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Yan B, Liao P, Cheng F, Wang C, Zhang J, Han Z, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang W, Li M, Li D, Chen F, Lei P. Identification of toll-like receptor 2 as a key regulator of neuronal apoptosis in vascular dementia by bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Exp Gerontol 2024; 193:112464. [PMID: 38797288 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dementia (VaD), the second most prevalent type of dementia, lacks a well-defined cause and effective treatment. Our objective was to utilize bioinformatics analysis to discover the fundamental disease-causing genes and pathological mechanisms in individuals diagnosed with VaD. METHODS To identify potential pathogenic genes associated with VaD, we conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), differential expression analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. The exploration of potential biological mechanisms involved the utilization of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Moreover, a bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) mouse model of VaD was established, and the expression of the hub gene, its relationship with cognitive function and its potential pathogenic mechanism were verified by cognitive behavior tests, cerebral blood flow measurement, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence experiments. RESULTS This study identified 293 DEGs from the brain cortex of VaD patients and healthy controls, among these genes, the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene was identified as hub gene, and it was associated with the apoptosis-related pathway PI3K/AKT.The BCAS model demonstrated that the use of TLR2 inhibitors greatly enhanced the cognitive function of the mice (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a notable decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in the brain cortex of the mice (p < 0.01). Moreover, significant alterations in the levels of proteins related to the PI3K/AKT pathway and cleaved-caspase3 proteins were detected (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TLR2 plays a role in the pathophysiology of VaD by enhancing the neuronal apoptotic pathway, suggesting it could be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Conglin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Jieying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, 300052, China
| | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Meimei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China..
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China.
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Josić Dominović P, Dobrivojević Radmilović M, Srakočić S, Mišerić I, Škokić S, Gajović S. Validation and application of caged Z-DEVD-aminoluciferin bioluminescence for assessment of apoptosis of wild type and TLR2-deficient mice after ischemic stroke. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 253:112871. [PMID: 38402658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a critically important mechanism of tissue remodeling and regulates conditions such as cancer, neurodegeneration or stroke. The aim of this research article was to assess the caged Z-DEVD-aminoluciferin substrate for in vivo monitoring of apoptosis after ischemic stroke in TLR2-deficient mice and their TLR2-expressing counterparts. Postischemic inflammation is a significant contributor to ischemic injury development and apoptosis, and it is modified by the TLR2 receptor. Caged Z-DEVD-aminoluciferin is made available for bioluminescence enzymatic reaction by cleavage with activated caspase-3, and therefore it is assumed to be capable of reporting and measuring apoptosis. Apoptosis was investigated for 28 days after stroke in mice which ubiquitously expressed the firefly luciferase transgene. Middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed to achieve ischemic injury, which was followed with magnetic resonance imaging. The scope of apoptosis was determined by bioluminescence with caged Z-DEVD-aminoluciferin, immunofluorescence with activated caspase-3, flow cytometry with annexin-V and TUNEL assay. The linearity of Z-DEVD-aminoluciferin substrate dose effect was shown in the murine brain. Z-DEVD-aminoluciferin was validated as a good tool for monitoring apoptosis following adequate adjustment. By utilizing bioluminescence of Z-DEVD-aminoluciferin after ischemic stroke it was shown that TLR2-deficient mice had lower post-stroke apoptosis than TLR2-expressing wild type mice. In conclusion, Z-DEVD-aminoluciferin could be a valuable tool for apoptosis measurement in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Josić Dominović
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, BIMIS - Biomedical Research Center Šalata, and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Dobrivojević Radmilović
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, BIMIS - Biomedical Research Center Šalata, and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Srakočić
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, BIMIS - Biomedical Research Center Šalata, and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Mišerić
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, BIMIS - Biomedical Research Center Šalata, and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Škokić
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, BIMIS - Biomedical Research Center Šalata, and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Gajović
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, BIMIS - Biomedical Research Center Šalata, and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
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3
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Djurišić M. Immune receptors and aging brain. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20222267. [PMID: 38299364 PMCID: PMC10866841 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging brings about a myriad of degenerative processes throughout the body. A decrease in cognitive abilities is one of the hallmark phenotypes of aging, underpinned by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration occurring in the brain. This review focuses on the role of different immune receptors expressed in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. We will discuss how immune receptors in the brain act as sentinels and effectors of the age-dependent shift in ligand composition. Within this 'old-age-ligand soup,' some immune receptors contribute directly to excessive synaptic weakening from within the neuronal compartment, while others amplify the damaging inflammatory environment in the brain. Ultimately, chronic inflammation sets up a positive feedback loop that increases the impact of immune ligand-receptor interactions in the brain, leading to permanent synaptic and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Djurišić
- Departments of Biology, Neurobiology, and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
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4
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Tian L, Cao G, Zhu X, Wang L, Hou J, Zhang Y, Xu H, Wang L, Wang S, Zhao C, Yang H, Zhang J. Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Unveil the Neuroprotection Mechanism of AnGong NiuHuang (AGNH) Pill Against Ischaemic Stroke Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04016-8. [PMID: 38401045 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
As a famous prescription in China, AnGong NiuHuang (AGNH) pill exerts good neuroprotection for ischaemic stroke (IS), but its mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the neuroprotection of AGNH was evaluated in the rat IS model which were established with the surgery of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and the potential mechanism was elucidated by transcriptomic analysis and metabolomic analysis. AGNH treatment obviously decreased the infarct volume and Zea-Longa 5-point neurological deficit scores, improved the survival percentage of rats, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and rat activity distance and activity time. Transcriptomics showed that AGNH exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by affecting the regulatory network including Tyrobp, Syk, Tlr2, Myd88 and Ccl2 as the core. Integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics identified 8 key metabolites regulated by AGNH, including L-histidine, L-serine, L-alanine, fumaric acid, malic acid, and N-(L-arginino) succinate, 1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate and 1-methylhistamine in the rats with IS. Additionally, AGNH obviously reduced Tyrobp, Syk, Tlr2, Myd88 and Ccl2 at both the mRNA and protein levels, decreased IL-1β, KC-GRO, IL-13, TNF-α, cleaved caspase 3 and p65 nucleus translocation, but increased IκBα expression. Network pharmacology analysis showed that quercetin, beta-sitosterol, baicalein, naringenin, acacetin, berberine and palmatine may play an important role in protecting against IS. Taken together, this study reveals that AGNH reduced neuroinflammation and protected against IS by inhibiting Tyrobp/Syk and Tlr2/Myd88, as well as NF-κB signalling pathway and regulating multiple metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guangzhao Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lihan Wang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jingyi Hou
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - He Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shicong Wang
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
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5
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Bai M, Sun R, Cao B, Feng J, Wang J. Monocyte-related cytokines/chemokines in cerebral ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3693-3712. [PMID: 37452512 PMCID: PMC10651979 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and the most common cause of disability in Western countries. Multiple mechanisms contribute to the development and progression of ischemic stroke, and inflammation is one of the most important mechanisms. DISCUSSION Ischemia induces the release of adenosine triphosphate/reactive oxygen species, which activates immune cells to produce many proinflammatory cytokines that activate downstream inflammatory cascades to induce fatal immune responses. Research has confirmed that peripheral blood immune cells play a vital role in the immunological cascade after ischemic stroke. The role of monocytes has received much attention among numerous peripheral blood immune cells. Monocytes induce their effects by secreting cytokines or chemokines, including CCL2/CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CD36, CX3CL1/CX3CR1, CXCL12(SDF-1), LFA-1/ICAM-1, Ly6C, MMP-2/9, NR4A1, P2X4R, P-selectin, CD40L, TLR2/4, and VCAM-1/VLA-4. Those factors play important roles in the process of monocyte recruitment, migration, and differentiation. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the function and mechanism of the cytokines secreted by monocytes in the process of ischemic stroke and provides novel targets for treating cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Bai
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruize Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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6
