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Ma X, Niu M, Ni HM, Ding WX. Mitochondrial dynamics, quality control, and mtDNA in alcohol-associated liver disease and liver cancer. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00861. [PMID: 38683546 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles responsible for energy production, glucose and lipid metabolism, cell death, cell proliferation, and innate immune response. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly undergo fission, fusion, and intracellular trafficking, as well as degradation and biogenesis. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a variety of chronic liver diseases including alcohol-associated liver disease, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, and HCC. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and mitochondrial DNA-mediated innate immune response, and how dysregulation of these mitochondrial processes affects the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease and HCC. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial DNA-mediated innate immune response may thereby represent an attractive therapeutic target for ameliorating alcohol-associated liver disease and alcohol-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Mengwei Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Mobility, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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2
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Tang K, Sun L, Chen L, Feng X, Wu J, Guo H, Zheng Y. Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Validation of Mitochondrial Autophagy Genes in Knee Osteoarthritis. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:639-650. [PMID: 38414629 PMCID: PMC10898481 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s444847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial autophagy is closely related to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, In order to explore the role of mitochondrial autophagy related genes in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and its molecular mechanism. Methods KOA-related transcriptome data were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed mitochondrial autophagy gene (DEMGs) were screened in patients with KOA by differential expression analysis. The STRING website was used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network among DEMGs. Molecular complex detection (MCODE) method in Cytoscape software was performed to identify hub DEMGs. Support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) method was used to construct the hub DEMG diagnosis model. Genes with diagnostic value were identified as biomarkers by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Expression validation. CIBERSORT algorithm was used to calculate the proportion of 22 immune cells in each sample in the GSE114007 dataset. Finally, biomarker expression was verified by qPCR. Results A total of 15 DEMGs were obtained and enrichment analyses showed that these DEMG strains were mainly enriched in the mitophagy-animal, shigellosis, autophagy-animal and FoxO signal pathways. The PPI network unveiled 13 DEMGs with interactions. In addition, 8 hub DEMGs (ULK1, CALCOCO2, MAP1LC3B, BNIP3L, GABARAPL1, BNIP3, FKBP8 and FOXO3) were obtained for KOA. And 5 model DEMGs (BNIP3L, BNIP3, MAP1LC3B, ULK1 and FOXO3) were screened. The ROC curves revealed that BNIP3 and FOXO3 has strong diagnostic value in these models of DEMG. Immune-infiltration and correlation analysis showed that BNIP3 and FOXO3 were significantly correlated with three different immune cells, including primary B cells, M0 macrophage and M2 macrophage. The cartilage tissue samples qPCR verification results show that FOXO3 and BNIP3 were all down-regulated in KOA (p < 0.01), and the validation results are consistent with the above analysis. Conclusion BNIP3 and FOXO3 have been identified as biomarkers for the diagnosis of KOA, which might supply a new insight for the pathogenesis and treatment of KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuihan Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, Guiyang, 550014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, Guiyang, 550014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, Guiyang, 550014, People’s Republic of China
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Shin JM, Kim KM, Choi MS, Park S, Hong D, Jung KE, Seo YJ, Kim CD, Yang H, Lee Y. The crosstalk between PTEN-induced kinase 1-mediated mitophagy and the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14844. [PMID: 37264692 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease that causes chronic, relapsing hair loss; however, its precise pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. Recent studies have provided compelling evidence of crosstalk between inflammasomes and mitophagy-a process that contributes to the removal of damaged mitochondria. Our previous studies showed that the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is important for eliciting and progressing inflammation in AA. In this study, we detected mitochondrial DNA damage in AA-affected scalp tissues and IFNγ and poly(I:C) treated outer root sheath (ORS) cells. In addition, IFNγ and poly(I:C) treatment increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in ORS cells. Moreover, we showed that mitophagy induction alleviates IFNγ and poly(I:C)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in ORS cells. Lastly, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) knockdown increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation, indicating that PINK1-mediated mitophagy plays a critical role in NLRP3 inflammasome activation in ORS cells. This study supports previous studies showing that oxidative stress disrupts immune privilege status and promotes autoimmunity in AA. The results emphasize the significance of crosstalk between mitophagy and inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of AA. Finally, mitophagy factors regulating mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibiting inflammasome activation could be novel therapeutic targets for AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Shin
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung Min Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi Soo Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Park
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dongkyun Hong
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Jung
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Seo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hanseul Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Cheng K, Niu J, Song Z, Wang J, Zhang Y. Protective effects of polydatin on ileum injury in mice exposed to aflatoxin B1. Toxicon 2023:107203. [PMID: 37352982 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an extremely hazardous food/feed pollutant, posing a serious threat to health of human and animals. Particularly, exposure to AFB1 provokes enterocytes oxidative stress and inflammation, which lead to intestinal damage. Polydatin (PD), a stilbenoid glucoside, is known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is being investigated for use in various disorders. The present study was intended at investigating the protective efficacy of polydatin against AFB1-induced ileum damage in mice. Kunming male mice received oral gavage of AFB1 (300 μg/kg) and PD (100 mg/kg) for 18 days. The results showed that mice exposed to AFB1 exhibited the impaired morphology, the suppressed disaccharidase activities, the down-regulated mRNA expressions of tight junction protein genes, oxidative stress, inflammation and the up-regulated mRNA expressions of genes related to mitophagy in the ileum, whereas PD treatment reversed the AFB1-induced disruption of ileal structure, digestion, barrier function, redox and immune status. The findings of the present study suggested that polydatin may have a potential benefit in preventing AFB1-induced ileum damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cheng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Jingyi Niu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- School of International Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jinrong Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Chen S, Liao Z, Xu P. Mitochondrial control of innate immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166214. [PMID: 37325622 PMCID: PMC10267745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are versatile organelles and essential components of numerous biological processes such as energy metabolism, signal transduction, and cell fate determination. In recent years, their critical roles in innate immunity have come to the forefront, highlighting impacts on pathogenic defense, tissue homeostasis, and degenerative diseases. This review offers an in-depth and comprehensive examination of the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the interactions between mitochondria and innate immune responses. We will delve into the roles of healthy mitochondria as platforms for signalosome assembly, the release of mitochondrial components as signaling messengers, and the regulation of signaling via mitophagy, particularly to cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling and inflammasomes. Furthermore, the review will explore the impacts of mitochondrial proteins and metabolites on modulating innate immune responses, the polarization of innate immune cells, and their implications on infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University (HIC-ZJU), Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Chemical mimetics of the N-degron pathway alleviate systemic inflammation by activating mitophagy and immunometabolic remodeling. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:333-346. [PMID: 36720915 PMCID: PMC9981610 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arg/N-degron pathway, which is involved in the degradation of proteins bearing an N-terminal signal peptide, is connected to p62/SQSTM1-mediated autophagy. However, the impact of the molecular link between the N-degron and autophagy pathways is largely unknown in the context of systemic inflammation. Here, we show that chemical mimetics of the N-degron Nt-Arg pathway (p62 ligands) decreased mortality in sepsis and inhibited pathological inflammation by activating mitophagy and immunometabolic remodeling. The p62 ligands alleviated systemic inflammation in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock and in the cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis. In macrophages, the p62 ligand attenuated the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to various innate immune stimuli. Mechanistically, the p62 ligand augmented LPS-induced mitophagy and inhibited the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in macrophages. The p62 ligand-mediated anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and mitophagy-activating effects depended on p62. In parallel, the p62 ligand significantly downregulated the LPS-induced upregulation of aerobic glycolysis and lactate production. Together, our findings demonstrate that p62 ligands play a critical role in the regulation of inflammatory responses by orchestrating mitophagy and immunometabolic remodeling.
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Lin YC, Lin YC, Tsai ML, Liao WT, Hung CH. TSLP regulates mitochondrial ROS-induced mitophagy via histone modification in human monocytes. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:32. [PMID: 35292112 PMCID: PMC8925056 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a Th2-like cytokine involved in asthma pathogenesis. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production can lead to airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and remodeling. Mitophagy, followed by ROS production, is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy and often occurs in defective mitochondria. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of TSLP on ROS production and mitophagy in human monocytes and to investigate the underlying mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation. Results TSLP induced ROS generation, and the effects were reversed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in THP-1 cells. Transmission electron microscopy images showed donut-shaped mitochondria that lost the cristae ultrastructure after TSLP stimulation. A decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased MTCO2 expression, and increased mitochondrial DNA release after TSLP stimulation were found. TSLP enhanced mitochondrial complex I and complex II/III activity and increased mitochondrial copy numbers and the expression of the complex II SHDA gene. TSLP-induced SHDA expression was inhibited by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid (AA) and the histone methyltransferase inhibitor methylthioadenosine (MTA), and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that TSLP enhanced H3 acetylation, H4 acetylation, and H3K4 and H3K36 trimethylation in the SHDA promoter. Confocal laser microscopy showed that TSLP treatment increased the signals of the mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, LC3, phospho-parkin and phospho-ubiquitin, and pretreatment with AA and MTA reduced TSLP-induced PINK1 and LC3 accumulation in mitochondria. Western blot analysis showed that TSLP significantly increased phosphor-AMPK signal intensity, and the effects were inhibited by the antioxidant NAC. The increased signal intensities of the mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, Parkin and LC3 I/II were decreased by dorsomorphin, an AMPK inhibitor. TSLP decreased M1-related cytokine CXCL-10 production and increased M2-related cytokine CCL-1 and CCL-22 production, which was suppressed by the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 and PINK1 gene knockdown. Conclusions Epithelial-derived TSLP regulates ROS production and mitophagy through AMPK activation and histone modification and alters M1/M2 chemokine expression in human monocytes. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00767-w.
