1
|
Cai W, Wei XF, Zhang JR, Tao L, Li D, Zhang K, Shen WD. Acupuncture ameliorates depression-like behavior of poststroke depression model rats through the regulation of gut microbiota and NLRP3 inflammasome in the colon. Neuroreport 2024; 35:883-894. [PMID: 39207304 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of acupuncture on gut microbiota and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in the colon in poststroke depression (PSD) model rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized into four groups: sham surgery group, poststroke depression group, acupuncture group, and probiotics group. Acupuncture therapy at Baihui (GV20), Shenting (GV24), bilateral Zusanli (ST36) acupoints in the acupuncture group and probiotic gavage therapy in the probiotics group were performed once per day for 2 weeks. Behaviors of depression were assessed by using weight measurements, sucrose preference test, open field test, and forced swimming test. Histopathological alterations in the colon were determined by hematoxylin-eosin staining, the expression of NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 pathway-related proteins was analyzed by western blotting. Serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were derived from ELISA. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to examine and analyze the differences of gut microbiota of rats among all groups. Acupuncture was effective to increase weight and ameliorate depressive-like behaviors in PSD rats. Acupuncture increased the diversity of gut microbiota, upregulated the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae, and decreased the relative abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, Eggerthellaceae, and Streptococcaceae at family level. Acupuncture effectively improved the pathological changes in the colon. Meanwhile, acupuncture reduced NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 protein expressions in the colon, and serum levels of IL-18 and IL-1β. Acupuncture may reduce depressive-like behaviors of PSD by regulating the gut microbiota and suppressing hyperactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the colon. Microbiota-gut-brain axis may be an effective target pathway for acupuncture treatment of PSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wa Cai
- Department of Acupuncture, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Xi-Fang Wei
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Jiaxing Hospital of TCM, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Larissa Tao
- Department of Acupuncture, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Acupuncture, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Wei-Dong Shen
- Department of Acupuncture, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin X, Imai T, Morais A, Sasaki Y, Chung DY, Ayata C. Hippocampal infarction and generalized seizures predict early mortality after endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 380:114903. [PMID: 39079623 PMCID: PMC11347107 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is a widely used experimental ischemic stroke model. However, the model carries high early mortality. Our aim was to investigate the factors that influence early mortality within 48 h of reperfusion after transient MCAO. Using C57BL/6 mice, we induced 1-hour endovascular filament MCAO. To introduce heterogeneity of infarct volumes, a subset of animals had additional tandem common carotid artery occlusion (MCAO+CCAO). Continuous video monitoring was used to gain insight into the cause of death. Mortality within 48 h was 25% in the pooled cohort. All animals with early mortality suffered from infarcts in the hippocampus, sometimes accompanied by infarcts in the thalamus and midbrain, which occurred exclusively in the MCAO+CCAO group. All animals with early mortality developed convulsive seizures captured on video monitoring. None of the animals that did not develop convulsive seizures died. Among the three regions, hippocampal infarction appeared necessary for convulsive seizures and early mortality. Our data highlight seizures as the primary cause of mortality within the first 48 h after endovascular filament MCAO, linked to hippocampal infarction. Since hippocampal blood supply is mainly from the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), avoiding concurrent PCA ischemia can decrease mortality in proximal MCAO models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Jin
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Andreia Morais
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yuichi Sasaki
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David Y Chung
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Juul SE, Wood TR. Pipeline to Neonatal Clinical Transformation: The Importance of Preclinical Data. Clin Perinatol 2024; 51:735-748. [PMID: 39095107 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Historically, neonatal neuroscience boasted a robust and successful preclinical pipeline for therapeutic interventions, in particular for the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, since the successful translation of therapeutic hypothermia (TH), several high-profile failures of promising adjunctive therapies, in addition to the lack of benefit of TH in lower resource settings, have brought to light critical issues in that same pipeline. Using recent data from clinical trials of erythropoietin as an example, the authors highlight several key challenges facing preclinical neonatal neuroscience for HIE therapeutic development and propose key areas where model development and collaboration across the field in general can ensure ongoing success in treatment development for HIE worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Juul
- Institute on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Box 357920, 1701 Northeast Columbia Road, Seattle, WA 98195-7920, USA; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Box 356320, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, RR451 HSB, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, USA
| | - Thomas R Wood
- Institute on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Box 357920, 1701 Northeast Columbia Road, Seattle, WA 98195-7920, USA; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Box 356320, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, RR451 HSB, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang J, Li Y, Qi L, Mamtilahun M, Liu C, Liu Z, Shi R, Wu S, Yang GY. Advanced rehabilitation in ischaemic stroke research. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2024; 9:328-343. [PMID: 37788912 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2022-002285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, due to the rapid progress of treatment technology in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke, the mortality of patients has been greatly reduced but the number of disabled survivors is increasing, and most of them are elderly patients. Physicians and rehabilitation therapists pay attention to develop all kinds of therapist techniques including physical therapy techniques, robot-assisted technology and artificial intelligence technology, and study the molecular, cellular or synergistic mechanisms of rehabilitation therapies to promote the effect of rehabilitation therapy. Here, we discussed different animal and in vitro models of ischaemic stroke for rehabilitation studies; the compound concept and technology of neurological rehabilitation; all kinds of biological mechanisms of physical therapy; the significance, assessment and efficacy of neurological rehabilitation; the application of brain-computer interface, rehabilitation robotic and non-invasive brain stimulation technology in stroke rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medical, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medical, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rubing Shi
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengju Wu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen Y, Luan P, Liu J, Wei Y, Wang C, Wu R, Wu Z, Jing M. Spatiotemporally selective astrocytic ATP dynamics encode injury information sensed by microglia following brain injury in mice. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1522-1533. [PMID: 38862791 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Injuries to the brain result in tunable cell responses paired with stimulus properties, suggesting the existence of intrinsic processes that encode and transmit injury information; however, the molecular mechanism of injury information encoding is unclear. Here, using ATP fluorescent indicators, we identify injury-evoked spatiotemporally selective ATP dynamics, Inflares, in adult mice of both sexes. Inflares are actively released from astrocytes and act as the internal representations of injury. Inflares encode injury intensity and position at their population level through frequency changes and are further decoded by microglia, driving changes in their activation state. Mismatches between Inflares and injury severity lead to microglia dysfunction and worsening of injury outcome. Blocking Inflares in ischemic stroke in mice reduces secondary damage and improves recovery of function. Our results suggest that astrocytic ATP dynamics encode injury information and are sensed by microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Pengwei Luan
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yelan Wei
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Department of College of Physical Education and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Jing
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin H, Bei Y, Shen Z, Wei T, Ge Y, Yu L, Xu H, He W, Dai Y, Yao D, Dai H. HDAC9 Deficiency Upregulates cGMP-dependent Kinase II to Mitigate Neuronal Apoptosis in Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01272-7. [PMID: 38940872 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) is implicated in ischemic stroke by genome-wide association studies. We conducted a series of experiments using a mouse model of ischemic stroke (middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion) to examine the potential role of HDAC9. Briefly, HDAC9 was upregulated in the penumbra. Deletion of HDAC9 from neurons reduced infarction volume, inhibited neuronal apoptosis in the penumbra, and improved neurological outcomes. HDAC9 knockout from neurons in the penumbra upregulated cGMP-dependent kinase II (cGK II), blocking which abrogated the protective effects of HDAC9 deletion. Mechanistically, HDAC9 interacts with the transcription factor MEF2, thereby inhibiting MEF2's binding to the promoter region of the cGK II gene, which results in the suppression of cGK II expression. Inhibiting the interaction between HDAC9 and MEF2 by BML210 upregulated cGK II and attenuated ischemic injury in mice. These results encourage targeting the HDAC9-MEF2 interaction in developing novel therapy against ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yun Bei
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zexu Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Taofeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yuyang Ge
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lingyan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yunjian Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Difei Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Haibin Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang L, Zhou X, Zhao J, Wang X. Research hotspots and frontiers of preconditioning in cerebral ischemia: A bibliometric analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24757. [PMID: 38317957 PMCID: PMC10839892 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Preconditioning is a promising strategy against ischemic brain injury, and numerous studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects. However, at present there is no bibliometric analysis of preconditioning in cerebral ischemia. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of the current status, hot spots, and emerging trends in this research field is necessary. Materials and methods Studies on preconditioning in cerebral ischemia from January 1999-December 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. CiteSpace was used for data mining and visual analysis. Results A total of 1738 papers on preconditioning in cerebral ischemia were included in the study. The annual publications showed an upwards and then downwards trend but currently remain high in terms of annual publications. The US was the leading country, followed by China, the most active country in recent years. Capital Medical University published the largest number of articles. Perez-Pinzon, Miguel A contributed the most publications, while KITAGAWA K was the most cited author. The focus of the study covered three areas: (1) relevant diseases and experimental models, (2) types of preconditioning and stimuli, and (3) mechanisms of ischemic tolerance. Remote ischemic preconditioning, preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and inflammation are the frontiers of research in this field. Conclusion Our study provides a visual and scientific overview of research on preconditioning in cerebral ischemia, providing valuable information and new directions for researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zibo TCM-Integrated Hospital, Zibo ,255026, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- Division of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Y, Hu C, Li Z, Li F, Lv J, Guo M, Liu X, Li C, Huo X, Chen Z, Yang L, Du X. Development of a new cerebral ischemia reperfusion model of Mongolian gerbils and standardized evaluation system. