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de Sousa EB, Heymbeeck JAA, Feitosa LM, Xavier AGO, Dos Santos Campos K, do Socorro Dos Santos Rodrigues L, de Freitas LM, do Carmo Silva RX, Ikeda SR, de Nazaré Dos Santos Silva S, Rocha SP, do Nascimento WL, da Silva Moraes ER, Herculano AM, Maximino C, Pereira A, Lima-Maximino M. Activation of NOS-cGMP pathways promotes stress-induced sensitization of behavioral responses in zebrafish. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 243:173816. [PMID: 38971472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule involved in plasticity across levels and systems. The role of NOergic pathways in stress-induced sensitization (SIS) of behavioral responses, in which a particular stressor triggers a state of hyper-responsiveness to other stressors after an incubation period, was assessed in adult zebrafish. In this model, adult zebrafish acutely exposed to a fear-inducing conspecific alarm substance (CAS) and left undisturbed for an incubation period show increased anxiety-like behavior 24 h after exposure. CAS increased forebrain glutamate immediately after stress and 30 min after stress, an effect that was accompanied by increased nitrite levels immediately after stress, 30 min after stress, 90 min after stress, and 24 h after stress. CAS also increased nitrite levels in the head kidney, where cortisol is produced in zebrafish. CAS-elicited nitrite responses in the forebrain 90 min (but not 30 min) after stress were prevented by a NOS-2 blocker. Blocking NOS-1 30 min after stress prevents SIS; blocking NOS-2 90 min after stress also prevents stress-induced sensitization, as does blocking calcium-activated potassium channels in this latter time window. Stress-induced sensitization is also prevented by blocking guanylate cyclase activation in both time windows, and cGMP-dependent channel activation in the second time window. These results suggest that different NO-related pathways converge at different time windows of the incubation period to induce stress-induced sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Bezerra de Sousa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Neuropatologia, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - João Alphonse Apóstolo Heymbeeck
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Comportamento, Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Miranda Feitosa
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Comportamento, Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Kimberly Dos Santos Campos
- Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Mota de Freitas
- Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Rhayra Xavier do Carmo Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Saulo Rivera Ikeda
- Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Sueslene Prado Rocha
- Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Wilker Leite do Nascimento
- Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Manoel Herculano
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará (Unifesspa), Marabá, PA, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Laboratório de Processamento de Sinais, Instituto de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Monica Lima-Maximino
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil
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Zimmermann S, Mathew A, Bondareva O, Elwakiel A, Waldmann K, Jiang S, Rana R, Singh K, Kohli S, Shahzad K, Biemann R, Roskoden T, Storsberg SD, Mawrin C, Krügel U, Bechmann I, Goldschmidt J, Sheikh BN, Isermann B. Chronic kidney disease leads to microglial potassium efflux and inflammasome activation in the brain. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00535-0. [PMID: 39089576 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common in extracerebral diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney transplantation reverses cognitive impairment, indicating that cognitive impairment driven by CKD is therapeutically amendable. However, we lack mechanistic insights allowing development of targeted therapies. Using a combination of mouse models (including mice with neuron-specific IL-1R1 deficiency), single cell analyses (single-nuclei RNA-sequencing and single-cell thallium autometallography), human samples and in vitro experiments we demonstrate that microglia activation impairs neuronal potassium homeostasis and cognition in CKD. CKD disrupts the barrier of brain endothelial cells in vitro and the blood-brain barrier in vivo, establishing that the uremic state modifies vascular permeability in the brain. Exposure to uremic conditions impairs calcium homeostasis in microglia, enhances microglial potassium efflux via the calcium-dependent channel KCa3.1, and induces p38-MAPK associated IL-1β maturation in microglia. Restoring potassium homeostasis in microglia using a KCa3.1-specific inhibitor (TRAM34) improves CKD-triggered cognitive impairment. Likewise, inhibition of the IL-1β receptor 1 (IL-1R1) using anakinra or genetically abolishing neuronal IL-1R1 expression in neurons prevent CKD-mediated reduced neuronal potassium turnover and CKD-induced impaired cognition. Accordingly, in CKD mice, impaired cognition can be ameliorated by either preventing microglia activation or inhibiting IL-1R-signaling in neurons. Thus, our data suggest that potassium efflux from microglia triggers their activation, which promotes microglia IL-1β release and IL-1R1-mediated neuronal dysfunction in CKD. Hence, our study provides new mechanistic insight into cognitive impairment in association with CKD and identifies possible new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Zimmermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Akash Mathew
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Bondareva
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (Hl-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elwakiel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klarina Waldmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Shihai Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rajiv Rana
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kunal Singh
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Roskoden
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Bilal N Sheikh
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (Hl-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital; Leipzig, Germany.
