1
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Nakamura T, Hongo Y, Harada KI. Mobilize a Proton to Transform the Collision-Induced Dissociation Spectral Pattern of a Cyclic Peptide. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2024; 13:A0144. [PMID: 38435076 PMCID: PMC10904930 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The collision-induced dissociation (CID) behaviors of protonated molecules of anabaenopeptins, a group of cyanobacterial cyclic peptides, were investigated in detail using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Although anabaenopeptin A and B share a macrocyclic peptide structure, they give strikingly different fragmentation patterns; the former gives a variety of product ions including cleavages in the cyclic peptide structure, which is useful for structural analysis; whereas the latter gives far fewer product ions and no fragmentation in the cyclic moiety. Energy-resolved CID experiments clarified the mechanism behind the striking difference attributable to the difference in exocyclic amino acid residues, Tyr or Arg. The guanidino group in Arg-containing analogue, anabaenopeptin B, should be by far the most preferred protonation site; the proton would be sequestered at the guanidino group in the protonated molecule, with the lack of proton mobility prohibiting opening of the charge-directed fragmentation channels in the cyclic moiety. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the guanidino group to give citrullinated-anabaenopeptin B restored proton mobility. The fragmentation pattern of the citrullinated peptide became almost identical to that of anabaenopeptin A. The observed fragmentation behaviors of these cyclic peptides were consistent with those of linear peptides, which have been well understood based on the mobile proton model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemichi Nakamura
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - Yayoi Hongo
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468–8503, Japan
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2
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Albuquerque MVDC, Ramos RDO, Leite VD, de Sousa JT, de Araújo MCU, de Ceballos BSO, Lopes WS. Studies of the liposolubility and the ecotoxicity of MC-LR degradation by-products using computational molecular modeling and in-vivo tests with Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 245:106127. [PMID: 35248895 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Computational molecular modelling, mass spectrometry and in-vivo tests with Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and Daphnia magna (D. magna) were used to investigate the liposolubility and ecotoxicity of MC-LR degradation by-products generated after oxidation by OH• radicals in Fenton process. Exposure of MC-LR (5 µg.L-1) to the most severe oxidation conditions (Fe2+ 20 mM and H2O2 60 mM) resulted in a reduction in the toxin concentration of 96% (0.16 µg.L-1), however, with the formation of many by-products. The by-product of m/z 445 was the most resistant to degradation and retained a toxic structure of diene bonds present in the Adda amino acid. Computational modeling revealed that m/z 445 (tPSA = 132.88 Ų; KOW = 2.02) is more fat-soluble than MC-LR (tPSA = 340.64 Ų; KOW = 0.68), evidencing an easier transport process of this by-product. Given this, toxicity tests using C. vulgaris and D. magna indicated greater toxicity of the by-product m/z 445 compared to MC-LR. When the conversion of MC-LR to by-products was 77%, the growth inhibition of C. vulgaris and the D. magna immobility were, respectively, 6.14 and 0%, with 96% conversion; growth inhibition and the immobility were both 100% for both species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Railson de Oliveira Ramos
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba 58429-500, Brazil.
| | - Valderi Duarte Leite
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba 58429-500, Brazil
| | - José Tavares de Sousa
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Mário César Ugulino de Araújo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CCEN, Caixa Postal 5093, João Pessoa, Paraíba CEP 58051-970, Brazil
| | | | - Wilton Silva Lopes
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba 58429-500, Brazil
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Benredjem L, Berredjem H, Abdi A, Casero MC, Quesada A, Fosso B, Marzano M, Pesole G, Azevedo J, Vasconcelos V. Morphological, molecular, and biochemical study of cyanobacteria from a eutrophic Algerian reservoir (Cheffia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27624-27635. [PMID: 34984616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacteria management in water bodies requires a deep knowledge of the community composition. Considering the reliable and thorough information provided by the polyphasic approach in cyanobacteria taxonomy, here we assess the cyanobacterial community structure of the Cheffia reservoir from Algeria. Cyanobacteria were identified on the basis of morphological traits and next-generation sequencing (NGS); toxins-related genes were localized in addition to the identification of toxins; temperature and nutrient level of water samples were also determined. The polyphasic approach was essential for cyanobacteria investigation; 28 genera were identified through 16S rRNA metabarcoding with the dominance of taxa from Microcystis (34.2%), Aphanizomenon (20.1%), and Planktothrix (20.0%), and morphological analysis revealed the association in this water body of five species within the genus Microcystis: M. aeruginosa, M. novacekii, M. panniformis, M. ichthyoblabe, and M. flos-aquae. The presence of mcyE genotypes was detected; moreover, HPLC-PDA and LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed the production of microcystin-LR. Results obtained in our study are very important since this ecosystem is used for water supply and irrigation; as a consequence, a good water management plan is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Benredjem
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Hajira Berredjem
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Akila Abdi
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Maria Cristina Casero
- Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Quesada
- Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Fosso
- Istituto Di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica E Biotecnologie Molecolari (IBIOM), CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Marinella Marzano
- Istituto Di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica E Biotecnologie Molecolari (IBIOM), CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Istituto Di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica E Biotecnologie Molecolari (IBIOM), CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie E Biofarmaceutica, Università Degli Studi Di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua Dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua Dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Cordeiro R, Azevedo J, Luz R, Vasconcelos V, Gonçalves V, Fonseca A. Cyanotoxin Screening in BACA Culture Collection: Identification of New Cylindrospermopsin Producing Cyanobacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040258. [PMID: 33916821 PMCID: PMC8065757 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs), Saxitoxins (STXs), and Cylindrospermopsins (CYNs) are some of the more well-known cyanotoxins. Taking into consideration the impacts of cyanotoxins, many studies have focused on the identification of unknown cyanotoxin(s)-producing strains. This study aimed to screen strains from the Azorean Bank of Algae and Cyanobacteria (BACA) for MCs, STX, and CYN production. A total of 157 strains were searched for mcy, sxt, and cyr producing genes by PCR, toxin identification by ESI-LC-MS/MS, and cyanotoxin-producing strains morphological identification and confirmation by 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. Cyanotoxin-producing genes were amplified in 13 strains and four were confirmed as toxin producers by ESI-LC-MS/MS. As expected Aphanizomenon gracile BACA0041 was confirmed as an STX producer, with amplification of genes sxtA, sxtG, sxtH, and sxtI, and Microcystis aeruginosa BACA0148 as an MC-LR producer, with amplification of genes mcyC, mcyD, mcyE, and mcyG. Two nostocalean strains, BACA0025 and BACA0031, were positive for both cyrB and cyrC genes and ESI-LC-MS/MS confirmed CYN production. Although these strains morphologically resemble Sphaerospermopsis, the 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis reveals that they probably belong to a new genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cordeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (R.L.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research—CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.A.); (V.V.)