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:48-55. [PMID: 38372486 PMCID: PMC10961892 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mongolian gerbil is an excellent laboratory animal for preparing the cerebral ischemia model due to its inherent deficiency in the circle of Willis. However, the low incidence and unpredictability of symptoms are caused by numerous complex variant types of the circle. Additionally, the lack of an evaluation system for the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model of gerbils has shackled the application of this model. METHODS We created a symptom-oriented principle and detailed neurobehavioral scoring criteria. At different time points of reperfusion, we analyzed the alteration in locomotion by rotarod test and grip force score, infarct volume by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, neuron loss using Nissl staining, and histological characteristics using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) straining. RESULTS With a successful model rate of 56%, 32 of the 57 gerbils operated by our method harbored typical features of cerebral I/R injury, and the mortality rate in the male gerbils was significantly higher than that in the female gerbils. The successfully prepared I/R gerbils demonstrated a significant reduction in motility and grip strength at 1 day after reperfusion; formed obvious infarction; exhibited typical pathological features, such as tissue edema, neuronal atrophy and death, and vacuolated structures; and were partially recovered with the extension of reperfusion time. CONCLUSION This study developed a new method for the unilateral common carotid artery ligation I/R model of gerbil and established a standardized evaluation system for this model, which could provide a new cerebral I/R model of gerbils with more practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Caijiao Hu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhihui Li
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Feiyang Li
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jianyi Lv
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changlong Li
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xueyun Huo
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lifeng Yang
- College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
O’Donnell JC, Petrov D. Porcine Models of Neurotrauma and Neurological Disorders. Biomedicines 2024; 12:245. [PMID: 38275416 PMCID: PMC10813658 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The translation of therapeutics from lab to clinic has a dismal record in the fields of neurotrauma and neurological disorders [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C. O’Donnell
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dmitriy Petrov
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Geiseler SJ, Hadzic A, Lambertus M, Forbord KM, Sajedi G, Liesz A, Morland C. L-Lactate Treatment at 24 h and 48 h after Acute Experimental Stroke Is Neuroprotective via Activation of the L-Lactate Receptor HCA 1. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1232. [PMID: 38279234 PMCID: PMC10816130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the main cause for acquired disabilities. Pharmaceutical or mechanical removal of the thrombus is the cornerstone of stroke treatment but can only be administered to a subset of patients and within a narrow time window. Novel treatment options are therefore required. Here we induced stroke by permanent occlusion of the distal medial cerebral artery of wild-type mice and knockout mice for the lactate receptor hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1). At 24 h and 48 h after stroke induction, we injected L-lactate intraperitoneal. The resulting atrophy was measured in Nissl-stained brain sections, and capillary density and neurogenesis were measured after immunolabeling and confocal imaging. In wild-type mice, L-lactate treatment resulted in an HCA1-dependent reduction in the lesion volume accompanied by enhanced angiogenesis. In HCA1 knockout mice, on the other hand, there was no increase in angiogenesis and no reduction in lesion volume in response to L-lactate treatment. Nevertheless, the lesion volumes in HCA1 knockout mice-regardless of L-lactate treatment-were smaller than in control mice, indicating a multifactorial role of HCA1 in stroke. Our findings suggest that L-lactate administered 24 h and 48 h after stroke is protective in stroke. This represents a time window where no effective treatment options are currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Geiseler
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (M.L.); (K.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Alena Hadzic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (M.L.); (K.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Marvin Lambertus
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (M.L.); (K.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Karl Martin Forbord
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (M.L.); (K.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Ghazal Sajedi
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (M.L.); (K.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Munich, 82152 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Cecilie Morland
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (M.L.); (K.M.F.); (G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cruz ASD, Drehmer MM, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Machado JC. Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the quantification of brain perfusion parameters of a rat stroke model: Analysis of contrast agent bolus kinetic dynamics. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 401:110005. [PMID: 37931754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke represents a significant global health concern, necessitating thorough investigations and the utilization of stroke animal models to explore novel treatment modalities and diagnostic imaging techniques. NEW METHOD Ultrasound biomicroscopy (BMU), operating at a center frequency of 21 MHz, along with ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), was used to quantify microcirculation cerebral blood flow in a rat model of ischemic stroke. The microcirculation parameters were derived from time intensity curve (TIC) plots obtained based on UCA-bolus kinetics. RESULTS Semiquantitative perfusion-related parameters were assessed. The TIC curves showed differences in amplitude when compared intra-animal between the left and right sides, and three situations were observed: normal perfusion, hypoperfusion, and nonperfusion. ROC analysis of delays between the left and right time intensity peak (TIP) for regions of interest (ROIs) in the control and stroke-hypoperfusion groups revealed an optimal cutpoint of 0.39 s to indicate when hypoperfusion is occurring in rats, with a sensitivity of 93.33 % and a specificity of 80 %. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Ultrasound perfusion imaging through the temporal bone window has been clinically applied to stroke patients using a UCA bolus for TIC analysis. TIC parameters were correlated with MRI- and CT-based measurements. CONCLUSIONS This investigation quantified cerebral blood flow in a rat model of ischemic stroke by measuring microcirculation parameters. The study demonstrated the efficacy of this approach as a valuable tool for conducting preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva da Cruz
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Margarida Drehmer
- Post-Graduation Program in Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Post-Graduation Program in Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Machado
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kiouptsi K, Casari M, Mandel J, Gao Z, Deppermann C. Intravital Imaging of Thrombosis Models in Mice. Hamostaseologie 2023; 43:348-359. [PMID: 37857297 DOI: 10.1055/a-2118-2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool to study thrombosis in real time. The kinetics of thrombus formation and progression in vivo is studied after inflicting damage to the endothelium through mechanical, chemical, or laser injury. Mouse models of atherosclerosis are also used to induce thrombus formation. Vessels of different sizes and from different vascular beds such as carotid artery or vena cava, mesenteric or cremaster arterioles, can be targeted. Using fluorescent dyes, antibodies, or reporter mouse strains allows to visualize key cells and factors mediating the thrombotic processes. Here, we review the latest literature on using intravital microscopy to study thrombosis as well as thromboinflammation following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, infection-induced immunothrombosis, and liver ischemia reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Casari
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Mandel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zhenling Gao
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Deppermann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Geiseler SJ, Phan KD, Brox C, Nguyen TD, Tartanoglu C, Doosje HL, Christiansen CL, Liesz A, Morland C. Pre-stroke exercise does not reduce atrophy in healthy young adult mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 814:137447. [PMID: 37604388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the main cause of acquired disability in adults. Exercise reduces the risk for stroke and protects against functional loss after stroke. An exercise-induced reduction in key risk factors probably contributes to the protective effect, but direct effects on the brain may also contribute to stroke protection. We previously reported that exercise increases angiogenesis and neurogenesis through activation of the lactate receptor HCA1. Here we exposed young adult wild-type mice and HCA1 knockout mice to interval exercise at high or medium intensity, or to intraperitoneal injections of L-lactate or saline for seven weeks before we induced experimental stroke by permanent occlusion of the distal medial cerebral artery (dMCA). The resulting cortical atrophy measured three weeks after stroke was unaffected by exercise or L-lactate pre-treatments, and independent of HCA1 activation. Our results suggest that the beneficial effect of exercise prior to stroke where no reperfusion occurs is limited in individuals who do not carry risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Geiseler
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kimberly D Phan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Brox
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Teresa D Nguyen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Can Tartanoglu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne-Lise Doosje
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Life Science and Technology, Hanzehogeschool, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cathrine L Christiansen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Artur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SyNergy, Munich, Germany
| | - Cecilie Morland
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu G, Su X, Wang L, Leung CK, Zhou J, Xiong Z, Wang W, Liu H, Chan WY. Neuroprotective Effects of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Ischemic Stroke Models. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2550. [PMID: 37760991 PMCID: PMC10525838 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke represents the second leading cause of death and the primary cause of long-term disability in humans. The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) reportedly improves functional outcomes in animal models of cerebral ischemia. Here, we evaluate the neuroprotective potential of extracellular vesicles secreted from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hiPS-MSC-EV) using preclinical cell-based and animal-based models of ischemic strokes. METHODS hiPS-MSC-EV were isolated using an ultrafiltration method. HT22 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury for 2 h, followed by treatment with hiPS-MSC-EV (100 μg/mL). Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by an intravenous injection of hiPS-MSC-EV (100 μg) at three distinct time points. RESULTS Our experimental approach revealed hiPS-MSC-EV promoted HT22 cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and altered cellular morphology following OGD/R. In addition, hiPS-MSC-EV reduced the volume of infarcts, improved spontaneous movement abilities, and enhanced angiogenesis by expressing the VEGF and CXCR4 proteins in the infarcted hemisphere of the MCAO-treated mouse model. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence of the potential neuroprotective effects of hiPS-MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (hiPS-MSC-EVs) in both in vitro and in vivo mouse models of ischemic stroke. These results suggest that hiPS-MSC-EVs may play a role in neurorestoration and offer insights into potential cell-free strategies for addressing cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.L.); (X.S.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianwei Su