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Hladky SB, Barrand MA. Alterations in brain fluid physiology during the early stages of development of ischaemic oedema. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:51. [PMID: 38858667 PMCID: PMC11163777 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Oedema occurs when higher than normal amounts of solutes and water accumulate in tissues. In brain parenchymal tissue, vasogenic oedema arises from changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, e.g. in peritumoral oedema. Cytotoxic oedema arises from excess accumulation of solutes within cells, e.g. ischaemic oedema following stroke. This type of oedema is initiated when blood flow in the affected core region falls sufficiently to deprive brain cells of the ATP needed to maintain ion gradients. As a consequence, there is: depolarization of neurons; neural uptake of Na+ and Cl- and loss of K+; neuronal swelling; astrocytic uptake of Na+, K+ and anions; swelling of astrocytes; and reduction in ISF volume by fluid uptake into neurons and astrocytes. There is increased parenchymal solute content due to metabolic osmolyte production and solute influx from CSF and blood. The greatly increased [K+]isf triggers spreading depolarizations into the surrounding penumbra increasing metabolic load leading to increased size of the ischaemic core. Water enters the parenchyma primarily from blood, some passing into astrocyte endfeet via AQP4. In the medium term, e.g. after three hours, NaCl permeability and swelling rate increase with partial opening of tight junctions between blood-brain barrier endothelial cells and opening of SUR1-TPRM4 channels. Swelling is then driven by a Donnan-like effect. Longer term, there is gross failure of the blood-brain barrier. Oedema resolution is slower than its formation. Fluids without colloid, e.g. infused mock CSF, can be reabsorbed across the blood-brain barrier by a Starling-like mechanism whereas infused serum with its colloids must be removed by even slower extravascular means. Large scale oedema can increase intracranial pressure (ICP) sufficiently to cause fatal brain herniation. The potentially lethal increase in ICP can be avoided by craniectomy or by aspiration of the osmotically active infarcted region. However, the only satisfactory treatment resulting in retention of function is restoration of blood flow, providing this can be achieved relatively quickly. One important objective of current research is to find treatments that increase the time during which reperfusion is successful. Questions still to be resolved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Hladky
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - Margery A Barrand
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
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Lee RD, Chen YJ, Nguyen HM, Singh L, Dietrich CJ, Pyles BR, Cui Y, Weinstein JR, Wulff H. Repurposing the K Ca3.1 Blocker Senicapoc for Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:518-532. [PMID: 37088858 PMCID: PMC11106165 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Senicapoc, a small molecule inhibitor of the calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1, was safe and well-tolerated in clinical trials for sickle cell anemia. We previously reported proof-of-concept data suggesting that both pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of KCa3.1 reduces infarction and improves neurologic recovery in rodents by attenuating neuroinflammation. Here we evaluated the potential of repurposing senicapoc for ischemic stroke. In cultured microglia, senicapoc inhibited KCa3.1 currents with an IC50 of 7 nM, reduced Ca2+ signaling induced by the purinergic agonist ATP, suppressed expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes (iNOS and COX-2), and prevented induction of the inflammasome component NLRP3. When transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO, 60 min) was induced in male C57BL/6 J mice, twice daily administration of senicapoc at 10 and 40 mg/kg starting 12 h after reperfusion dose-dependently reduced infarct area determined by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and improved neurological deficit on day 8. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of total and free brain concentrations demonstrated sufficient KCa3.1 target engagement. Senicapoc treatment significantly reduced microglia/macrophage and T cell infiltration and activation and attenuated neuronal death. A different treatment paradigm with senicapoc started at 3 h and MRI on day 3 and day 8 revealed that senicapoc reduces secondary infarct growth and suppresses expression of inflammation markers, including T cell cytokines in the brain. Lastly, we demonstrated that senicapoc does not impair the proteolytic activity of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in vitro. We suggest that senicapoc could be repurposed as an adjunctive immunocytoprotective agent for combination with reperfusion therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yi-Je Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Animal Models Core, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Latika Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Connor J Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin R Pyles
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yanjun Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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5
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Stransky N, Ganser K, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Naumann U, Eckert F, Koch P, Huber SM, Ruth P. Efficacy of combined tumor irradiation and K Ca3.1-targeting with TRAM-34 in a syngeneic glioma mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20604. [PMID: 37996600 PMCID: PMC10667541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 has been proposed to be a new potential target for glioblastoma treatment. This study analyzed the effect of combined irradiation and KCa3.1-targeting with TRAM-34 in the syngeneic, immune-competent orthotopic SMA-560/VM/Dk glioma mouse model. Whereas neither irradiation nor TRAM-34 treatment alone meaningfully prolonged the survival of the animals, the combination significantly prolonged the survival of the mice. We found an irradiation-induced hyperinvasion of glioma cells into the brain, which was inhibited by concomitant TRAM-34 treatment. Interestingly, TRAM-34 did neither radiosensitize nor impair SMA-560's intrinsic migratory capacities in vitro. Exploratory findings hint at increased TGF-β1 signaling after irradiation. On top, we found a marginal upregulation of MMP9 mRNA, which was inhibited by TRAM-34. Last, infiltration of CD3+, CD8+ or FoxP3+ T cells was not impacted by either irradiation or KCa3.1 targeting and we found no evidence of adverse events of the combined treatment. We conclude that concomitant irradiation and TRAM-34 treatment is efficacious in this preclinical glioma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Stransky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ganser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Molecular Neurooncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine University, Gene and RNA Therapy Center (GRTC), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, AKH, Wien, Austria