| | - Rúben Luz
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (R.L.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research—CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.A.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Gonçalves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (R.L.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Amélia Fonseca
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (R.L.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
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Flores C, Caixach J. High Levels of Anabaenopeptins Detected in a Cyanobacteria Bloom from N.E. Spanish Sau-Susqueda-El Pasteral Reservoirs System by LC-HRMS. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090541. [PMID: 32842578 PMCID: PMC7551688 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of a bloom of cyanobacteria in the Sau-Susqueda-El Pasteral system (River Ter, NE Spain) in the autumn of 2015 has been the most recent episode of extensive bloom detected in Catalonia. This system is devoted mainly to urban supply, regulation of the river, irrigation and production of hydroelectric energy. In fact, it is one of the main supply systems for the metropolitan area of cities such as Barcelona and Girona. An assessment and management plan was implemented in order to minimize the risk associated to cyanobacteria. The reservoir was confined and periodic sampling was carried out. Low and high toxicity was detected by cell bioassays with human cell lines. Additionally, analysis studies were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS). A microcystin target analysis and suspect screening of microcystins, nodularins, cylindrosperpmopsin and related cyanobacterial peptides by LC–HRMS were applied. The results for the analysis of microcystins were negative (<0.3 μg/L) in all the surface samples. Only traces of microcystin-LR, -RR and -dmRR were detected by LC–HRMS in a few ng/L from both fractions, aqueous and sestonic. In contrast, different anabaenopeptins and oscillamide Y at unusually high concentrations (µg-mg/L) were observed. To our knowledge, no previous studies have detected these bioactive peptides at such high levels. The reliable identification of these cyanobacterial peptides was achieved by HRMS. Although recently these peptides are detected frequently worldwide, these bioactive compounds have received little attention. Therefore, more studies on these substances are recommended, especially on their toxicity, health risk and presence in water resources.
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Rao NRH, Granville AM, Wich PR, Henderson RK. Detailed algal extracellular carbohydrate-protein characterisation lends insight into algal solid-liquid separation process outcomes. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115833. [PMID: 32339864 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of algal solid-liquid separation processes has been impacted by the strong influence of algal extracellular organic matter (EOM), where the composition of proteins and carbohydrates and their associated interactions have been implicated. However, despite this, no studies have analysed the detailed protein and carbohydrate composition in EOM in relation to their impacts on separation. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the variety of carbohydrates and proteins present in the EOM of select algal and cyanobacterial samples and the associated separation performance to better understand the influence of specific biopolymers. The protein and carbohydrate composition of the EOM of three species - Microcystis aeruginosa CS-555/1, Chlorella vulgaris CS-42/7 and Microcystis aeruginosa CS-564/01, previously observed to result in variable treatment performance were investigated. The carbohydrates were analysed via high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) while the proteins were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Ten unique monosaccharides were identified; of these, the greatest proportion of charged uronic acid carbohydrates were present in the EOM of M. aeruginosa CS-564/01. The protein profiling revealed that M. aeruginosa CS-564/01 had a greater proportion and concentration of proteins >75 kDa when compared to M. aeruginosa CS-555/1 or C. vulgaris CS-42/7. It was determined that three serine- and two threonine-based proteins, detected in greater concentrations in M. aeruginosa CS-564/01 than CS-555/1, could covalently interact with carbohydrates (OHenderson et al., 2010a, 2010b-linked glycosylation). These proteins have the ability to form numerous localised networks with carbohydrates and cells in the presence of coagulant molecules, thereby providing a good hypothesis to explain the excellent treatment performance observed for M. aeruginosa CS-564/01 previously. It is proposed that the uronic acids in M. aeruginosa CS-564/01 could interact with proteins via glycosylation, explaining why the coagulant demand for this strain remained low despite the high charged carbohydrate concentration. Overall, it is proposed that process performance could be impacted by: (a) physicochemical characteristics and (b) carbohydrate-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R H Rao
- Algae and Organic Matter Laboratory (AOM Lab), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - A M Granville
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - P R Wich
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - R K Henderson
- Algae and Organic Matter Laboratory (AOM Lab), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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LeBlanc P, Merkley N, Thomas K, Lewis NI, Békri K, Renaud SL, Pick FR, McCarron P, Miles CO, Quilliam MA. Isolation and Characterization of [DLeu 1]microcystin-LY from Microcystis aeruginosa CPCC-464. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020077. [PMID: 31979406 PMCID: PMC7076857 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
[D-Leu1]MC-LY (1) ([M + H]+m/z 1044.5673, Δ 2.0 ppm), a new microcystin, was isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa strain CPCC-464. The compound was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS) and UV spectroscopy. A calibration reference material was produced after quantitation by 1H NMR spectroscopy and LC with chemiluminescence nitrogen detection. The potency of 1 in a protein phosphatase 2A inhibition assay was essentially the same as for MC-LR (2). Related microcystins, [D-Leu1]MC-LR (3) ([M + H]+m/z 1037.6041, Δ 1.0 ppm), [D-Leu1]MC-M(O)R (6) ([M + H]+m/z 1071.5565, Δ 2.0 ppm) and [D-Leu1]MC-MR (7) ([M + H]+m/z 1055.5617, Δ 2.2 ppm), were also identified in culture extracts, along with traces of [D-Leu1]MC-M(O2)R (8) ([M + H]+m/z 1087.5510, Δ 1.6 ppm), by a combination of chemical derivatization and LC–HRMS/MS experiments. The relative abundances of 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 in a freshly extracted culture in the positive ionization mode LC–HRMS were ca. 84, 100, 3.0, 11 and 0.05, respectively. These and other results indicate that [D-Leu1]-containing MCs may be more common in cyanobacterial blooms than is generally appreciated but are easily overlooked with standard targeted LC–MS/MS screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia LeBlanc
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Nadine Merkley
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Krista Thomas
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Nancy I. Lewis
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Khalida Békri
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Susan LeBlanc Renaud
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (S.L.R.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Frances R. Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (S.L.R.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Michael A. Quilliam
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Bouaïcha N, Miles CO, Beach DG, Labidi Z, Djabri A, Benayache NY, Nguyen-Quang T. Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120714. [PMID: 31817927 PMCID: PMC6950048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most widespread class of cyanotoxins and the one that has most often been implicated in cyanobacterial toxicosis. One of the main challenges in studying and monitoring MCs is the great structural diversity within the class. The full chemical structure of the first MC was elucidated in the early 1980s and since then, the number of reported structural analogues has grown steadily and continues to do so, thanks largely to advances in analytical methodology. The structures of some of these analogues have been definitively elucidated after chemical isolation using a combination of techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, amino acid analysis, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Others have only been tentatively identified using liquid chromatography-MS/MS without chemical isolation. An understanding of the structural diversity of MCs, the genetic and environmental controls for this diversity and the impact of structure on toxicity are all essential to the ongoing study of MCs across several scientific disciplines. However, because of the diversity of MCs and the range of approaches that have been taken for characterizing them, comprehensive information on the state of knowledge in each of these areas can be challenging to gather. We have conducted an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the identification and toxicity of known MCs and present here a concise review of these topics. At present, at least 279 MCs have been reported and are tabulated here. Among these, about 20% (55 of 279) appear to be the result of chemical or biochemical transformations of MCs that can occur in the environment or during sample handling and extraction of cyanobacteria, including oxidation products, methyl esters, or post-biosynthetic metabolites. The toxicity of many MCs has also been studied using a range of different approaches and a great deal of variability can be observed between reported toxicities, even for the same congener. This review will help clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural diversity of MCs as a class and the impacts of structure on toxicity, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(01)69154990; Fax: +33-(0)169155696
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Zineb Labidi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Amina Djabri
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Naila Yasmine Benayache
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Tri Nguyen-Quang
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro, B2N 5E3 Nova Scotia, Canada;
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D.C. Oliveira E, Castelo-Branco R, Silva L, Silva N, Azevedo J, Vasconcelos V, Faustino S, Cunha A. First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macapá, Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E669. [PMID: 31731712 PMCID: PMC6891726 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human poisoning by microcystin has been recorded in many countries, including Brazil, where fatal cases have already occurred. The Amazon River is the main source of drinking water in municipalities such as Macapá, where there is no monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. This study investigated the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in samples from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) that catches water from the Amazon River. The toxin analyses employed ELISA, LC/MS, and molecular screening for genes involved in the production of cyanotoxins. The sampling was carried out monthly from April 2015 to April 2016 at the intake (raw water) and exit (treated water) of the DWTP. This study reports the first detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in the Amazon River, the world's largest river, and in its treated water destined for drinking water purposes in Macapá, Brazil. The cyanobacterial density and MC-LR concentration were both low during the year. However, Limnothrix planctonica showed a density peak (± 900 cells mL-1) in the quarter of June-August 2015, when MC-LR was registered (2.1 µg L-1). Statistical analyses indicate that L. planctonica may produce the microcystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elane D.C. Oliveira
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Macapá, 68.903-197 Amapá, Brazil (L.S.); (N.S.)
- Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 68903-419 Amapá, Brazil; (S.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Raquel Castelo-Branco
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.C.-B.); (J.A.)
| | - Luis Silva
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Macapá, 68.903-197 Amapá, Brazil (L.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Natalina Silva
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Macapá, 68.903-197 Amapá, Brazil (L.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.C.-B.); (J.A.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.C.-B.); (J.A.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Silvia Faustino
- Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 68903-419 Amapá, Brazil; (S.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Alan Cunha
- Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 68903-419 Amapá, Brazil; (S.F.); (A.C.)
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10
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Bojadzija Savic G, Edwards C, Briand E, Lawton L, Wiegand C, Bormans M. Daphnia magna Exudates Impact Physiological and Metabolic Changes in Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070421. [PMID: 31330981 PMCID: PMC6669642 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the intracellular function of many toxic and bioactive cyanobacterial metabolites is not yet known, microcystins have been suggested to have a protective role in the cyanobacterial metabolism, giving advantage to toxic over nontoxic strains under stress conditions. The zooplankton grazer Daphnia reduce cyanobacterial dominance until a certain density, which may be supported by Daphnia exudates, affecting the cyanobacterial physiological state and metabolites’ production. Therefore, we hypothesized that D. magna spent medium will impact the production of cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites and affect cyanobacterial photosynthetic activity in the nontoxic, but not the toxic strain. Microcystin (MC-LR and des-MC-LR) producing M. aeruginosa PCC7806 and its non-microcystin producing mutant were exposed to spent media of different D. magna densities and culture durations. D. magna spent medium of the highest density (200/L) cultivated for the shortest time (24 h) provoked the strongest effect. D.magna spent medium negatively impacted the photosynthetic activity of M. aeruginosa PCC7806, as well as the dynamics of intracellular and extracellular cyanobacterial metabolites, while its mutant was unaffected. In the presence of Daphnia medium, microcystin does not appear to have a protective role for the strain. On the contrary, extracellular cyanopeptolin A increased in M. aeruginosa PCC7806 although the potential anti-grazing role of this compound would require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Enora Briand
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Linda Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | | | - Myriam Bormans
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO-UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France
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11
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Qian ZY, Chen X, Zhu HT, Shi JZ, Gong TT, Xian QM. Study on the cyanobacterial toxin metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa in nitrogen-starved conditions by a stable isotope labelling method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:558-564. [PMID: 30952000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biosynthesis of microcystins (MCs) was investigated after long-term nitrogen-starved conditions in cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. The results demonstrated that the algal cells were able to survive in a non-growing state with nitrogen starvation for more than one month. The physiological properties of the algal cells were studied to elucidate the mechanisms of viability under nitrogen-deprivation conditions. After the state of nitrogen chlorosis, new toxins could be resynthesized and tracked using 15N-stable isotope-labelled nitrogen. Nitrogen starvation of nutritionally replete cells resulted in a significant increase of microcystin-LY (MC-LY), thereby suggesting that MC-LY may undergo catabolism to provide nitrogen or that MC-LY may be produced to play an important role in the cell in response to nitrogen deprivation. The rank order of different types of nitrogen in algal cells assimilation was N-ammonium > N-urea > N-nitrate > N-alanine. The relationship between the production of toxin variants and various environmental conditions is an interesting issue for future research and may help improve the understanding of the ecological role of cyanobacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Yao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - He-Te Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun-Zhe Shi
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Wuxi, 214121, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi-Ming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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12
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Yilmaz M, Foss AJ, Miles CO, Özen M, Demir N, Balcı M, Beach DG. Comprehensive multi-technique approach reveals the high diversity of microcystins in field collections and an associated isolate of Microcystis aeruginosa from a Turkish lake. Toxicon 2019; 167:87-100. [PMID: 31181296 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic and potentially carcinogenic cyanotoxins. They exhibit high structural variability, with nearly 250 variants described to date. This variability can result in incomplete detection of MC variants during lake surveys due to the frequent use of targeted analytical methods and a lack of standards available for identification and quantitation. In this study, Lake Uluabat in Turkey was sampled during the summer of 2015. Phylogenetic analysis of the environmental mcyA sequences suggested Microcystis spp. were the major MC contributors. A combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography with UV detection and mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS), and a novel liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method, together with thiol and periodate reactivity, revealed more than 36 MC variants in the lake samples and a strain of M. aeruginosa (AQUAMEB-24) isolated from Lake Uluabat. Only MCs containing arginine at position-4 were detected in the culture, while MC-LA, -LY, -LW and -LF were also detected in the lake samples, suggesting the presence of other MC producers in the lake. The previously unreported MCs MC-(H2)YR (dihydrotyrosine at position-2) (17), [epoxyAdda5]MC-LR, [DMAdda5]MC-RR (1) and [Mser7]MC-RR (8) were detected in the culture and/or field samples. This study is a good example of how commonly used targeted LC-MS methods can underestimate the diversity of MCs in freshwater lakes and cyanobacteria cultures and how untargeted LC-MS methods can be used to comprehensively assess MC diversity present in a new system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mete Yilmaz
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, 16310, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Amanda J Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL, 32177, USA.