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White A, Wang Z, Wang X, King M, Guo C, Mantsounga C, Ayala A, Morrison AR, Choudhary G, Sellke F, Chambers E, Ware LB, Rounds S, Lu Q. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cigarette smoke priming for Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute lung injury. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102467. [PMID: 36175355 PMCID: PMC9618465 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that cigarette smoke (CS) exposure increases the incidence and severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in critical ill humans and animals. However, the mechanism(s) is not well understood. This study aims to investigate mechanism underlying the priming effect of CS on Pseudomonas aeruginosa-triggered acute lung injury, by using pre-clinic animal models and genetically modified mice. We demonstrated that CS impaired P. aeruginosa-induced mitophagy flux, promoted p62 accumulation, and exacerbated P. aeruginosa-triggered mitochondrial damage and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in alveolar macrophages; an effect associated with increased acute lung injury and mortality. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase-1, a component of inflammasome, attenuated CS primed P. aeruginosa-triggered acute lung injury and improved animal survival. Global or myeloid-specific knockout of IL-1β, a downstream component of inflammasome activation, also attenuated CS primed P. aeruginosa-triggered acute lung injury. Our results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is an important mechanism for CS primed P. aeruginosa-triggered acute lung injury. (total words: 155).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis White
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Zhengke Wang
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michelle King
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Cynthia Guo
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chris Mantsounga
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Department of Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Lifespan-Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alan R Morrison
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gaurav Choudhary
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Frank Sellke
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Lifespan-Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eboni Chambers
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lorraine B Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sharon Rounds
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Tang L, Song Y, Xu J, Chu Y. The role of selective autophagy in pathogen infection. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Zhao L, Hu X, Xiao F, Zhang X, Zhao L, Wang M. Mitochondrial impairment and repair in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929520. [PMID: 35958572 PMCID: PMC9358979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid autoantibodies, increase type I interferon (IFN-α) levels, and immune cell hyperactivation are hallmarks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Notably, immune cell activation requires high level of cellular energy that is predominately generated by the mitochondria. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), the byproduct of mitochondrial energy generation, serves as an essential mediator to control the activation and differentiation of cells and regulate the antigenicity of oxidized nucleoids within the mitochondria. Recently, clinical trials on normalization of mitochondrial redox imbalance by mROS scavengers and those investigating the recovery of defective mitophagy have provided novel insights into SLE prophylaxis and therapy. However, the precise mechanism underlying the role of oxidative stress-related mitochondrial molecules in skewing the cell fate at the molecular level remains unclear. This review outlines distinctive mitochondrial functions and pathways that are involved in immune responses and systematically delineates how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to SLE pathogenesis. In addition, we provide a comprehensive overview of damaged mitochondrial function and impaired metabolic pathways in adaptive and innate immune cells and lupus-induced organ tissues. Furthermore, we summarize the potential of current mitochondria-targeting drugs for SLE treatment. Developing novel therapeutic approaches to regulate mitochondrial oxidative stress is a promising endeavor in the search for effective treatments for systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianda Hu
- Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lidan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Min Wang, ; Lidan Zhao,
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Min Wang, ; Lidan Zhao,
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11
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Sun J, Lv X, Leng J, Wang L, Song L. LC3-Mediated Mitophagy After CCCP or Vibrio splendidus Exposure in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:885478. [PMID: 35669507 PMCID: PMC9163569 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.885478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial selective autophagy, known as mitophagy, surveils the mitochondrial population by eliminating superfluous and/or impaired organelles to mediate cellular survival and viability in response to injury/trauma and infection. In this study, the components of the mitophagy pathway in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were screened from NCBI with reference to the protein sequences of the human mitophagy process. A total of 10 mitophagy process–related genes were identified from C. gigas, including NIX, FUNDC1, PHB2, Cardiolipin, P62, VDAC2, MFN2, PARL, MPP, and OPTN. They shared high similarities with their homologs in the human mitophagy pathway and were expressed in various tissues of C. gigas. After CCCP exposure, the fluorescence intensity of the mitochondrial probe JC-1 monomers increased significantly in hemocytes, while the fluorescence intensity of JC-1 aggregates decreased significantly. Meanwhile, the fluorescence of lysosomes was found to be co-localized with that of CgLC3 and mitochondria in CCCP-treated hemocytes. Double- and single-membrane-bound vacuoles resembling autophagic structures were observed in the hemocytes after CCCP exposure. The fluorescence intensity of JC-1 monomers and the abundance of CgLC3Ⅱ in hemocytes both increased after Vibrio splendidus exposure. At the same time, the green signals of CgLC3 were co-localized with red signals of the mitochondria, and the fluorescence intensity of autophagy increased significantly in hemocytes after V. splendidus exposure. The results confirmed the existence of a complete mitophagy pathway in mollusks for the first time, which was helpful for further study on the function of mitochondrial autophagy in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lv
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinyuan Leng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Lingling Wang, ; Linsheng Song,
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Lingling Wang, ; Linsheng Song,
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12
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Kanithi M, Junapudi S, Shah SI, Matta Reddy A, Ullah G, Chidipi B. Alterations of Mitochondrial Network by Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Vaping. Cells 2022; 11:1688. [PMID: 35626724 PMCID: PMC9139349 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins present in cigarette and e-cigarette smoke constitute a significant cause of illnesses and are known to have fatal health impacts. Specific mechanisms by which toxins present in smoke impair cell repair are still being researched and are of prime interest for developing more effective treatments. Current literature suggests toxins present in cigarette smoke and aerosolized e-vapor trigger abnormal intercellular responses, damage mitochondrial function, and consequently disrupt the homeostasis of the organelle's biochemical processes by increasing reactive oxidative species. Increased oxidative stress sets off a cascade of molecular events, disrupting optimal mitochondrial morphology and homeostasis. Furthermore, smoking-induced oxidative stress may also amalgamate with other health factors to contribute to various pathophysiological processes. An increasing number of studies show that toxins may affect mitochondria even through exposure to secondhand or thirdhand smoke. This review assesses the impact of toxins present in tobacco smoke and e-vapor on mitochondrial health, networking, and critical structural processes, including mitochondria fission, fusion, hyper-fusion, fragmentation, and mitophagy. The efforts are focused on discussing current evidence linking toxins present in first, second, and thirdhand smoke to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Kanithi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Sunil Junapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Geethanjali College of Pharmacy, Cherryal, Keesara, Medchalmalkajgiri District, Hyderabad 501301, India;
| | | | - Alavala Matta Reddy
- Department of Zoology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Adikavi Nannaya University, Rajahmundry 533296, India;
| | - Ghanim Ullah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
| | - Bojjibabu Chidipi
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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13
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Liu B, Zhang J, Liu G, Zhu L, Peng B. Expression of PINK1 and Parkin in human apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2022; 55:870-881. [PMID: 35502680 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Parkin) are critical for immune and inflammatory regulation in health and disease. PINK1 and Parkin have been confirmed to be involved in the progression of apical periodontitis by affecting mitophagy-related osteoblast apoptosis; however, the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in macrophages, one of the most important cells in apical periodontitis, remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in human apical periodontitis lesions, as well as their possible localization in macrophages. METHODOLOGY Thirty-seven human periapical tissues, including periapical granulomas (PGs, n=12), radicular cysts (RCs, n=11), and healthy gingival tissues (n=14) were examined. The inflammatory infiltrates of lesions were evaluated by haemotoxylin staining, and the expression of PINK1 and Parkin was detected by immunohistochemistry. Double immunofluorescence was used to explore the colocalization of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and TOMM20, as well as the localization of PINK1 and Parkin, in macrophages of human apical periodontitis lesions. The ultrastructural morphology of mitochondria in human apical periodontitis lesions was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Student-Newman-Keul's test and Mann-Whitney test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significantly higher expression of PINK1 and Parkin proteins in human apical periodontitis lesions than in healthy gingival tissues (P < 0.0001), but no significant difference was demonstrated between PGs and RCs (P > 0.05). The higher expression of LC3 and the presence of more LC3-TOMM20 double-positive cells were also observed in human apical periodontitis. Double-labeling analysis of PINK1, Parkin, and LC3 with CD68 indicated that macrophage mitophagy might be present in the progression of human apical periodontitis. Finally, the results of TEM morphological analysis revealed the appearance of double-membraned mitophagosomes and vacuolated mitochondria in macrophage-like cells of apical periodontitis lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that PINK1 and Parkin proteins were highly expressed in clinical apical periodontitis lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- he State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - J Zhang
- he State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - G Liu
- he State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - L Zhu