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.L.); (X.S.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Lihong Wang
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.L.); (X.S.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Chi-Kwan Leung
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.L.); (X.S.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Jingye Zhou
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.L.); (X.S.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (Z.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Wuming Wang
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.L.); (X.S.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (Z.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.L.); (X.S.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Collyer E, Blanco-Suarez E. Astrocytes in stroke-induced neurodegeneration: a timeline. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1240862. [PMID: 39086680 PMCID: PMC11285566 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1240862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is a condition characterized by sudden deprivation of blood flow to a brain region and defined by different post-injury phases, which involve various molecular and cellular cascades. At an early stage during the acute phase, fast initial cell death occurs, followed by inflammation and scarring. This is followed by a sub-acute or recovery phase when endogenous plasticity mechanisms may promote spontaneous recovery, depending on various factors that are yet to be completely understood. At later time points, stroke leads to greater neurodegeneration compared to healthy controls in both clinical and preclinical studies, this is evident during the chronic phase when recovery slows down and neurodegenerative signatures appear. Astrocytes have been studied in the context of ischemic stroke due to their role in glutamate re-uptake, as components of the neurovascular unit, as building blocks of the glial scar, and synaptic plasticity regulators. All these roles render astrocytes interesting, yet understudied players in the context of stroke-induced neurodegeneration. With this review, we provide a summary of previous research, highlight astrocytes as potential therapeutic targets, and formulate questions about the role of astrocytes in the mechanisms during the acute, sub-acute, and chronic post-stroke phases that may lead to neurorestoration or neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Blanco-Suarez
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Purvis EM, Fedorczak N, Prah A, Han D, O’Donnell JC. Porcine Astrocytes and Their Relevance for Translational Neurotrauma Research. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2388. [PMID: 37760829 PMCID: PMC10525191 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential to virtually all brain processes, from ion homeostasis to neurovascular coupling to metabolism, and even play an active role in signaling and plasticity. Astrocytic dysfunction can be devastating to neighboring neurons made inherently vulnerable by their polarized, excitable membranes. Therefore, correcting astrocyte dysfunction is an attractive therapeutic target to enhance neuroprotection and recovery following acquired brain injury. However, the translation of such therapeutic strategies is hindered by a knowledge base dependent almost entirely on rodent data. To facilitate additional astrocytic research in the translatable pig model, we present a review of astrocyte findings from pig studies of health and disease. We hope that this review can serve as a road map for intrepid pig researchers interested in studying astrocyte biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Purvis
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natalia Fedorczak
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Annette Prah
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Han
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John C. O’Donnell
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pereira JF, de Sousa Neves JC, Fonteles AA, Bezerra JR, Pires RC, da Silva ATA, Lima FAV, Neves KRT, Oriá RB, de Barros Viana GS, Tavares J, de Sousa Nascimento T, Oliveira AV, Parente ACB, Gomes JMP, de Andrade GM. Palmatine, a natural alkaloid, attenuates memory deficits and neuroinflammation in mice submitted to permanent focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578131. [PMID: 37413943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke involves complex events, including oxidative stress and inflammation, that lead to neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. Palmatine (PAL) is a naturally occurring (Coptidis rhizome) isoquinoline alkaloid that belongs to the class of protoberberines and has a wide spectrum of pharmacological and biological effects. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of Palmatine on neuronal damage, memory deficits, and inflammatory response in mice submitted to permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery (pMCAO) occlusion. The animals were treated with Palmatine (0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg/day, orally) or vehicle (3% Tween + saline solution) 2 h after pMCAO once daily for 3 days. Cerebral ischemia was confirmed by evaluating the infarct area (TTC staining) and neurological deficit score 24 h after pMCAO. Treatment with palmatine (2 and 20 mg/kg) reduced infarct size and neurological deficits and prevented working and aversive memory deficits in ischemic mice. Palmatine, at a dose of 2 mg/kg, had a similar effect of reducing neuroinflammation 24 h after cerebral ischemia, decreasing TNF-, iNOS, COX-2, and NF- κB immunoreactivities and preventing the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, palmatine (2 mg/kg) reduced COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1β immunoreactivity 96 h after pMCAO. The neuroprotective properties of palmatine make it an excellent adjuvant treatment for strokes due to its inhibition of neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fernandes Pereira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Catharina de Sousa Neves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Analu Aragão Fonteles
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rabelo Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Costa Pires
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Thais Araújo da Silva
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Arnaldo Viana Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kelly Rose Tavares Neves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Barreto Oriá
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliete Tavares
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tyciane de Sousa Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alfaete Vieira Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Barros Parente
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jessica Maria Pessoa Gomes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Y, Tan L, Yang C, He L, Liu L, Deng B, Liu S, Guo J. Distinctions between the Koizumi and Zea Longa methods for middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model: a systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10247. [PMID: 37353569 PMCID: PMC10290095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke in rodents is usually induced by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) via the common carotid artery plugging filament invented by Koizumi et al. (MCAO-KM), or the external carotid artery plugging filament created by Zea Longa et al. (MCAO-LG). A systematic review of the distinctions between them is currently lacking. Here, we performed a meta-analysis in terms of model establishment, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) between them, Weighted Mean Differences and Standardized Mean Difference were used to analyze the combined effects, Cochrane's Q test and the I2 statistic were applied to determine heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to explore the source of heterogeneity. Literature mining suggests that MCAO-KM brings shorter operation time (p = 0.007), higher probability of plugging filament (p < 0.001) and molding establishment (p = 0.006), lower possibility of subarachnoid hemorrhage (p = 0.02), larger infarct volume (p = 0.003), severer brain edema (p = 0.002), and neurological deficits (p = 0.03). Nevertheless, MCAO-LG shows a more adequate CBF after ischemia-reperfusion (p < 0.001), a higher model survival rate (p = 0.02), and a greater infarct rate (p = 0.007). In conclusion, the MCAO-KM method is simple to operate with a high modeling success rate, and is suitable for the study of brain edema under long-term hypoperfusion, while the MCAO-LG method is highly challenging for novices, and is suitable for the study of CIRI caused by complete ischemia-reperfusion. These findings are expected to benefit the selection of intraluminal filament MCAO models before undertaking ischemic stroke preclinical effectiveness trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liying He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sijing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Won J, Khan ZA, Hong Y. Effects of isoflurane and xylazine on inducing cerebral ischemia by the model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Lab Anim Res 2023; 39:11. [PMID: 37264475 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-023-00163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical ischemic stroke studies extensively utilize the intraluminal suture method of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). General anesthesia administration is an essential step for MCAo, but anesthetic agents can lead to adverse effects causing death and making a considerable impact on inducing cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this study was to comparatively assess the effect of isoflurane and xylazine on transient cerebral ischemia in a mouse model of MCAo. Twenty animals were randomly divided into four groups: sham group (no MCAo), control group (MCAo under isoflurane, no agent till reperfusion), isoflurane group (MCAo under isoflurane continued till reperfusion), xylazine group (MCAo under isoflurane, and administration of xylazine till reperfusion). The survival rate, brain infarct volume, and neurologic deficits were studied to assess the effect of isoflurane and xylazine on the stroke model. Our results showed that the body weight showed statistically significant change before and 24 h after surgery in the control and Isoflurane groups, but no difference in the Xylazine group. Also, the survival rate, brain infarct volume, and neurologic deficits were slightly reduced in the isoflurane group at 24 h after reperfusion injury. However, the xylazine and control groups showed similar BIV and neurologic deficits. Interestingly, a high survival rate was observed in the xylazine group. Our results indicate that the modified method of inhalation anesthetics combined with xylazine can reduce the risk of mortality and develop a reproducible MCAo model with predictable brain ischemia. In addition, extended isoflurane anesthesia after MCAo is associated with the risk of mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Won
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Couch C, Alawieh AM, Toutonji A, Atkinson C, Tomlinson S. Evaluating the comorbidities of age and cigarette smoking on stroke outcomes in the context of anti-complement mitigation strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161051. [PMID: 37223091 PMCID: PMC10200924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple neuroprotective agents have shown beneficial effects in rodent models of stroke, but they have failed to translate in the clinic. In this perspective, we consider that a likely explanation for this failure, at least in part, is that there has been inadequate assessment of functional outcomes in preclinical stroke models, as well the use of young healthy animals that are not representative of clinical cohorts. Although the impact of older age and cigarette smoking comorbidities on stroke outcomes is well documented clinically, the impact of these (and other) stroke comorbidities on the neuroinflammatory response after stroke, as well as the response to neuroprotective agents, remains largely unexplored. We have shown that a complement inhibitor (B4Crry), that targets specifically to the ischemic penumbra and inhibits complement activation, reduces neuroinflammation and improves outcomes following murine ischemic stroke. For this perspective, we discuss the impact of age and smoking comorbidities on outcomes after stroke, and we experimentally assess whether increased complement activation contributes to worsened acute outcomes with these comorbidities. We found that the pro-inflammatory effects of aging and smoking contribute to worse stroke outcomes, and these effects are mitigated by complement inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Couch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ali M. Alawieh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amer Toutonji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Ralph H. Johnson Veteran's Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
