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Cosemans C, Alfano R, Sleurs H, Martens DS, Nawrot TS, Plusquin M. Exploring mitochondrial heteroplasmy in neonates: implications for growth patterns and overweight in the first years of life. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:1140-1147. [PMID: 38802661 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial heteroplasmy reflects genetic diversity within individuals due to the presence of varying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, possibly affecting mitochondrial function and energy production in cells. Rapid growth during early childhood is a critical development with long-term implications for health and well-being. In this study, we investigated if cord blood mtDNA heteroplasmy is associated with rapid growth at 6 and 12 months and overweight in childhood at 4-6 years. METHODS This study included 200 mother-child pairs of the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing was performed to determine mtDNA heteroplasmy levels (in variant allele frequency; VAF) in cord blood. Rapid growth was defined for each child as the difference between WHO-SD scores of predicted weight at either 6 or 12 months and birth weight. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association of mitochondrial heteroplasmy with rapid growth and childhood overweight. Determinants of relevant cord blood mitochondrial heteroplasmies were identified using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS One % increase in VAF of cord blood MT-D-Loop16362T > C heteroplasmy was associated with rapid growth at 6 months (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05; p = 0.001) and 12 months (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.03; p = 0.02). Furthermore, this variant was associated with childhood overweight at 4-6 years (OR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.02; p = 0.05). Additionally, rapid growth at 6 months (OR = 3.00; 95% CI: 1.49-6.14; p = 0.002) and 12 months (OR = 4.05; 95% CI: 2.06-8.49; p < 0.001) was also associated with childhood overweight at 4-6 years. Furthermore, we identified maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal education, parity, and gestational age as determinants of cord blood MT-D-Loop16362T > C heteroplasmy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, based on mitochondrial DNA genotyping, offer insights into the molecular machinery leading to rapid growth in early life, potentially explaining a working mechanism of the development toward childhood overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cosemans
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rossella Alfano
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hanne Sleurs
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dries S Martens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- School of Public Health, Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Leuven University, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Baqueiro MDN, Simino LADP, Costa JP, Panzarin C, Reginato A, Torsoni MA, Ignácio-Souza L, Milanski M, Ross MG, Coca KP, Desai M, Torsoni AS. Sex-Dependent Variations in Hypothalamic Fatty Acid Profile and Neuropeptides in Offspring Exposed to Maternal Obesity and High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:340. [PMID: 38337626 PMCID: PMC10857148 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and/or high-fat diet (HF) consumption can disrupt appetite regulation in their offspring, contributing to transgenerational obesity and metabolic diseases. As fatty acids (FAs) play a role in appetite regulation, we investigated the maternal and fetal levels of FAs as potential contributors to programmed hyperphagia observed in the offspring of obese dams. Female mice were fed either a control diet (CT) or HF prior to mating, and fetal and maternal blood and tissues were collected at 19 days of gestation. Elevated levels of linoleic acid were observed in the serum of HF dams as well as in the serum of their fetuses. An increased concentration of eicosadienoic acid was also detected in the hypothalamus of female HF-O fetuses. HF-O male fetuses showed increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (Npy) gene expression, while HF-O female fetuses showed decreased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) protein content. Both male and female fetuses exhibited reduced hypothalamic neurogenin 3 (NGN-3) gene expression. In vitro experiments confirmed that LA contributed to the decreased gene expression of Pomc and Ngn-3 in neuronal cells. During lactation, HF female offspring consumed more milk and had a higher body weight compared to CT. In summary, this study demonstrated that exposure to HF prior to and during gestation alters the FA composition in maternal serum and fetal serum and hypothalamus, particularly increasing n-6, which may play a role in the switch from POMC to NPY neurons, leading to increased weight gain in the offspring during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara da Nóbrega Baqueiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Laís Angélica de Paula Simino
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - João Paulo Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Carolina Panzarin
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Andressa Reginato
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Letícia Ignácio-Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael G. Ross
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.G.R.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Kelly Pereira Coca
- Ana Abrao Breastfeeding Center, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo 04037-001, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Mina Desai
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.G.R.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