- he State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - B Peng
- he State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Ferrari B, Da Silva AC, Liu KH, Saidakova EV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Shive C, Pacheco Sanchez G, Retuerto M, Sharma AA, Ghneim K, Noel-Romas L, Rodriguez B, Ghannoum MA, Hunt PP, Deeks SG, Burgener AD, Jones DP, Dobre MA, Marconi VC, Sekaly RP, Younes SA. Gut-derived bacterial toxins impair memory CD4+ T cell mitochondrial function in HIV-1 infection. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e149571. [PMID: 35316209 PMCID: PMC9057623 DOI: 10.1172/jci149571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) who are immune nonresponders (INRs) are at greater risk of comorbidity and mortality than are immune responders (IRs) who restore their CD4+ T cell count after antiretroviral therapy (ART). INRs have low CD4+ T cell counts (<350 c/μL), heightened systemic inflammation, and increased CD4+ T cell cycling (Ki67+). Here, we report the findings that memory CD4+ T cells and plasma samples of INRs from several cohorts are enriched in gut-derived bacterial solutes p-cresol sulfate (PCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) that both negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. In vitro PCS or IS blocked CD4+ T cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and diminished the expression of mitochondrial proteins. Electron microscopy imaging revealed perturbations of mitochondrial networks similar to those found in INRs following incubation of healthy memory CD4+ T cells with PCS. Using bacterial 16S rDNA, INR stool samples were found enriched in proteolytic bacterial genera that metabolize tyrosine and phenylalanine to produce PCS. We propose that toxic solutes from the gut bacterial flora may impair CD4+ T cell recovery during ART and may contribute to CD4+ T cell lymphopenia characteristic of INRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda Cabral Da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| | - Ken H. Liu
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evgeniya V. Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Larisa B. Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Carey Shive
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabriela Pacheco Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| | - Mauricio Retuerto
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | | | - Khader Ghneim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Laura Noel-Romas
- Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Benigno Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter P. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam D. Burgener
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirela A. Dobre
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Global Health, and Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| | - Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
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15
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Nair S, Leverin AL, Rocha-Ferreira E, Sobotka KS, Thornton C, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Induction of Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Mitophagy after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071193. [PMID: 35406757 PMCID: PMC8997592 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) leads to immature brain injury mediated by mitochondrial stress. If damaged mitochondria cannot be repaired, mitochondrial permeabilization ensues, leading to cell death. Non-optimal turnover of mitochondria is critical as it affects short and long term structural and functional recovery and brain development. Therefore, disposal of deficient mitochondria via mitophagy and their replacement through biogenesis is needed. We utilized mt-Keima reporter mice to quantify mitochondrial morphology (fission, fusion) and mitophagy and their mechanisms in primary neurons after Oxygen Glucose Deprivation (OGD) and in brain sections after neonatal HI. Molecular mechanisms of PARK2-dependent and -independent pathways of mitophagy were investigated in vivo by PCR and Western blotting. Mitochondrial morphology and mitophagy were investigated using live cell microscopy. In primary neurons, we found a primary fission wave immediately after OGD with a significant increase in mitophagy followed by a secondary phase of fission at 24 h following recovery. Following HI, mitophagy was upregulated immediately after HI followed by a second wave at 7 days. Western blotting suggests that both PINK1/Parkin-dependent and -independent mechanisms, including NIX and FUNDC1, were upregulated immediately after HI, whereas a PINK1/Parkin mechanism predominated 7 days after HI. We hypothesize that excessive mitophagy in the early phase is a pathologic response which may contribute to secondary energy depletion, whereas secondary mitophagy may be involved in post-HI regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Nair
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.-L.L.); (E.R.-F.); (K.S.S.); (C.M.); (H.H.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna-Lena Leverin
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.-L.L.); (E.R.-F.); (K.S.S.); (C.M.); (H.H.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.-L.L.); (E.R.-F.); (K.S.S.); (C.M.); (H.H.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina S. Sobotka
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.-L.L.); (E.R.-F.); (K.S.S.); (C.M.); (H.H.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Thornton
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK;
| | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.-L.L.); (E.R.-F.); (K.S.S.); (C.M.); (H.H.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.-L.L.); (E.R.-F.); (K.S.S.); (C.M.); (H.H.)
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Zhang Y, Chen L, Luo Y, Wang K, Liu X, Xiao Z, Zhao G, Yao Y, Lu Z. Pink1/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy Regulated the Apoptosis of Dendritic Cells in Sepsis. Inflammation 2022; 45:1374-1387. [PMID: 35129770 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are vital antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune system, whose apoptosis is closely related to the development of sepsis. Mitophagy is one of the necessary forms of selective autophagy that removes damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria to regulate immunity and inflammation. However, its effect on the apoptosis of DC in sepsis remains unknown. Here, we showed that sepsis activated the apoptosis and mitophagy of DC, and mitophagy had an anti-apoptotic effect on sepsis-induced DC apoptosis. In this study, we used cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to simulate the pathophysiological state of sepsis. Apoptosis and mitophagy of DC were significantly enhanced in CPL mice compared with controls, and in the Pink1-KO (Pink1-knockout) mice CLP model, the level of apoptosis in DC was further increased while the level of mitophagy was decreased. In addition, more severe mitochondrial dysfunction was exhibited in DC of Pink1-KO mice CLP model compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The results suggest that Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is activated during sepsis and has an anti-apoptotic effect on DC, which regulates immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency & Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longwang Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency & Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinan Luo
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency & Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency & Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency & Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangju Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency & Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency & Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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The roles of Eph receptors, neuropilin-1, P2X7, and CD147 in COVID-19-associated neurodegenerative diseases: inflammasome and JaK inhibitors as potential promising therapies. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:10. [PMID: 35109786 PMCID: PMC8809072 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread worldwide, and finding a safe therapeutic strategy and effective vaccine is critical to overcoming severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, elucidation of pathogenesis mechanisms, especially entry routes of SARS-CoV-2 may help propose antiviral drugs and novel vaccines. Several receptors have been demonstrated for the interaction of spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2), ephrin ligands and Eph receptors, neuropilin 1 (NRP-1), P2X7, and CD147. The expression of these entry receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) may make the CNS prone to SARS-CoV-2 invasion, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. The present review provides potential pathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the CNS, including entry receptors and cytokines involved in neuroinflammatory conditions. Moreover, it explains several neurodegenerative disorders associated with COVID-19. Finally, we suggest inflammasome and JaK inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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18
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Yin Y, Shen H. Advances in Cardiotoxicity Induced by Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:739095. [PMID: 34616789 PMCID: PMC8488107 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.739095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the most abundant organelles in cardiac cells, and are essential to maintain the normal cardiac function, which requires mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy to ensure the stability of mitochondrial quantity and quality. When mitochondria are affected by continuous injury factors, the balance between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy is broken. Aging and damaged mitochondria cannot be completely removed in cardiac cells, resulting in energy supply disorder and accumulation of toxic substances in cardiac cells, resulting in cardiac damage and cardiotoxicity. This paper summarizes the specific underlying mechanisms by which various adverse factors interfere with mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy to produce cardiotoxicity and emphasizes the crucial role of oxidative stress in mitophagy. This review aims to provide fresh ideas for the prevention and treatment of cardiotoxicity induced by altered mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Li Y, Zhu Y, Chu B, Liu N, Chen S, Wang J. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 Prevents Escherichia coli-Induced Apoptosis Through PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy in Bovine Mastitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715098. [PMID: 34594329 PMCID: PMC8476910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most important pathogens that cause clinical mastitis in dairy cattle worldwide and lead to severe economic losses. Antibiotics are often used to treat this inflammatory disease; however, antimicrobial resistance and environmental pollution cannot be ignored. Probiotic is the best alternative; however, its mechanisms of action to prevent mastitis remain unclear. Moreover, the role of probiotics in regulating mitophagy, a selective autophagy that maintains mitochondrial quality, needs to be explored. E. coli infection induced NOD-like receptor family member pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome assembly, Caspase-1 activation, and apoptosis in MAC-T cells. Infection also resulted in mitochondrial damage and subsequent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, inhibition of ROS release by scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) abrogated the importance of ROS in NLRP3 assembly and apoptosis in MAC-T cells. Pretreatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 (LGR-1), a probiotic, alleviated E. coli-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and apoptosis via ROS inhibition. Besides, E. coli infection inhibited mitophagy while LGR-1 pretreatment augmented PINK1/Parkin–mediated mitophagy activation, which further blocked ROS generation. To explore the effect of LGR-1 in vivo, a mouse mastitis model was established. The results showed that LGR-1 pretreatment had preventive and protective effects on E. coli induced mastitis, and could reduce cytokines levels such as IL-1β and TNF-α. In accordance with the results in vitro, E. coli can inhibit mitophagy and activate NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis, while LGR-1 can weaken the effect of E. coli. Taken together, our data indicated that LGR-1 pretreatment induced PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy that eliminated damaged mitochondria and reduced ROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which subsequently decreased E. coli-induced apoptosis. To conclude, our study suggests that therapeutic strategies aiming at the upregulation of mitophagy under E. coli-induced mastitis may preserve mitochondrial function and provide theoretical support for the application of probiotics in bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingxin Chu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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20