O'Donnell JC, Browne KD, Kvint S, Makaron L, Grovola MR, Karandikar S, Kilbaugh TJ, Cullen DK, Petrov D. Multimodal Neuromonitoring and Neurocritical Care in Swine to Enhance Translational Relevance in Brain Trauma Research. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051336. [PMID: 37239007 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocritical care significantly impacts outcomes after moderate-to-severe acquired brain injury, but it is rarely applied in preclinical studies. We created a comprehensive neurointensive care unit (neuroICU) for use in swine to account for the influence of neurocritical care, collect clinically relevant monitoring data, and create a paradigm that is capable of validating therapeutics/diagnostics in the unique neurocritical care space. Our multidisciplinary team of neuroscientists, neurointensivists, and veterinarians adapted/optimized the clinical neuroICU (e.g., multimodal neuromonitoring) and critical care pathways (e.g., managing cerebral perfusion pressure with sedation, ventilation, and hypertonic saline) for use in swine. Moreover, this neurocritical care paradigm enabled the first demonstration of an extended preclinical study period for moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury with coma beyond 8 h. There are many similarities with humans that make swine an ideal model species for brain injury studies, including a large brain mass, gyrencephalic cortex, high white matter volume, and topography of basal cisterns, amongst other critical factors. Here we describe the neurocritical care techniques we developed and the medical management of swine following subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury with coma. Incorporating neurocritical care in swine studies will reduce the translational gap for therapeutics and diagnostics specifically tailored for moderate-to-severe acquired brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C O'Donnell
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin D Browne
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Svetlana Kvint
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leah Makaron
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Grovola
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Saarang Karandikar
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Todd J Kilbaugh
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dmitriy Petrov
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grovola MR, von Reyn C, Loane DJ, Cullen DK. Understanding microglial responses in large animal models of traumatic brain injury: an underutilized resource for preclinical and translational research. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:67. [PMID: 36894951 PMCID: PMC9999644 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in prolonged or permanent brain dysfunction with over 2.8 million affected annually in the U.S., including over 56,000 deaths, with over 5 million total survivors exhibiting chronic deficits. Mild TBI (also known as concussion) accounts for over 75% of all TBIs every year. Mild TBI is a heterogeneous disorder, and long-term outcomes are dependent on the type and severity of the initial physical event and compounded by secondary pathophysiological consequences, such as reactive astrocytosis, edema, hypoxia, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation has gained increasing attention for its role in secondary injury as inflammatory pathways can have both detrimental and beneficial roles. For example, microglia-resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS)-influence cell death pathways and may contribute to progressive neurodegeneration but also aid in debris clearance and neuroplasticity. In this review, we will discuss the acute and chronic role of microglia after mild TBI, including critical protective responses, deleterious effects, and how these processes vary over time. These descriptions are contextualized based on interspecies variation, sex differences, and prospects for therapy. We also highlight recent work from our lab that was the first to describe microglial responses out to chronic timepoints after diffuse mild TBI in a clinically relevant large animal model. The scaled head rotational acceleration of our large animal model, paired with the gyrencephalic architecture and appropriate white:gray matter ratio, allows us to produce pathology with the same anatomical patterns and distribution of human TBI, and serves as an exemplary model to examine complex neuroimmune response post-TBI. An improved understanding of microglial influences in TBI could aid in the development of targeted therapeutics to accentuate positive effects while attenuating detrimental post-injury responses over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Grovola
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury & Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 105E Hayden Hall/3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Catherine von Reyn
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury & Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 105E Hayden Hall/3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang X, Xu L, Zhao H, Xie T, Wang J, Wang L, Yang J. Curcumin protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation: a meta-analysis and mechanism exploration. Nutr Res 2023; 113:14-28. [PMID: 36996692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that curcumin may protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). However, biological mechanisms vary across studies, limiting the clinical applicability of these findings. We performed a meta-analysis on publications evaluating curcumin administration in rat models of CIRI. Furthermore, we sought to test the hypothesis that curcumin alleviates CIRI through diminishing oxidation and inflammation. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane from the starting date of each database to May 2022 for experimental rat studies exploring the use of curcumin after ischemia reperfusion. Included articles were assessed for bias using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Data were aggregated by a random effects model. Curcumin administration significantly reduced neurological deficit score (20 studies; pooled mean difference [MD] = -1.57; 95% CI, -1.78 to -1.36, P < .00001), infarct volume (18 studies; pooled MD = -17.56%; 95% CI, -20.92% to -14.20%; P < 0.00001), and brain water content (8 studies, pooled MD = -11.29%, 95% CI: -16.48%, -6.11%, P < .00001). Compared with control, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly higher, whereas the levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and nuclear factor kappa B were significantly lower (P < .05). Subgroup analysis raised the possibility that intervention affections differed by curcumin's dose. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of curcumin's neuroprotection and mechanisms in rat CIRI models. Our analysis suggests the neuroprotective potential of curcumin in CIRI via antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect. More research is required to further confirm the effectiveness and safety of curcumin on ischemic stroke therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Yang
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Taizhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Taizhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Taizhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Taizhou, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Tinghui Xie
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Taizhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Taizhou, China
| | - Jiabing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Yang
- General Practice, Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yuan J, Zhang Z, Ni J, Wu X, Yan H, Xu J, Zhao Q, Yuan H, Yang L. Acupuncture for autophagy in animal models of middle cerebral artery occlusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281956. [PMID: 36812222 PMCID: PMC9946199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic stroke has high morbidity, disability and mortality rates. The effective treatments recommended by guideline have considerable limitations due to their strict range of adaptation and narrow time window. Acupuncture is an effective and safe treatment for ischemic stroke, and the mechanism may be related to autophagy. In this systematic review, we aim to summarize and evaluate the evidence of autophagy in acupuncture therapy for animal models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS Publications will be retrieved from the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM, CVIP and Wanfang databases. We will include animal experimental studies of acupuncture for MCAO, and the control group will receive placebo/sham acupuncture or no treatment after model establishment. Outcome measures must include autophagy and will include neurologic scores and/or infarct size. The Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool will be used to assess the risk of bias. A meta-analysis will be performed if the included studies are sufficiently homogenous. Subgroup analyses will be conducted according to different intervention types and different types of outcomes. Sensitivity analyses will also performed to explore the heterogeneity and to assess the stability of the results. Publication bias will be assessed by funnel plots. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system will be applied to evaluate the quality of evidence in this systematic review. DISCUSSION The results of this study may help to explain autophagy in acupuncture therapy for ischemic stroke. The limitation of this review is that all included studies will be retrieved from Chinese or English medical databases due to language barriers. REGISTRATION We registered in PROSPERO on May 31, 2022. (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=329917) (CRD42022329917).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Yuan
- Department of Acupuncture, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ziniu Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Ni
- Department of Acupuncture, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaona Wu
- Department of Acupuncture, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyue Yan
- Department of Acupuncture, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingni Xu
- Department of Acupuncture, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Yuan
- Department of Acupuncture, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Acupuncture, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim MK, Choi W, Moon HJ, Han S, Shin HJ. Targeted photothrombotic subcortical small vessel occlusion using in vivo real-time fiber bundle endomicroscopy in mice. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:687-702. [PMID: 36874485 PMCID: PMC9979683 DOI: 10.1364/boe.473407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of an accurate subcortical small vessel occlusion model for pathophysiological studies of subcortical ischemic stroke is still insignificant. In this study, in vivo real-time fiber bundle endomicroscopy (FBEµ) was applied to develop subcortical photothrombotic small vessel occlusion model in mice with minimal invasiveness. Our FBFµ system made it possible to precisely target specific blood vessels in deep brain and simultaneously observe the clot formation and blood flow blockage inside the target blood vessel during photochemical reactions. A fiber bundle probe was directly inserted into the anterior pretectal nucleus of the thalamus in brain of live mice to induce a targeted occlusion in small vessels. Then, targeted photothrombosis was performed using a patterned laser, observing the process through the dual-color fluorescence imaging. On day one post occlusion, infarct lesions are measured using TTC staining and post hoc histology. The results show that FBEµ applied to targeted photothrombosis can successfully generate a subcortical small vessel occlusion model for lacunar stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-kyung Kim
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Choi
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-June Moon
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Han
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-joon Shin
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gärtner Y, Bitar L, Zipp F, Vogelaar CF. Interleukin-4 as a therapeutic target. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 242:108348. [PMID: 36657567 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine mainly known for its role in type 2 immunity. Therapies antagonizing or blocking IL-4 activity have been developed to counteract diseases such as atopic dermatitis and asthma. In contrast, other disorders experimentally benefit from IL-4-related effects and IL-4 recently demonstrated beneficial activity in experimental stroke, spinal cord injury and the animal model of multiple sclerosis. To exploit IL-4-related activity for therapeutic concepts, current experimental efforts include modifying the pathway without inducing type 2 immune response and targeting of the cytokine to specific tissues. Here, we review different activities of IL-4 as well as therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Gärtner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lynn Bitar