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Meteva D, Vinci R, Seppelt C, Abdelwahed YS, Pedicino D, Nelles G, Skurk C, Haghikia A, Rauch-Kröhnert U, Gerhardt T, Straessler E, Zhao Y, Golla F, Joner M, Rai H, Kratzer A, Arnal HG, Liuzzo G, Klotsche J, Crea F, Landmesser U, Leistner DM, Kränkel N. Toll-like receptor 2, hyaluronan, and neutrophils play a key role in plaque erosion: the OPTICO-ACS study. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:3892-3907. [PMID: 37381760 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In one-third of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), thrombosis occurs despite an intact fibrous cap (IFC) (IFC-ACS, 'plaque erosion'). Recent studies emphasize neutrophils as the immediate inflammatory response in this pathology, but their exact molecular activation patterns are still poorly understood and may represent future therapeutic targets. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-two patients with IFC-ACS and matched patients with ACS with ruptured fibrous cap (RFC) (RFC-ACS) from the OPTICO-ACS study were included, and blood samples were collected from the local site of the culprit lesion and the systemic circulation. Neutrophil surface marker expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Neutrophil cytotoxicity towards endothelial cells was examined in an ex vivo co-culture assay. Secretion of active matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) by neutrophils was evaluated using zymography in supernatants and in plasma samples. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-embedded thrombi were used for immunofluorescence analysis. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression was higher on neutrophils from IFC-ACS than RFC-ACS patients. TLR2 stimulation increased the release of active MMP9 from local IFC-ACS-derived neutrophils, which also aggravated endothelial cell death independently of TLR2. Thrombi of IFC-ACS patients exhibited more hyaluronidase 2 with concomitant increase in local plasma levels of the TLR2 ligand: hyaluronic acid. CONCLUSION The current study provides first in-human evidence for distinct TLR2-mediated neutrophil activation in IFC-ACS, presumably triggered by elevated soluble hyaluronic acid. Together with disturbed flow conditions, neutrophil-released MMP9 might be promoting endothelial cell loss-triggered thrombosis and therefore providing a potential future target for a phenotype-specific secondary therapeutic approach in IFC-ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Meteva
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Ramona Vinci
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Claudio Seppelt
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60598, Germany
| | - Youssef S Abdelwahed
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Daniela Pedicino
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Gregor Nelles
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Carsten Skurk
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Arash Haghikia
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauch-Kröhnert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Teresa Gerhardt
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Straessler
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Felix Golla
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Michael Joner
- Department of Cardiology and ISAR Research Centre, German Heart Centre Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, Munich 80636, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Himanshu Rai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Dublin, Mater Private Network, 73 Eccles Street, Dublin D07 YH66, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St. Stephan's Green, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Adelheid Kratzer
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Hector Giral Arnal
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Giovanna Liuzzo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Jens Klotsche
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) and Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economy, Charitė University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charite Mitte, Charitėplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - David M Leistner
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60598, Germany
| | - Nicolle Kränkel
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
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7
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Sim J, Park J, Moon JS, Lim J. Dysregulation of inflammasome activation in glioma. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:239. [PMID: 37723542 PMCID: PMC10506313 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common brain tumors characterized by complicated heterogeneity. The genetic, molecular, and histological pathology of gliomas is characterized by high neuro-inflammation. The inflammatory microenvironment in the central nervous system (CNS) has been closely linked with inflammasomes that control the inflammatory response and coordinate innate host defenses. Dysregulation of the inflammasome causes an abnormal inflammatory response, leading to carcinogenesis in glioma. Because of the clinical importance of the various physiological properties of the inflammasome in glioma, the inflammasome has been suggested as a promising treatment target for glioma management. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of the inflammasomes in glioma and therapeutic insights. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeongMin Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, 11160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, 59 Yatap-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongMan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, 11160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, 59 Yatap-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaejoon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, 11160, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, 59 Yatap-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, 13496, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Wang Y, Lv S, Zhou X, Niu X, Chen L, Yang Z, Peng D. Identification of TLR2 as a Key Target in Neuroinflammation in Vascular Dementia. Front Genet 2022; 13:860122. [PMID: 35873459 PMCID: PMC9296774 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.860122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common cause of dementia. At present, precise molecular processes of VaD are unclear. We attempted to discover the VaD relevant candidate genes, enrichment biological processes and pathways, key targets, and the underlying mechanism by microarray bioinformatic analysis. We selected GSE122063 related to the autopsy samples of VaD for analysis. We first took use of Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to achieve modules related to VaD and hub genes. Second, we filtered out significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Third, significant DEGs then went through Geno Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Fourth, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed. At last, we constructed the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. The results showed that the yellow module had the strongest correlation with VaD, and we finally identified 21 hub genes. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was the top hub gene and was strongly correlated with other possible candidate genes. In total, 456 significant DEGs were filtered out and these genes were found to be enriched in the Toll receptor signaling pathway and several other immune-related pathways. In addition, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis results showed that similar pathways were significantly over-represented in TLR2-high samples. In the PPI network, TLR2 was still an important node with high weight and combined scores. We concluded that the TLR2 acts as a key target in neuroinflammation which may participate in the pathophysiological process of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Lv
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Niu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Leian Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dantao Peng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dantao Peng,
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9
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Khan ZA, Sumsuzzman DM, Choi J, Kamenos G, Hong Y. Pre- and post-conditioning with poly I:C exerts neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia injury in animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1168-1182. [PMID: 35510663 PMCID: PMC9253751 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia (CI), but concrete evidence supporting its exact mechanism of action is unclear. METHODS We evaluated the neuroprotective role of poly I:C by assessing CI indicators such as brain infarct volume (BIV), neurological deficit score (N.S.), and signaling pathway proteins. Moreover, we performed a narrative review to illustrate the mechanism of action of TLRs and their role in CI. Our search identified 164 articles and 10 met the inclusion criterion. RESULTS Poly I:C reduces BIV and N.S. (p = 0.00 and p = 0.03). Interestingly, both pre- and post-conditioning decrease BIV (preC p = 0.04 and postC p = 0.00) and N.S. (preC p = 0.03 and postC p = 0.00). Furthermore, poly I:C upregulates TLR3 [SMD = 0.64; CIs (0.56, 0.72); p = 0.00], downregulates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) [SMD = -1.78; CIs (-2.67, -0.88); p = 0.0)], and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [SMD = -16.83; CIs (-22.63, -11.02); p = 0.00]. CONCLUSION We showed that poly I:C is neuroprotective and acts via the TLR3/NF-κB/TNF-α pathway. Our review indicated that suppressing TLR 2/4 may illicit neuroprotection against CI. Further research on simultaneous activation of TLR3 with poly I:C and suppression of TLR 2/4 might open new vistas for the development of therapeutics against CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Dewan Md Sumsuzzman
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - George Kamenos
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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10
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Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Mirzaasgari Z, Gorji A, Khaleghi Ghadiri M. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cerebrovascular Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116153. [PMID: 34200356 PMCID: PMC8201279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition proteins, play an integral role in the modulation of systemic inflammatory responses. Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of pathological conditions that temporarily or permanently affect the brain tissue mostly via the decrease of oxygen and glucose supply. TLRs have a critical role in the activation of inflammatory cascades following hypoxic-ischemic events and subsequently contribute to neuroprotective or detrimental effects of CVD-induced neuroinflammation. The TLR signaling pathway and downstream cascades trigger immune responses via the production and release of various inflammatory mediators. The present review describes the modulatory role of the TLR signaling pathway in the inflammatory responses developed following various CVDs and discusses the potential benefits of the modulation of different TLRs in the improvement of functional outcomes after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Ashayeri Ahmadabad
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; (R.A.A.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zahra Mirzaasgari
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; (R.A.A.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Neurology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1593747811, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; (R.A.A.); (Z.M.)