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Mihriban Özen
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, 16310, Bursa, Turkey; Bursa Uludağ University, Department of Biology, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Nilsun Demir
- Ankara University, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Engineering, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Muharrem Balcı
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, 16310, Bursa, Turkey; Istanbul University, Department of Biology, 34134, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Daniel G Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
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13
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Shishido TK, Jokela J, Humisto A, Suurnäkki S, Wahlsten M, Alvarenga DO, Sivonen K, Fewer DP. The Biosynthesis of Rare Homo-Amino Acid Containing Variants of Microcystin by a Benthic Cyanobacterium. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050271. [PMID: 31067786 PMCID: PMC6562525 DOI: 10.3390/md17050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are a family of chemically diverse hepatotoxins produced by distantly related cyanobacteria and are potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Here we provide evidence for the biosynthesis of rare variants of microcystin that contain a selection of homo-amino acids by the benthic cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. LP904c. This strain produces at least 16 microcystin chemical variants many of which contain homophenylalanine or homotyrosine. We retrieved the complete 54.2 kb microcystin (mcy) gene cluster from a draft genome assembly. Analysis of the substrate specificity of McyB1 and McyC adenylation domain binding pockets revealed divergent substrate specificity sequences, which could explain the activation of homo-amino acids which were present in 31% of the microcystins detected and included variants such as MC-LHty, MC-HphHty, MC-LHph and MC-HphHph. The mcy gene cluster did not encode enzymes for the synthesis of homo-amino acids but may instead activate homo-amino acids produced during the synthesis of anabaenopeptins. We observed the loss of microcystin during cultivation of a closely related strain, Phormidium sp. DVL1003c. This study increases the knowledge of benthic cyanobacterial strains that produce microcystin variants and broadens the structural diversity of known microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Keiko Shishido
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5D, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Humisto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Suvi Suurnäkki
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Danillo O Alvarenga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - David P Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Briand E, Reubrecht S, Mondeguer F, Sibat M, Hess P, Amzil Z, Bormans M. Chemically mediated interactions between Microcystis and Planktothrix: impact on their growth, morphology and metabolic profiles. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1552-1566. [PMID: 30485643 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria are known for their ability to produce bioactive compounds, some of which have been described as allelochemicals. Using a combined approach of co-cultures and analyses of metabolic profiles, we investigated chemically mediated interactions between two cyanobacterial strains, Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and Planktothrix agardhii PCC 7805. More precisely, we evaluated changes in growth, morphology and metabolite production and release by both interacting species. Co-culture of Microcystis with Planktothrix resulted in a reduction of the growth of Planktothrix together with a decrease of its trichome size and alterations in the morphology of its cells. The production of intracellular compounds by Planktothrix showed a slight decrease between monoculture and co-culture conditions. Concerning Microcystis, the number of intracellular compounds was higher under co-culture condition than under monoculture. Overall, Microcystis produced a lower number of intracellular compounds under monoculture than Planktothrix, and a higher number of intracellular compounds than Planktothrix under co-culture condition. Our investigation did not allow us to identify specifically the compounds causing the observed physiological and morphological changes of Planktothrix cells. However, altogether, these results suggest that co-culture induces specific compounds as a response by Microcystis to the presence of Planktothrix. Further studies should be undertaken for identification of such potential allelochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Briand
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France.,UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Rennes 1 University, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Philipp Hess
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Rennes 1 University, F-35042 Rennes, France
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15
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Attard TJ, Carter MD, Fang M, Johnson RC, Reid GE. Structural Characterization and Absolute Quantification of Microcystin Peptides Using Collision-Induced and Ultraviolet Photo-Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1812-1825. [PMID: 29845563 PMCID: PMC6088756 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) peptides produced by cyanobacteria pose a hepatotoxic threat to human health upon ingestion from contaminated drinking water. While rapid MC identification and quantification in contaminated body fluids or tissue samples is important for patient treatment and outcomes, conventional immunoassay-based measurement strategies typically lack the specificity required for unambiguous determination of specific MC variants, whose toxicity can significantly vary depending on their structures. Furthermore, the unambiguous identification and accurate quantitation of MC variants using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based methods can be limited due to a current lack of appropriate stable isotope-labeled internal standards. To address these limitations, we have systematically examined here the sequence and charge state dependence to the formation and absolute abundance of both "global" and "variant-specific" product ions from representative MC-LR, MC-YR, MC-RR, and MC-LA peptides, using higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD)-MS/MS, ion-trap collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS and CID-MS3, and 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UPVD)-MS/MS. HCD-MS/MS was found to provide the greatest detection sensitivity for both global and variant-specific product ions in each of the MC variants, except for MC-YR where a variant-specific product uniquely formed via UPVD-MS/MS was observed with the greatest absolute abundance. A simple methodology for the preparation and characterization of 18O-stable isotope-labeled MC reference materials for use as internal standards was also developed. Finally, we have demonstrated the applicability of the methods developed herein for absolute quantification of MC-LR present in human urine samples, using capillary scale liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution / accurate mass spectrometry and HCD-MS/MS. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Attard
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa D Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mengxuan Fang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Stewart AK, Strangman WK, Percy A, Wright JLC. The biosynthesis of 15N-labeled microcystins and the comparative MS/MS fragmentation of natural abundance and their 15N-labeled congeners using LC-MS/MS. Toxicon 2018; 144:91-102. [PMID: 29427567 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The global need for accurate and sensitive quantitation of microcystins (MCs) persists as incidents of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms continue to rise and recent research reveals an underestimation of the human health implications of these toxins. An optimal approach for their accurate quantitation relies on the availability of stable isotope-labeled MC standards for use in stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) strategies involving liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Due to the dearth of isotopically labeled MCs, ten different 15N-enriched MCs were biosynthesized from producing cultures and fully characterized. This involved the comparative MS/MS fragmentation of natural abundance or unlabeled metabolites with their 15N-labeled congeners for improved confidence in product ion annotation. These results revealed a series of incorrect annotations described previously in the literature. In this manuscript, the biosynthesis of labeled microcystin is detailed, and their complete analytical characterization for prospective use in targeted SIDA applications, such as routine water testing is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Stewart
- MARBIONC, UNC- Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Wendy K Strangman
- MARBIONC, UNC- Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Andrew Percy
- Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Department of Applications Development, 3 Highwood Drive, Tewksburg, MA 01876, USA
| | - Jeffrey L C Wright
- MARBIONC, UNC- Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA; UNC-Wilmington, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
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17