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Francisca Vogelaar
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Conti E, Carlini N, Piccardi B, Allegra Mascaro AL, Pavone FS. Photothrombotic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice: A Novel Model of Ischemic Stroke. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0244-22.2022. [PMID: 36650068 PMCID: PMC9910575 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0244-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. Over the past decades, several animal models of focal cerebral ischemia have been developed allowing to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying stroke progression. Despite intense preclinical research efforts, the need for noninvasive mouse models of vascular occlusion targeting the middle cerebral artery yet avoiding mechanical intervention is still pressing. Here, by applying the photothrombotic stroke model to the distal branch of the middle cerebral artery, we developed a novel strategy to induce a targeted occlusion of a large blood vessel in mice. This approach induces unilateral damage encompassing most of the dorsal cortex from the motor up to the visual regions 1 week after stroke. Pronounced limb dystonia one day after the damage is partially recovered after one week. Furthermore, we observe the insurgence of blood vessel leakage and edema formation in the peri-infarct area. Finally, this model elicits a notable inflammatory response revealed as a strong increase in astrocyte density and morphologic complexity in the perilesional region of the cortex compared with both other regions of the ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres, and in sham-operated mice. To conclude, the stroke model we developed induces in mice the light-mediated occlusion of one of the main targets of human ischemic stroke, the middle cerebral artery, free from the limitations of commonly used preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Conti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Translational Research on Stroke (TREES) Working Group, Florence, Italy
| | - Noemi Carlini
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Piccardi
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Translational Research on Stroke (TREES) Working Group, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Letizia Allegra Mascaro
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Translational Research on Stroke (TREES) Working Group, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Influence of sex, age and diabetes on brain transcriptome and proteome modifications following cerebral ischemia. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:7. [PMID: 36707762 PMCID: PMC9881265 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Translation into the clinical setting of neuroprotective agents showing promising results in pre-clinical studies has systematically failed. One possible explanation is that the animal models used to test neuroprotectants do not properly represent the population affected by stroke, as most of the pre-clinical studies are performed in healthy young male mice. Therefore, we aimed to determine if the response to cerebral ischemia differed depending on age, sex and the presence of comorbidities. Thus, we explored proteomic and transcriptomic changes triggered during the hyperacute phase of cerebral ischemia (by transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion) in the brain of: (1) young male mice, (2) young female mice, (3) aged male mice and (4) diabetic young male mice. Moreover, we compared each group's proteomic and transcriptomic changes using an integrative enrichment pathways analysis to disclose key common and exclusive altered proteins, genes and pathways in the first stages of the disease. We found 61 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in male mice, 77 in females, 699 in diabetics and 24 in aged mice. Of these, only 14 were commonly dysregulated in all groups. The enrichment pathways analysis revealed that the inflammatory response was the biological process with more DEG in all groups, followed by hemopoiesis. Our findings indicate that the response to cerebral ischemia regarding proteomic and transcriptomic changes differs depending on sex, age and comorbidities, highlighting the importance of incorporating animals with different phenotypes in future stroke research studies.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ahmed RU, Knibbe CA, Wilkins F, Sherwood LC, Howland DR, Boakye M. Porcine spinal cord injury model for translational research across multiple functional systems. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114267. [PMID: 36356636 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are necessary to identify pathological changes and help assess therapeutic outcomes following spinal cord injury (SCI). Small animal models offer value in research in terms of their easily managed size, minimal maintenance requirements, lower cost, well-characterized genomes, and ability to power research studies. However, despite these benefits, small animal models have neurologic and anatomical differences that may influence translation of results to humans and thus limiting the success of their use in preclinical studies as a direct pipeline to clinical studies. Large animal models, offer an attractive intermediary translation model that may be more successful in translating to the clinic for SCI research. This is largely due to their greater neurologic and anatomical similarities to humans. The physical characteristics of pig spinal cord, gut microbiome, metabolism, proportions of white to grey matter, bowel anatomy and function, and urinary system are strikingly similar and provide great insight into human SCI conditions. In this review, we address the variety of existing porcine injury models and their translational relevance, benefits, and drawbacks in modeling human systems and functions for neurophysiology, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and urodynamic functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakib Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Chase A Knibbe
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Felicia Wilkins
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Leslie C Sherwood
- Comparative Medicine Research Unit, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dena R Howland
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Maxwell Boakye
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Amado B, Melo L, Pinto R, Lobo A, Barros P, Gomes JR. Ischemic Stroke, Lessons from the Past towards Effective Preclinical Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2561. [PMID: 36289822 PMCID: PMC9599148 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide, mainly in western countries. So far, approved therapies rely on reperfusion of the affected brain area, by intravenous thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy. The last approach constitutes a breakthrough in the field, by extending the therapeutic window to 16-24 h after stroke onset and reducing stroke mortality. The combination of pharmacological brain-protective strategies with reperfusion is the future of stroke therapy, aiming to reduce brain cell death and decrease patients' disabilities. Recently, a brain-protective drug-nerinetide-reduced brain infarct and stroke mortality, and improved patients' functional outcomes in clinical trials. The success of new therapies relies on bringing preclinical studies and clinical practice close together, by including a functional outcome assessment similar to clinical reality. In this review, we focused on recent upgrades of in vitro and in vivo stroke models for more accurate and effective evaluation of therapeutic strategies: from spheroids to organoids, in vitro models that include all brain cell types and allow high throughput drug screening, to advancements in in vivo preclinical mouse stroke models to mimic the clinical reality in surgical procedures, postsurgical care, and functional assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Amado
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Melo
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Pinto
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Barros
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- Stroke Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - João R. Gomes
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Themistoklis KM, Papasilekas TI, Melanis KS, Boviatsis KA, Korfias SI, Vekrellis K, Sakas DE. The transient intraluminal filament Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion stroke model in rats. A step by step guide and technical considerations. World Neurosurg 2022; 168:43-50. [PMID: 36115569 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. Related research, although already providing significant insights on the underlying pathophysiology and potential treatment strategies, is far from conclusive. In this respect, stroke models are proving of extreme significance for laboratories around the world. The scope of this article is to present in detail the most popular to date focal stroke model, the tifMCAO model in rats. This model mimics reliably stroke in humans and also approximates endovascular thrombectomy. METHODS The tifMCAO model was performed on Wistar rats with a weight of 300-400 gr. The surgical technique is described in a step-wise manner, while pictures and/or HD video accompany each step. Complete arteriotomy of the ECA stump is introduced during the procedure. RESULTS We performed the tifMCAO in 65 rats (male and female) involved in various experimental protocols. Although that initial mortality was 48%, practice reduced this number to10%. The mean procedural time was 53 min (range, 38 - 85 min). Stroke was confirmed in 87.5% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS The tifMCAO stroke model in rats is the most commonly utilized experimental model of focal ischemia because of its clinical relevance. We revisited the procedure and divided it, for instructional purposes, in 15 consecutive distinct steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos M Themistoklis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurosurgery, "Korgialenio, Benakio, HRC" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Themistoklis I Papasilekas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurosurgery, "Korgialenio, Benakio, HRC" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos S Melanis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology, "Evaggelismos" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stefanos I Korfias
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens, "Evaggelismos" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstaninos Vekrellis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Damianos E Sakas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens, "Evaggelismos" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hemodynamics and Tissue Optical Properties in Bimodal Infarctions Induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810318. [PMID: 36142225 PMCID: PMC9499323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Various infarct sizes induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) generate inconsistent outcomes for stroke preclinical study. Monitoring cerebral hemodynamics may help to verify the outcome of MCAO. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in brain tissue optical properties by frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS), and establish the relationship between cerebral hemodynamics and infarct variation in MCAO model. The rats were undergone transient MCAO using intraluminal filament. The optical properties and hemodynamics were measured by placing the FD-NIRS probes on the scalp of the head before, during, and at various time-courses after MCAO. Bimodal infarction severities were observed after the same 90-min MCAO condition. Significant decreases in concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin ([HbO]) and total hemoglobin ([HbT]), tissue oxygenation saturation (StO2), absorption coefficient (μa) at 830 nm, and reduced scattering coefficient (μs’) at both 690 and 830 nm were detected during the occlusion in the severe infarction but not the mild one. Of note, the significant increases in [HbO], [HbT], StO2, and μa at both 690 and 830 nm were found on day 3; and increases in μs’ at both 690 and 830 nm were found on day 2 and day 3 after MCAO, respectively. The interhemispheric correlation coefficient (IHCC) was computed from low-frequency hemodynamic oscillation of both hemispheres. Lower IHCCs standing for interhemispheric desynchronizations were found in both mild and severe infarction during occlusion, and only in severe infarction after reperfusion. Our finding supports that sequential FD-NIRS parameters may associated with the severity of the infarction in MCAO model, and the consequent pathologies such as vascular dysfunction and brain edema. Further study is required to validate the potential use of FD-NIRS as a monitor for MCAO verification.