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-8355564; Fax: +49-251-8347479
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11
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Pascual M, Calvo-Rodriguez M, Núñez L, Villalobos C, Ureña J, Guerri C. Toll-like receptors in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and alcohol-induced brain damage. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:900-915. [PMID: 34033211 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or pattern recognition receptors respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or internal damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLRs are integral membrane proteins with both extracellular leucine-rich and cytoplasmic domains that initiate downstream signaling through kinases by activating transcription factors like AP-1 and NF-κB, which lead to the release of various inflammatory cytokines and immune modulators. In the central nervous system, different TLRs are expressed mainly in microglia and astroglial cells, although some TLRs are also expressed in oligodendroglia and neurons. Activation of TLRs triggers signaling cascades by the host as a defense mechanism against invaders to repair damaged tissue. However, overactivation of TLRs disrupts the sustained immune homeostasis-induced production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, miRNAs, and inflammatory components of extracellular vesicles. These inflammatory mediators can, in turn, induce neuroinflammation, and neural tissue damage associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the critical role of TLRs response in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and alcohol-induced brain damage and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pascual
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Calvo-Rodriguez
- Alzheimer's Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucía Núñez
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos Villalobos
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Ureña
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Keogh CE, Rude KM, Gareau MG. Role of pattern recognition receptors and the microbiota in neurological disorders. J Physiol 2021; 599:1379-1389. [PMID: 33404072 DOI: 10.1113/jp279771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the gut microbiota has been increasingly implicated in the development of many extraintestinal disorders, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite this growing connection, our understanding of the precise mechanisms behind these effects is currently lacking. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important innate immune proteins expressed on the surface and within the cytoplasm of a multitude of cells, both immune and otherwise, including epithelial, endothelial and neuronal. PRRs comprise four major subfamilies: the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine rich repeats-containing receptors (NLRs), the retinoic acid inducible gene 1-like receptors and the C-type lectin receptors. Recognition of commensal bacteria by PRRs is critical for maintaining host-microbe interactions and homeostasis, including behaviour. The expression of PRRs on multiple cell types makes them a highly interesting and novel target for regulation of host-microbe signalling, which may lead to gut-brain signalling. Emerging evidence indicates that two of the four known families of PRRs (the NLRs and the TLRs) are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders via the gut-brain axis. Taken together, increasing evidence supports a role for these PRRs in the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kavi M Rude
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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13
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Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: the impact of spreading depolarization. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:108. [PMID: 32264928 PMCID: PMC7140571 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the blood supply to the brain and lead to the reduction of oxygen and glucose supply to the neurons and the supporting cells. Spreading depolarization (SD), a propagating wave of neuroglial depolarization, occurs in different CVDs. A growing amount of evidence suggests that the inflammatory responses following hypoxic-ischemic insults and after SD plays a double-edged role in brain tissue injury and clinical outcome; a beneficial effect in the acute phase and a destructive role in the late phase. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the activation of inflammatory cascades and subsequent neuroprotective or harmful effects after CVDs and SD. Here, we review current data regarding the pathophysiological role of TLR signaling pathways in different CVDs and discuss the role of SD in the potentiation of the inflammatory cascade in CVDs through the modulation of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Ashayeri Ahmadabad
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Neuroscience research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Li W, Yu Y, Li D, Xu N, Fang J, Sun Y, Xu M, Wang X, Han X, Zhang X, Lv C, Han F. TLR2 deficiency attenuated chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced neurocognitive deficits. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106284. [PMID: 32058931 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is the main symptom of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and causes neural damage and cognitive deficits via neuroinflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR2, play an important role in neuroinflammation. However, the mechanisms by which TLR2 participates in CIH-induced cognitive deficits remain unclear. In this study, wild-type (WT) and TLR2 knock out (KO) mice were exposed to CIH for 8 weeks, and their social novelty discrimination, spatial learning and memory were severely compromised. Additionally, seriously damaged neurons and abnormally activated glia were observed in the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) areas of the hippocampus. Mechanistically, knocking out the TLR2 gene significantly alleviated these pathological changes and improved the behavioral performance. Together, these findings demonstrate that the TLR2-MyD88 signaling pathway might play an important role in CIH-induced cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Li
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China.
| | - Dongze Li
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China
| | - Na Xu
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China
| | - Jidong Fang
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China
| | - Yeying Sun
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China
| | - Maolei Xu
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, 717 Jinbu Street, YanTai 264199, China
| | - Xin Han
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China
| | - Changjun Lv
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China.
| | - Fang Han
- Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, YanTai 264003, China.
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15
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Hu W, Yang S, Shimada Y, Münch M, Marín-Juez R, Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Infection and RNA-seq analysis of a zebrafish tlr2 mutant shows a broad function of this toll-like receptor in transcriptional and metabolic control and defense to Mycobacterium marinum infection. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:878. [PMID: 31747871 PMCID: PMC6869251 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The function of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in host defense against pathogens, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is poorly understood. To investigate the role of TLR2 during mycobacterial infection, we analyzed the response of tlr2 zebrafish mutant larvae to infection with Mycobacterium marinum (Mm), a close relative to Mtb, as a model for tuberculosis. We measured infection phenotypes and transcriptome responses using RNA deep sequencing in mutant and control larvae. Results tlr2 mutant embryos at 2 dpf do not show differences in numbers of macrophages and neutrophils compared to control embryos. However, we found substantial changes in gene expression in these mutants, particularly in metabolic pathways, when compared with the heterozygote tlr2+/− control. At 4 days after Mm infection, the total bacterial burden and the presence of extracellular bacteria were higher in tlr2−/− larvae than in tlr2+/−, or tlr2+/+ larvae, whereas granuloma numbers were reduced, showing a function of Tlr2 in zebrafish host defense. RNAseq analysis of infected tlr2−/− versus tlr2+/− shows that the number of up-regulated and down-regulated genes in response to infection was greatly diminished in tlr2 mutants by at least 2 fold and 10 fold, respectively. Analysis of the transcriptome data and qPCR validation shows that Mm infection of tlr2 mutants leads to decreased mRNA levels of genes involved in inflammation and immune responses, including il1b, tnfb, cxcl11aa/ac, fosl1a, and cebpb. Furthermore, RNAseq analyses revealed that the expression of genes for Maf family transcription factors, vitamin D receptors, and Dicps proteins is altered in tlr2 mutants with or without infection. In addition, the data indicate a function of Tlr2 in the control of induction of cytokines and chemokines, such as the CXCR3-CXCL11 signaling axis. Conclusion The transcriptome and infection burden analyses show a function of Tlr2 as a protective factor against mycobacteria. Transcriptome analysis revealed tlr2-specific pathways involved in Mm infection, which are related to responses to Mtb infection in human macrophages. Considering its dominant function in control of transcriptional processes that govern defense responses and metabolism, the TLR2 protein can be expected to be also of importance for other infectious diseases and interactions with the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbin Hu
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shuxin Yang
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Magnus Münch
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rubén Marín-Juez
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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16
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Man H, Bi Y, Yu Y, Wang S, Zhao Z, Qiao X, Ju W. Associated factors of early neurological deterioration in isolated acute lacunar infarction in basal ganglia. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/jnr.2019.9040007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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17
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Gorup D, Škokić S, Kriz J, Gajović S. Tlr2 Deficiency is Associated with Enhanced Elements of Neuronal Repair and Caspase 3 Activation Following Brain Ischemia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2821. [PMID: 30808918 PMCID: PMC6391535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply multimodal in vivo imaging to assess the influence of altered innate immunity on brain repair after ischemic lesion. Tlr2-deficient mice were compared to wild type controls, as they lack Tlr2-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling triggered by postischemic necrosis. The ischemic lesion was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 min, followed by brain imaging and analysis at four time points until 28 days after ischemia. Multimodal in vivo imaging involved a combination of 3 modalities: (1) magnetic resonance imaging by T2-weighted scans to assess brain lesion size, (2) bioluminescence imaging of Gap43-luc/gfp transgenic mice to visualize the axonal remodeling, and (3) caged-luciferin bioluminescence imaging of DEVD-luciferin allowing for visualization of caspase 3 and 7 activity in Gap43-luc/gfp mice. This enabled innovative correlation of the MRI-determined lesion size to photon fluxes obtained by bioluminescence imaging. Our data revealed that following ischemia, Tlr2-deficient mice had higher Gap43 expression and higher levels of caspases 3 and 7 activity, which was accompanied by enhanced levels of synaptic plasticity markers DLG4 and synaptophysin when compared to wild type controls. Altered inflammation in Tlr2-deficient mice was accompanied by enhanced elements of post-stroke repair, in particular during the chronic phase of recovery, but also with delayed final consolidation of the brain lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Gorup
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Siniša Škokić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Laval University, CERVO Brain Research Center, 2601, de la Canardière, Québec (QC), G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Srećko Gajović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia.
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Delayed Galectin-3-Mediated Reprogramming of Microglia After Stroke is Protective. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6371-6385. [PMID: 30798442 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, has recently emerged as a molecule with immunoregulatory functions. We investigated the effects of Gal-3 on microglia morphology, migration, and secretory profile under physiological conditions and in the context of ischemic injury. We show that in the control conditions, exposure to recombinant Gal-3 increases microglial ramification and motility in vitro and in vivo via an IL-4-dependent mechanism. Importantly, after stroke, Gal-3 exerted marked immune-modulatory properties. Delivery of Gal-3 at 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was associated with an increase in Ym1-positive microglia and decrease in iNOS. Analysis of cytokine profiles at the protein level revealed downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a marked upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-4, 24 h after i.c.v. injection of Gal-3. Importantly, the observed shift in cytokines in microglia was associated with a significant decrease in the infarct size. Taken together, our results suggest that when delivered well after ischemic injury, Gal-3 might fine tune innate immunity and induce a therapeutic shift in microglia polarization.