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Diniz MS, Hiden U, Falcão-Pires I, Oliveira PJ, Sobrevia L, Pereira SP. Fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal obesity: A potential threat for programming cardiovascular disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166834. [PMID: 37541330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and maternal obesity (MO) increase the risk of adverse fetal outcomes, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease later in life. Extensive research has been conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which GDM and MO program the offspring to disease. This review focuses on the role of fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction in programming the offspring for cardiovascular disease in GDM and MO pregnancies. We discuss how pre-existing maternal health conditions can lead to vascular dysfunction in the fetoplacental unit and the fetus. We also examine the role of fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction in impairing fetal cardiovascular system development and the involvement of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in mediating fetoplacental vascular dysfunction. Furthermore, we suggest that the L-Arginine-Nitric Oxide and the Adenosine-L-Arginine-Nitric Oxide (ALANO) signaling pathways are pertinent targets for research. Despite significant progress in this area, there are still knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Diniz
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Ursula Hiden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8063 Graz, Austria; Research Unit Early Life Determinants (ELiD), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Inês Falcão-Pires
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; Medical School (Faculty of Medicine), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Eutra, The Institute for Obesity Research (IOR), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Susana P Pereira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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Krause BJ, Vega-Tapia FA, Soto-Carrasco G, Lefever I, Letelier C, Saez CG, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Maternal obesity and high leptin levels prime pro-inflammatory pathways in human cord blood leukocytes. Placenta 2023; 142:75-84. [PMID: 37651852 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal obesity alters the immune function in the offspring. We hypothesize that maternal obesity and pro-inflammatory pathways induce leptin-related genes in neonatal monocytes, whereby high leptin levels enhance their inflammatory response. METHODS Transcriptional profiles of cord blood leukocytes (CBL) in basal and pro-inflammatory conditions were studied to determine differentially expressed genes (DEG). The DNA methylation profile of CB monocytes (CBM) of neonates born to control BMI mothers and women with obesity was assayed to identify differentially methylated probes (DMP). CBM-derived macrophages were cultured with or without leptin (10-100 ng/ml) and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) and interferon-gamma (20 ng/ml) to assess the induction of TNF-α and IL-10 transcripts. RESULTS CBL from pregnancies with obesity (CBL-Ob) showed 12,183 DEG, affecting 49 out of 78 from the leptin pathway. Control CBM exposed to LPS showed 45 leptin-related DEG, an effect prevented by the co-exposure to LPS and IL-10. Conversely, CBM-Ob showed 5279 DMP enriched in insulin- and leptin-related genes, and Lasso regression of leptin-related DMP showed high predictive value for plasma leptin levels (r2 = 0.9897) and maternal BMI categories (AUC = 1). Chronic exposure to leptin increased TNF-α and decreased IL-10 levels in control BMI samples but not in Ob-CBM. Enhanced TNF-α induction after proinflammatory stimulation was observed in leptin-treated control BMI samples. DISCUSSION Obesity in pregnancy is associated with a distinctive expression and DNA methylation profile of leptin-related genes in cord blood monocytes, meanwhile, leptin enhances the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with M1-skewing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo J Krause
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile.
| | - Fabian A Vega-Tapia
- Laboratory of Ocular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Soto-Carrasco
- Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isidora Lefever
- Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Letelier
- Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia G Saez
- Hematology-Oncology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose A Castro-Rodriguez
- Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Wang L, O'Kane AM, Zhang Y, Ren J. Maternal obesity and offspring health: Adapting metabolic changes through autophagy and mitophagy. Obes Rev 2023:e13567. [PMID: 37055041 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity leads to obstetric complications and a high prevalence of metabolic anomalies in the offspring. Among various contributing factors for maternal obesity-evoked health sequelae, developmental programming is considered as one of the leading culprit factors for maternal obesity-associated chronic comorbidities. Although a unified theory is still lacking to systematically address multiple unfavorable postnatal health sequelae, a cadre of etiological machineries have been put forward, including lipotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy/mitophagy defect, and cell death. Hereinto, autophagy and mitophagy play an essential housekeeping role in the clearance of long-lived, damaged, and unnecessary cell components to maintain and restore cellular homeostasis. Defective autophagy/mitophagy has been reported in maternal obesity and negatively impacts fetal development and postnatal health. This review will provide an update on metabolic disorders in fetal development and postnatal health issues evoked by maternal obesity and/or intrauterine overnutrition and discuss the possible contribution of autophagy/mitophagy in metabolic diseases. Moreover, relevant mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies will be discussed in an effort to target autophagy/mitophagy and metabolic disturbances in maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Aislinn M O'Kane