Collapse
|
33
|
Nie QQ, Zheng ZQ, Liao J, Li YC, Chen YT, Wang TY, Yuan GQ, Wang Z, Xue Q. SPP1/AnxA1/TIMP1 as Essential Genes Regulate the Inflammatory Response in the Acute Phase of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:4873-4890. [PMID: 36046663 PMCID: PMC9420928 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s369690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic injury in stroke is followed by extensive neurovascular inflammation and changes in ischemic penumbra gene expression patterns. However, the key molecules involved in the inflammatory response during the acute phase of ischemic stroke remain unclear. Methods Gene expression profiles of two rat ischemic stroke-related data sets, GSE61616 and GSE97537, were downloaded from the GEO database for Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Then, GEO2R was used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, 170 differentially expressed intersection genes were screened and analyzed for Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. Candidate genes and miRNAs were obtained by DAVID, Metascape, Cytoscape, STRING, and TargetScan. Finally, the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was constructed, and qRT-PCR was used to verify the predicted potential miRNA molecule and its target genes. Results GO and KEGG analyses showed that 170 genes were highly associated with inflammatory cell activation and cytokine production. After cluster analysis, seven hub genes highly correlated with post-stroke neuroinflammation were obtained: Cxcl1, Kng1, Il6, AnxA1, TIMP1, SPP1, and Ccl6. The results of TargetScan further suggested that miR-340-5p may negatively regulate SPP1, AnxA1, and TIMP1 simultaneously. In the ischemic penumbra of rats 24 h after MCAO/R, the level of miR-340-5p significantly decreased compared with the control group, while the concentration of SPP1, AnxA1, and TIMP1 increased. Time-course studies demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of SPP1, AnxA1, and TIMP1 fluctuated dramatically throughout the acute phase of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Conclusion Our study suggests that differentially expressed genes SPP1, TIMP1, and ANXA1 may play a vital role in the inflammatory response during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. These genes may be negatively regulated by miR-340-5p. Our results may provide new insights into the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of secondary inflammation after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Nie
- Department of Neurology & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Liao
- Department of Neurology & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ting Chen
- Department of Neurology & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ye Wang
- Department of Neurology & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Qiang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changshu Second People's Hospital, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Neurology & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Singh AA, Kharwar A, Dandekar MP. A Review on Preclinical Models of Ischemic Stroke: Insights Into the Pathomechanisms and New Treatment Strategies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1667-1686. [PMID: 34493185 PMCID: PMC9881062 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210907092928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a serious neurovascular problem and the leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The disrupted demand to supply ratio of blood and glucose during cerebral ischemia develops hypoxic shock, and subsequently necrotic neuronal death in the affected regions. Multiple causal factors like age, sex, race, genetics, diet, and lifestyle play an important role in the occurrence as well as progression of post-stroke deleterious events. These biological and environmental factors may be contributed to vasculature variable architecture and abnormal neuronal activity. Since recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only clinically effective clot bursting drug, there is a huge unmet medical need for newer therapies for the treatment of stroke. Innumerous therapeutic interventions have shown promise in the experimental models of stroke but failed to translate it into clinical counterparts. METHODS Original publications regarding pathophysiology, preclinical experimental models, new targets and therapies targeting ischemic stroke have been reviewed since the 1970s. RESULTS We highlighted the critical underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral stroke and preclinical stroke models. We discuss the strengths and caveats of widely used ischemic stroke models, and commented on the potential translational problems. We also describe the new emerging treatment strategies, including stem cell therapy, neurotrophic factors and gut microbiome-based therapy for the management of post-stroke consequences. CONCLUSION There are still many inter-linked pathophysiological alterations with regards to stroke, animal models need not necessarily mimic the same conditions of stroke pathology and newer targets and therapies are the need of the hour in stroke research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya A. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, TS 500037, India
| | - Akash Kharwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, TS 500037, India
| | - Manoj P. Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, TS 500037, India,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, TS 500037, India; Tel: +91-40-23074750; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shin SS, Hefti MM, Mazandi VM, Issadore DA, Meaney DF, Schneider ALC, Diaz-Arrastia R, Kilbaugh TJ. Plasma Neurofilament Light and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels over Thirty Days in a Porcine Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:935-943. [PMID: 35369719 PMCID: PMC9836679 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish the clinical relevance of porcine model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) using the plasma biomarkers of injury with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) over 30 days, we performed a randomized, blinded, pre-clinical trial using Yorkshire pigs weighing 7-10 kg. Twelve pigs were subjected to Sham injury (n = 5) by skin incision or TBI (n = 7) by controlled cortical impact. Blood samples were collected before the injury, then at approximately 5-day intervals until 30 days. Both groups also had DTI at 24 h and at 30 days after injury. Plasma samples were isolated and single molecule array (Simoa) was performed for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light (NFL) levels. Afterwards, brain tissue samples were stained for β-APP. DTI showed fractional anisotropy (FA) decrease in the right corona radiata (ipsilateral to injury), contralateral corona radiata, and anterior corpus callosum at 1 day. At 30 days, ipsilateral corona radiata showed decreased FA. Pigs with TBI also had increase in GFAP and NFL at 1-5 days after injury. Significant difference between Sham and TBI animals continued up to 20 days. Linear regression showed significant negative correlation between ipsilateral corona radiata FA and both NFL and GFAP levels at 1 day. To further validate the degree of axonal injury found in DTI, β-APP immunohistochemistry was performed on a perilesional tissue as well as corona radiata bilaterally. Variable degree of staining was found in ipsilateral corona radiata. Porcine model of TBI replicates the acute increase in plasma biomarkers seen in clinical TBI. Further, long term white matter injury is confirmed in the areas such as the splenium and corona radiata. However, future study stratifying severe and mild TBI, as well as comparison with other subtypes of TBI such as diffuse axonal injury, may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Shin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marco M. Hefti
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Mazandi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A. Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David F. Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea L. C. Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd J. Kilbaugh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ocular Ischemic Syndrome and Its Related Experimental Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095249. [PMID: 35563640 PMCID: PMC9100201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is one of the severe ocular disorders occurring from stenosis or occlusion of the carotid arteries. As the ophthalmic artery is derived from the branch of the carotid artery, stenosis or occlusion of the carotid arteries could induce chronic ocular hypoperfusion, finally leading to the development of OIS. To date, the pathophysiology of OIS is still not clearly unraveled. To better explore the pathophysiology of OIS, several experimental models have been developed in rats and mice. Surgical occlusion or stenosis of common carotid arteries or internal carotid arteries was conducted bilaterally or unilaterally for model development. In this regard, final ischemic outcomes in the eye varied depending on the surgical procedure, even though similar findings on ocular hypoperfusion could be observed. In the current review, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of OIS from various experimental models, as well as several clinical cases. Moreover, we cover the status of current therapies for OIS along with promising preclinical treatments with recent advances. Our review will enable more comprehensive therapeutic approaches to prevent the development and/or progression of OIS.