| | - Pierre Koch
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Ruth
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Sesti F, Bortolami A, Kathera-Ibarra EF. Non-conducting functions of potassium channels in cancer and neurological disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2023; 92:199-231. [PMID: 38007268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and neurodegenerative disease, albeit fundamental differences, share some common pathogenic mechanisms. Accordingly, both conditions are associated with aberrant cell proliferation and migration. Here, we review the causative role played by potassium (K+) channels, a fundamental class of proteins, in cancer and neurodegenerative disease. The concept that emerges from the review of the literature is that K+ channels can promote the development and progression of cancerous and neurodegenerative pathologies by dysregulating cell proliferation and migration. K+ channels appear to control these cellular functions in ways that not necessarily depend on their conducting properties and that involve the ability to directly or indirectly engage growth and survival signaling pathways. As cancer and neurodegenerative disease represent global health concerns, identifying commonalities may help understand the molecular basis for those devastating conditions and may facilitate the design of new drugs or the repurposing of existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Sesti
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Hoes Ln. West, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Alessandro Bortolami
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Hoes Ln. West, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Elena Forzisi Kathera-Ibarra
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Hoes Ln. West, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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Lana D, Magni G, Landucci E, Wenk GL, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Giovannini MG. Phenomic Microglia Diversity as a Druggable Target in the Hippocampus in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13668. [PMID: 37761971 PMCID: PMC10531074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenomics, the complexity of microglia phenotypes and their related functions compels the continuous study of microglia in disease animal models to find druggable targets for neurodegenerative disorders. Activation of microglia was long considered detrimental for neuron survival, but more recently it has become apparent that the real scenario of microglia morphofunctional diversity is far more complex. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the alterations in microglia phenomics in the hippocampus of animal models of normal brain aging, acute neuroinflammation, ischemia, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD. Microglia undergo phenomic changes consisting of transcriptional, functional, and morphological changes that transform them into cells with different properties and functions. The classical subdivision of microglia into M1 and M2, two different, all-or-nothing states is too simplistic, and does not correspond to the variety of phenotypes recently discovered in the brain. We will discuss the phenomic modifications of microglia focusing not only on the differences in microglia reactivity in the diverse models of neurodegenerative disorders, but also among different areas of the brain. For instance, in contiguous and highly interconnected regions of the rat hippocampus, microglia show a differential, finely regulated, and region-specific reactivity, demonstrating that microglia responses are not uniform, but vary significantly from area to area in response to insults. It is of great interest to verify whether the differences in microglia reactivity may explain the differential susceptibility of different brain areas to insults, and particularly the higher sensitivity of CA1 pyramidal neurons to inflammatory stimuli. Understanding the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of microglia phenomics in health and disease is of paramount importance to find new druggable targets for the development of novel microglia-targeted therapies in different CNS disorders. This will allow interventions in three different ways: (i) by suppressing the pro-inflammatory properties of microglia to limit the deleterious effect of their activation; (ii) by modulating microglia phenotypic change to favor anti-inflammatory properties; (iii) by influencing microglia priming early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Giada Magni
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Gary L. Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Domenico Edoardo Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
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8
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Whitelaw BS, Stoessel MB, Majewska AK. Movers and shakers: Microglial dynamics and modulation of neural networks. Glia 2023; 71:1575-1591. [PMID: 36533844 PMCID: PMC10729610 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are multifaceted cells that act as immune sentinels, with important roles in pathological events, but also as integral contributors to the normal development and function of neural circuits. In the last decade, our understanding of the contributions these cells make to synaptic health and dysfunction has expanded at a dizzying pace. Here we review the known mechanisms that govern the dynamics of microglia allowing these motile cells to interact with synapses, and recruit microglia to specific sites on neurons. We then review the molecular signals that may underlie the function of microglia in synaptic remodeling. The emerging picture from the literature suggests that microglia are highly sensitive cells, reacting to neuronal signals with dynamic and specific actions tuned to the need of specific synapses and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Steven Whitelaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mark Blohm Stoessel
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ania Katarzyna Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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9