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Dziga D, Maksylewicz A, Maroszek M, Budzyńska A, Napiorkowska-Krzebietke A, Toporowska M, Grabowska M, Kozak A, Rosińska J, Meriluoto J. The biodegradation of microcystins in temperate freshwater bodies with previous cyanobacterial history. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:420-430. [PMID: 28772230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins occur in freshwater lakes and reservoirs all over the world. Bacterial degradation of microcystins (MC), hepatotoxins produced by several cyanobacterial species, has also been broadly documented. However, information regarding MC biodegradation in European water bodies is very limited. In this paper, the occurrence and identification of MC biodegradation products was documented for 21 European lakes and reservoirs, many of which have well-documented cyanobacterial bloom histories. Varying cyanobacterial abundance and taxonomical composition were documented and MC producers were found in all the analysed samples. Planktothrix agardhii was the most common cyanobacterial species and it formed mass occurrences in four lakes. MC biodegradation was observed in 86% of the samples (18 out of 21), and four products of dmMC-LR decomposition were detected by HPLC and LC-MS methods. The two main products were cyclic dmMC-LR with modifications in the Arg-Asp-Leu region; additionally one product was recognized as the tetrapeptide Adda-Glu-Mdha-Ala. The composition of the detected products suggested a new biochemical pathway of MC degradation. The results confirmed the hypothesis that microcystin biodegradation is a common phenomenon in central European waters and that it may occur by a mechanism which is different from the one previously reported. Such a finding implies the necessity to develop a more accurate methodology for screening bacteria with MC biodegradation ability. Furthermore, it warrants new basic and applied studies on the characterization and utilization of new MC-degrading strains and biodegradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Dziga
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Maksylewicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maroszek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Budzyńska
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Toporowska
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20262 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Grabowska
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Kozak
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Rosińska
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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18
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Bogialli S, Bortolini C, Di Gangi IM, Di Gregorio FN, Lucentini L, Favaro G, Pastore P. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric methods for the surveillance monitoring of cyanotoxins in freshwaters. Talanta 2017; 170:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Bouhaddada R, Nélieu S, Nasri H, Delarue G, Bouaïcha N. High diversity of microcystins in a Microcystis bloom from an Algerian lake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:836-844. [PMID: 27394081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyanobacterial heptapeptides, produced by several genera and species of cyanobacteria, which have been involved in poisoning of animals throughout the world and have also been implicated in human health problems. They are regarded as the most frequently occurring and widespread of the cyanotoxins, with more than 100 MC variants reported to date including the present study. The lake des Oiseaux is a shallow permanent freshwater lake located in north-eastern Algeria. It is an important natural reserve playing a major role for the migratory birds after the crossing of the Mediterranean Sea and from the Sahara desert. In recent years, possibly related to increased eutrophication of the lake, massive blooms of cyanobacteria identified as Microcystis spp. have been observed. A bloom sample collected in September 2013 was analyzed by the serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A inhibition assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine respectively, the total concentration of MCs and the different variants of these toxins present. The results revealed that the Microcystis spp. bloom sample contained microcystins of which 21 putatively congeners were detected. Among these, 12 known microcystins (MC-RR, MC-LR, MC-FR, MC-WR, MC-YR, MC-LA, MC-(H4)YR, MC-HilR, [Asp(3)]MC-RAba, and [Glu(OCH3)(6)]MC-LR) and two new congeners ([Asp(3)]MC-HarAba and [Glu(OCH3)(6)]MC-FR) were characterized, considering their molecular mass and the fragment ions produced by collision-induced dissociation of the [M+H](+) ions. MC-RR was the major (43.4%) in the bloom sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratiba Bouhaddada
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d'El Taref, Algeria
| | - Sylvie Nélieu
- UMR 1402 ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Hichem Nasri
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d'El Taref, Algeria
| | - Ghislaine Delarue
- UMR 1402 ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
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20
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Bóka B, Manczinger L, Kecskeméti A, Chandrasekaran M, Kadaikunnan S, Alharbi NS, Vágvölgyi C, Szekeres A. Ion trap mass spectrometry of surfactins produced by Bacillus subtilis SZMC 6179J reveals novel fragmentation features of cyclic lipopeptides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1581-90. [PMID: 27321846 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Surfactins are mixtures of cyclic lipopeptides consisting of variants of a heptapeptide and a linked β-hydroxy fatty acid with various chain lengths of 13-15 carbon atoms. A lactone bridge between the β-hydroxy functional group of the fatty acid and the carboxy terminal functional component of the peptide chain form their cyclic structures. Such lipopeptides, produced mainly by Bacillus species, possess several remarkable biological effects such as antitumor and antimicrobial activities, some of which are highly promising for utilization in plant disease biocontrol. The strain Bacillus subtilis SZMC 6179J was previously shown to exert significant antifungal properties against various phytopathogenic filamentous fungi; therefore, we characterized the structural features of the surfactins produced by this strain in order to explore the origin of the observed antagonistic effects of this potential biocontrol organism. METHODS Bacillus subtilis SZMC 6179J was used to produce surfactins, which were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-ITMS) techniques after precipitation and extraction steps. RESULTS The 26 isoforms separated and identified represent three types of known surfactin variants and a fourth, previously unknown group characterised by the replacement of the leucine residue by valine in position 2. The relative amounts of this newly identified surfactin group were below 1%, and their cyclic structures were closed by C13-C15 hydroxy fatty acids. The structural assessment of the isoforms by MS(2) measurements led to the characterisation and description of a new fragmentation mechanism of surfactins. CONCLUSIONS The detected new natural lipoheptapeptide compounds with modified structures have significant potential for biotechnological and biocontrol applications. The complementary ITMS(2) data as well as the described internal fragmentation mechanism obtained from the sodiated surfactin molecules may further facilitate the structural elucidation of cyclic lipopeptides in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bóka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Manczinger
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Kecskeméti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Muthusamy Chandrasekaran
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shine Kadaikunnan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naiyf S Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
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Zemskov I, Kropp HM, Wittmann V. Regioselective Cleavage of Thioether Linkages in Microcystin Conjugates. Chemistry 2016; 22:10990-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zemskov
- University of Konstanz; Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB); 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Heike M. Kropp
- University of Konstanz; Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB); 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- University of Konstanz; Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB); 78457 Konstanz Germany
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22
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Briand E, Humbert JF, Tambosco K, Bormans M, Gerwick WH. Role of bacteria in the production and degradation of Microcystis cyanopeptides. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:469-78. [PMID: 26918405 PMCID: PMC4905998 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The freshwater cyanobacteria, Microcystis sp., commonly form large colonies with bacteria embedded in their mucilage. Positive and negative interactions between Microcystis species and their associated bacteria have been reported. However, the potential role of bacteria in the production and degradation of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites has not been investigated. In this study, a Microcystis‐associated bacterial community was isolated and added to the axenic M. aeruginosaPCC7806 liquid culture. After 3 years of cocultivation, we studied the bacterial genetic diversity adapted to the PCC7806 strain and compared the intra‐ and extracellular concentration of major cyanopeptides produced by the cyanobacterial strain under xenic and axenic conditions. Mass spectrometric analyses showed that the intracellular concentration of peptides was not affected by the presence of bacteria. Interestingly, the produced peptides were detected in the axenic media but could not be found in the xenic media. This investigation revealed that a natural bacterial community, dominated by Alpha‐proteobacteria, was able to degrade a wide panel of structurally varying cyclic cyanopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Briand
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, University of Rennes 1, Rennes Cedex, 35042, France.,Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | | | | | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, University of Rennes 1, Rennes Cedex, 35042, France
| | - William H Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
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23