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Wang H, Zheng Y, Huang J, Li J. Mitophagy in Antiviral Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:723108. [PMID: 34540840 PMCID: PMC8446632 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.723108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles whose primary function is energy production; in addition, they serve as signaling platforms for apoptosis and antiviral immunity. The central role of mitochondria in oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosis requires their quality to be tightly regulated. Mitophagy is the main cellular process responsible for mitochondrial quality control. It selectively sends damaged or excess mitochondria to the lysosomes for degradation and plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. However, increasing evidence shows that viruses utilize mitophagy to promote their survival. Viruses use various strategies to manipulate mitophagy to eliminate critical, mitochondria-localized immune molecules in order to escape host immune attacks. In this article, we will review the scientific advances in mitophagy in viral infections and summarize how the host immune system responds to viral infection and how viruses manipulate host mitophagy to evade the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China.,GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Zheng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieru Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Lepelley A, Wai T, Crow YJ. Mitochondrial Nucleic Acid as a Driver of Pathogenic Type I Interferon Induction in Mendelian Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729763. [PMID: 34512665 PMCID: PMC8428523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to viral infection involves the recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by intracellular sensors, leading to type I interferon (IFN), and downstream IFN-stimulated gene, induction. Ineffective discrimination of self from non-self nucleic acid can lead to autoinflammation, a phenomenon implicated in an increasing number of disease states, and well highlighted by the group of rare genetic disorders referred to as the type I interferonopathies. To understand the pathogenesis of these monogenic disorders, and polyfactorial diseases associated with pathogenic IFN upregulation, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis, it is important to define the self-derived nucleic acid species responsible for such abnormal IFN induction. Recently, attention has focused on mitochondria as a novel source of immunogenic self nucleic acid. Best appreciated for their function in oxidative phosphorylation, metabolism and apoptosis, mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles that represent vestigial bacteria in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells, containing their own DNA and RNA enclosed within the inner mitochondrial membrane. There is increasing recognition that a loss of mitochondrial integrity and compartmentalization can allow the release of mitochondrial nucleic acid into the cytosol, leading to IFN induction. Here, we provide recent insights into the potential of mitochondrial-derived DNA and RNA to drive IFN production in Mendelian disease. Specifically, we summarize current understanding of how nucleic acids are detected as foreign when released into the cytosol, and then consider the findings implicating mitochondrial nucleic acid in type I interferonopathy disease states. Finally, we discuss the potential for IFN-driven pathology in primary mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lepelley
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Timothy Wai
- Mitochondrial Biology Group, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3691, Paris, France
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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22
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Wu X, Gong L, Xie L, Gu W, Wang X, Liu Z, Li S. NLRP3 Deficiency Protects Against Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial ROS by Promoting the PINK1-Parkin Pathway of Mitophagy in a Murine Model of Sleep Apnea. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628168. [PMID: 33717152 PMCID: PMC7943742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) associated neurocognitive impairment is mainly caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-triggered neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Previous study has demonstrated that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) was pivotal for hypoxia-related tissue injury. As a cytosolic multiprotein complex that participates in various inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, NLRP3 inflammasome could be activated by mtROS and thereby affected by the mitochondria-selective autophagy. However, the role of NLRP3 and possible mitophagy mechanism in CIH-elicited neuroinflammation remain to be elucidated. Compared with wild-type mice, NLRP3 deficiency protected them from CIH-induced neuronal damage, as indicated by the restoration of fear-conditioning test results and amelioration of neuron apoptosis. In addition, NLRP3 knockout mice displayed the mitigated microglia activation that elicited by CIH, concomitantly with elimination of damaged mitochondria and reduction of oxidative stress levels (malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase). Elevated LC3 and beclin1 expressions were remarkably observed in CIH group. In vitro experiments, intermittent hypoxia (IH) significantly facilitated mitophagy induction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglial (BV2) cells. Moreover, IH enhanced the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, increased mitochondrial depolarization and augmented mtROS release. Consistently, NLRP3 deletion elicited a protective phenotype against IH through enhancement of Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Furthermore, Parkin deletion or pretreated with 3MA (autophagy inhibitor) exacerbated these detrimental actions of IH, which was accompanied with NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These results revealed NLRP3 deficiency acted as a protective promotor through enhancing Parkin-depended mitophagy in CIH-induced neuroinflammation. Thus, NLRP3 gene knockout or pharmacological blockage could be as a potential therapeutic strategy for OSA-associated neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linjing Gong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanqun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Centre for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Xu F, Tautenhahn HM, Dirsch O, Dahmen U. Modulation of Autophagy: A Novel "Rejuvenation" Strategy for the Aging Liver. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6611126. [PMID: 33628363 PMCID: PMC7889356 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural life process which leads to a gradual decline of essential physiological processes. For the liver, it leads to alterations in histomorphology (steatosis and fibrosis) and function (protein synthesis and energy generation) and affects central hepatocellular processes (autophagy, mitochondrial respiration, and hepatocyte proliferation). These alterations do not only impair the metabolic capacity of the liver but also represent important factors in the pathogenesis of malignant liver disease. Autophagy is a recycling process for eukaryotic cells to degrade dysfunctional intracellular components and to reuse the basic substances. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis and in resisting environmental stress. Emerging evidence shows that modulating autophagy seems to be effective in improving the age-related alterations of the liver. However, autophagy is a double-edged sword for the aged liver. Upregulating autophagy alleviates hepatic steatosis and ROS-induced cellular stress and promotes hepatocyte proliferation but may aggravate hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, a well-balanced autophagy modulation strategy might be suitable to alleviate age-related liver dysfunction. Conclusion. Modulation of autophagy is a promising strategy for "rejuvenation" of the aged liver. Detailed knowledge regarding the most devastating processes in the individual patient is needed to effectively counteract aging of the liver without causing obvious harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Xu
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
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24
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Wang Z, White A, Wang X, Ko J, Choudhary G, Lange T, Rounds S, Lu Q. Mitochondrial Fission Mediated Cigarette Smoke-induced Pulmonary Endothelial Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:637-651. [PMID: 32672471 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0008oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure increases the risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans and promotes alveolar-capillary barrier permeability and acute lung injury in animal models. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Mitochondrial fusion and fission are essential for mitochondrial homeostasis in health and disease. In this study, we hypothesized that CS caused endothelial injury via an imbalance of mitochondrial fusion and fission and resultant mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction. We noted that CS altered mitochondrial morphology by shortening mitochondrial networks and causing perinuclear accumulation of damaged mitochondria in primary rat lung microvascular endothelial cells. We also found that CS increased mitochondrial fission likely by decreasing Drp1-S637 and increasing FIS1, Drp1-S616 phosphorylation, mitochondrial translocation, and tetramerization and reduced mitochondrial fusion likely by decreasing Mfn2 in lung microvascular endothelial cells and mouse lungs. CS also caused aberrant mitophagy, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, and reduced mitochondrial respiration. An inhibitor of mitochondrial fission and a mitochondria-specific antioxidant prevented CS-induced increased endothelial barrier dysfunction and apoptosis. Our data suggest that excessive mitochondrial fission and resultant oxidative stress are essential mediators of CS-induced endothelial injury and that inhibition of mitochondrial fission and mitochondria-specific antioxidants may be useful therapeutic strategies for CS-induced endothelial injury and associated pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengke Wang
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alexis White
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Xing Wang
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.,Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Junsuk Ko
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Gaurav Choudhary
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Thilo Lange