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Vasileva VY, Khairullina ZM, Sudarikova AV, Chubinskiy-Nadezhdin VI. Role of Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels in Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia K562 Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:583. [PMID: 37367787 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa) are important participants in calcium signaling pathways due to their ability to be activated by an increase in intracellular free calcium concentration. KCa channels are involved in the regulation of cellular processes in both normal and pathophysiological conditions, including oncotransformation. Previously, using patch-clamp, we registered the KCa currents in the plasma membrane of human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells, whose activity was controlled by local Ca2+ entry via mechanosensitive calcium-permeable channels. Here, we performed the molecular and functional identification of KCa channels and have uncovered their role in the proliferation, migration and invasion of K562 cells. Using a combined approach, we identified the functional activity of SK2, SK3 and IK channels in the plasma membrane of the cells. Selective SK and IK channel inhibitors, apamin and TRAM-34, respectively, reduced the proliferative, migratory and invasive capabilities of human myeloid leukemia cells. At the same time, the viability of K562 cells was not affected by KCa channel inhibitors. Ca2+ imaging showed that both SK and IK channel inhibitors affect Ca2+ entry and this could underlie the observed suppression of pathophysiological reactions of K562 cells. Our data imply that SK/IK channel inhibitors could be used to slow down the proliferation and spreading of chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells that express functionally active KCa channels in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Y Vasileva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zuleikha M Khairullina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Sudarikova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Saxena S, Nuyens V, Rodts C, Jamar K, Albert A, Seidel L, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Boogaerts JG, Wulff H, Maze M, Kruys V, Vamecq J. Involvement of KCa3.1 channel activity in immediate perioperative cognitive and neuroinflammatory outcomes. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:80. [PMID: 36927341 PMCID: PMC10018926 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potassium channels (KCa3.1; Kv1.3; Kir2.1) are necessary for microglial activation, a pivotal requirement for the development of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders (PNDs). We previously reported on the role of microglial Kv1.3 for PNDs; the present study sought to determine whether inhibiting KCa3.1 channel activity affects neuroinflammation and prevents development of PND. METHODS Mice (wild-type [WT] and KCa3.1-/-) underwent aseptic tibial fracture trauma under isoflurane anesthesia or received anesthesia alone. WT mice received either TRAM34 (a specific KCa3.1 channel inhibitor) dissolved in its vehicle (miglyol) or miglyol alone. Spatial memory was assessed in the Y-maze paradigm 6 h post-surgery/anesthesia. Circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) were assessed by ELISA, and microglial activitation Iba-1 staining. RESULTS In WT mice surgery induced significant cognitive decline in the Y-maze test, p = 0.019), microgliosis (p = 0.001), and increases in plasma IL-6 (p = 0.002) and HMGB1 (p = 0.001) when compared to anesthesia alone. TRAM34 administration attenuated the surgery-induced changes in cognition, microglial activation, and HMGB1 but not circulating IL-6 levels. In KCa3.1-/- mice surgery neither affected cognition nor microgliosis, although circulating IL-6 levels did increase (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Similar to our earlier report with Kv1.3, perioperative microglial KCa3.1 blockade decreases immediate perioperative cognitive changes, microgliosis as well as the peripheral trauma marker HMGB1 although surgery-induced IL-6 elevation was unchanged. Future research should address whether a synergistic interaction exists between blockade of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 for preventing PNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge Oostende AV, Bruges, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Nuyens
- Experimental Medicine Laboratory, ULB 222 Unit, CHU-Charleroi, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-Le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Christopher Rodts
- Department of Anesthesiology, CHU-Charleroi, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Kristina Jamar
- Department of Anesthesiology, CHU-Charleroi, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Adelin Albert
- Department of Biostatistics (B-STAT), University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Seidel
- Department of Biostatistics (B-STAT), University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean G Boogaerts
- Department of Anesthesiology, CHU-Charleroi, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mervyn Maze
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Véronique Kruys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Gene, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Joseph Vamecq
- Inserm, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, HMNO, CBP, CHU Lille & EA 7364 - RADEME, North France University Lille, Lille, France
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11
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Man Q, Gao Z, Chen K. Functional Potassium Channels in Macrophages. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:175-187. [PMID: 36622407 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the predominant component of innate immunity, which is an important protective barrier of our body. Macrophages are present in all organs and tissues of the body, their main functions include immune surveillance, bacterial killing, tissue remodeling and repair, and clearance of cell debris. In addition, macrophages can present antigens to T cells and facilitate inflammatory response by releasing cytokines. Macrophages are of high concern due to their crucial roles in multiple physiological processes. In recent years, new advances are emerging after great efforts have been made to explore the mechanisms of macrophage activation. Ion channel is a class of multimeric transmembrane protein that allows specific ions to go through cell membrane. The flow of ions through ion channel between inside and outside of cell membrane is required for maintaining cell morphology and intracellular signal transduction. Expressions of various ion channels in macrophages have been detected. The roles of ion channels in macrophage activation are gradually caught attention. K+ channels are the most studied channels in immune system. However, very few of published papers reviewed the studies of K+ channels on macrophages. Here, we will review the four types of K+ channels that are expressed in macrophages: voltage-gated K+ channel, calcium-activated K+ channel, inwardly rectifying K+ channel and two-pore domain K+ channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Man
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, A506, Wang Changlai Building818 Fenghua Rd, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhe Gao
- Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences, 42 Yangshan Rd, Ningbo, China.
| | - Kuihao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, A506, Wang Changlai Building818 Fenghua Rd, Ningbo, China.