Collapse
|
37
|
Mostajeran M, Edvinsson L, Ahnstedt H, Arkelius K, Ansar S. Repair-related molecular changes during recovery phase of ischemic stroke in female rats. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:23. [PMID: 35413803 PMCID: PMC9004052 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some degree of spontaneous recovery is usually observed after stroke. Experimental studies have provided information about molecular mechanisms underlying this recovery. However, the majority of pre-clinical stroke studies are performed in male rodents, and females are not well studied. This is a clear discrepancy when considering the clinical situation. Thus, it is important to include females in the evaluation of recovery mechanisms for future therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate spontaneous recovery and molecular mechanisms involved in the recovery phase two weeks after stroke in female rats. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in female Wistar rats using a filament model. Neurological functions were assessed up to day 14 after stroke. Protein expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, neuronal specific nuclei protein (NeuN), nestin, tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Tie-2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and Akt were evaluated in the peri-infarct and ischemic core compared to contralateral side of the brain at day 14 by western blot. Expression of TGF-β in middle cerebral arteries was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Spontaneous recovery after stroke was observed from day 2 to day 14 and was accompanied by a significantly higher expression of nestin, p-Akt, p-ERK1/2 and TGF-β in ischemic regions compared to contralateral side at day 14. In addition, a significantly higher expression of TGF-β was observed in occluded versus non-occluded middle cerebral arteries. The expression of Tie-2 and IL-10 did not differ between the ischemic and contralateral sides. CONCLUSION Spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke in female rats was coincided by a difference observed in the expression of molecular markers. The alteration of these markers might be of importance to address future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mostajeran
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hilda Ahnstedt
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kajsa Arkelius
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Saema Ansar
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Pamphlett R, Locatelli G, King NJC. Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:179-224. [PMID: 34853891 PMCID: PMC8742818 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In neurological diseases, the actions of microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the CNS parenchyma, may diverge from, or intersect with, those of recruited monocytes to drive immune-mediated pathology. However, defining the precise roles of each cell type has historically been impeded by the lack of discriminating markers and experimental systems capable of accurately identifying them. Our ability to distinguish microglia from monocytes in neuroinflammation has advanced with single-cell technologies, new markers and drugs that identify and deplete them, respectively. Nevertheless, the focus of individual studies on particular cell types, diseases or experimental approaches has limited our ability to connect phenotype and function more widely and across diverse CNS pathologies. Here, we critically review, tabulate and integrate the disease-specific functions and immune profiles of microglia and monocytes to provide a comprehensive atlas of myeloid responses in viral encephalitis, demyelination, neurodegeneration and ischemic injury. In emphasizing the differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the severe neuroinflammatory disease of viral encephalitis, we connect inflammatory pathways common to equally incapacitating diseases with less severe inflammation. We examine these findings in the context of human studies and highlight the benefits and inherent limitations of animal models that may impede or facilitate clinical translation. This enables us to highlight common and contrasting, non-redundant and often opposing roles of microglia and monocytes in disease that could be targeted therapeutically.
Collapse
|
39
|
Yang X, Wu S. N-oleoylethanolamine - phosphatidylcholine complex loaded, DSPE-PEG integrated liposomes for efficient stroke. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2525-2533. [PMID: 34842016 PMCID: PMC8635618 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2008058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Causing more and more deaths, stroke has been a leading cause of death worldwide. However, success in clinical stroke trials has remained elusive. N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) was an endogenous highly hydrophobic molecule with outstanding neuroprotective effect. In this article, hydrogen bonds were successfully formed between OEA and soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC). The synthetic OEA-SPC complex and DSPE-PEG were self-assembled into liposomes (OEA NPs), with OEA-SPC loaded in the core and PEG formed a hydrophilic shell. Hence, highly hydrophobic OEA was loaded into liposomes as amorphous state with a drug loading of 8.21 ± 0.18 wt%. With fairly uniform size and well-distributed character, the OEA NPs were systemically assessed as an intravenous formulation for stroke therapy. The results indicated that the administration of OEA NPs could significantly improve the survival rate and the Garcia score of the MCAO rats compared with free OEA. The TTC-stained brain slices declared that the cerebral infarct volume and the edema degree induced by MCAO could be decreased to an extremely low level via the administration of OEA NPs. The Morris water maze (MWM) test suggested that the spatial learning and memory of the MCAO rats could also be ameliorated by OEA NPs. The immunofluorescence assay stated that the apoptosis of the neurons and the inflammation within the brain were greatly inhibited. The results suggest that the OEA NPs have a great chance to develop OEA as a potential anti-stroke formulation for clinic application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (PET Center), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Shichao Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (PET Center), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Conti E, Piccardi B, Sodero A, Tudisco L, Lombardo I, Fainardi E, Nencini P, Sarti C, Allegra Mascaro AL, Baldereschi M. Translational Stroke Research Review: Using the Mouse to Model Human Futile Recanalization and Reperfusion Injury in Ischemic Brain Tissue. Cells 2021; 10:3308. [PMID: 34943816 PMCID: PMC8699609 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The approach to reperfusion therapies in stroke patients is rapidly evolving, but there is still no explanation why a substantial proportion of patients have a poor clinical prognosis despite successful flow restoration. This issue of futile recanalization is explained here by three clinical cases, which, despite complete recanalization, have very different outcomes. Preclinical research is particularly suited to characterize the highly dynamic changes in acute ischemic stroke and identify potential treatment targets useful for clinical translation. This review surveys the efforts taken so far to achieve mouse models capable of investigating the neurovascular underpinnings of futile recanalization. We highlight the translational potential of targeting tissue reperfusion in fully recanalized mouse models and of investigating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms from subcellular to tissue scale. We suggest that stroke preclinical research should increasingly drive forward a continuous and circular dialogue with clinical research. When the preclinical and the clinical stroke research are consistent, translational success will follow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Conti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (A.L.A.M.)
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Piccardi
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Via G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sodero
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Via G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Laura Tudisco
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Via G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Ivano Lombardo
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (I.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (I.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Patrizia Nencini
- Stroke Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Cristina Sarti
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Via G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Anna Letizia Allegra Mascaro
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (A.L.A.M.)
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marzia Baldereschi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Göb V, Voll MG, Zimmermann L, Hemmen K, Stoll G, Nieswandt B, Schuhmann MK, Heinze KG, Stegner D. Infarct growth precedes cerebral thrombosis following experimental stroke in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22887. [PMID: 34819574 PMCID: PMC8613266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is among the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. In acute ischemic stroke, successful recanalization of occluded vessels is the primary therapeutic aim, but even if it is achieved, not all patients benefit. Although blockade of platelet aggregation did not prevent infarct progression, cerebral thrombosis as cause of secondary infarct growth has remained a matter of debate. As cerebral thrombi are frequently observed after experimental stroke, a thrombus-induced impairment of the brain microcirculation is considered to contribute to tissue damage. Here, we combine the model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) with light sheet fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry of brain slices to investigate the kinetics of thrombus formation and infarct progression. Our data reveal that tissue damage already peaks after 8 h of reperfusion following 60 min MCAO, while cerebral thrombi are only observed at later time points. Thus, cerebral thrombosis is not causative for secondary infarct growth during ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Göb
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian G Voll
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Zimmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katherina Hemmen
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sun J, Sun R, Li C, Luo X, Chen J, Hong J, Zeng Y, Wang QM, Wen H. NgR1 pathway expression in cerebral ischemic Sprague-Dawley rats with cognitive impairment. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:767-775. [PMID: 34630954 PMCID: PMC8487595 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.53316.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): This study aimed to determine the effect of ischemic occlusion duration and recovery time course on motor and cognitive function, identify optimal conditions for assessing cognitive function with minimal interference from motor deficits, and elucidate the underlying mechanism of axonal inhibitors. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated to the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) 60-min (tMCAO60min), tMCAO90min, tMCAO120min, and sham groups. We conducted forelimb grip strength, two-way shuttle avoidance task, and novel object recognition task (NORT)tests at three time points (14, 21, and 28 days). Expression of Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1), the endogenous antagonist lateral olfactory tract usher substance, ras homolog family member A (Rho-A), and RhoA-activated Rho kinase (ROCK) was examined in the ipsilateral thalamus. Results: There was no difference in grip strength between sham and tMCAO90min rats at 28 days. tMCAO90min and tMCAO120min rats showed lower discrimination indices in the NORT than sham rats on day 28. Compared with that in sham rats, the active avoidance response rate was lower in tMCAO90min rats on days 14, 21, and 28 and in tMCAO120min rats on days 14 and 21. Furthermore, 50-54% of rats in the tMCAO90min group developed significant cognitive impairment on day 28, and thalamic NgR1, RhoA, and ROCK expression were greater in tMCAO90min rats than in sham rats. Conclusion: Employing 90-min tMCAO in SD rats and assessing cognitive function 28 days post-stroke could minimize motor dysfunction effects in cognitive function assessments. Axonal inhibitor deregulation could be involved in poststroke cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, No.8 Fuyu east Road, Guangzhou 511400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ruifang Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xun Luo
- Kerry Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518048, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Dapeng New District Nan'ao People's Hospital Shenzhen 518048, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiemei Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiena Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Mei Wang
- Stroke Biological Recovery Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, The Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School,96 13 Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hongmei Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang SR, Kim HA, Chu HX, Lee S, Evans MA, Li X, Ma H, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Phan TG. Large-Scale Multivariate Analysis to Interrogate an Animal Model of Stroke: Novel Insights Into Poststroke Pathology. Stroke 2021; 52:3661-3669. [PMID: 34619986 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenpeng R Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah X Chu
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seyoung Lee
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan A Evans
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics (X.L.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry Ma