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sharon Rounds
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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25
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Song Y, Zhou Y, Zhou X. The role of mitophagy in innate immune responses triggered by mitochondrial stress. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:186. [PMID: 33239048 PMCID: PMC7687798 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important cellular organelles involved in many different functions, from energy generation and fatty acid oxidation to cell death regulation and immune responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial stress acts as a key trigger of innate immune responses. Critically, the dysfunctional mitochondria can be selectively eliminated by mitophagy. The elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria may function as an effective way employed by mitophagy to keep the immune system in check. In addition, mitophagy can be utilized by pathogens for immune evasion. In this review, we summarize how mitochondrial stress triggers innate immune responses and the roles of mitophagy in innate immunity and in infection, as well as the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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26
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Sunderland P, Augustyniak J, Lenart J, Bużańska L, Carlessi L, Delia D, Sikora E. ATM-deficient neural precursors develop senescence phenotype with disturbances in autophagy. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 190:111296. [PMID: 32621937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ATM is a kinase involved in DNA damage response (DDR), regulation of response to oxidative stress, autophagy and mitophagy. Mutations in the ATM gene in humans result in ataxi A-Telangiectasia disease (A-T) characterized by a variety of symptoms with neurodegeneration and premature ageing among them. Since brain is one of the most affected organs in A-T, we have focused on senescence of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from A-T reprogrammed fibroblasts. Accordingly, A-T NPCs obtained through neural differentiation of iPSCs in 5% oxygen possessed some features of senescence including increased activity of SA-β-gal and secretion of IL6 and IL8 in comparison to control NPCs. This phenotype of A-T NPC was accompanied by elevated oxidative stress. A-T NPCs exhibited symptoms of impaired autophagy and mitophagy with lack of response to chloroquine treatment. Additional sources of oxidative stress like increased oxygen concentration (20 %) and H2O2 respectively aggravated the phenotype of senescence and additionally disturbed the process of mitophagy. In both cases only A-T NPCs reacted to the treatment. We conclude that oxidative stress may be responsible for the phenotype of senescence and impairment of autophagy in A-T NPCs. Our results point to senescent A-T cells as a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sunderland
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Augustyniak
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Lenart
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leonora Bużańska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luigi Carlessi
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy; IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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27
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Liu D, Wang Q, He W, Chen X, Wei Z, Huang K. Two-way immune effects of deoxynivalenol in weaned piglets and porcine alveolar macrophages: Due mainly to its exposure dosage. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126464. [PMID: 32229367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungal species that occur frequently in cereals and animal forages throughout the world, posing a serious threat to humans and animals. Although some studies showed the immunotoxicity of mycotoxins, little research focused on the two-way effects of mycotoxins on immune response in vitro and vivo. Here, we explored the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most widely distributed mycotoxins, on immune function of piglets and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), and found it exhibited bidirectional immune effects due to different exposure doses. Our results revealed that low doses of DON increased the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 in piglets and PAMs, promoted the chemotaxis and phagocytosis of PAMs and transformed macrophages to M1 phenotype (P < 0.05). Conversely, high doses of DON increased the expressions of TGF-β and IL-10 in piglets and PAMs, inhibited the chemotaxis and phagocytosis of PAMs and induced macrophages M2-type polarization (P < 0.05). Mechanistically, DON exposure significantly activated the TLR4/NFκB pathway at low doses and induced mitophagy-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction at high doses in vitro and vivo. TLR4 interference and mitophagy activator, CCCP, were used to further confirm their roles. Therefore, we concluded that DON exposure at low doses caused immunostimulation via activating TLR4/NFκB, whereas it was immunoinhibitory at high doses through blocking mitophagy. Our study suggested that both high and low doses mycotoxins contamination might be harmful, and further back up the necessity to take a vigilant attitude to minimize humans and animals intake of mycotoxins in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenmiao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China.
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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28
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Wang T, Zhu Q, Cao B, Yuan Y, Wen S, Liu Z. Cadmium induces mitophagy via AMP-activated protein kinases activation in a PINK1/Parkin-dependent manner in PC12 cells. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12817. [PMID: 32396704 PMCID: PMC7309594 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cadmium (Cd) induces mitophagy in neuronal cells, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate these mechanisms. Materials and methods The effects of Cd on the mitophagy in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were detected, and the role of PINK1/Parkin pathway in Cd‐induced mitophagy was also analysed by using PINK1 siRNA. In order to explore the relationship between AMPK and PINK1/Parkin in Cd‐induced mitophagy in PC12 cells, the CRISPR‐Cas9 system was used to knock down AMPK expression. Results The results showed that Cd treatment triggered a significant increase in mitophagosome formation and the colocalization of mitochondria and lysosomes, which was further proved by the colocalization of LC3 puncta and its receptors NDP52 or P62 with mitochondria in PC12 cells. Moreover, an accumulation of PINK1 and Parkin was found in mitochondria. Additionally, upon PINK1 knock‐down using PINK1 siRNA, Cd‐induced mitophagy was efficiently suppressed. Interestingly, chemical or genetic reversal of AMPK activation: (a) significantly inhibited the activation of mitophagy and (b) promoted NLRP3 activation by inhibiting PINK/Parkin translocation. Conclusions These results suggest that Cd induces mitophagy via the PINK/Parkin pathway following AMPK activation in PC12 cells. Targeting the balanced activity of AMPK/PINK1/Parkin‐mediated mitophagy signalling may be a potential therapeutic approach to treat Cd‐induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoping Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binbin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangquan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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29
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Wang N, Yuan J, Karim MR, Zhong P, Sun YP, Zhang HY, Wang YF. Effects of Mitophagy on Regulatory T Cell Function in Patients With Myasthenia Gravis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32318017 PMCID: PMC7154095 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to determine whether regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+T, Tregs) show abnormal mitophagy as well as the function of Tregs in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods: CD4+T cells and CD4+CD25+Treg cells were obtained from 15 patients with MG (MG group) and 15 controls (N group). Tregs from the MG group were subjected to rapamycin-induced culture for 48 h (Rapa group) and 3-methyladenine-induced culture for 48 h (3-MA group). The levels of mitophagy in Tregs were then observed through electron and confocal microscopy. Expression of the autophagy-related protein LC3-II was detected by western blotting, and mitochondrial function in each group was evaluated by flow cytometry. Inhibition of Treg cell proliferation was detected by flow cytometry. Results: Mitophagy in the MG group was lower than that in the N group; it was higher in the Rapa group compared to that in the MG group and lowered in the 3-MA group than in the MG group. Expression of the autophagy-related protein LC3-II was lower in the MG group than in the N group, higher in the Rapa group than in the MG group, and lower in the 3-MA group than in the MG group. The mitochondrial membrane potential was lower in the MG group compared to that in the N group; it was higher in the Rapa group than in the MG group and lowered in the 3-MA group than in the MG group. Inhibition of Treg proliferation was lower in the MG group than in the N group; it was higher in the Rapa group than in the MG group and lowered in the 3-MA group than in the MG group. Conclusion: The decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and mitophagy in Tregs in the MG group may be related to a decreased inhibition of Treg proliferation. The mitochondrial membrane potential was increased after adding the autophagy agent Rapa to enhance mitophagy, and the proliferation inhibition function of Tregs was also enhanced. The autophagy agent 3-MA down-regulated mitophagy, which decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibitory effect of Tregs. These results reveal the possible cellular immune mechanism of Treg dysfunction in MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yan-Peng Sun
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yun-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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30
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Wang K, Gong Q, Zhan Y, Chen B, Yin T, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Ke J, Du B, Liu X, Xiao J. Blockage of Autophagic Flux and Induction of Mitochondria Fragmentation by Paroxetine Hydrochloride in Lung Cancer Cells Promotes Apoptosis via the ROS-MAPK Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:397. [PMID: 32039209 PMCID: PMC6987457 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by malignant proliferation and aberrant metabolism and are thereby liable to the depletion of nutrients and accumulation of metabolic waste. To maintain cellular homeostasis, cancer cells are prone to upregulating the canonical autophagy pathway. Here, we identified paroxetine hydrochloride (Paxil) as a late autophagy inhibitor and investigated its killing effect on lung cancer cells and with a xenograft mouse model in vivo. Upregulated LC3-II and p62 expression indicated that Paxil inhibited autophagy. Acid-sensitive dyes (e.g., LysoTracker and AO staining) indicated reduced lysosomal acidity following Paxil treatment; consequently, the maturation of the pH-dependent hydroxylases (e.g., cathepsin B and D) substantially declined. Paxil also induced the fragmentation of mitochondria and further intensified ROS overproduction. Since the autophagy pathway was blocked, ROS rapidly accumulated, which activated JNK and p38 kinase. Such activity promoted the localization of Bax, which led to increased mitochondrial outer membrane permeability. The release of Cytochrome c with the loss of the membrane potential triggered a caspase cascade, ultimately leading to apoptosis. In contrast, the clearance of ROS by its scavenger, NAC, rescued Paxil-induced apoptosis accompanied by reduced p38 and JNK activation. Thus, Paxil blocked the autophagic flux and induced the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis via the ROS-MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Gong