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Tajalli-Nezhad S, Karimian M, Beyer C, Atlasi MA, Azami Tameh A. The regulatory role of Toll-like receptors after ischemic stroke: neurosteroids as TLR modulators with the focus on TLR2/4. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:523-537. [PMID: 30377701 PMCID: PMC11105485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease and considered as a worldwide leading cause of death. After cerebral ischemia, different pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation, invasion and aggregation of inflammatory cells and up-regulation of cytokines occur simultaneously. In this respect, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first identified important mediators for the activation of the innate immune system and are widely expressed in glial cells and neurons following brain trauma. TLRs are also able to interact with endogenous and exogenous molecules released during ischemia and can increase tissue damage. Particularly, TLR2 and TLR4 activate different downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, TLR signaling can alternatively play a role for endogenous neuroprotection. In this review, the gene and protein structures, common genetic polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4, TLR-related molecular pathways and their putative role after ischemic stroke are delineated. Furthermore, the relationship between neurosteroids and TLRs as neuroprotective mechanism is highlighted in the context of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Tajalli-Nezhad
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Ali Atlasi
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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20
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Zhu H, Dai R, Fu H, Meng Q. MMP-9 Upregulation is Attenuated by the Monoclonal TLR2 Antagonist T2.5 After Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation in Rat Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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21
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Hyder A. PGlyRP3 concerts with PPARγ to attenuate DSS-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 67:46-53. [PMID: 30530168 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients may modulate immunity through their transcription factors that act on both metabolic and immunity genes. It has been shown that the transcription factor of lipid ligands PPARγ physically binds the gene promoter of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGlyRP3), which showed anti-inflammatory action in vitro. It is hypothesized in the present work that olive oil feeding protects against toxicity of DSS-induced colitis via activation of the lipid transcription factor PPARγ that stimulates the anti-inflammatory PGlyRP3. Results: PGlyRP3 is expressed in mouse colon and up-regulated by olive oil feeding. Olive oil reduced mortality and severity scores of DSS-induced colitis and down-regulated the proinflammatory IL-1b, IL-6 and TNFα genes. This protective effect was accompanied by up-regulation of both PPARγ and PGlyRP3. Inhibition of PPARγ by its antagonist BADGE down-regulated PGlyRP3 and abolished the anti-inflammatory effect of olive oil feeding in this DSS-induced colitis model, reflecting the pivotal role of PPARγ binding nutrition and inflammation. Activation of PGlyRP3 by its ligand peptidoglycan was not responsible for the inflammation caused by peptidoglycan, since neutralization of TLR2 attenuated this inflammatory response without affecting the peptidoglycan-induced PGlyRP3 level. Olive oil activated the IκBα and inhibited NF-κB and cox-2 gene expressions, and p65 nuclear translocation in DSS-colitis mice, reflecting the involvement of the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway in the anti-inflammatory olive oil - PPARγ - PGlyRP3 access. This pathway was reactivated by the PPARγ antagonist BADGE. Conclusions: Olive oil regulates by the same transcription factor (PPARγ) both lipid metabolic and immune gene (PGlyRP3) expressions, exerting the anti-inflammatory effect, and protecting against DSS-induced colitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Hyder
- Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta 34517, Egypt.
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22
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Shao X, Bao W, Hong X, Jiang H, Yu Z. Identification and functional analysis of differentially expressed genes associated with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through bioinformatics methods. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1513-1523. [PMID: 29901134 PMCID: PMC6072188 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury results in detrimental complications. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the reperfusion stage. The aim of the present study was to identify a gene expression profile associated with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The GSE23160 dataset, which comprised data from sham control samples and post-I/R injury brain tissues that were obtained using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model at 2, 8 and 24 h post-reperfusion, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the MCAO samples compared with controls were screened using the GEO2R web tool. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis for DEGs was performed using the online tool DAVID. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. In total, 32 DEGs at 2 h post-reperfusion, 39 DEGs at 8 h post-reperfusion and 91 DEGs at 24 h post-reperfusion were identified, while 15 DEGs were common among all three groups. GO analysis revealed that the DEGs at all three time-points were enriched in ‘chemotaxis’ and ‘inflammatory response’ terms, while KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that DEGs were significantly enriched in the ‘chemokine signaling pathway’. Furthermore, following PPI network construction, Cxcl1 was identified as the only hub gene that was common among all three time-points. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated a global view of the potential molecular differences following cerebral I/R injury and may contribute to an improved understanding of the reperfusion stage, which may ultimately aid in the development of future clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shao
- Department of Neurology, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311700, P.R. China
| | - Wangxiao Bao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Hong
- Department of Neurology, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311700, P.R. China
| | - Huihua Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311700, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Department of Neurology, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311700, P.R. China
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23
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He ML, Lv ZY, Shi X, Yang T, Zhang Y, Li TY, Chen J. Interleukin-10 release from astrocytes suppresses neuronal apoptosis via the TLR2/NFκB pathway in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. J Neurochem 2017; 142:920-933. [PMID: 28700093 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biological function of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the relationship between IL-10 secretion and the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression levels in the central nervous system following hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) are poorly understood. Here, we intend to elucidate the biological function and mechanism of IL-10 secretion following HIBD. In this study, we used a neonatal rat model of HIBD and found that rats injected with adeno-associated virus-IL-10-shRNA (short hairpin RNA) exhibited partially impaired learning and memory function compared to rats administered adeno-associated virus-control-shRNA. In vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) induced IL-10 release from astrocytes but not from neurons. Pretreatment with exogenous recombinant IL-10 alleviated OGD-mediated apoptosis of neurons but not astrocytes. In addition, we also observed that hypoxic injury induced a marked increase in IL-10 expression in astrocytes as a result of activation of the TLR2/phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (p-NFκB) p65 signaling cascade; furthermore, this effect disappeared upon small interfering RNA targeting rat TLR2 gene (siTLR2) treatment. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NFκB activation, reduced the IL-10 expression levels in both OGD-injured astrocytes in vitro and the hippocampi of HIBD rats in vivo but did not significantly affect TLR2 expression. Furthermore, a luciferase assay revealed that p-NFκB p65 could bind the -1700/-1000 bp proximal region of the IL-10 gene promoter to regulate IL-10 secretion from astrocytes and that this interaction could be controlled by OGD treatment. These data suggest that HIBD induces IL-10 secretion from astrocytes to exert a paracrine-induced anti-apoptotic effect on injured neurons via the TLR2/NFκB signaling pathway, which may improve learning and memory dysfunction after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Lan He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze Yu Lv
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Shi
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Yu Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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24
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Gao W, Xiong Y, Li Q, Yang H. Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling as a Promising Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Journey from Molecular to Nano Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2017; 8:508. [PMID: 28769820 PMCID: PMC5516312 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of invading pathogens and endogenous molecules from damaged tissues by toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers protective self-defense mechanisms. However, excessive TLR activation disrupts the immune homeostasis by sustained pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production and consequently contributes to the development of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), infection-associated sepsis, atherosclerosis, and asthma. Therefore, inhibitors/antagonists targeting TLR signals may be beneficial to treat these disorders. In this article, we first briefly summarize the pathophysiological role of TLRs in the inflammatory diseases. We then focus on reviewing the current knowledge in both preclinical and clinical studies of various TLR antagonists/inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. These compounds range from conventional small molecules to therapeutic biologics and nanodevices. In particular, nanodevices are emerging as a new class of potent TLR inhibitors for their unique properties in desired bio-distribution, sustained circulation, and preferred pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. More interestingly, the inhibitory activity of these nanodevices can be regulated through precise nano-functionalization, making them the next generation therapeutics or “nano-drugs.” Although, significant efforts have been made in developing different kinds of new TLR inhibitors/antagonists, only limited numbers of them have undergone clinical trials, and none have been approved for clinical uses to date. Nevertheless, these findings and continuous studies of TLR inhibition highlight the pharmacological regulation of TLR signaling, especially on multiple TLR pathways, as future promising therapeutic strategy for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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25
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Li H, Zhu C, Wang B, Zhu W, Feng Y, Du F, Wang S, Hu C, Ma J, Yu X. 17β-Estradiol Protects the Retinal Nerve Cells Suppressing TLR2 Mediated Immune-Inflammation and Apoptosis from Oxidative Stress Insult Independent of PI3K. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:195-204. [PMID: 27596287 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Chunhui Zhu
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Baoying Wang
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yan Feng
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Fangying Du
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Shaolan Wang
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Chenghu Hu
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Jie Ma
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Environment and Genes Related to Diseases Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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26