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Denizli M, Capitano ML, Kua KL. Maternal obesity and the impact of associated early-life inflammation on long-term health of offspring. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:940937. [PMID: 36189369 PMCID: PMC9523142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.940937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasingly common in the United States, with ~25% of women of reproductive age being overweight or obese. Metaflammation, a chronic low grade inflammatory state caused by altered metabolism, is often present in pregnancies complicated by obesity. As a result, the fetuses of mothers who are obese are exposed to an in-utero environment that has altered nutrients and cytokines. Notably, both human and preclinical studies have shown that children born to mothers with obesity have higher risks of developing chronic illnesses affecting various organ systems. In this review, the authors sought to present the role of cytokines and inflammation during healthy pregnancy and determine how maternal obesity changes the inflammatory landscape of the mother, leading to fetal reprogramming. Next, the negative long-term impact on offspring’s health in numerous disease contexts, including offspring’s risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders (autism, attention deficit and hyperactive disorder), metabolic diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes), atopy, and malignancies will be discussed along with the potential of altered immune/inflammatory status in offspring as a contributor of these diseases. Finally, the authors will list critical knowledge gaps in the field of developmental programming of health and diseases in the context of offspring of mothers with obesity, particularly the understudied role of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Denizli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, United States
| | - Maegan L. Capitano
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, United States
| | - Kok Lim Kua
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kok Lim Kua,
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TNFα-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Alter Hypothalamic Neurogenesis and Promote Appetite Versus Satiety Neuropeptide Expression in Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070900. [PMID: 35884707 PMCID: PMC9316209 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity results in programmed offspring hyperphagia and obesity. The increased offspring food intake is due in part to the preferential differentiation of hypothalamic neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) to orexigenic (AgRP) vs. anorexigenic (POMC) neurons. The altered neurogenesis may involve hypothalamic bHLH (basic helix–loop–helix) neuroregulatory factors (Hes1, Mash1, and Ngn3). Whilst the underlying mechanism remains unclear, it is known that mitochondrial function is critical for neurogenesis and is impacted by proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα. Obesity is associated with the activation of inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. In obese pregnancies, increased levels of TNFα are seen in maternal and cord blood, indicating increased fetal exposure. As TNFα influences neurogenesis and mitochondrial function, we tested the effects of TNFα and reactive oxidative species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on hypothalamic NPC cultures from newborn mice. TNFα treatment impaired NPC mitochondrial function, increased ROS production and NPC proliferation, and decreased the protein expression of proneurogenic Mash1/Ngn3. Consistent with this, AgRP protein expression was increased and POMC was decreased. Notably, treatment with H2O2 produced similar effects as TNFα and also reduced the protein expression of antioxidant SIRT1. The inhibition of STAT3/NFκB prevented the effects of TNFα, suggesting that TNFα mediates its effects on NPCs via mitochondrial-induced oxidative stress that involves both signaling pathways.
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Weiss E, Leopold-Posch B, Schrüfer A, Cvitic S, Hiden U. Fetal sex and maternal fasting glucose affect neonatal cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:1590-1597. [PMID: 35184136 PMCID: PMC9771817 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-01966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in pregnancy, i.e., obesity and hyperglycemia, transmit to the fetus and affect placental and fetal endothelial function. Moreover, a sex dimorphism in endothelial function and susceptibility towards CVRF exists already in utero. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC) are circulating endothelial progenitors highly present in neonatal cord blood and sensitive to CVRF. This study investigated whether fetal sex or subtle maternal metabolic changes within healthy range alter fetal ECFC outgrowth. METHODS Outgrowth of ECFC from cord blood of male (n = 31) and female (n = 26) neonates was analyzed after healthy pregnancies and related to fetal sex and maternal metabolic parameters. RESULTS Male ECFC grew out earlier (-20.57% days; p = 0.031) than female. Although all women were non-diabetic, higher levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at midpregnancy increased the time required for colony outgrowth (OR: 1.019; p = 0.030), which, after stratifying for fetal sex, was significant only in the males. Gestational weight gain and BMI did not affect outgrowth. Colony number was unchanged by all parameters. CONCLUSIONS Fetal sex and maternal FPG within normal range alter ECFC function in utero. A role of ECFC in postnatal angiogenesis and vasculogenesis has been suggested, which may be affected by altered outgrowth dynamics. IMPACT This study is the first to report that a sexual dimorphism exists in ECFC function, as cells of female progeny require a longer period of time until colony outgrowth than ECFC of male progeny. Our data show that ECFC function is highly sensitive and affected by maternal glucose levels even in a normal, non-diabetic range. Our data raise the question of whether maternal plasma glucose in pregnancy should be considered to play a critical role even in the non-diabetic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Weiss
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Leopold-Posch
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Schrüfer
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvija Cvitic
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Research Unit of Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Cell Biology and Biochemistry of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ursula Hiden
- Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Gámez-Valdez JS, García-Mazcorro JF, Montoya-Rincón AH, Rodríguez-Reyes DL, Jiménez-Blanco G, Rodríguez MTA, de Vaca RPC, Alcorta-García MR, Brunck M, Lara-Díaz VJ, Licona-Cassani C. Differential analysis of the bacterial community in colostrum samples from women with gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24373. [PMID: 34934118 PMCID: PMC8692321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and obesity affect the functioning of multiple maternal systems and influence colonization of the newborn gastrointestinal through the breastmilk microbiota (BMM). It is currently unclear how GDM and obesity affect the human BMM composition. Here, we applied 16S-rRNA high-throughput sequencing to human colostrum milk to characterize BMM taxonomic changes in a cohort of 43 individuals classified in six subgroups according to mothers patho-physiological conditions (healthy control (n = 18), GDM (n = 13), or obesity (n = 12)) and newborn gender. Using various diversity indicators, including Shannon/Faith phylogenetic index and UniFrac/robust Aitchison distances, we evidenced that BMM composition was influenced by the infant gender in the obesity subgroup. In addition, the GDM group presented higher microbial diversity compared to the control group. Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium 1, Anaerococcus and Prevotella were overrepresented in colostrum from women with either obesity or GDM, compared to control samples. Finally, Rhodobacteraceae was distinct for GDM and 5 families (Bdellovibrionaceae, Halomonadaceae, Shewanellaceae, Saccharimonadales and Vibrionaceae) were distinct for obesity subgroups with an absolute effect size greater than 1 and a q-value ≤ 0.05. This study represents the first effort to describe the impact of maternal GDM and obesity on BMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Gámez-Valdez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - J F García-Mazcorro
- Research and Development, MNA de México, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México
| | - A H Montoya-Rincón
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - D L Rodríguez-Reyes
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - G Jiménez-Blanco
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - M T Alanís Rodríguez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - R Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca
- Coordinación de Investigación y División de Investigación Biomédica, C.M.N. "20 de Noviembre", ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M R Alcorta-García
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México.,Departamento de Neonatología, Hospital Regional Materno Infantil, Servicios de Salud de Nuevo León, Guadalupe, México
| | - M Brunck
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México.,Division of Experimental Medicine, The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - V J Lara-Díaz
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - C Licona-Cassani
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México. .,Division of Integrative Biology, The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México.
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10
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Erickson ML, Patinkin ZW, Duensing AM, Dabelea D, Redman LM, Boyle KE. Maternal metabolic health drives mesenchymal stem cell metabolism and infant fat mass at birth. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146606. [PMID: 34061777 PMCID: PMC8410068 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to maternal obesity may promote metabolic dysfunction in offspring. We used infant mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to experimentally examine cellular mechanisms of intergenerational health transmission. Our earlier reports show MSCs collected from infants of mothers with obesity had a dichotomous distribution in metabolic efficiency; they were either efficient (Ef-Ob) or inefficient (In-Ob) with respect to fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Here, we sought to determine if this was due to a primary defect in FAO. Accordingly, we measured FAO in myogenic differentiating MSCs under 3 conditions: (a) myogenesis alone, (b) excess fatty acid exposure, and (c) excess fatty acid exposure plus a chemical uncoupler to increase metabolic rate. Compared with normal weight and Ef-Ob MSCs, In-Ob displayed lower FAO in myogenesis alone and after fatty acid plus uncoupler, indicating In-Ob were less metabolically flexible after increasing lipid availability and metabolic rate, demonstrating a primary deficit in FAO. MSC FAO was negatively associated with fasting maternal glucose and insulin and positively associated with fasting HDL-cholesterol. MSC FAO was negatively associated with infant fat mass. These data indicate a less favorable maternal metabolic milieu, independent of maternal BMI, reduces intrinsic MSC FAO and is linked to higher infant adiposity as early as birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Erickson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zachary W. Patinkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Allison M. Duensing
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Leanne M. Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kristen E. Boyle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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11
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Sun X, Feinberg MW. Vascular Endothelial Senescence: Pathobiological Insights, Emerging Long Noncoding RNA Targets, Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Physiol 2021; 12:693067. [PMID: 34220553 PMCID: PMC8242592 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.693067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable form of cell cycle arrest in response to various stressors. While it serves as an endogenous pro-resolving mechanism, detrimental effects ensue when it is dysregulated. In this review, we introduce recent advances for cellular senescence and inflammaging, the underlying mechanisms for the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in tissues during aging, new knowledge learned from p16 reporter mice, and the development of machine learning algorithms in cellular senescence. We focus on pathobiological insights underlying cellular senescence of the vascular endothelium, a critical interface between blood and all tissues. Common causes and hallmarks of endothelial senescence are highlighted as well as recent advances in endothelial senescence. The regulation of cellular senescence involves multiple mechanistic layers involving chromatin, DNA, RNA, and protein levels. New targets are discussed including the roles of long noncoding RNAs in regulating endothelial cellular senescence. Emerging small