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Teta R, Sala GD, Glukhov E, Gerwick L, Gerwick WH, Mangoni A, Costantino V. Combined LC-MS/MS and Molecular Networking Approach Reveals New Cyanotoxins from the 2014 Cyanobacterial Bloom in Green Lake, Seattle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14301-10. [PMID: 26567695 PMCID: PMC4851459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins obtained from a freshwater cyanobacterial collection at Green Lake, Seattle during a cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom in the summer of 2014 were studied using a new approach based on molecular networking analysis of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data. This MS networking approach is particularly well-suited for the detection of new cyanotoxin variants and resulted in the discovery of three new cyclic peptides, namely microcystin-MhtyR (6), which comprised about half of the total microcystin content in the bloom, and ferintoic acids C (12) and D (13). Structure elucidation of 6 was aided by a new microscale methylation procedure. Metagenomic analysis of the bloom using the 16S-ITS rRNA region identified Microcystis aeruginosa as the predominant cyanobacterium in the sample. Fragments of the putative biosynthetic genes for the new cyanotoxins were also identified, and their sequences correlated to the structure of the isolated cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Teta
- The NeaNat Group (www.neanat.unina.it), Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gerardo Della Sala
- The NeaNat Group (www.neanat.unina.it), Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0212, La Jolla, CA 92093-0212, USA
| | - Lena Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0212, La Jolla, CA 92093-0212, USA
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0212, La Jolla, CA 92093-0212, USA
| | - Alfonso Mangoni
- The NeaNat Group (www.neanat.unina.it), Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Costantino
- The NeaNat Group (www.neanat.unina.it), Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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24
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Briand E, Bormans M, Gugger M, Dorrestein PC, Gerwick WH. Changes in secondary metabolic profiles of Microcystis aeruginosa strains in response to intraspecific interactions. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:384-400. [PMID: 25980449 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacteria Microcystis proliferate in freshwater ecosystems and produce bioactive compounds including the harmful toxins microcystins (MC). These secondary metabolites play an important role in shaping community composition through biotic interactions although their role and mode of regulation are poorly understood. As natural cyanobacterial populations include producing and non-producing strains, we tested if the production of a range of peptides by coexisting cells could be regulated through intraspecific interactions. With an innovative co-culturing chamber together with advanced mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, we monitored the growth and compared the metabolic profiles of a MC-producing as well as two non-MC-producing Microcystis strains under mono- and co-culture conditions. In monocultures, these strains grew comparably; however, the non-MC-producing mutant produced higher concentrations of cyanopeptolins, aerucyclamides and aeruginosins than the wild type. Physiological responses to co-culturing were reflected in a quantitative change in the production of the major peptides. Using a MS/MS-based molecular networking approach, we identified new analogues of known classes of peptides as well as new compounds. This work provides new insights into the factors that regulate the production of MC and other secondary metabolites in cyanobacteria, and suggests interchangeable or complementary functions allowing bloom-forming cyanobacteria to efficiently colonize and dominate in fluctuating aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Briand
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, University of Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.,Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, University of Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Collection of Cyanobacteria, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - William H Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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25
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Wu X, Yan Y, Wang P, Ni L, Gao J, Dai R. Effect of urea on growth and microcystins production of Microcystis aeruginosa. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 181:72-77. [PMID: 25638406 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of urea on the growth and toxin content of Microcystis aeruginosa isolated from Dianchi Lake in China were investigated. Experiments were carried out in lab using (15)N isotopic technique to characterize urea-N biosynthesis to microcystins. High urea concentration (3.6 mmol-N L(-1)) would restrict the growth of M.aeruginosa and the production of microcystin-LR, while low urea concentration (0.4-1.4 mmol-N L(-1)) would promote the growth of M.aeruginosa and the production of microcystin-LR. The (15)N labeling experiment further demonstrated that there existed selectivity when M.aeruginosa assimilated urea to form its structure. The majority of M.aeruginosa assimilated 1 urea molecule at first which was biosynthesized into the Ala or Leu residue. On day 18, The m/z=1004 parent ion assimilated 9 (15)N except that the Mdha residue did not assimilate any urea-(15)N. The results give deeper insight to the biosynthesis of urea into microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhao Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yangwei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pinfei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lanqi Ni
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiayi Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruihua Dai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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26
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Puddick J, Prinsep MR, Wood SA, Cary SC, Hamilton DP, Holland PT. Further characterization of glycine-containing microcystins from the McMurdo dry Valleys of Antarctica. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:493-515. [PMID: 25675414 PMCID: PMC4344637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are hepatotoxic cyclic peptides produced by several cyanobacterial genera worldwide. In 2008, our research group identified eight new glycine-containing microcystin congeners in two hydro-terrestrial mat samples from the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Eastern Antarctica. During the present study, high-resolution mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis and micro-scale thiol derivatization were used to further elucidate their structures. The Antarctic microcystin congeners contained the rare substitution of the position-1 ᴅ-alanine for glycine, as well as the acetyl desmethyl modification of the position-5 Adda moiety (3S-amino-9S-methoxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid). Amino acid analysis was used to determine the stereochemistry of several of the amino acids and conclusively demonstrated the presence of glycine in the microcystins. A recently developed thiol derivatization technique showed that each microcystin contained dehydrobutyrine in position-7 instead of the commonly observed N-methyl dehydroalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen Craig Cary
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - David P Hamilton
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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27
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Qi Y, Rosso L, Sedan D, Giannuzzi L, Andrinolo D, Volmer DA. Seven new microcystin variants discovered from a native Microcystis aeruginosa strain--unambiguous assignment of product ions by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:220-224. [PMID: 25641497 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to the study of a Microcystis aeruginosa strain previously reported as a [D-Leu(1)]MC-LR producer. Detailed analysis revealed new microcystin (MC) variants produced from the strain, and seven of these were previously unreported variants. This work shows the importance of mass accuracy for the identification of unknown MCs. METHODS The M. aeruginosa strain was isolated from a bloom sample collected from Argentina and acclimated to lab conditions. The MC variants in the strain were separated by UV/Vis detection-guided high-performance liquid chromatography, and their structures were unambiguous determined by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). RESULTS A simple strategy was developed for quickly locating the low-abundance MC precursors from complex samples. MS/MS anlysis revealed ten MC variants produced from the strain, of which seven have never been reported before. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the interference of isobarics and isomers in the study of unknown MCs, and, therefore, high mass accuracy is important to avoid false assignments. Moreover, the peak list provided here (30-50 fragments unambiguously assigned for ten MCs) can be used as a reference for the discovery of MCs from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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28
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Miles CO, Melanson JE, Ballot A. Sulfide oxidations for LC-MS analysis of methionine-containing microcystins in Dolichospermum flos-aquae NIVA-CYA 656. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13307-13315. [PMID: 25333659 DOI: 10.1021/es5029102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptides produced by a range of cyanobacteria. More than 150 microcystin analogues have been reported from cultures, algal blooms, or other contaminated samples. Relatively few analytical standards are available, making identification and quantitation of these toxins a challenge, even with LC-MS technology. We developed a two-step oxidative procedure that allows LC-MS identification of microcystins containing methionine and methionine sulfoxide, and reveals the oxidation state of the methionyl sulfur atom. The procedure was used in parallel with mercaptoethanol derivatization and LC-MS(2) analysis to demonstrate the presence of [Asp(3)]MC-MR (12) and MC-MR (17) in a culture of Dolichospermum flos-aquae, together with low levels of [Asp(3)]MC-M(O)R (5) and MC-M(O)R (7), as well as 20 other microcystins. Fresh culture contained only traces of sulfoxides 5 and 7, but these increased during storage or sample extraction and preparation. This suggests that microcystins containing methionine sulfoxide are primarily postextraction oxidation artifacts, rather than being produced by biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. A simple, rapid extraction under inert gas followed promptly by LC-MS analysis minimized oxidation artifacts for D. flos-aquae.