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bonan Chen
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Lu
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiqi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junzi Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biaoyan Du
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jianyong Xiao
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Xia B, Yu J, He T, Liu X, Su J, Wang M, Wang J, Zhu Y. Lactobacillus johnsonii L531 ameliorates enteritis via elimination of damaged mitochondria and suppression of SQSTM1-dependent mitophagy in a Salmonella infantis model of piglet diarrhea. FASEB J 2019; 34:2821-2839. [PMID: 31908018 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901445rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Newly weaned piglets challenged with Salmonella infantis were particularly susceptible, whereas oral preadministration of Lactobacillus johnsonii L531 alleviated enteritis and promoted intestinal secretory IgA production. Salmonella infantis-induced activation of NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasomes and (nuclear factor kappa B) NF-κB signaling in the small intestine was also inhibited by L. johnsonii L531 pretreatment, thus limiting inflammation. An IPEC-J2 cell model of S. infantis infection yielded similar results. Salmonella infantis infection also resulted in mitochondrial damage and impaired mitophagy in the ileum and IPEC-J2 cells, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence colocalization of mitochondria with microtubule-binding protein light chain 3 (LC3) and high expression of autophagy-related proteins PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62), optineurin (OPTN), and LC3 by Western blotting analysis. However, L. johnsonii L531 pretreatment reduced both the extent of mitochondrial damage and autophagy-related protein expression. Our findings suggest that the amelioration of S. infantis-associated enteritis by L. johnsonii L531 is associated with regulation of NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasomes and NF-κB signaling pathway activation and suppression of mitochondrial damage. Amelioration of impaired mitophagy by L. johnsonii L531 could involve eliminating damaged mitochondria and regulating S. infantis-induced activation of the NF-κB-SQSTM1mitophagy signaling pathway in host cells to prevent the further mitochondrial damage and S. infantis dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Bektas A, Schurman SH, Gonzalez-Freire M, Dunn CA, Singh AK, Macian F, Cuervo AM, Sen R, Ferrucci L. Age-associated changes in human CD4 + T cells point to mitochondrial dysfunction consequent to impaired autophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9234-9263. [PMID: 31707363 PMCID: PMC6874450 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To gain understanding on the mechanisms that drive immunosenescence in humans, we examined CD4+ T cells obtained from younger (20-39 years-old) and older (70+ years-old) healthy participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging (BLSA). We found that mitochondrial proteins involved in the electron transport chain were overrepresented in cells from older participants, with prevalent dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and energy metabolism molecular pathways. Surprisingly, gene transcripts coding for mitochondrial proteins pertaining to oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain pathways were underrepresented in older individuals. Paralleling the observed decrease in gene expression, mitochondrial respiration was impaired in CD4+ T cells from older subjects. Though mitochondrial number in both naïve and memory cells visualized with electron microcopy was similar in older versus younger participants, there were a significantly higher number of autophagosomes, many of them containing undegraded mitochondria, in older individuals. The presence of mitochondria inside the accumulated autophagic compartments in CD4+ T cells from older individuals was confirmed by immunofluorescence. These findings suggest that older age is associated with persistence of dysfunctional mitochondria in CD4+ T lymphocytes caused by defective mitochondrial turnover by autophagy, which may trigger chronic inflammation and contribute to the impairment of immune defense in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsun Bektas
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shepherd H. Schurman
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Christopher A. Dunn
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Amit K. Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Chen H, Mao X, Meng X, Li Y, Feng J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yu Y, Xie K. Hydrogen alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and organ damage via autophagy‑mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation in sepsis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1309-1324. [PMID: 31432098 PMCID: PMC6713420 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a highly heterogeneous syndrome that is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The disproportionate inflammatory response to invasive infection is a triggering event inducing sepsis. The activation of inflammasomes in sepsis can amplify inflammatory responses. It has been reported that damaged mitochondria contribute to NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related sepsis. Our previous study revealed that hydrogen (H2) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in sepsis but the detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present study, septic mice induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and macrophages induced by lipopolysaccha-ride (LPS) were used as models of sepsis in vivo and in vitro, respectively. An inducer and inhibitor of autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome were administered to investigate the detailed mechanism of action of H2 treatment in sepsis. The results demonstrated that LPS and ATP led to NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activation, excessive cytokine release, mitochondrial dysfunction and the activation of autophagy. CLP induced organ injury and NLRP3 pathway activation. H2 treatment ameliorated vital organ damage, the inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 pathway activation, and promoted autophagy in macrophages induced by LPS and in CLP mice. However, the inhibitor of autophagy and the inducer of NLRP3 reversed the protective effect of H2 against organ damage, the inflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, the results demonstrated that H2 alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction and cytokine release via autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xing Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyin Meng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Jingcheng Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin 300140, P.R. China
| | - Yaoqi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Keliang Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Kim TR, Jeong HH, Sohn KA. Topological integration of RPPA proteomic data with multi-omics data for survival prediction in breast cancer via pathway activity inference. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:94. [PMID: 31296204 PMCID: PMC6624183 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of integrated multi-omics data enables the identification of disease-related biomarkers that cannot be identified from a single omics profile. Although protein-level data reflects the cellular status of cancer tissue more directly than gene-level data, past studies have mainly focused on multi-omics integration using gene-level data as opposed to protein-level data. However, the use of protein-level data (such as mass spectrometry) in multi-omics integration has some limitations. For example, the correlation between the characteristics of gene-level data (such as mRNA) and protein-level data is weak, and it is difficult to detect low-abundance signaling proteins that are used to target cancer. The reverse phase protein array (RPPA) is a highly sensitive antibody-based quantification method for signaling proteins. However, the number of protein features in RPPA data is extremely low compared to the number of gene features in gene-level data. In this study, we present a new method for integrating RPPA profiles with RNA-Seq and DNA methylation profiles for survival prediction based on the integrative directed random walk (iDRW) framework proposed in our previous study. In the iDRW framework, each omics profile is merged into a single pathway profile that reflects the topological information of the pathway. In order to address the sparsity of RPPA profiles, we employ the random walk with restart (RWR) approach on the pathway network. RESULTS Our model was validated using survival prediction analysis for a breast cancer dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Our proposed model exhibited improved performance compared with other methods that utilize pathway information and also out-performed models that did not include the RPPA data utilized in our study. The risk pathways identified for breast cancer in this study were closely related to well-known breast cancer risk pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that RPPA data is useful for survival prediction for breast cancer patients under our framework. We also observed that iDRW effectively integrates RNA-Seq, DNA methylation, and RPPA profiles, while variation in the composition of the omics data can affect both prediction performance and risk pathway identification. These results suggest that omics data composition is a critical parameter for iDRW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Rim Kim
- Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Hwan Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kyung-Ah Sohn
- Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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Impaired mitophagy triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation during the progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Transl Med 2019; 99:749-763. [PMID: 30700851 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of inflammation is an important mechanism in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study aims to delineate how mitophagy affects NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hepatic lipotoxicity. Mice were fed a high fat/calorie diet (HFCD) for 24 weeks. Primary rat hepatocytes were treated with palmitic acid (PA) for various periods of time. Mitophagy was measured by protein levels of LC3II and P62. NLRP3, caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-18, and IL-1β at mRNA and protein levels were used as indicators of inflammasome activation. Along with steatotic progression in HFCD-fed mice, ratio of LC3II/β-actin was decreased concurrently with increased levels of liver P62, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and serum IL-1β levels in late-stage NASH. PA treatment resulted in mitochondrial oxidative stress and initiated mitophagy in primary hepatocytes. The addition of cyclosporine A did not change LC3II/Τοmm20 ratios; but P62 levels were increased after an extended duration of PA exposure, indicating a defect in autophagic activity. Along with impaired mitophagy, mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-18 and IL-1β were upregulated by PA treatment. Pretreatment with MCC950, N-acetyl cysteine or acetyl-L-carnitine reversed inflammasome activation and a pyroptotic cascade. Additionally, mitophagic flux was partially recovered as indicated by increases in LC3II/Tomm20 ratio, parkin, and PINK1 expression, and decreased P62 expression. The findings suggest that impaired mitophagy triggers hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a murine NASH model and primary hepatocytes. The new insights into inflammasome activation through mitophagy advance our understanding of how fatty acids elicit lipotoxicity through oxidant stress and autophagy in mitochondria.
