes to the plasma membrane and subsequent fusion, toxic proteins are released by secretory lysosomes in the immunological synapse which then enter and kill the target cell. In this minireview we highlight recent progress in our knowledge of late steps in this specialized secretion pathway and address important open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van der Sluijs
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
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36
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Krzewski K, Gil-Krzewska A, Nguyen V, Peruzzi G, Coligan JE. LAMP1/CD107a is required for efficient perforin delivery to lytic granules and NK-cell cytotoxicity. Blood 2013; 121:4672-83. [PMID: 23632890 PMCID: PMC3674668 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-453738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory lysosomes of natural killer (NK) cells, containing perforin and granzymes, are indispensable for NK-cell cytotoxicity because their release results in the induction of target-cell apoptosis. Lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 1/CD107a is used as a marker for NK-cell degranulation, but its role in NK-cell biology is unknown. We show that LAMP1 silencing causes inhibition of NK-cell cytotoxicity, as LAMP1 RNA interference (RNAi) cells fail to deliver granzyme B to target cells. Reduction of LAMP1 expression affects the movement of lytic granules and results in decreased levels of perforin, but not granzyme B, in the granules. In LAMP1 RNAi cells, more perforin is retained outside of lysosomal compartments in trans-Golgi network-derived transport vesicles. Disruption of expression of LAMP1 binding partner, adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) sorting complex, also causes retention of perforin in the transport vesicles and inhibits cytotoxicity, indicating that the interaction between AP-1 sorting complex and LAMP1 on the surface of the transport vesicles is important for perforin trafficking to lytic granules. We conclude that the decreased level of perforin in lytic granules of LAMP1-deficient cells, combined with disturbed motility of the lytic granules, leads to the inability to deliver apoptosis-inducing granzyme B to target cells and to inhibition of NK-cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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37
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Florian AE, Lepensky CK, Kwon O, Haynes MK, Sklar LA, Zweifach A. Flow cytometry enables a high-throughput homogeneous fluorescent antibody-binding assay for cytotoxic T cell lytic granule exocytosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2013; 18:420-9. [PMID: 23160568 PMCID: PMC4043149 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112466697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We developed a homogeneous phenotypic fluorescence end-point assay for cytotoxic T lymphocyte lytic granule exocytosis. This flow cytometric assay measures binding of an antibody to a luminal epitope of a lysosomal membrane protein (LAMP-1) that is exposed by exocytosis to the extracellular solution. Washing to remove unbound antibody is not required. Confirming the assay's ability to detect novel active compounds, we screened at a concentration of 50 µM a synthetic diversity library of 91 compounds in a 96-well plate format, identifying 17 compounds that blocked by 90% or more. The actions of six structurally related tetracyano-hexahydroisoindole compounds that inhibited by ~90% at a concentration of 10 µM were investigated further. Four reduced elevations in intracellular Ca(2+); it is likely that depolarization of the cells' membrane potential underlies the effect for at least two of the compounds. Another compound was found to be a potent inhibitor of the activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK. Finally, we transferred the assay to a 384-well format and screened the Prestwick Compound Library using high-throughput flow cytometry. Our results indicate that our assay will likely be a useful means of screening libraries for novel compounds with important biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Florian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut at Storrs, 91 N. Eagleville Rd. Unit 3125, Storrs CT 06269-3125
| | - Christopher K. Lepensky
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut at Storrs, 91 N. Eagleville Rd. Unit 3125, Storrs CT 06269-3125
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Mark K. Haynes
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, MSC07 4025, Albuquerque NM 87131-0001
| | - Larry A. Sklar
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, MSC07 4025, Albuquerque NM 87131-0001
| | - Adam Zweifach
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut at Storrs, 91 N. Eagleville Rd. Unit 3125, Storrs CT 06269-3125
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38
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Mace EM, Orange JS. New views of the human NK cell immunological synapse: recent advances enabled by super- and high-resolution imaging techniques. Front Immunol 2013; 3:421. [PMID: 23316204 PMCID: PMC3540402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging technology has undergone rapid growth with the development of super resolution microscopy, which enables resolution below the diffraction barrier of light (~200 nm). In addition, new techniques for single molecule imaging are being added to the cell biologist's arsenal. Immunologists have exploited these techniques to advance understanding of NK biology, particularly that of the immune synapse. The immune synapse's relatively small size and complex architecture combined with its exquisitely controlled signaling milieu have made it a challenge to visualize. In this review we highlight and discuss new insights into NK cell immune synapse formation and regulation revealed by cutting edge imaging techniques, including super-resolution microscopy, high-resolution total internal reflection microscopy, and Förster resonance energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA ; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Human Immunobiology Houston, TX, USA
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39
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Classification of human natural killer cells based on migration behavior and cytotoxic response. Blood 2013; 121:1326-34. [PMID: 23287857 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-439851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense scrutiny of the molecular interactions between natural killer (NK) and target cells, few studies have been devoted to dissection of the basic functional heterogeneity in individual NK cell behavior. Using a microchip-based, time-lapse imaging approach allowing the entire contact history of each NK cell to be recorded, in the present study, we were able to quantify how the cytotoxic response varied between individual NK cells. Strikingly, approximately half of the NK cells did not kill any target cells at all, whereas a minority of NK cells was responsible for a majority of the target cell deaths. These dynamic cytotoxicity data allowed categorization of NK cells into 5 distinct classes. A small but particularly active subclass of NK cells killed several target cells in a consecutive fashion. These "serial killers" delivered their lytic hits faster and induced faster target cell death than other NK cells. Fast, necrotic target cell death was correlated with the amount of perforin released by the NK cells. Our data are consistent with a model in which a small fraction of NK cells drives tumor elimination and inflammation.