- Clinical Trials, Imaging and Informatics Division, Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (H.M., T.G.P.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thanh G Phan
- Clinical Trials, Imaging and Informatics Division, Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (H.M., T.G.P.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Alawneh KZ, Raffee LA, Alshehabat MAM, Haddad H, Jaradat SA. Characterizing and Profiling microRNAs in Dogs Undergoing Induced Ischemic Brain Stroke After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Under Fluoroscopic Guidance. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021; 17:543-550. [PMID: 34526772 PMCID: PMC8435620 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s317861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ischemic stroke of the brain is still considered one of the most common causes of disability and death in developed and developing countries in human beings despite advances in medicine and technology. This study was conducted to characterize and profile tens of induced biomarkers (microRNAs) after experimentally inducing regional ischemic stroke of the brain by occluding the middle cerebral artery under fluoroscopic guidance using an autologous blood clot. Patient and Methods A total of six healthy dogs were recruited for this study. The microRNAs were profiled in the blood and urine before and after occluding the middle cerebral artery using genetic techniques. Results The very highly expressed genes were comprised within cluster A, followed by cluster D in both 24 and 48-hour brain samples. Clusters B and C revealed down-regulated genes, while miRNAs remained up-regulated in the 24-hour samples merely in cluster F. Upregulated genes at 48 hours of reperfusion were included in cluster E. On the other hand, changes were observed after a day on the cluster G genes. Exclusive upregulation was notified after 2 days due to the changes in mIR-138. The normalized gene expression in the test sample is witnessed through Fold-Change, which divides the control sample’s normalized gene expression. Moreover, fold-change has emerged as a significant approach for representing fold-regulation. Conclusion The microRNAs expression in blood and urine may have a potential role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment of therapy associated with cerebral artery occlusion under fluoroscopic guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Z Alawneh
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Liqaa A Raffee
- Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Musa Ahmed Mohammed Alshehabat
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hazem Haddad
- Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Saied A Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for investigating mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic regimens. As a heterogeneous disease with complex pathophysiology, mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is impossible. Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses. Models such as transient or permanent intraluminal thread occlusion middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models and thromboembolic models are the most commonly used in simulating human ischemic stroke. The endovascular filament occlusion model is characterized by easy manipulation and accurately controllable reperfusion and is suitable for studying the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke and reperfusion injury. Although the reproducibility of the embolic model is poor, it is more convenient for investigating thrombolysis. Rats are the most frequently used animal model for stroke. This review mainly outlines the stroke models of rats and discusses their strengths and shortcomings in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bèchet NB, Shanbhag NC, Lundgaard I. Glymphatic pathways in the gyrencephalic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2264-2279. [PMID: 33641515 PMCID: PMC8393296 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x21996175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the perivascular compartment as the point of exchange between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid mediating solute clearance in the brain, named the glymphatic system, has emerged as an important clearance pathway for neurotoxic peptides such as amyloid-beta. However, the foundational science of the glymphatic system is based on rodent studies. Here we investigated whether the glymphatic system exists in a large mammal with a highly gyrified brain. CSF penetration into the brain via perivascular pathways, a hallmark of glymphatic function, was seen throughout the gyrencephalic cortex and subcortical structures, validating the conservation of the glymphatic system in a large mammal. Macroscopic CSF tracer distribution followed the sulci and fissures showing that these folds enhance CSF dispersion. Three-dimensional renditions from light sheet microscopy showed a PVS influx density 4-fold larger in the pig brain than in mice. This demonstrates the existence of an advanced solute transport system in the gyrencephalic brain that could be utilised therapeutically for enhancing waste clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Burdon Bèchet
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nagesh C Shanbhag
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lourbopoulos A, Mourouzis I, Xinaris C, Zerva N, Filippakis K, Pavlopoulos A, Pantos C. Translational Block in Stroke: A Constructive and "Out-of-the-Box" Reappraisal. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:652403. [PMID: 34054413 PMCID: PMC8160233 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.652403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Why can we still not translate preclinical research to clinical treatments for acute strokes? Despite > 1000 successful preclinical studies, drugs, and concepts for acute stroke, only two have reached clinical translation. This is the translational block. Yet, we continue to routinely model strokes using almost the same concepts we have used for over 30 years. Methodological improvements and criteria from the last decade have shed some light but have not solved the problem. In this conceptual analysis, we review the current status and reappraise it by thinking "out-of-the-box" and over the edges. As such, we query why other scientific fields have also faced the same translational failures, to find common denominators. In parallel, we query how migraine, multiple sclerosis, and hypothermia in hypoxic encephalopathy have achieved significant translation successes. Should we view ischemic stroke as a "chronic, relapsing, vascular" disease, then secondary prevention strategies are also a successful translation. Finally, based on the lessons learned, we propose how stroke should be modeled, and how preclinical and clinical scientists, editors, grant reviewers, and industry should reconsider their routine way of conducting research. Translational success for stroke treatments may eventually require a bold change with solutions that are outside of the box.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurointensive Care Unit, Schoen Klinik Bad Aibling, Bad Aibling, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Iordanis Mourouzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri’, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Bergamo, Italy
- University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nefeli Zerva
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Filippakis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Pavlopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Pantos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Usui T, Macleod MR, McCann SK, Senior AM, Nakagawa S. Meta-analysis of variation suggests that embracing variability improves both replicability and generalizability in preclinical research. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001009. [PMID: 34010281 PMCID: PMC8168858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The replicability of research results has been a cause of increasing concern to the scientific community. The long-held belief that experimental standardization begets replicability has also been recently challenged, with the observation that the reduction of variability within studies can lead to idiosyncratic, lab-specific results that cannot be replicated. An alternative approach is to, instead, deliberately introduce heterogeneity, known as "heterogenization" of experimental design. Here, we explore a novel perspective in the heterogenization program in a meta-analysis of variability in observed phenotypic outcomes in both control and experimental animal models of ischemic stroke. First, by quantifying interindividual variability across control groups, we illustrate that the amount of heterogeneity in disease state (infarct volume) differs according to methodological approach, for example, in disease induction methods and disease models. We argue that such methods may improve replicability by creating diverse and representative distribution of baseline disease state in the reference group, against which treatment efficacy is assessed. Second, we illustrate how meta-analysis can be used to simultaneously assess efficacy and stability (i.e., mean effect and among-individual variability). We identify treatments that have efficacy and are generalizable to the population level (i.e., low interindividual variability), as well as those where there is high interindividual variability in response; for these, latter treatments translation to a clinical setting may require nuance. We argue that by embracing rather than seeking to minimize variability in phenotypic outcomes, we can motivate the shift toward heterogenization and improve both the replicability and generalizability of preclinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Usui
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Malcolm R. Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah K. McCann
- QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alistair M. Senior
- The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Singh D, Wasan H, Reeta KH. Preclinical Stroke Research and Translational Failure: A Bird's Eye View on Preventable Variables. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2003-2017. [PMID: 33786698 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite achieving remarkable success in understanding the cellular, molecular and pathophysiological aspects of stroke, translation from preclinical research has always remained an area of debate. Although thousands of experimental compounds have been reported to be neuro-protective, their failures in clinical setting have left the researchers and stakeholders in doldrums. Though the failures described have been excruciating, they also give us a chance to refocus on the shortcomings. For better translational value, evidences from preclinical studies should be robust and reliable. Preclinical study design has a plethora of variables affecting the study outcome. Hence, this review focusses on the factors to be considered for a well-planned preclinical study while adhering to guidelines with emphasis on the study design, commonly used animal models, their limitations with special attention on various preventable attritions including comorbidities, aged animals, time of dosing, outcome measures and physiological variables along with the concept of multicentric preclinical randomized controlled trials. Here, we provide an overview of a panorama of practical aspects, which could be implemented, so that a well-defined preclinical study would result in a neuro-protectant with better translational value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Himika Wasan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - K H Reeta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Trotman-Lucas M, Gibson CL. A review of experimental models of focal cerebral ischemia focusing on the middle cerebral artery occlusion model. F1000Res 2021; 10:242. [PMID: 34046164 PMCID: PMC8127011 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51752.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, but current pharmacological therapies are limited in their utility and effectiveness.
In vitro and
in vivo models of ischemic stroke have been developed which allow us to further elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of injury and investigate potential drug targets.
In vitro models permit mechanistic investigation of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of injury but are reductionist and do not mimic the complexity of clinical stroke.
In vivo models of ischemic stroke directly replicate the reduction in blood flow and the resulting impact on nervous tissue. The most frequently used
in vivo model of ischemic stroke is the intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (iMCAO) model, which has been fundamental in revealing various aspects of stroke pathology. However, the iMCAO model produces lesion volumes with large standard deviations even though rigid surgical and data collection protocols are followed. There is a need to refine the MCAO model to reduce variability in the standard outcome measure of lesion volume. The typical approach to produce vessel occlusion is to induce an obstruction at the origin of the middle cerebral artery and reperfusion is reliant on the Circle of Willis (CoW). However, in rodents the CoW is anatomically highly variable which could account for variations in lesion volume. Thus, we developed a refined approach whereby reliance on the CoW for reperfusion was removed. This approach improved reperfusion to the ischemic hemisphere, reduced variability in lesion volume by 30%, and reduced group sizes required to determine an effective treatment response by almost 40%. This refinement involves a methodological adaptation of the original surgical approach which we have shared with the scientific community via publication of a visualised methods article and providing hands-on training to other experimental stroke researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire L Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|