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Wang Y, Liu N, Lu B. Mechanisms and roles of mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:859-875. [PMID: 31050206 PMCID: PMC6566062 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double‐membrane‐encircled organelles existing in most eukaryotic cells and playing important roles in energy production, metabolism, Ca2+ buffering, and cell signaling. Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy. Mitophagy can effectively remove damaged or stressed mitochondria, which is essential for cellular health. Thanks to the implementation of genetics, cell biology, and proteomics approaches, we are beginning to understand the mechanisms of mitophagy, including the roles of ubiquitin‐dependent and receptor‐dependent signals on damaged mitochondria in triggering mitophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction and defective mitophagy have been broadly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This review is aimed at summarizing the mechanisms of mitophagy in higher organisms and the roles of mitophagy in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Although many studies have been devoted to elucidating the mitophagy process, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms leading to mitophagy defects in neurodegenerative diseases is required for the development of new therapeutic interventions, taking into account the multifactorial nature of diseases and the phenotypic heterogeneity of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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37
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Rapamycin improves the neuroprotection effect of inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation after TBI. Brain Res 2019; 1710:163-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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38
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Abstract
Mitophagy is a vital form of autophagy for selective removal of dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria. Accumulating evidence implicates elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria as a powerful means employed by autophagy to keep the immune system in check. The process of mitophagy may restrict inflammatory cytokine secretion and directly regulate mitochondrial antigen presentation and immune cell homeostasis. In this review, we describe distinctive pathways of mammalian mitophagy and highlight recent advances relevant to its function in immunity. In addition, we further discuss the direct and indirect evidence linking mitophagy to inflammation and autoimmunity underlying the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).Abbreviations: AICD: activation induced cell death; AIM2: absent in melanoma 2; ALPL/HOPS: alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization associated; AMA: anti-mitochondrial antibodies; AMFR: autocrine motility factor receptor; ATG: autophagy-related; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CARD: caspase recruitment domain containing; CASP1: caspase 1; CD: Crohn disease; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CXCL1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; DEN: diethylnitrosamine; DLAT/PDC-E2: dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase; DNM1L/Drp1: dynamin 1 like; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FUNDC1: Fun14 domain containing 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HPIV3: human parainfluenza virus type 3; IBD: inflammatory bowel diseases; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; IFN: interferon; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; iNK: invariant natural killer; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MARCH5: membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 5; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MDV: mitochondria-derived vesicle; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; mtAP: mitochondrial antigen presentation; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; mtROS: mitochondrial ROS; MUL1: mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NFKB/NF-ĸB: nuclear factor kappa B subunit; NK: natural killer; NLR: NOD-like receptor; NLRC4: NLR family CARD domain containing 4; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; OGDH: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN: optineurin; ox: oxidized; PARK7: Parkinsonism associated deglycase; PBC: primary biliary cirrhosis; PEX13: peroxisomal biogenesis factor 13; PHB/PHB1: prohibitin; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PLEKHM1: pleckstrin homology and RUN domain containing M1; PRKN/PARK2: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RAB: member RAS oncogene family; RHEB: Ras homolog: mTORC1 binding; RIPK2: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2; RLR: DDX58/RIG-I like receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SBD: small bile ducts; SLC2A1/GLUT1: solute carrier family 2 member 1; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SMURF1: SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TCR: T cell receptor; TFAM: transcription factor A: mitochondrial; Th17: T helper 17; TLR9: toll like receptor 9; TMEM173/STING: transmembrane protein 173; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; Ub: ubiquitin; UC: ulcerative colitis; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WIPI: WD repeat domain: phosphoinositide interacting; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Ran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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The Role of the Antioxidant Response in Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Degenerative Diseases: Cross-Talk between Antioxidant Defense, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6392763. [PMID: 31057691 PMCID: PMC6476015 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6392763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an essential organelle important for the generation of ATP for cellular function. This is especially critical for cells with high energy demands, such as neurons for signal transmission and cardiomyocytes for the continuous mechanical work of the heart. However, deleterious reactive oxygen species are generated as a result of mitochondrial electron transport, requiring a rigorous activation of antioxidative defense in order to maintain homeostatic mitochondrial function. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that the dysregulation of antioxidant response leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in human degenerative diseases affecting the nervous system and the heart. In this review, we outline and discuss the mitochondrial and oxidative stress factors causing degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Friedreich's ataxia. In particular, the pathological involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in relation to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and cell death will be explored. Understanding the pathology and the development of these diseases has highlighted novel regulators in the homeostatic maintenance of mitochondria. Importantly, this offers potential therapeutic targets in the development of future treatments for these degenerative diseases.
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Mitochondria: the indispensable players in innate immunity and guardians of the inflammatory response. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:303-318. [PMID: 30719617 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the dynamic organelles and power house of eukaryotic cells function as metabolic hubs of cells undergoing continuous cycles of fusion and fission. Recent findings have made it increasingly apparent that mitochondria essentially involved in energy production have evolved as principal intracellular signaling platforms regulating not only innate immunity but also inflammatory responses. Perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion/fission, electron transport chain (ETC) architecture and cristae organization have now been actively correlated to modulate metabolic activity and immune function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Several newly identified mitochondrial proteins in mitochondrial outer membrane such as mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and with mitochondrial DNA acting as danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and mitochondrial ROS generated from mitochondrial sources have potentially established mitochondria as key signaling platforms in antiviral immunity in vertebrates and thereby orchestrating adaptive immune cell activations respectively. A thorough understanding of emerging and intervening role of mitochondria in toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses and NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation has gained lucidity in recent years that advocates the imposing functions of mitochondria in innate immunity. Fascinatingly, also how the signals stemming from the endoplasmic reticulum co-operate with the mitochondria to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome is now looked ahead as a stage to unravel as to how different mitochondrial and associated organelle stress responses co-operate to bring about inflammatory consequences. This has also opened avenues of research for revealing mitochondrial targets that could be exploited for development of novel therapeutics to treat various infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. Thus, this review explores our current understanding of intricate interplay between mitochondria and other cellular processes like autophagy in controlling mitochondrial homeostasis and regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses.
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Basit F, Mathan T, Sancho D, de Vries IJM. Human Dendritic Cell Subsets Undergo Distinct Metabolic Reprogramming for Immune Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2489. [PMID: 30455688 PMCID: PMC6230993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists induce metabolic reprogramming, which is required for immune activation. We have investigated mechanisms that regulate metabolic adaptation upon TLR-stimulation in human blood DC subsets, CD1c+ myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). We show that TLR-stimulation changes expression of genes regulating oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glutamine metabolism in pDC. TLR-stimulation increases mitochondrial content and intracellular glutamine in an autophagy-dependent manner in pDC. TLR-induced glutaminolysis fuels OXPHOS in pDCs. Notably, inhibition of glutaminolysis and OXPHOS prevents pDC activation. Conversely, TLR-stimulation reduces mitochondrial content, OXPHOS activity and induces glycolysis in CD1c+ mDC. Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation or promotion of mitochondrial fusion impairs TLR-stimulation induced glycolysis and activation of CD1c+ mDCs. TLR-stimulation triggers BNIP3-dependent mitophagy, which regulates transcriptional activity of AMPKα1. BNIP3-dependent mitophagy is required for induction of glycolysis and activation of CD1c+ mDCs. Our findings reveal that TLR stimulation differentially regulates mitochondrial dynamics in distinct human DC subsets, which contributes to their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Basit
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Till Mathan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David Sancho
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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42
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Segeritz CP, Rashid ST, de Brito MC, Serra MP, Ordonez A, Morell CM, Kaserman JE, Madrigal P, Hannan NRF, Gatto L, Tan L, Wilson AA, Lilley K, Marciniak SJ, Gooptu B, Lomas DA, Vallier L. hiPSC hepatocyte model demonstrates the role of unfolded protein response and inflammatory networks in α 1-antitrypsin deficiency. J Hepatol 2018; 69:851-860. [PMID: 29879455 PMCID: PMC6562205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS α1-Antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene. Individuals with the Z variant (Gly342Lys) retain polymerised protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of their hepatocytes, predisposing them to liver disease. The concomitant lack of circulating A1AT also causes lung emphysema. Greater insight into the mechanisms that link protein misfolding to liver injury will facilitate the design of novel therapies. METHODS Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived hepatocytes provide a novel approach to interrogate the molecular mechanisms of A1ATD because of their patient-specific genetic architecture and reflection of human physiology. To that end, we utilised patient-specific hiPSC hepatocyte-like cells (ZZ-HLCs) derived from an A1ATD (ZZ) patient, which faithfully recapitulated key aspects of the disease at the molecular and cellular level. Subsequent functional and "omics" comparisons of these cells with their genetically corrected isogenic-line (RR-HLCs) and primary hepatocytes/human tissue enabled identification of new molecular markers and disease signatures. RESULTS Our studies showed that abnormal A1AT polymer processing (immobilised ER components, reduced luminal protein mobility and disrupted ER cisternae) occurred heterogeneously within hepatocyte populations and was associated with disrupted mitochondrial structure, presence of the oncogenic protein AKR1B10 and two upregulated molecular clusters centred on members of inflammatory (IL-18 and Caspase-4) and unfolded protein response (Calnexin and Calreticulin) pathways. These results were validated in a second patient-specific hiPSC line. CONCLUSIONS Our data identified novel pathways that potentially link the expression of Z A1AT polymers to liver disease. These findings could help pave the way towards identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of A1ATD. LAY SUMMARY This study compared the gene expression and protein profiles of healthy liver cells and those affected by the inherited disease α1-antitrypsin deficiency. This approach identified specific factors primarily present in diseased samples which could provide new targets for drug development. This study also demonstrates the interest of using hepatic cells generated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells to model liver disease in vitro for uncovering new mechanisms with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis-Patricia Segeritz
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sheikh Tamir Rashid
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK; Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, UK.
| | - Miguel Cardoso de Brito
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Paola Serra
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, UK
| | - Adriana Ordonez
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Carola Maria Morell
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph E Kaserman
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Pedro Madrigal
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas R F Hannan
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Laurent Gatto
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Building O, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Lu Tan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew A Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kathryn Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Building O, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Bibek Gooptu
- NIHR Leicester BRC-Respiratory and Leicester Institute of Structural & Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, UK; ISMB/Birkbeck & UCL, University of London, UK; Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus Hinxton, UK.