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29
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Chang J, Chen ZL, Wang Z, Shen JM, Chen Q, Kang J, Yang L, Liu XW, Nie CX. Ozonation degradation of microcystin-LR in aqueous solution: intermediates, byproducts and pathways. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 63:52-61. [PMID: 24981743 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The intermediates and byproducts formed during the ozonation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR, m/z = 995.5) and the probable degradation pathway were investigated at different initial molar ratios of ozone to MC-LR ([O3]0/[MC-LR]0). Seven reaction intermediates with m/z ≥ 795.4 were observed by LC/MS, and four of them (m/z = 815.4, 827.3, 853.3 and 855.3) have not been previously reported. Meanwhile, six aldehyde-based byproducts with molecular weights of 30-160 were detected for the first time. Intermediates structures demonstrated that ozone reacted with two sites of MC-LR: the diene bonds in the Adda side chain and the Mdha amino acid in the cyclic structure. The fragment from the Adda side chain oxidative cleavage could be further oxidized to an aldehyde with a molecular weight of 160 at low [O3]0/[MC-LR]0. Meanwhile, the polypeptide structure of MC-LR was difficult to be further oxidized, unless [O3]0/[MC-LR]0 > 10. After further oxidation of the intermediates, five other aldehyde-based byproducts were detected by GC/MS: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Formaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde and methylglyoxal were the dominant species. The yields of the aldehydes varied greatly, depending on the value of [O3]0/[MC-LR]0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhong-lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ji-min Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiao-wei Liu
- Institute of Municipal Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chang-xin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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30
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Qi Y, Bortoli S, Volmer DA. Detailed study of cyanobacterial microcystins using high performance tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1253-1262. [PMID: 24781456 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are a large group of toxic cyclic peptides, produced by cyanobacteria in eutrophic water systems. Identification of MC variants mostly relies on liquid chromatography (LC) combined with collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry. Deviations from the essential amino acid complement are a common feature of these natural products, which makes the CID analysis more difficult and not always successful. Here, both CID and electron capture dissociation (ECD) were applied in combination with ultra-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to study a cyanobacteria strain isolated from the Salto Grande Reservoir in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, without prior LC separation. CID was shown to be an effective dissociation technique for quickly identifying the MC variants, even those that have previously been difficult to characterize by CID. Moreover, ECD provided even more detailed and complementary information, which enabled us to precisely locate metal binding sites of MCs for the first time. This additional information will be important for environmental chemists to study MC accumulation and production in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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31
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Niedermeyer THJ, Daily A, Swiatecka-Hagenbruch M, Moscow JA. Selectivity and potency of microcystin congeners against OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 expressing cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91476. [PMID: 24614281 PMCID: PMC3948918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are potent phosphatase inhibitors and cellular toxins. They require active transport by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters for uptake into human cells, and the high expression of these transporters in the liver accounts for their selective hepatic toxicity. Several human tumors have been shown to have high levels of expression of OATP1B3 but not OATP1B1, the main transporter in liver cells. We hypothesized that microcystin variants could be isolated that are transported preferentially by OATP1B3 relative to OATP1B1 to advance as anticancer agents with clinically tolerable hepatic toxicity. Microcystin variants have been isolated and tested for cytotoxicity in cancer cells stably transfected with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters. Microcystin variants with cytotoxic OATP1B1/OATP1B3 IC50 ratios that ranged between 0.2 and 32 were found, representing a 150-fold range in transporter selectivity. As microcystin structure has a significant impact on transporter selectivity, it is potentially possible to develop analogs with even more pronounced OATP1B3 selectivity and thus enable their development as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo H. J. Niedermeyer
- Cyano Biotech GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Abigail Daily
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Moscow
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Niedermeyer THJ, Schmieder P, Kurmayer R. Isolation of Microcystins from the Cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens Strain No80. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:37-45. [PMID: 24660135 PMCID: PMC3956966 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-013-0001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Three minor microcystins have been isolated from a Planktothrix rubescens strain. Their structures have been elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry as the compounds [Asp(3),(E)-Dhb(7)]MC-LY (1), [Asp(3),(E)-Dhb(7)]MC-HtyW (2), and [Asp(3),(E)-Dhb(7)]MC-LW (3). The amino acids found at the variable positions 2 and 4 of the microcystin core structure are in accordance with the predicted amino acid substrate activation selectivities of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases McyA and McyB described earlier for this strain. All structural microcystin variants produced by this strain were shown to inhibit protein phosphatase 1 in the nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo H. J. Niedermeyer
- Cyano Biotech GmbH, Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Kurmayer
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
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Bortoli S, Volmer DA. Account: characterization and identification of microcystins by mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:1-19. [PMID: 24881451 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this brief overview, the authors describe mass spectral techniques for the detection and identification of microcystin toxins. Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. Determination of these toxic compounds and discovery of new variants is very important as they pose a great danger to the human food chain. Cyanobacterial blooms frequently occur in many areas worldwide and have the potential to contaminate the water via cyanotoxin release, especially microcystins. Among the various analytical techniques used for analysis, mass spectrometry has become the most important method as it allows simultaneous quantification and structural characterization of multiple microcystin variants. This brief overview article focuses on mass spectrometry techniques for identification of microcystins, including ionization methods, mass spectral fragmentation routes, profiling techniques, tandem and high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as typing of cyanobacterial strains.