molecules are highlighted that have anti-aging or anti-senescence effects in age-related diseases and impact homeostatic control of the vascular endothelium. Lastly, challenges and future directions are discussed including heterogeneity of endothelial cells and endothelial senescence, senescent markers and detection of senescent endothelial cells, evolutionary differences for immune surveillance in mice and humans, and long noncoding RNAs as therapeutic targets in attenuating cellular senescence. Accumulating studies indicate that cellular senescence is reversible. A better understanding of endothelial cellular senescence through lifestyle and pharmacological interventions holds promise to foster a new frontier in the management of cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases Through Dietary Molecules, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Desoye G, Herrera E. Adipose tissue development and lipid metabolism in the human fetus: The 2020 perspective focusing on maternal diabetes and obesity. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101082. [PMID: 33383022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During development, the human fetus accrues the highest proportion of fat of all mammals. Precursors of fat lobules can be found at week 14 of pregnancy. Thereafter, they expand, filling with triacylglycerols during pregnancy. The resultant mature lipid-filled adipocytes emerge from a developmental programme of embryonic stem cells, which is regulated differently than adult adipogenesis. Fetal triacylglycerol synthesis uses glycerol and fatty acids derived predominantly from glycolysis and lipogenesis in liver and adipocytes. The fatty acid composition of fetal adipose tissue at the end of pregnancy shows a preponderance of palmitic acid, and differs from the mother. Maternal diabetes mellitus does not influence this fatty acid profile. Glucose oxidation is the main source of energy for the fetus, but mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation also contributes. Indirect evidence suggests the presence of lipoprotein lipase in fetal adipose tissue. Its activity may be increased under hyperinsulinemic conditions as in maternal diabetes mellitus and obesity, thereby contributing to increased triacylglycerol deposition found in the newborns of such pregnancies. Fetal lipolysis is low. Changes in the expression of genes controlling metabolism in fetal adipose tissue appear to contribute actively to the increased neonatal fat mass found in diabetes and obesity. Many of these processes are under endocrine regulation, principally by insulin, and show sex-differences. Novel fatty acid derived signals such as oxylipins are present in cord blood with as yet undiscovered function. Despite many decades of research on fetal lipid deposition and metabolism, many key questions await answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - E Herrera
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Gyllenhammer LE, Entringer S, Buss C, Wadhwa PD. Developmental programming of mitochondrial biology: a conceptual framework and review. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192713. [PMID: 32345161 PMCID: PMC7282904 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of developmental programming of health and disease has focused primarily on processes that are specific to cell types, organs and phenotypes of interest. However, the observation that exposure to suboptimal or adverse developmental conditions concomitantly influences a broad range of phenotypes suggests that these exposures may additionally exert effects through cellular mechanisms that are common, or shared, across these different cell and tissue types. It is in this context that we focus on cellular bioenergetics and propose that mitochondria, bioenergetic and signalling organelles, may represent a key cellular target underlying developmental programming. In this review, we discuss empirical findings in animals and humans that suggest that key structural and functional features of mitochondrial biology exhibit developmental plasticity, and are influenced by the same physiological pathways that are implicated in susceptibility for complex, common age-related disorders, and that these targets of mitochondrial developmental programming exhibit long-term temporal stability. We conclude by articulating current knowledge gaps and propose future research directions to bridge these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gyllenhammer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behaviour, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of California, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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14
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Bariani MV, Correa F, Domínguez Rubio AP, Marvaldi C, Schander JA, Beltrame JS, Cella M, Silberman DM, Aisemberg J, Franchi AM. Maternal obesogenic diet combined with postnatal exposure to high-fat diet induces metabolic alterations in offspring. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8260-8269. [PMID: 31970793 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity has been shown to impact the offspring health during childhood and adult life. This study aimed to evaluate whether maternal obesity combined with postnatal exposure to an obesogenic diet could induce metabolic alterations in offspring. Female CD1 mice were fed a control diet (CD, 11.1% of energy from fat) or with a high-fat diet (HFD, 44.3% of energy from fat) for 3 months. After weaning, pups born from control and obese mothers were fed with CD or HFD for 3 months. Both mothers and offspring were weighted weekly and several blood metabolic parameters levels were evaluated. Here, we present evidence that the offspring from mothers exposed to a HFD showed increased acetylation levels of histone 3 on lysine 9 (H3K9) in the liver at postnatal Day 1, whereas the levels of acetylation of H4K16, dimethylation of H3K27, and trimethylation of H3K9 showed no change. We also observed a higher perinatal weight and increased blood cholesterol levels when compared to the offspring on postnatal Day 1 born from CD-fed mothers. When mice born from obese mothers were fed with HFD, we observed that they gained more weight, presented higher blood cholesterol levels, and abdominal adipose tissue than mice born to the same mothers but fed with CD. Collectively, our results point toward maternal obesity and HFD consumption as a risk factor for epigenetic changes in the liver of the offspring, higher perinatal weight, increased weight gain, and altered blood cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Bariani