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43
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Singh A, Kendall SL, Campanella M. Common Traits Spark the Mitophagy/Xenophagy Interplay. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1172. [PMID: 30294276 PMCID: PMC6158333 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy contributes to the wellbeing of eukaryotic cells by recycling cellular components, disposing damaged organelles, and removing pathogens, amongst others. Both the quality control process of selective mitochondrial autophagy (Mitophagy) and the defensive process of intracellular pathogen-engulfment (Xenophagy) are facilitated via protein assemblies which have shared molecules, a prime example being the Tank-Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1). TBK1 plays a central role in the immunity response driven by Xenophagy and was recently shown to be an amplifying mechanism in Mitophagy, bring to attention the potential cross talk between the two processes. Here we draw parallels between Xenophagy and Mitophagy, speculating on the inhibitory mechanisms of specific proteins (e.g., the 18 kDa protein TSPO), how the preferential sequestering toward one of the two pathways may undermine the other, and in this way impair cellular response to pathogens and cellular immunity. We believe that an in depth understanding of the commonalities may present an opportunity to design novel therapeutic strategies targeted at both the autonomous and non-autonomous processes of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Singh
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon L Kendall
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, United Kingdom
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44
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Xu D, Chen P, Wang B, Wang Y, Miao N, Yin F, Cheng Q, Zhou Z, Xie H, Zhou L, Liu J, Wang X, Zent R, Lu L, Zhang W. NIX-mediated mitophagy protects against proteinuria-induced tubular cell apoptosis and renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F382-F395. [PMID: 30207166 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00360.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria, the most common symptom of renal injury, is an independent factor for renal tubular injury. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. Mitochondrion is an important target for proteinuria-induced renal tubular cell injury. Insufficient mitophagy exacerbates cell injury by initiating mitochondrial dysfunction-related cell apoptosis. In the experiment, the role of NIP3-like protein X (NIX)-mediated mitophagy was investigated in proteinuria-induced renal injury. In this study, we demonstrated that NIX expression was reduced in renal tubules and correlated with the decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate and increase of the proteinuria in patients. In proteinuric mice, NIX-mediated mitophagy was significantly suppressed. Meanwhile, the proteinuric mice exhibited renal dysfunction, increased mitochondrial fragmentation, and tubular cell apoptosis. Overexpression of NIX attenuated those disruptions in proteinuric mice. In cultured renal tubular epithelial cells, albumin induced a decrease in NIX-mediated mitophagy and an increase in cell apoptosis. Overexpression of NIX attenuated albumin-induced cell apoptosis, whereas NIX siRNA aggravated these perturbations. These results indicate that proteinuria suppresses NIX-mediated mitophagy in the renal tubular epithelial cell, which triggers the cell undergoing mitochondria-dependent cell apoptosis. Collectively, our finding suggests that restoration of NIX-mediated mitophagy might be a novel therapeutic target for alleviating proteinuria-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Panpan Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Bao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Naijun Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Fan Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhuanli Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,Veterans Affairs Hospital , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Limin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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45
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McWherter C, Choi YJ, Serrano RL, Mahata SK, Terkeltaub R, Liu-Bryan R. Arhalofenate acid inhibits monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammatory responses through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:204. [PMID: 30189890 PMCID: PMC6127987 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arhalofenate acid, the active acid form of arhalofenate, is a non-agonist peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligand, with uricosuric activity via URAT1 inhibition. Phase II studies revealed decreased acute arthritis flares in arhalofenate-treated gout compared with allopurinol alone. Hence, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of arhalofenate and its active acid form for responses to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Methods We assessed in-vivo responses to MSU crystals in murine subcutaneous air pouches and in-vitro responses in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), SDS-PAGE/Western blot, immunostaining, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Results Oral administration of arhalofenate (250 mg/kg) blunted total leukocyte ingress, neutrophil influx, and air pouch fluid interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and CXCL1 in response to MSU crystal injection (p < 0.05 for each). Arhalofenate acid (100 μM) attenuated MSU crystal-induced IL-1β production in BMDMs via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In addition, arhalofenate acid dose-dependently increased activation (as assessed by phosphorylation) of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Studying AMPKα1 knockout mice, we elucidated that AMPK mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of arhalofenate acid. Moreover, arhalofenate acid attenuated the capacity of MSU crystals to suppress AMPK activity, regulated expression of multiple downstream AMPK targets that modulate mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, preserved intact mitochondrial cristae and volume density, and promoted anti-inflammatory autophagy flux in BMDMs. Conclusions Arhalofenate acid is anti-inflammatory and acts via AMPK activation and its downstream signaling in macrophages. These effects likely contribute to a reduction of gout flares. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1699-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramon L Serrano
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ru Liu-Bryan
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA. .,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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46
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Hyttinen JMT, Viiri J, Kaarniranta K, Błasiak J. Mitochondrial quality control in AMD: does mitophagy play a pivotal role? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2991-3008. [PMID: 29777261 PMCID: PMC11105454 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the predominant cause of visual loss in old people in the developed world, whose incidence is increasing. This disease is caused by the decrease in macular function, due to the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The aged retina is characterised by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired autophagy, and DNA damage that are linked to AMD pathogenesis. Mitophagy, a mitochondria-specific type of autophagy, is an essential part of mitochondrial quality control, the collective mechanism responsible for this organelle's homeostasis. The abundance of ROS, DNA damage, and the excessive energy consumption in the ageing retina all contribute to the degeneration of RPE cells and their mitochondria. We discuss the role of mitophagy in the cell and argue that its impairment may play a role in AMD pathogenesis. Thus, mitophagy as a potential therapeutic target in AMD and other degenerative diseases is as well explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M T Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Johanna Viiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Błasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
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47
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Lee EY, Kim S, Kim MH. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, therapeutic targets for infectious diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:424-434. [PMID: 29890143 PMCID: PMC7092877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances in medical science, infection-associated diseases remain among the leading causes of death worldwide. There is a great deal of interest and concern at the rate at which new pathogens are emerging and causing significant human health problems. Expanding our understanding of how cells regulate signaling networks to defend against invaders and retain cell homeostasis will reveal promising strategies against infection. It has taken scientists decades to appreciate that eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) play a role as global cell signaling mediators to regulate cell homeostasis, beyond their intrinsic function as protein synthesis enzymes. Recent discoveries revealed that ubiquitously expressed standby cytoplasmic ARSs sense and respond to danger signals and regulate immunity against infections, indicating their potential as therapeutic targets for infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss ARS-mediated anti-infectious signaling and the emerging role of ARSs in antimicrobial immunity. In contrast to their ability to defend against infection, host ARSs are inevitably co-opted by viruses for survival and propagation. We therefore provide a brief overview of the communication between viruses and the ARS system. Finally, we discuss encouraging new approaches to develop ARSs as therapeutics for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Harris J, Deen N, Zamani S, Hasnat MA. Mitophagy and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Mitochondrion 2018; 41:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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49
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Gkikas I, Palikaras K, Tavernarakis N. The Role of Mitophagy in Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1283. [PMID: 29951054 PMCID: PMC6008576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles essential for multiple biological processes, including energy production, metabolites biosynthesis, cell death, and immunological responses among others. Recent advances in the field of immunology research reveal the pivotal role of energy metabolism in innate immune cells fate and function. Therefore, the maintenance of mitochondrial network integrity and activity is a prerequisite for immune system homeostasis. Mitochondrial selective autophagy, known as mitophagy, surveils mitochondrial population eliminating superfluous and/or impaired organelles and mediating cellular survival and viability in response to injury/trauma and infection. Defective removal of damaged mitochondria leads to hyperactivation of inflammatory signaling pathways and subsequently to chronic systemic inflammation and development of inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy and highlight its critical role in the innate immune system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Gkikas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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50
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Ectromelia Virus Affects Mitochondrial Network Morphology, Distribution, and Physiology in Murine Fibroblasts and Macrophage Cell Line. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050266. [PMID: 29772718 PMCID: PMC5977259 DOI: 10.3390/v10050266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that participate in numerous processes in response to viral infection, but they are also a target for viruses. The aim of this study was to define subcellular events leading to alterations in mitochondrial morphology and function during infection with ectromelia virus (ECTV). We used two different cell lines and a combination of immunofluorescence techniques, confocal and electron microscopy, and flow cytometry to address subcellular changes following infection. Early in infection of L929 fibroblasts and RAW 264.7 macrophages, mitochondria gathered around viral factories. Later, the mitochondrial network became fragmented, forming punctate mitochondria that co-localized with the progeny virions. ECTV-co-localized mitochondria associated with the cytoskeleton components. Mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial fission–fusion, mitochondrial mass, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were severely altered later in ECTV infection leading to damage of mitochondria. These results suggest an important role of mitochondria in supplying energy for virus replication and morphogenesis. Presumably, mitochondria participate in transport of viral particles inside and outside of the cell and/or they are a source of membranes for viral envelope formation. We speculate that the observed changes in the mitochondrial network organization and physiology in ECTV-infected cells provide suitable conditions for viral replication and morphogenesis.
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