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Goulopoulou S, McCarthy CG, Webb RC. Toll-like Receptors in the Vascular System: Sensing the Dangers Within. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:142-67. [PMID: 26721702 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and endogenous molecules that are released during host tissue injury/death (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs). Interaction of TLRs with their ligands leads to activation of downstream signaling pathways that induce an immune response by producing inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons (IFN), and other inflammatory mediators. TLR activation affects vascular function and remodeling, and these molecular events prime antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Despite the presence of TLRs in vascular cells, the exact mechanisms whereby TLR signaling affects the function of vascular tissues are largely unknown. Cardiovascular diseases are considered chronic inflammatory conditions, and accumulating data show that TLRs and the innate immune system play a determinant role in the initiation and development of cardiovascular diseases. This evidence unfolds a possibility that targeting TLRs and the innate immune system may be a novel therapeutic goal for these conditions. TLR inhibitors and agonists are already in clinical trials for inflammatory conditions such as asthma, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, but their study in the context of cardiovascular diseases is in its infancy. In this article, we review the current knowledge of TLR signaling in the cardiovascular system with an emphasis on atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cerebrovascular injury. Furthermore, we address the therapeutic potential of TLR as pharmacological targets in cardiovascular disease and consider intriguing research questions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Goulopoulou
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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27
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Xiong XY, Liu L, Yang QW. Functions and mechanisms of microglia/macrophages in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis after stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:23-44. [PMID: 27166859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger signals induced by stroke. These cells are normally responsible for clearing away dead neural cells and restoring neuronal functions. However, when excessively activated by the damage-associated molecular patterns following stroke, they can produce a large number of proinflammatory cytokines that can disrupt neural cells and the blood-brain barrier and influence neurogenesis. These effects indicate the important roles of microglia/macrophages in the pathophysiological processes of stroke. However, the modifiable and adaptable nature of microglia/macrophages may also be beneficial for brain repair and not just result in damage. These distinct roles may be attributed to the different microglia/macrophage phenotypes because the M1 population is mainly destructive, while the M2 population is neuroprotective. Additionally, different gene expression signature changes in microglia/macrophages have been found in diverse inflammatory milieus. These biofunctional features enable dual roles for microglia/macrophages in brain damage and repair. Currently, it is thought that the proper inflammatory milieu may provide a suitable microenvironment for neurogenesis; however, detailed mechanisms underlying the inflammatory responses that initiate or inhibit neurogenesis remain unknown. This review summarizes recent progress concerning the mechanisms involved in brain damage, repair and regeneration related to microglia/macrophage activation and phenotype transition after stroke. We also argue that future translational studies should be targeting multiple key regulating molecules to improve brain repair, which should be accompanied by the concept of a "therapeutic time window" for sequential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China.
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28
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Andresen L, Theodorou K, Grünewald S, Czech-Zechmeister B, Könnecke B, Lühder F, Trendelenburg G. Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Anti-TLR4-Antibody MTS510 in Experimental Stroke and Significance of Different Routes of Application. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148428. [PMID: 26849209 PMCID: PMC4746129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central sensors for the inflammatory response in ischemia-reperfusion injury. We therefore investigated whether TLR4 inhibition could be used to treat stroke in a standard model of focal cerebral ischemia. Anti-TLR4/MD2-antibody (mAb clone MTS510) blocked TLR4-induced cell activation in vitro, as reported previously. Here, different routes of MTS510 application in vivo were used to study the effects on stroke outcome up to 2d after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 45min in adult male C57Bl/6 wild-type mice. Improved neurological performance, reduced infarct volumes, and reduced brain swelling showed that intravascular application of MTS510 had a protective effect in the model of 45min MCAO. Evaluation of potential long-term adverse effects of anti-TLR4-mAb-treament revealed no significant deleterious effect on infarct volumes nor neurological deficit after 14d of reperfusion in a mild model of stroke (15min MCAO). Interestingly, inhibition of TLR4 resulted in an altered adaptive immune response at 48 hours after reperfusion. We conclude that blocking TLR4 by the use of specific mAb is a promising strategy for stroke therapy. However, long-term studies with increased functional sensitivity, larger sampling sizes and use of other species are required before a clinical use could be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Andresen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Grünewald
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Birte Könnecke
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The Hertie Foundation and MPI for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - George Trendelenburg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Assessment of the Therapeutic Potential of Metallothionein-II Application in Focal Cerebral Ischemia In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144035. [PMID: 26658636 PMCID: PMC4682799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein-II (MT-II) is an ubiquitously expressed small-molecular-weight protein and highly induced in various species and tissues upon stress, inflammation, and ischemia. MT-deficiency exacerbates ischemic injury in rodent stroke models in vitro and in vivo. However, there is conflicting data on the potential neuroprotective effect of exogenously applied metallothionein. Thus, we applied MT-II in an in vitro stroke model and intraperitoneally (i.p.) in two in vivo standard models of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) (a ‘stringent’ one [60min MCAO/48h reperfusion] and a ‘mild’ one [30min MCAO/72h reperfusion]), as well as i.v. together with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) to evaluate if exogenous MT-II-application protects against ischemic stroke. Whereas MT-II did not protect against 60min MCAO, there was a significant reduction of direct and indirect infarct volumes and neurological deficit in the MT-II (i.p.) treated animals in the ‘mild’ model at 3d after MCAO. Furthermore, MT-II also improved survival of the mice after MCAO, suppressed TNF-α mRNA induction in ischemic brain tissue, and protected primary neuronal cells against oxygen-glucose-deprivation in vitro. Thus, exogenous application of MT-II protects against ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo. However, long-term studies with different species and larger sampling sizes are required before a clinical use can be envisaged.
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30
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Wang PF, Xiong XY, Chen J, Wang YC, Duan W, Yang QW. Function and mechanism of toll-like receptors in cerebral ischemic tolerance: from preconditioning to treatment. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:80. [PMID: 25928750 PMCID: PMC4422156 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The endogenous ligands released from ischemic neurons activate the TLR signaling pathway, resulting in the production of a large number of inflammatory cytokines, thereby causing secondary inflammation damage following cerebral ischemia. However, the preconditioning for minor cerebral ischemia or the preconditioning with TLR ligands can reduce cerebral ischemic injury by regulating the TLR signaling pathway following ischemia in brain tissue (mainly, the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the enhancement of the interferon regulatory factor-dependent signaling), resulting in TLR ischemic tolerance. Additionally, recent studies found that postconditioning with TLR ligands after cerebral ischemia can also reduce ischemic damage through the regulation of the TLR signaling pathway, showing a significant therapeutic effect against cerebral ischemia. These studies suggest that the ischemic tolerance mediated by TLRs can serve as an important target for the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia. On the basis of describing the function and mechanism of TLRs in mediating cerebral ischemic damage, this review focuses on the mechanisms of cerebral ischemic tolerance induced by the preconditioning and postconditioning of TLRs and discusses the clinical application of TLRs for ischemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China. .,Department of Neurology, Weihai municipal Hospital, Weihai, 264200, China.
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Wei Duan
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & the Second Affiliated Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Min H, Hong J, Cho IH, Jang YH, Lee H, Kim D, Yu SW, Lee S, Lee SJ. TLR2-induced astrocyte MMP9 activation compromises the blood brain barrier and exacerbates intracerebral hemorrhage in animal models. Mol Brain 2015; 8:23. [PMID: 25879213 PMCID: PMC4397689 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is involved in the innate immune response in various neurological diseases, yet neither its role in ICH nor the mechanisms by which it functions have yet been elucidated. We examined these in this study using a collagenase-induced mouse ICH model with TLR2 knock-out (KO) mice. RESULTS TLR2 expression was upregulated in the ipsilateral hemorrhagic tissues of the collagenase-injected mice. Brain injury volume and neurological deficits following ICH were reduced in TLR2 KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) control mice. Heterologous blood-transfer experiments show that TLR2 signaling in brain-resident cells, but not leukocytes, contributes to the injury. In our study to elucidate underlying mechanisms, we found that damage to blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following ICH was attenuated in TLR2 KO mice compared to WT mice, which may be due to reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activation in astrocytes. The reduced BBB damage accompanies decreased neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression in the injured brain parenchyma, which may account for the attenuated brain damage in TLR2 KO mice after ICH. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 plays a detrimental role in ICH-induced brain damage by activating MMP9 in astrocytes, compromising BBB, and enhancing neutrophils infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Min
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Jang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Dongwoon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
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Positive or negative involvement of heat shock proteins in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: an overview. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 73:1092-106. [PMID: 25383635 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most diffuse chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Both immune-mediated and neurodegenerative processes apparently play roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of highly evolutionarily conserved proteins; their expression in the nervous system is induced in a variety of pathologic states, including cerebral ischemia, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and trauma. To date, investigators have observed protective effects of HSPs in a variety of brain disease models (e.g. of Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease). In contrast, unequivocal data have been obtained for their roles in MS that depend on the HSP family and particularly on their localization (i.e. intracellular or extracellular). This article reviews our current understanding of the involvement of the principal HSP families in MS.