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12
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Stransky N, Ganser K, Naumann U, Huber SM, Ruth P. Tumoricidal, Temozolomide- and Radiation-Sensitizing Effects of K Ca3.1 K + Channel Targeting In Vitro Are Dependent on Glioma Cell Line and Stem Cell Fraction. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246199. [PMID: 36551685 PMCID: PMC9776522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reportedly, the intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 contributes to the invasion of glioma cells into healthy brain tissue and resistance to temozolomide and ionizing radiation. Therefore, KCa3.1 has been proposed as a potential target in glioma therapy. The aim of the present study was to assess the variability of the temozolomide- and radiation-sensitizing effects conferred by the KCa3.1 blocking agent TRAM-34 between five different glioma cell lines grown as differentiated bulk tumor cells or under glioma stem cell-enriching conditions. As a result, cultures grown under stem cell-enriching conditions exhibited indeed higher abundances of mRNAs encoding for stem cell markers compared to differentiated bulk tumor cultures. In addition, stem cell enrichment was paralleled by an increased resistance to ionizing radiation in three out of the five glioma cell lines tested. Finally, TRAM-34 led to inconsistent results regarding its tumoricidal but also temozolomide- and radiation-sensitizing effects, which were dependent on both cell line and culture condition. In conclusion, these findings underscore the importance of testing new drug interventions in multiple cell lines and different culture conditions to partially mimic the in vivo inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Stransky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ganser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Molecular Neurooncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan M. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +49-7071-29-82183; Fax: +49-7071-29-4944
| | - Peter Ruth
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Massenzio F, Cambiaghi M, Marchiotto F, Boriero D, Limatola C, D’Alessandro G, Buffelli M. In vivo morphological alterations of TAMs during KCa3.1 inhibition-by using in vivo two-photon time-lapse technology. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1002487. [PMID: 36589283 PMCID: PMC9798303 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1002487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are the mostprevalent cells recruited in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Once recruited, TAMs acquire a pro-tumor phenotype characterized by a typical morphology: ameboid in the tumor core and with larger soma and thick branches in the tumor periphery. Targeting TAMs by reverting them to an anti-tumor phenotype is a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Taking advantage of Cx3cr1GFP/WT heterozygous mice implanted with murine glioma GL261-RFP cells we investigated the role of Ca2+-activated K+ channel (KCa3.1) on the phenotypic shift of TAMs at the late stage of glioma growth through in vivo two-photon imaging. We demonstrated that TAMs respond promptly to KCa3.1 inhibition using a selective inhibitor of the channel (TRAM-34) in a time-dependent manner by boosting ramified projections attributable to a less hypertrophic phenotype in the tumor core. We also revealed a selective effect of drug treatment by reducing both glioma cells and TAMs in the tumor core with no interference with surrounding cells. Taken together, our data indicate a TRAM-34-dependent progressive morphological transformation of TAMs toward a ramified and anti-tumor phenotype, suggesting that the timing of KCa3.1 inhibition is a key point to allow beneficial effects on TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy,*Correspondence: Mario Buffelli Francesca Massenzio
| | - Marco Cambiaghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Marchiotto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Diana Boriero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Mario Buffelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy,*Correspondence: Mario Buffelli Francesca Massenzio
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Sarkar S. Microglial ion channels: Key players in non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105861. [PMID: 36115552 PMCID: PMC9617777 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical pathophysiological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglia, the first responders of the brain, are the drivers of this neuroinflammation. Microglial activation, leading to induction of pro-inflammatory factors, like Interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), nitrites, and others, have been shown to induce neurodegeneration. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to reduce the risk of developing PD, but the mechanism underlying the microglial activation is still under active research. Recently, microglial ion channels have come to the forefront as potential drug targets in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including AD and PD. Microglia expresses a variety of ion channels, including potassium channels, calcium channels, chloride channels, sodium channels, and proton channels. The diversity of channels present on microglia is responsible for the dynamic nature of these immune cells of the brain. These ion channels regulate microglial proliferation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, antigen recognition and presentation, apoptosis, and cell signaling leading to inflammation, among other critical functions. Understanding the role of these ion channels and the signaling mechanism these channels regulate under pathological conditions is an active area of research. This review will be focusing on the roles of different microglial ion channels, and their potential role in regulating microglial functions in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Dept. of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Selezneva A, Gibb AJ, Willis D. The contribution of ion channels to shaping macrophage behaviour. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970234. [PMID: 36160429 PMCID: PMC9490177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding roles of macrophages in physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms now include normal tissue homeostasis, tissue repair and regeneration, including neuronal tissue; initiation, progression, and resolution of the inflammatory response and a diverse array of anti-microbial activities. Two hallmarks of macrophage activity which appear to be fundamental to their diverse cellular functionalities are cellular plasticity and phenotypic heterogeneity. Macrophage plasticity allows these cells to take on a broad spectrum of differing cellular phenotypes in response to local and possibly previous encountered environmental signals. Cellular plasticity also contributes to tissue- and stimulus-dependent macrophage heterogeneity, which manifests itself as different macrophage phenotypes being found at different tissue locations and/or after different cell stimuli. Together, plasticity and heterogeneity align macrophage phenotypes to their required local cellular functions and prevent inappropriate activation of the cell, which could lead to pathology. To execute the appropriate function, which must be regulated at the qualitative, quantitative, spatial and temporal levels, macrophages constantly monitor intracellular and extracellular parameters to initiate and control the appropriate cell signaling cascades. The sensors and signaling mechanisms which control macrophages are the focus of a considerable amount of research. Ion channels regulate the flow of ions between cellular membranes and are critical to cell signaling mechanisms in a variety of cellular functions. It is therefore surprising that the role of ion channels in the macrophage biology has been relatively overlooked. In this review we provide a summary of ion channel research in macrophages. We begin by giving a narrative-based explanation of the membrane potential and its importance in cell biology. We then report on research implicating different ion channel families in macrophage functions. Finally, we highlight some areas of ion channel research in macrophages which need to be addressed, future possible developments in this field and therapeutic potential.