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Preñez y el Parto, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Correa
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Preñez y el Parto, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana P Domínguez Rubio
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Marvaldi
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Preñez y el Parto, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta A Schander
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Preñez y el Parto, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena S Beltrame
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Preñez y el Parto, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Cella
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Preñez y el Parto, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dafne M Silberman
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Preñez y el Parto, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Aisemberg
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Preñez y el Parto, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Franchi
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Preñez y el Parto, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Sureshchandra S, Marshall NE, Messaoudi I. Impact of pregravid obesity on maternal and fetal immunity: Fertile grounds for reprogramming. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1035-1050. [PMID: 31483523 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0619-181r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal pregravid obesity results in several adverse health outcomes during pregnancy, including increased risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, placental abruption, and complications at delivery. Additionally, pregravid obesity and in utero exposure to high fat diet have been shown to have detrimental effects on fetal programming, predisposing the offspring to adverse cardiometabolic, endocrine, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. More recently, a deeper appreciation for the modulation of offspring immunity and infectious disease-related outcomes by maternal pregravid obesity has emerged. This review will describe currently available animal models for studying the impact of maternal pregravid obesity on fetal immunity and review the data from clinical and animal model studies. We also examine the burden of pregravid obesity on the maternal-fetal interface and the link between placental and systemic inflammation. Finally, we discuss future studies needed to identify key mechanistic underpinnings that link maternal inflammatory changes and fetal cellular reprogramming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicole E Marshall
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A growing body of epidemiological and experimental data indicate that nutritional or environmental stressors during early development can induce long-term adaptations that increase risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions-a phenomenon termed "developmental programming." A common phenotype in humans and animal models is altered body composition, with reduced muscle and bone mass, and increased fat mass. In this review, we summarize the recent literature linking prenatal factors to future body composition and explore contributing mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Many prenatal exposures, including intrauterine growth restriction, extremes of birth weight, maternal obesity, and maternal diabetes, are associated with increased fat mass, reduced muscle mass, and decreased bone density, with effects reported throughout infancy and childhood, and persisting into middle age. Mechanisms and mediators include maternal diet, breastmilk composition, metabolites, appetite regulation, genetic and epigenetic influences, stem cell commitment and function, and mitochondrial metabolism. Differences in body composition are a common phenotype following disruptions to the prenatal environment, and may contribute to developmental programming of obesity and diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Isganaitis
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Room 655A, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
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17
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Suárez-Vega A, Arranz JJ, Pérez V, de la Fuente LF, Mateo J, Gutiérrez-Gil B. Early adipose deposits in sheep: comparative analysis of the perirenal fat transcriptome of Assaf and Churra suckling lambs. Anim Genet 2018; 49:605-617. [PMID: 30311245 DOI: 10.1111/age.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adipose deposits influence the quality of ruminant carcasses, and in suckling lambs, internal types of adipose deposits represent a notable proportion of total fat. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the perirenal fat transcriptomes of suckling lambs from two breeds with different growth and carcass characteristics. The perirenal fat tissue from 14 suckling lambs (Assaf, n = 8; Churra, n = 6) was used for the RNA-seq analysis. The functional enrichment analysis of the 670 highly expressed genes (>150 fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped) in the perirenal fat transcriptome of both breeds revealed that the majority of these genes were involved in energy processes. The expression of the UCP1 gene, a classical biomarker of brown fat, and the presence of multilocular adipocytes in the two breeds supported the presence of brown fat at the transition stage towards white fat tissue. The differential expression analysis performed identified 373 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two compared breeds. Brown/white fat gene biomarkers were not included in the list of DEGs. In Assaf lambs, DEGs were enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes related to fatty-acid oxidation, whereas in Churra lambs, the majority of the significantly enriched GO terms were related to cholesterol synthesis, which suggests that upregulated DEGs in Assaf lambs are implicated in fat burning, whereas the Churra upregulated DEGs are linked to fat accumulation. These results can help to increase knowledge of the genes controlling early fat deposition in ruminants and shed light on fundamental aspects of adipose tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - J J Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - V Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - L F de la Fuente