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Trendelenburg G. Molecular regulation of cell fate in cerebral ischemia: role of the inflammasome and connected pathways. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1857-67. [PMID: 25227604 PMCID: PMC4269743 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Analogous to Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors represent a class of pattern recognition receptors, which are cytosolic and constitute part of different inflammasomes. These large protein complexes are activated not only by different pathogens, but also by sterile inflammation or by specific metabolic conditions. Mutations can cause hereditary autoinflammatory systemic diseases, and inflammasome activation has been linked to many multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Increasing data also support an important role in different central nervous diseases such as stroke. Thus, the current knowledge of the functional role of this intracellular 'master switch' of inflammation is discussed with a focus on its role in ischemic stroke, neurodegeneration, and also with regard to the recent data which argues for a relevant role in other organs or biologic systems which influence stroke incidence or prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Trendelenburg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Yuan Y, Zha H, Rangarajan P, Ling EA, Wu C. Anti-inflammatory effects of Edaravone and Scutellarin in activated microglia in experimentally induced ischemia injury in rats and in BV-2 microglia. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:125. [PMID: 25416145 PMCID: PMC4247200 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-014-0125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In response to cerebral ischemia, activated microglia release excessive inflammatory mediators which contribute to neuronal damage. Therefore, inhibition of microglial over-activation could be a therapeutic strategy to alleviate various microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. This study was aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellarin and Edaravone given either singly, or in combination in activated microglia in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglia. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was assessed by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Results In vivo, both Edaravone and Scutellarin markedly reduced the infarct cerebral tissue area with the latter drug being more effective with the dosage used; furthermore, when used in combination the reduction was more substantial. Remarkably, a greater diminution in distribution of activated microglia was observed with the combined drug treatment which also attenuated the immunoexpression of TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS to a greater extent as compared to the drugs given separately. In vitro, both drugs suppressed upregulated expression of inflammatory cytokines, iNOS, NO and ROS in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Furthermore, Edaravone and Scutellarin in combination cumulatively diminished the expression levels of the inflammatory mediators being most pronounced for TNF-α as evidenced by Western blot. Conclusion The results suggest that Edaravone and Scutellarin effectively suppressed the inflammatory responses in activated microglia, with Scutellarin being more efficacious within the dosage range used. Moreover, when both drugs were used in combination, the infarct tissue area was reduced more extensively; also, microglia-mediated inflammatory mediators notably TNF-α expression was decreased cumulatively. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-014-0125-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Shichita T, Ito M, Yoshimura A. Post-ischemic inflammation regulates neural damage and protection. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:319. [PMID: 25352781 PMCID: PMC4196547 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-ischemic inflammation is important in ischemic stroke pathology. However, details of the inflammation process, its resolution after stroke and its effect on pathology and neural damage have not been clarified. Brain swelling, which is often fatal in ischemic stroke patients, occurs at an early stage of stroke due to endothelial cell injury and severe inflammation by infiltrated mononuclear cells including macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. At early stage of inflammation, macrophages are activated by molecules released from necrotic cells [danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)], and inflammatory cytokines and mediators that increase ischemic brain damage by disruption of the blood–brain barrier are released. After post-ischemic inflammation, macrophages function as scavengers of necrotic cell and brain tissue debris. Such macrophages are also involved in tissue repair and neural cell regeneration by producing tropic factors. The mechanisms of inflammation resolution and conversion of inflammation to neuroprotection are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize information accumulated recently about DAMP-induced inflammation and the neuroprotective effects of inflammatory cells, and discuss next generation strategies to treat ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shichita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan ; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
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Zhou M, Zhu X, Ye S, Zhou B. Blocking TLR2 in vivo attenuates experimental hepatitis induced by concanavalin A in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zhang S, Zis O, Ly PTT, Wu Y, Zhang S, Zhang M, Cai F, Bucala R, Shyu WC, Song W. Down-regulation of MIF by NFκB under hypoxia accelerated neuronal loss during stroke. FASEB J 2014; 28:4394-407. [PMID: 24970391 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-253625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is one of the major causes of poststroke neurological deficits. Inflammation during the acute phase of stroke results in nuclear translocation of NFκB in affected cells in the infarct area. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes cardiomyocyte survival in mice following heart ischemia. However, the role of MIF during stroke remains limited. In this study, we showed that MIF expression is down-regulated by 0.75 ± 0.10-fold of the control in the infarct area in the mouse brains. Two functional cis-acing NFκB response elements were identified in the human MIF promoter. Dual activation of hypoxia and NFκB signaling resulted in significant reduction of MIF promoter activity to 0.86 ± 0.01-fold of the control. Furthermore, MIF reduced caspase-3 activation and protected neurons from oxidative stress- and in vitro ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis. H2O2 significantly induced cell death with 12.81 ± 0.58-fold increase of TUNEL-positive cells, and overexpression of MIF blocked the H2O2-induced cell death. Disruption of the MIF gene in MIF-knockout mice resulted in caspase-3 activation, neuronal loss, and increased infarct development during stroke in vivo. The infarct volume was increased from 6.51 ± 0.74% in the wild-type mice to 9.07 ± 0.66% in the MIF-knockout mice. Our study demonstrates that MIF exerts a neuronal protective effect and that down-regulation of MIF by NFκB-mediated signaling under hypoxia accelerates neuronal loss during stroke. Our results suggest that MIF is an important molecule for preserving a longer time window for stroke treatment, and strategies to maintain MIF expression at physiological level could have beneficial effects for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Odysseus Zis
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip T T Ly
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yili Wu
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fang Cai
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuropsychiatry, and Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
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Quattromani MJ, Cordeau P, Ruscher K, Kriz J, Wieloch T. Enriched housing down-regulates the Toll-like receptor 2 response in the mouse brain after experimental stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 66:66-73. [PMID: 24613658 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-ischemic inflammation plays an important role in the evolution of brain injury, recovery and repair after stroke. Housing rodents in an enriched environment provides multisensory stimulation to the brain and enhances functional recovery after experimental stroke, also depressing the release of cytokines and chemokines in the peri-infarct. In order to identify targets for late stroke treatment, we studied the dynamics of inflammation and the contribution of resident Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expressing microglia cells. We took advantage of the biophotonic/bioluminescent imaging technique using the reporter mouse-expressing luciferase and GFP reporter genes under transcriptional control of the murine TLR2 promoter (TLR2-luc/GFP mice) for non-invasive in vivo analysis of TLR2 activation/response in photothrombotic stroke after differential housing. Real-time imaging at 1day after stroke, revealed up-regulation of TLR2 in response to photothrombotic stroke that subsequently declined over time of recovery (14days). The inflammatory response was persistently down-regulated within days of enriched housing, enhancing recovery of lost sensori-motor function in TLR2-luc mice without affecting infarct size. The number of YM1-expressing microglia in the peri-infarct and areas remote from the infarct was also markedly attenuated. Using a live imaging approach, we demonstrate that multisensory stimulation rapidly, persistently and generally attenuates brain inflammation after experimental stroke, reducing the TLR2 response and leading to improved neurological outcome. TLR2-expressing microglia cells may provide targets for new stroke therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Jlenia Quattromani
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Pierre Cordeau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Le Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, 2601, de la Canardière, Québec G1J 2G3, Canada.
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Le Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, 2601, de la Canardière, Québec G1J 2G3, Canada.