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16
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Laska MJ, Møller JB, Graversen JH, Strøbæk D, Blomster L, Christophersen P, Bahrami S. Retroviral glycoprotein-mediated immune suppression via the potassium channel KCa3.1 - A new strategy for amelioration of inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Immunol 2022; 242:109081. [PMID: 35905828 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Peptides derived from retroviral envelope proteins have been shown to possess a wide range of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities. We have previously reported identification of such a peptide derived from the envelope protein coded by a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV). In this study, we identified that in vitro the peptide inhibits the KCa3.1 potassium channel, a potential target for therapy of immune diseases. We describe in vitro ENV59-GP3 effects with respect to potency of inhibition on KCa3.1 channels and calcium influx. Furthermore, we asses in vivo the effect of blocking KCa3.1 with ENV59-GP3 peptide or KCa3.1-blocker NS6180 on protection against DSS-induced acute colitis. ENV59-GP3 peptide treatment showed reduction of the disease score in the DSS-induced acute colitis mice model, which was comparable to effects of the KCa3.1 channel blocker NS6180. Analysis of cytokine production from DSS-mice model treated animals revealed equipotent inhibitory effects of the ENV59-GP3 and NS6180 compounds on the production of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β. These findings altogether suggest that ENV59-GP3 functions as a KCa3.1 channel inhibitor and underline the implications of using virus derived channel blockers for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, they open the possibilities whether KCa3.1 inhibition is efficacious in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J Laska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Jesper Bonnet Møller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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17
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Branyan TE, Selvamani A, Park MJ, Korula KE, Kosel KF, Srinivasan R, Sohrabji F. Functional Assessment of Stroke-Induced Regulation of miR-20a-3p and Its Role as a Neuroprotectant. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:432-448. [PMID: 34570349 PMCID: PMC9046320 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have gained popularity as a potential treatment for many diseases, including stroke. This study identifies and characterizes a specific member of the miR-17-92 cluster, miR-20a-3p, as a possible stroke therapeutic. A comprehensive microRNA screening showed that miR-20a-3p was significantly upregulated in astrocytes of adult female rats, which typically have better stroke outcomes, while it was profoundly downregulated in astrocytes of middle-aged females and adult and middle-aged males, groups that typically have more severe stroke outcomes. Assays using primary human astrocytes and neurons show that miR-20a-3p treatment alters mitochondrial dynamics in both cell types. To assess whether stroke outcomes could be improved by elevating astrocytic miR-20a-3p, we created a tetracycline (Tet)-induced recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) construct where miR-20a-3p was located downstream a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. Treatment with doxycycline induced miR-20-3p expression in astrocytes, reducing mortality and modestly improving sensory motor behavior. A second Tet-induced rAAV construct was created in which miR-20a-3p was located downstream of a neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter. These experiments demonstrate that neuronal expression of miR-20a-3p is vastly more neuroprotective than astrocytic expression, with animals receiving the miR-20a-3p vector showing reduced infarction and sensory motor improvement. Intravenous injections, which are a therapeutically tractable treatment route, with miR-20a-3p mimic 4 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) significantly improved stroke outcomes including infarct volume and sensory motor performance. Improvement was not observed when miR-20a-3p was given immediately or 24 h after MCAo, identifying a unique delayed therapeutic window. Overall, this study identifies a novel neuroprotective microRNA and characterizes several key pathways by which it can improve stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Branyan
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Amutha Selvamani
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Min Jung Park
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Kriti E Korula
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Kelby F Kosel
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Rahul Srinivasan
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, College Station, TX, 77840, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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Glaser N, Chu S, Weiner J, Zdepski L, Wulff H, Tancredi D, ODonnell ME. Effects of TRAM-34 and minocycline on neuroinflammation caused by diabetic ketoacidosis in a rat model. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2022; 10:10/3/e002777. [PMID: 35584854 PMCID: PMC9119135 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) causes acute and chronic neuroinflammation that may contribute to cognitive decline in patients with type 1 diabetes. We evaluated the effects of agents that reduce neuroinflammation (triarylmethane-34 (TRAM-34) and minocycline) during and after DKA in a rat model. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Juvenile rats with DKA were treated with insulin and saline, either alone or in combination with TRAM-34 (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice daily for 3 days, then daily for 4 days) or minocycline (45 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily for 7 days). We compared cytokine and chemokine concentrations in brain tissue lysates during DKA among the three treatment groups and in normal controls and diabetic controls (n=9-15/group). We also compared brain inflammatory mediator levels in these same groups in adult diabetic rats that were treated for DKA as juveniles. RESULTS Brain tissue concentrations of chemokine (C-C) motif ligand (CCL)3, CCL5 and interferon (IFNγ) were increased during acute DKA, as were brain cytokine composite scores. Both treatments reduced brain inflammatory mediator levels during acute DKA. TRAM-34 predominantly reduced chemokine concentrations (chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand (CXCL-1), CCL5) whereas minocycline had broader effects, (reducing CXCL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), IFNγ, interleukin (IL) 2, IL-10 and IL-17A). Brain inflammatory mediator levels were elevated in adult rats that had DKA as juveniles, compared with adult diabetic rats without previous DKA, however, neither TRAM-34 nor minocycline treatment reduced these levels. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that both TRAM-34 and minocycline reduce acute neuroinflammation during DKA, however, treatment with these agents for 1 week after DKA does not reduce long-term neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Glaser