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - J Mateo
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - B Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
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18
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Peters U, Dixon AE, Forno E. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1169-1179. [PMID: 29627041 PMCID: PMC5973542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a vast public health problem and both a major risk factor and disease modifier for asthma in children and adults. Obese subjects have increased asthma risk, and obese asthmatic patients have more symptoms, more frequent and severe exacerbations, reduced response to several asthma medications, and decreased quality of life. Obese asthma is a complex syndrome, including different phenotypes of disease that are just beginning to be understood. We examine the epidemiology and characteristics of this syndrome in children and adults, as well as the changes in lung function seen in each age group. We then discuss the better recognized factors and mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis, focusing particularly on diet and nutrients, the microbiome, inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation, and the genetics/genomics of obese asthma. Finally, we describe current evidence on the effect of weight loss and mention some important future directions for research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubong Peters
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | - Anne E Dixon
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | - Erick Forno
- Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.
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19
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Abraham M, Collins CA, Flewelling S, Camazine M, Cahill A, Cade WT, Duncan JG. Mitochondrial inefficiency in infants born to overweight African-American mothers. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1306-1316. [PMID: 29568109 PMCID: PMC6054813 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Currently 20–35% of pregnant women are obese, posing a major health risk for mother and fetus. It is postulated that an abnormal maternal-fetal nutritional environment leads to adverse metabolic programming, resulting in altered substrate metabolism in the offspring and predisposing to risks of obesity and diabetes later in life. Data indicate that oocytes from overweight animals have abnormal mitochondria. We hypothesized that maternal obesity is associated with altered mitochondrial function in healthy neonatal offspring. Methods Overweight and obese (Body mass index, (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2, n=14) and lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2, n=8), African American pregnant women carrying male fetuses were recruited from the Barnes Jewish Hospital obstetric clinic. Maternal and infant data were extracted from medical records. Infants underwent body composition testing in the first days of life. Circumcision skin was collected for isolation of fibroblasts. Fibroblast cells were evaluated for mitochondrial function, metabolic gene expression, nutrient uptake and oxidative stress. Results Skin fibroblasts of infants born to overweight mothers had significantly higher mitochondrial respiration without a concurrent increase in ATP production, indicating mitochondrial inefficiency. These fibroblasts had higher levels of reactive oxygen species and evidence of oxidative stress. Evaluation of gene expression in offspring fibroblasts revealed altered expression of multiple genes involved in fatty acid and glucose metabolism and mitochondrial respiration in infants of overweight mothers. Conclusion This study demonstrates altered mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in skin fibroblasts of infants born to overweight mothers. Future studies are needed to determine the long-term impact of this finding on the metabolic health of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Abraham
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christina A Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott Flewelling
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maraya Camazine
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison Cahill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - W Todd Cade
- Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer G Duncan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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20
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Maternal high-fat diet associated with altered gene expression, DNA methylation, and obesity risk in mouse offspring. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192606. [PMID: 29447215 PMCID: PMC5813940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated maternal obesity in inbred SM/J mice by assigning females to a high-fat diet or a low-fat diet at weaning, mating them to low-fat-fed males, cross-fostering the offspring to low-fat-fed SM/J nurses at birth, and weaning the offspring onto a high-fat or low-fat diet. A maternal high-fat diet exacerbated obesity in the high-fat-fed daughters, causing them to weigh more, have more fat, and have higher serum levels of leptin as adults, accompanied by dozens of gene expression changes and thousands of DNA methylation changes in their livers and hearts. Maternal diet particularly affected genes involved in RNA processing, immune response, and mitochondria. Between one-quarter and one-third of differentially expressed genes contained a differentially methylated region associated with maternal diet. An offspring high-fat diet reduced overall variation in DNA methylation, increased body weight and organ weights, increased long bone lengths and weights, decreased insulin sensitivity, and changed the expression of 3,908 genes in the liver. Although the offspring were more affected by their own diet, their maternal diet had epigenetic effects lasting through adulthood, and in the daughters these effects were accompanied by phenotypic changes relevant to obesity and diabetes.