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
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Trotta T, Porro C, Calvello R, Panaro MA. Biological role of Toll-like receptor-4 in the brain. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 268:1-12. [PMID: 24529856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of microbe-sensing receptors that play a central role in the regulation of the host immune system. TLR4 has been described in the brain and seems to regulate some physiological processes, such as neurogenesis. TLR4 has also been reported to play a role during neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. This review is focused on reports concerning recent insights into the role and activation mechanisms of TLR4 in the brain, in pathological and physiological conditions, as well as the therapeutic benefit that could derive from TLR4 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosa Calvello
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Protection of ischemic post conditioning against transient focal ischemia-induced brain damage is associated with inhibition of neuroinflammation via modulation of TLR2 and TLR4 pathways. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:15. [PMID: 24460643 PMCID: PMC3908918 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Ischemic postconditioning has been demonstrated to be a protective procedure to brain damage caused by transient focal ischemia/reperfusion. However, it is elusive whether the protection of postconditioning against brain damage and neuroinflammation is via regulating TLR2 and TLR4 pathways. In the present study, we examined the protection of ischemic postconditioning performed immediately prior to the recovery of cerebral blood supply on brain damage caused by various duration of ischemia and tested the hypothesis that its protection is via inhibition of neuroinflammation by modulating TLR2/TLR4 pathways. Methods Brain damage in rats was induced by using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Ischemic postconditioning consisting of fivecycles of ten seconds of ischemia and reperfusion was performed immediately following theischemic episode Theduration of administration of ischemic postconditioning was examined by comparing its effects on infarction volume, cerebral edema and neurological function in 2, 3, 4, 4.5and 6 hour ischemia groups. The protective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning was investigated by comparing its effects on apoptosis, production of the neurotoxic cytokine IL-1β and the transcription and expression of TLR2, TLR4 and IRAK4 in the 2 and 4.5 hour ischemia groups. Results Ischemic postconditioning significantly attenuated cerebral infarction, cerebral edema and neurological dysfunction in ischemia groups of up to 4 hours duration, but not in 4.5and 6 hour ischemia groups. It also inhibited apoptosis, production of IL-1β, abnormal transcription and expression of TLR2, TLR4 and IRAK4 in the 2 hour ischemia group, but not in the 4.5 hour ischemia group. Conclusions Ischemic postconditioning protected brain damage caused by 2, 3 and 4 hours of ischemia, but not by 4.5 and 6 hours of ischemia. The protection of ischemic postconditioning is associated with its inhibition of neuroinflammation via inhibition of TLR2 and TLR4 pathways.
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Anne Stetler R, Yang QW. Inflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: from mechanisms to clinical translation. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:25-44. [PMID: 24291544 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10-15% of all strokes and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Currently, no effective medical treatment is available to improve functional outcomes in patients with ICH. Potential therapies targeting secondary brain injury are arousing a great deal of interest in translational studies. Increasing evidence has shown that inflammation is the key contributor of ICH-induced secondary brain injury. Inflammation progresses in response to various stimuli produced after ICH. Hematoma components initiate inflammatory signaling via activation of microglia, subsequently releasing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to attract peripheral inflammatory infiltration. Hemoglobin (Hb), heme, and iron released after red blood cell lysis aggravate ICH-induced inflammatory injury. Danger associated molecular patterns such as high mobility group box 1 protein, released from damaged or dead cells, trigger inflammation in the late stage of ICH. Preclinical studies have identified inflammatory signaling pathways that are involved in microglial activation, leukocyte infiltration, toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, and danger associated molecular pattern regulation in ICH. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of ICH-induced inflammatory injury have facilitated the identification of several novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of ICH. This review summarizes recent progress concerning the mechanisms underlying ICH-induced inflammation. We focus on the inflammatory signaling pathways involved in microglial activation and TLR signaling, and explore potential therapeutic interventions by targeting the removal of hematoma components and inhibition of TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanchun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Wagner NM, Bierhansl L, Butschkau² A, Noeldge-Schomburg G, Roesner JP, Vollmar B. TLR2-deficiency of cKit+ bone marrow cells is associated with augmented potency to stimulate angiogenic processes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:2813-2823. [PMID: 24294367 PMCID: PMC3843261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficiency is associated with the preservation of vascular function and TLR2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) mice exhibit increased neovascularization following induction of hindlimb ischemia. Hematopoietic stem cells play an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis and we now investigated whether the effects observed in TLR2(-/-) mice may be attributed to TLR2 deficiency on bone marrow-derived stem cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS cKit-positive (cKit(+)) bone marrow cells (BMC) were isolated from wild type (WT) and TLR2(-/-) mice employing MACS-bead technology. Co-incubation of TLR2(-/-)cKit(+) BMC with mature endothelial cells (ECs) resulted in increased tube formation of ECs on matrigel, augmented sprouting in a 3D-collagen matrix and increased migratory capacity compared to co-incubation with WT cKit(+) BMC. In an in vivo matrigel plug assay, TLR2(-/-)cKit(+) BMC exhibited enhanced formation of capillary-like networks. In a murine model of hindlimb ischemia, administration of TLR2(-/-) cKit(+) BMC to WT mice augmented capillary density and reperfusion of ischemic M. gastrocnemius muscle tissue to the level of TLR2(-/-) mice. Western Blot analysis revealed comparable expression of CXCR4 on TLR2(-/-)cKit(+) BMC but increased activation of the PI3K downstream signaling molecule protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) compared to WT cKit(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS The absence of TLR2 on cKit(+) BMC is associated with augmented potency to support angiogenic processes in vitro and in vivo. Functional inhibition of TLR2 may therefore provide a novel tool to enhance stem cell function for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana-Maria Wagner
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Laura Bierhansl
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital RostockRostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Patrick Roesner
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Hospital RostockRostock, Germany
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Suh EC, Jung YJ, Kim YA, Park EM, Lee SJ, Lee KE. Knockout of Toll-like receptor 2 attenuates Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:818-25. [PMID: 24161618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which have been implicated in various neuroinflammatory responses, are thought to act in defense mechanisms by inhibiting neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TLR2 on amyloid beta peptide 25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced neuronal cell death, synaptic dysfunction, and microglial activation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) from wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and TLR2-knockout (KO) mice. In WT mice, Aβ25-35 induced β-amyloid aggregation and surrounding TLR2 expression. And, propidium iodide (PI) uptake, which is a measure of cell death, increased in a dose-dependent manner in slices with Aβ25-35 treatment. In the Aβ25-35-treated TLR2-KO OHSCs, the PI uptake was significantly attenuated to the control level, indicating that the cells were less susceptible to Aβ25-35-induced neuronal toxicity. In the ultrastructural analysis, nuclear shrinkage, slightly swollen mitochondria, and degraded organelles were detected in the Aβ25-35-treated slices from WT mice but not in the Aβ25-35-treated slices from TLR2-KO, suggesting the resistance of TLR2-KO to Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity. In Aβ25-35-treated OHSCs of WT mice, the levels of phosphorylated tau were increased and the levels of synaptophysin were decreased in a dose-dependent manner, but they were not changed in OHSCs of TLR2-KO mice. In WT mice, Aβ25-35 increased total protein level and immunoreactivity of Iba-1, which was colocalized with TLR2. However, there were no significant changes in the slices of Aβ25-35-treated TLR2-KO mice. These results suggested that TLR2 may play a role in Aβ25-35-induced neuronal cell loss and synaptic dysfunction through the activation of microglia in OHSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Cheng Suh
- Department of Pharmacology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Bergt S, Güter A, Grub A, Wagner NM, Beltschany C, Langner S, Wree A, Hildebrandt S, Nöldge-Schomburg G, Vollmar B, Roesner JP. Impact of Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency on survival and neurological function after cardiac arrest: a murine model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74944. [PMID: 24066159 PMCID: PMC3774715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest (CA) followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is associated with poor survival rate and neurofunctional outcome. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an important role in conditions of sterile inflammation such as reperfusion injury. Recent data demonstrated beneficial effects of the administration of TLR2-blocking antibodies in ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study we investigated the role of TLR2 for survival and neurofunctional outcome after CA/CPR in mice. METHODS Female TLR2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to CA for eight min induced by intravenous injection of potassium chloride and CPR by external chest compression. Upon the beginning of CPR, n = 15 WT mice received 5 µg/g T2.5 TLR2 inhibiting antibody intravenously while n = 30 TLR2(-/-) and n = 31 WT controls were subjected to injection of normal saline. Survival and neurological outcome were evaluated during a 28-day follow up period. Basic neurological function, balance, coordination and overall motor function as well as spatial learning and memory were investigated, respectively. In a separate set of experiments, six mice per group were analysed for cytokine and corticosterone serum levels eight hours after CA/CPR. RESULTS TLR2 deficiency and treatment with a TLR2 blocking antibody were associated with increased survival (77% and 80% vs. 51% of WT control; both P < 0.05). Neurofunctional performance was less compromised in TLR2(-/-) and antibody treated mice. Compared to WT and antibody treated mice, TLR2(-/-) mice exhibited reduced IL-6 (both P < 0.05) but not IL-1β levels and increased corticosterone plasma concentrations (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Deficiency or functional blockade of TLR2 is associated with increased survival and improved neurofunctional outcome in a mouse model of CA/CPR. Thus, TLR2 inhibition could provide a novel therapeutic approach for reducing mortality and morbidity after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergt
- Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Güter
- Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrea Grub
- Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nana-Maria Wagner
- Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Beltschany
- Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sönke Langner
- Institute for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Gabriele Nöldge-Schomburg
- Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan P. Roesner
- Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Fernandez-Lizarbe S, Montesinos J, Guerri C. Ethanol induces TLR4/TLR2 association, triggering an inflammatory response in microglial cells. J Neurochem 2013; 126:261-73. [PMID: 23600947 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption can induce brain damage, demyelination, and neuronal death, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. Toll-like receptors are sensors of the innate immune system and their activation induces inflammatory processes. We have reported that ethanol activates and recruits Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 receptors within the lipid rafts of glial cells, triggering the production of inflammatory mediators and causing neuroinflammation. Since TLR2 can also participate in the glial response and in the neuroinflammation, we investigate the effects of ethanol on TLR4/TLR2 responses. Here, we demonstrate that ethanol up-regulates TLR4 and TLR2 expression in microglial cells, inducing the production of inflammatory mediators which triggers reactive oxygen species generation and neuronal apoptosis. Ethanol also promotes TLR4/TLR2 recruitment into lipid rafts-caveolae, mimicking their activation by their ligands, lipopolysaccharide, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy studies reveal that ethanol induces a physical association between TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, suggesting the formation of heterodimers. Using microglia from either TLR2 or TLR4 knockout mice, we show that TLR2 potentiates the effects of ethanol on the TLR4 response reflected by the activation of MAPKs and inducible NO synthase. In summary, we provide evidence for a mechanism by which ethanol triggers TLR4/TLR2 association contributing to the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration associated with alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernandez-Lizarbe
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Príncipe Felipe Research Centre, Eduardo Primo Yúfera, Valencia, Spain
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MyD88 is a critical regulator of hematopoietic cell-mediated neuroprotection seen after stroke. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57948. [PMID: 23483951 PMCID: PMC3587572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is critical in the neural cell death seen in stroke. It has been shown that CNS and peripheral responses drive this neuroinflammatory response in the brain. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important regulators of inflammation in response to both exogenous and endogenous stressors. Taking advantage of a downstream adapter molecule that controls the majority of TLR signalling, this study investigated the role of the TLR adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in the control of CNS and peripheral inflammation. Reversible middle-cerebral artery occlusion was used as the model of stroke in vivo; in vitro primary cultured neurons and glia were subject to four hours of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Both in vitro and in vivo Myd88−/− animals or cells were compared with wild type (WT). We found that after stroke Myd88−/− animals have a larger infarct volume compared to WT animals. Interestingly, in vitro there was no difference between the survival of Myd88−/− and WT cells following OGD, suggesting that peripheral responses were influencing stroke outcome. We therefore generated bone marrow chimeras and found that Myd88−/− animals have a smaller stroke infarct than their radiation naive counterparts if their hematopoietic cells are WT. Furthermore, WT animals have a larger stroke than their radiation naive counterparts if the hematopoietic cells are Myd88−/−. We have demonstrated that MyD88-dependent signalling in the hematopoietic cell lineage reduces infarct size following stroke and that infiltrating cells to the site of neuroinflammation are neuroprotective following stroke.
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Swardfager W, Winer DA, Herrmann N, Winer S, Lanctôt KL. Interleukin-17 in post-stroke neurodegeneration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:436-47. [PMID: 23370232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of physical disability with neurodegenerative sequelae such as dementia and depression causing significant excess morbidity. Stroke severity can be exacerbated by apoptotic cell death in ischemic tissue, of which inflammatory activity is a key determinant. Studies have identified harmful and beneficial sets of T lymphocytes that infiltrate the brain post-stroke and their activation signals, suggesting that they might be targeted for therapeutic benefit. Animal models and human studies implicate interleukin(IL)-17 and its congeners (e.g. IL-23, IL-21) as mediators of tissue damage in the delayed phase of the inflammatory cascade and the involvement of T lymphocytes in propagating IL-17 release. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of IL-17 secreting cells, including sets of CD4(+) αβ and CD4(-) γδ T lymphocytes, as potentially important mediators of brain pathology post-stroke. Interactions between the IL-17 axis and innate pathways, positive feedback mechanisms that prolong or amplify IL-17, and IL-17 regulatory pathways may offer intervention targets to enhance recovery, prevent long-term decline, and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Swardfager
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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Huang QQ, Koessler RE, Birkett R, Dorfleutner A, Perlman H, Haines GK, Stehlik C, Nicchitta CV, Pope RM. Glycoprotein 96 perpetuates the persistent inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3638-48. [PMID: 22777994 DOI: 10.1002/art.34610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms that contribute to the persistent activation of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of endogenous gp96 in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated macrophage activation in RA. METHODS RA synovial fluid was used to activate macrophages and HEK-TLR-2 and HEK-TLR-4 cells. Neutralizing antibodies to TLR-2, TLR-4, and gp96 were used to inhibit activation. RA synovial fluid macrophages were isolated by CD14 negative selection. Cell activation was measured by the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or interleukin-8 messenger RNA. Arthritis was induced in mice by K/BxN serum transfer. The expression of gp96 was determined by immunoblot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Arthritis was treated with neutralizing anti-gp96 antiserum or control serum. RESULTS RA synovial fluid induced the activation of macrophages and HEK-TLR-2 and HEK-TLR-4 cells. RA synovial fluid-induced macrophage and HEK-TLR-2 activation was suppressed by neutralizing anti-gp96 antibodies only in the presence of high (>800 ng/ml) rather than low (<400 ng/ml) concentrations of gp96. Neutralization of RA synovial fluid macrophage cell surface gp96 inhibited the constitutive expression of TNFα. Supporting the role of gp96 in RA, joint tissue gp96 expression was induced in mice with the K/BxN serum-induced arthritis, and neutralizing antibodies to gp96 ameliorated joint inflammation, as determined by clinical and histologic examination. CONCLUSION These observations support the notion that gp96 plays a role as an endogenous TLR-2 ligand in RA and identify the TLR-2 pathway as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Quan Huang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4-NOX4 signal protects against neuronal death in transient focal ischemia. Sci Rep 2012. [PMID: 23193438 PMCID: PMC3508453 DOI: 10.1038/srep00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data have shown that TLR4 performs a key role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury which serves as the origin of the immunological inflammatory reactions. However, the therapeutic effects of pharmacological inhibitions of TLR4 and its immediate down-stream pathway remain to be uncovered. In the present study, on mice, intracerebroventricular injection of resatorvid (TLR4 signal inhibitor; 0.01 μg) significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological score after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. The levels of phospho-p38, nuclear factor-kappa B, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expressions were significantly suppressed in the resatorvid-treated group. In addition, NOX4 associates with TLR4 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion seen in mice and human. Genetic and pharmacological inhibitions of TLR4 each reduced NOX4 expression, leading to suppression of oxidative/nitrative stress and of neuronal apoptosis. These data suggest that resatorvid has potential as a therapeutic agent for stroke since it inhibits TLR4-NOX4 signaling which may be the predominant causal pathway.
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Therapeutic role of toll-like receptor modification in cardiovascular dysfunction. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 58:231-9. [PMID: 23070056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system. The TLR-mediated immune response against pathogens is usually protective however inappropriate TLR activation may lead to excessive tissue damage. It is well recognised that TLRs respond to a variety of endogenous as well as exogenous ligands. By responding to endogenous ligands that are exposed during cellular damage, TLRs have been implicated in a range of pathological conditions associated with cardiovascular dysfunction. Increasing knowledge on the mechanisms involved in TLR signalling has encouraged the exploration of therapeutic pharmacological modulation of TLR activation in conditions such as atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure and ischaemic reperfusion injury. The aim of this review is to explore the translational potentials of TLR modification in cardiovascular dysfunction, where these agents have been studied.
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