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Krzewski K, Coligan JE. Human NK cell lytic granules and regulation of their exocytosis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:335. [PMID: 23162553 PMCID: PMC3494098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells form a subset of lymphocytes that play a key role in immuno-surveillance and host defense against cancer and viral infections. They recognize stressed cells through a variety of germline-encoded activating cell surface receptors and utilize their cytotoxic ability to eliminate abnormal cells. Killing of target cells is a complex, multi-stage process that concludes in the directed secretion of lytic granules, containing perforin and granzymes, at the immunological synapse. Upon delivery to a target cell, perforin mediates generation of pores in membranes of target cells, allowing granzymes to access target cell cytoplasm and induce apoptosis. Therefore, lytic granules of NK cells are indispensable for normal NK cell cytolytic function. Indeed, defects in lytic granule secretion lead or are related to serious and often fatal diseases, such as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) type 2–5 or Griscelli syndrome type 2. A number of reports highlight the role of several proteins involved in lytic granule release and NK cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. This review focuses on lytic granules of human NK cells and the advancements in understanding the mechanisms controlling their exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Rockville, MD, USA
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Cell polarisation and the immunological synapse. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 25:85-91. [PMID: 22990072 PMCID: PMC3712171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Directed secretion by immune cells requires formation of the immunological synapse at the site of cell-cell contact, concomitant with a dramatic induction of cell polarity. Recent findings provide us with insights into the various steps that are required for these processes: for example, the first identification of a protein at the centrosome that regulates its relocation to the plasma membrane; the use of super-resolution imaging techniques to reveal a residual actin network at the immunological synapse that may permit secretory granule exocytosis; and the drawing of parallels between primary cilia and IS architecture. Here we discuss these and other novel findings that have advanced our understanding of the complex process of immunological synapse formation and subsequent induced cell polarity in immune cells.
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Lopez JA, Brennan AJ, Whisstock JC, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA. Protecting a serial killer: pathways for perforin trafficking and self-defence ensure sequential target cell death. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:406-12. [PMID: 22608996 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding how cytotoxic lymphocytes use the highly toxic pore-forming protein perforin to eliminate dangerous cells, while remaining refractory to lysis. At least two mechanisms jointly preserve the killer cell: the C-terminal residues of perforin dictate its rapid export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whose milieu otherwise favours pore formation; perforin is then stored in secretory granules whose acidity prevent its oligomerisation. Following exocytosis, perforin delivers the proapoptotic protease, granzyme B, into the target cell by disrupting its plasma membrane. Although the precise mechanism of perforin/granzyme synergy remains controversial, the recently defined crystal structure of the perforin monomer and cryo-electron microscopy (EM) of the entire pore suggest that passive transmembrane granzyme diffusion is the dominant proapoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Lopez
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, 3002, Victoria, Australia
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Martina JA, Wu XS, Catalfamo M, Sakamoto T, Yi C, Hammer JA. Imaging of lytic granule exocytosis in CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes reveals a modified form of full fusion. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:267-79. [PMID: 21843881 PMCID: PMC3407469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we imaged the exocytosis of lytic granules from human CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes using rapid total internal reflection microscopy, Lamp-1 tagged with mGFP to follow the fate of the lytic granule membrane, and granzyme A, granzyme B or serglycin tagged with mRFP to follow the fate of lytic granule cargo. Lytic granules were released by full fusion with the plasma membrane, such that the entire granule content for all three cargos visualized was released on a subsecond time scale. The behavior of GFP-Lamp-1 was, however, more complex. While it entered the plasma membrane in all cases, the extent to which it then diffused away from the site of exocytosis varied from nearly complete to highly restricted. Finally, the diffusion properties upon release of the three cargos examined put an upper limit on the size of the macromolecular complex of granzyme and serglycin that is presented to the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Martina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xufeng S. Wu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Physics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Chang Yi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John A. Hammer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland
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