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21
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Chavan-Gautam P, Rani A, Freeman DJ. Distribution of Fatty Acids and Lipids During Pregnancy. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 84:209-239. [PMID: 29478515 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal fatty acid and lipid metabolism undergoes changes during pregnancy to facilitate fetal growth and development. Different types of fatty acids have different roles in maintaining a successful pregnancy and they are incorporated into different forms of lipids for the purpose of storage and transport. This chapter aims to provide an understanding of the distribution and metabolism of fatty acids and lipids in the maternal, placental, and fetal compartments. We further describe how this distribution is altered in maternal obesity, preterm birth, and pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Alka Rani
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dilys J Freeman
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Yang C, Lim W, Bazer FW, Song G. Down-regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 increases susceptibility to palmitic-acid-induced lipotoxicity in human trophoblast cells. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 54:35-47. [PMID: 29242171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In early pregnancy, adequate dietary factors are important for the growth of human trophoblast cells, followed by placental development. Although stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is expected to relieve palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity by regulating diacylglycerol and ceramide, its function is unclear in human trophoblast cells. The aim was to investigate inhibitory effects of SCD1 activity on PA-induced trophoblast cell death. PA induces cell death and inhibits the invasion of human trophoblast cells (HTR8/SVneo). In addition, we demonstrate that SCD1 has a protective role against PA in human trophoblast cells by regulating AKT-mediated signaling pathway and mitochondrial membrane potential. The knockdown of SCD1 enhances the proapoptotic activity of PA in HTR8/SVneo cells. Lastly, we investigated microRNA expression predicted to target SCD1 and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) by PA. Collectively, the results suggest potential roles of SCD1 and DGAT1 in alleviating the toxicity of PA and maintaining lipid homeostasis for normal placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843-2471, Texas, USA
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Dymkowska D, Kawalec M, Wyszomirski T, Zabłocki K. Mild palmitate treatment increases mitochondrial mass but does not affect EA.hy926 endothelial cells viability. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 634:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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The effect of obesity, weight gain, and weight loss on asthma inception and control. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 17:123-130. [PMID: 28030376 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is ample and growing evidence that obesity increases the risk of asthma and morbidity from asthma. Here, we review recent clinical evidence supporting a causal link between obesity and asthma, and the mechanisms that may lead to 'obese asthma'. RECENT FINDINGS Although in some children obesity and asthma simply co-occur, those with 'obese asthma' have increased asthma severity, lower quality of life, and reduced medication response. Underlying mechanistic pathways may include anatomical changes of the airways such as obstruction and dysanapsis, systemic inflammation, production of adipokines, impaired glucose-insulin metabolism, altered nutrient levels, genetic and epigenetic changes, and alterations in the airway and/or gut microbiome. A few small studies have shown that weight loss interventions may lead to improvements in asthma outcomes, but thus far research on therapeutic interventions for these children has been limited. SUMMARY Obesity increases the risk of asthma - and worsens asthma severity or control - via multiple mechanisms. 'Obese asthma' is a complex, multifactorial phenotype in children. Obesity and its complications must be managed as part of the treatment of asthma in obese children.
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