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Milman BL, Zhurkovich IK. Tandem mass spectral library of microcystins and related compounds. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813140074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Identification of microcystins in a Lake Victoria cyanobacterial bloom using LC–MS with thiol derivatization. Toxicon 2013; 70:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Miles CO, Sandvik M, Haande S, Nonga H, Ballot A. LC-MS analysis with thiol derivatization to differentiate [Dhb(7)]- from [Mdha(7)]-microcystins: analysis of cyanobacterial blooms, Planktothrix cultures and European crayfish from Lake Steinsfjorden, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4080-4087. [PMID: 23531156 DOI: 10.1021/es305202p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic studies showed that [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-RR reacted with mercaptoethanol hundreds of times more slowly than MC-RR and a range of other [Mdha(7)]-containing microcystin congeners. The difference in reaction rate was sufficiently large that derivatization of microcystin-containing samples with mercaptoethanol, followed by LC-MS analysis, clearly discriminated between microcystins containing the isobaric [Dhb(7)]- and [Mdha(7)]-groups. Application of this approach, using LC-MS with both-ion trap and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers, to water samples and Planktothrix cultures from Lake Steinsfjorden, Norway, demonstrated the presence of [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-RR (5), [Asp(3)]MC-RY (14), and [Asp(3)]MC-LY (16), as well as analogues tentatively identified as [Asp(3)]MC-RR (4), [Asp(3), DMAdda(5), Dhb(7)]MC-LR (6), [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-HtyR (8), [Asp(3)]MC-HtyR (9), [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-LR (10), [Asp(3)]MC-LR (11), [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-RY (15), and [Asp(3), Dhb(7)]MC-LY (17), together with low levels of several other analogues. This is the first use of this thiol-based LC-MS approach to identify Dhb-containing microcystins, and allowed identification of LC-MS peaks in a mixture of [Mdha(7)]- and [Dhb(7)]-congeners of [Asp(3)]MC-RR (4, 5), -RY (14, 15), and -LY (16, 17) in the samples from L. Steinsfjorden. This is also the first report of MC-RY-congeners outside of Africa, or in Planktothrix spp. Analysis of European crayfish (Astacus astacus) taken from L. Steinsfjorden revealed the presence of only trace levels of microcystins in the edible parts.
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Niedermeyer THJ, Strohalm M. mMass as a software tool for the annotation of cyclic peptide tandem mass spectra. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44913. [PMID: 23028676 PMCID: PMC3441486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural or synthetic cyclic peptides often possess pronounced bioactivity. Their mass spectrometric characterization is difficult due to the predominant occurrence of non-proteinogenic monomers and the complex fragmentation patterns observed. Even though several software tools for cyclic peptide tandem mass spectra annotation have been published, these tools are still unable to annotate a majority of the signals observed in experimentally obtained mass spectra. They are thus not suitable for extensive mass spectrometric characterization of these compounds. This lack of advanced and user-friendly software tools has motivated us to extend the fragmentation module of a freely available open-source software, mMass (http://www.mmass.org), to allow for cyclic peptide tandem mass spectra annotation and interpretation. The resulting software has been tested on several cyanobacterial and other naturally occurring peptides. It has been found to be superior to other currently available tools concerning both usability and annotation extensiveness. Thus it is highly useful for accelerating the structure confirmation and elucidation of cyclic as well as linear peptides and depsipeptides.
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Miles CO, Sandvik M, Nonga HE, Rundberget T, Wilkins AL, Rise F, Ballot A. Thiol derivatization for LC-MS identification of microcystins in complex matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8937-8944. [PMID: 22834560 DOI: 10.1021/es301808h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of cyclic heptapeptides originating from cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria also produce a range of peptides and other compounds that can result in complex chromatograms when samples are analyzed by LC-MS. Derivatization with appropriate thiols (e.g., mercaptoethanol) of the olefin in the α,β-unsaturated amide present in most microcystins was shown to simplify analysis of LC-MS chromatograms of sample extracts, making it much easier to identify peaks corresponding to candidate microcystins. Furthermore, interpretation of MS(2) spectra was facilitated by addition of the mass associated with the thiol to the α,β-unsaturated amide of microcystins. Cyanotoxins containing Mdha or Dha reacted readily with thiols, whereas Mser, Ser, Mdhb, and thiol-derivatives of Mdha or Dha did not react under the conditions used. This approach therefore provides a convenient LC-MS method to obtain evidence for the presence of Mdha or Dha and can likely be used to differentiate between the isobaric amino acids Mdha and Dhb in candidate cyanotoxin peaks. When O-(2-mercaptoethyl)-O'-methyl-hexa(ethylene glycol) (MEMHEG) (M(w)t. 356) was used as the thiol, the resulting derivatives eluted in an LC-MS mass window that was largely free of interferences. This approach simplifies detection of candidate microcystin analogues even in the presence of complex mixtures of coeluting components. The method was used for qualitative analysis of a Microcystis aeruginosa culture from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, and the results were verified using precursor-ion scanning and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Dörr FA, Oliveira-Silva D, Lopes NP, Iglesias J, Volmer DA, Pinto E. Dissociation of deprotonated microcystin variants by collision-induced dissociation following electrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1981-1992. [PMID: 21698681 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are a family of hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by a number of different cyanobacterial species. Considering the recent advances in the characterization of deprotonated peptides by mass spectrometry, the fragmentation behavior of four structurally related microcystin compounds was investigated using collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments on an orbitrap mass spectrometer. It is demonstrated in this study that significant structural information can be obtained from the CID spectra of deprotonated microcystins. A predominant ring-opening reaction at the isoMeAsp residue, as well as two major complementary fragmentation pathways, was observed, reducing the complexity of the product ion spectra in comparison with spectra observed from protonated species. This proposed fragmentation behavior was applied to characterize [Leu(1)]MC-LR from a cyanobacterial cell extract. In conclusion, CID spectra of microcystins in the negative ion mode provide rich structurally informative mass spectra which greatly enhance confidence in structural assignments, in particular when combined with complementary positive ion CID spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Augusto Dörr
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Berlinck RGS, Burtoloso ACB, Trindade-Silva AE, Romminger S, Morais RP, Bandeira K, Mizuno CM. The chemistry and biology of organic guanidine derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1871-907. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Xu W, Chen Q, Zhang T, Cai Z, Jia X, Xie Q, Ren Y. Development and application of ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for determination of seven microcystins in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 626:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mayumi T, Kato H, Kawasaki Y, Harada KI. Formation of diagnostic product ions from cyanobacterial cyclic peptides by the two-bond fission mechanism using ion trap liquid chromatography/multi-stage mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1025-33. [PMID: 17318805 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Product ions obtained by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) are quite effective for the amino acid sequencing of linear peptides. However, in the case of cyclic peptides, the fragmentation pattern is complicated because the cleavages occur randomly and product ions are generated as a(n), b(n), c(n), x(n), y(n) and z(n) series ions; therefore, the authors have never obtained sufficient sequence information. In order to overcome this problem, we applied ion trap liquid chromatography/multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)) and characterized the product ions obtained from anabaenopeptins and aeruginopeptins as the cyclic peptides. For the anabaenopeptins, MS(2) analysis did not provide sufficient sequence information on the cyclic structure, and MS(3) analysis was applied to sequence the constituent amino acids. Diagnostic product ions were obtained by the MS(3) analysis and were quite effective for obtaining the sequence information of the constituent amino acids. MS(2) analysis was, however, sufficient to obtain the sequence information of the aeruginopeptins. In both cases, the resulting product ions obtained from the cyclic structures were formed by the two-bond fission mechanism of the precursor ion, in which an initial fission of the cyclic structure to a linear one and subsequent fission(s) at the peptide bonds are included. The fragmentations were similar for the structurally related compounds, indicating that the cleavages occurred at definite peptide bonds. In addition, the resulting product ions are generated as b(n) series ions and the mass difference facilitates the amino acid sequencing. Thus, ion trap LC/MS(n) provides sequence information, and the resulting product ions are reproducible among the structurally related compounds and reliable for the sequencing of the constituent amino acids of the cyclic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mayumi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Science, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
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