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Steven Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Justin Weiner
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Linnea Zdepski
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Daniel Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Martha E ODonnell
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Morotti M, Garofalo S, Cocozza G, Antonangeli F, Bianconi V, Mozzetta C, De Stefano ME, Capitani R, Wulff H, Limatola C, Catalano M, Grassi F. Muscle Damage in Dystrophic mdx Mice Is Influenced by the Activity of Ca2+-Activated KCa3.1 Channels. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040538. [PMID: 35455028 PMCID: PMC9025295 DOI: 10.3390/life12040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disease, caused by a mutant dystrophin gene, leading to muscle membrane instability, followed by muscle inflammation, infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages and fibrosis. The calcium-activated potassium channel type 3.1 (KCa3.1) plays key roles in controlling both macrophage phenotype and fibroblast proliferation, two critical contributors to muscle damage. In this work, we demonstrate that pharmacological blockade of the channel in the mdx mouse model during the early degenerative phase favors the acquisition of an anti-inflammatory phenotype by tissue macrophages and reduces collagen deposition in muscles, with a concomitant reduction of muscle damage. As already observed with other treatments, no improvement in muscle performance was observed in vivo. In conclusion, this work supports the idea that KCa3.1 channels play a contributing role in controlling damage-causing cells in DMD. A more complete understanding of their function could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Morotti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Germana Cocozza
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-National Research Council (CNR), Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valeria Bianconi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Mozzetta
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Maria Egle De Stefano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Capitani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (C.L.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesca Grassi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Severin F, Urbani A, Varanita T, Bachmann M, Azzolini M, Martini V, Pizzi M, Tos APD, Frezzato F, Mattarei A, Ghia P, Bertilaccio MTS, Gulbins E, Paradisi C, Zoratti M, Semenzato GC, Leanza L, Trentin L, Szabò I. Pharmacological modulation of Kv1.3 potassium channel selectively triggers pathological B lymphocyte apoptosis in vivo in a genetic CLL model. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:64. [PMID: 35172855 PMCID: PMC8848658 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ion channels are emerging as promising oncological targets. The potassium channels Kv1.3 and IKCa are highly expressed in the plasma membrane and mitochondria of human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, compared to healthy lymphocytes. In vitro, inhibition of mitoKv1.3 by PAPTP was shown to kill ex vivo primary human CLL cells, while targeting IKCa with TRAM-34 decreased CLL cell proliferation. METHODS Here we evaluated the effect of the above drugs in CLL cells from ibrutinib-resistant patients and in combination with Venetoclax, two drugs used in the clinical practice. The effects of the drugs were tested also in the Eμ-TCL1 genetic CLL murine model, characterized by a lympho-proliferative disease reminiscent of aggressive human CLL. Eμ-TCL1 mice showing overt disease state were treated with intraperitoneal injections of non-toxic 5 nmol/g PAPTP or 10 nmol/g TRAM-34 once a day and the number and percentage of pathological B cells (CD19+CD5+) in different, pathologically relevant body districts were determined. RESULTS We show that Kv1.3 expression correlates with sensitivity of the human and mouse neoplastic cells to PAPTP. Primary CLL cells from ibrutinib-resistant patients could be killed with PAPTP and this drug enhanced the effect of Venetoclax, by acting on mitoKv1.3 of the inner mitochondrial membrane and triggering rapid mitochondrial changes and cytochrome c release. In vivo, after 2 week- therapy of Eμ-TCL1 mice harboring distinct CLL clones, leukemia burden was reduced by more than 85%: the number and percentage of CLL B cells fall in the spleen and peritoneal cavity and in the peripheral blood, without signs of toxicity. Notably, CLL infiltration into liver and spleen and splenomegaly were also drastically reduced upon PAPTP treatment. In contrast, TRAM-34 did not exert any beneficial effect when administered in vivo to Eμ-TCL1 mice at non-toxic concentration. CONCLUSION Altogether, by comparing vehicle versus compound effect in different Eμ-TCL1 animals bearing unique clones similarly to CLL patients, we conclude that PAPTP significantly reduced leukemia burden in CLL-relevant districts, even in animals with advanced stage of the disease. Our results thus identify PAPTP as a very promising drug for CLL treatment, even for the chemoresistant forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Severin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy and Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Azzolini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Martini
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy and Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Department of Medicine, Pathology Branch, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Department of Medicine, Pathology Branch, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy and Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCC Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Mario Zoratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Carlo Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy and Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy and Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy.
| | - Ildiko Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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21
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Soares NL, Vieira HLA. Microglia at the Centre of Brain Research: Accomplishments and Challenges for the Future. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:218-233. [PMID: 34586585 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), with critical functions in development, maintenance of homeostatic tissue balance, injury and repair. For a long time considered a forgotten 'third element' with basic phagocytic functions, a recent surge in interest, accompanied by technological progress, has demonstrated that these distinct myeloid cells have a wide-ranging importance for brain function. This review reports microglial origins, development, and function in the healthy brain. Moreover, it also targets microglia dysfunction and how it contributes to the progression of several neurological disorders, focusing on particular molecular mechanisms and whether these may present themselves as opportunities for novel, microglia-targeted therapeutic approaches, an ever-enticing prospect. Finally, as it has been recently celebrated 100 years of microglia research, the review highlights key landmarks from the past century and looked into the future. Many challenging problems have arisen, thus it points out some of the most pressing questions and experimental challenges for the ensuing century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno L Soares
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Helena L A Vieira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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22
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Cocozza G, Garofalo S, Morotti M, Chece G, Grimaldi A, Lecce M, Scavizzi F, Menghini R, Casagrande V, Federici M, Raspa M, Wulff H, Limatola C. The feeding behaviour of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis mouse models is modulated by the Ca 2+ -activated K Ca 3.1 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4891-4906. [PMID: 34411281 PMCID: PMC9293222 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients exhibit dysfunctional energy metabolism and weight loss, which is negatively correlated with survival, together with neuroinflammation. However, the possible contribution of neuroinflammation to deregulations of feeding behaviour in ALS has not been studied in detail. We here investigated if microglial KCa 3.1 is linked to hypothalamic neuroinflammation and affects feeding behaviours in ALS mouse models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH hSOD1G93A and TDP43A315T mice were treated daily with 120 mg·kg-1 of TRAM-34 or vehicle by intraperitoneal injection from the presymptomatic until the disease onset phase. Body weight and food intake were measured weekly. The later by weighing food provided minus that left in the cage. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis were used to characterize microglia phenotype and the main populations of melanocortin neurons in the hypothalamus of hSOD1G93A and age-matched non-tg mice. The cannabinoid-opioid interactions in feeding behaviour of hSOD1G93A mice were studied using an inverse agonist and an antagonist of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 (rimonabant) and μ-opioid receptors (naloxone), respectively. KEY RESULTS We found that treatment of hSOD1G93A mice with the KCa 3.1 inhibitor TRAM-34 (i), attenuates the pro-inflammatory phenotype of hypothalamic microglia, (ii) increases food intake and promotes weight gain, (iii) increases the number of healthy pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and (iv), changes the expression of cannabinoid receptors involved in energy homeostasis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Using ALS mouse models, we describe defects in the hypothalamic melanocortin system that affect appetite control. These results reveal a new regulatory role for KCa 3.1 to counteract weight loss in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Cocozza
- Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Morotti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia@Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Lecce
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Menghini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Casagrande
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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23
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He S, Wang Y, Yao Y, Cao Z, Yin J, Zi L, Chen H, Fu Y, Wang X, Zhao Q. Inhibition of KCa3.1 Channels Suppresses Atrial Fibrillation via the Attenuation of Macrophage Pro-inflammatory Polarization in a Canine Model With Prolonged Rapid Atrial Pacing. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:656631. [PMID: 34136541 PMCID: PMC8200470 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.656631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the role of KCa3. 1 inhibition in macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF) in a canine model with prolonged rapid atrial pacing. Materials and Methods: Twenty beagle dogs (weighing 8–10 kg) were randomly assigned to a sham group (n = 6), pacing group (n = 7) and pacing+TRAM-34 group (n = 7). An experimental model of AF was established by rapid pacing. TRAM-34 was administered to the Pacing+TRAM-34 group by slow intravenous injection (10 mg/kg), 3 times each day. After 7 days of pacing, the electrophysiology was measured in vivo. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CD68, c-Fos, p38, and NF-κB p65 in both atriums were measured by Western blotting, and the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase1 (Arg-1) were measured by real-time PCR. Macrophage and KCa3.1 in macrophage in the atrium were quantized following double labeled immunofluorescent. Results: Greater inducibility of AF, an extended duration of AF and lower atrial effective refractory period (AERP) were observed in the pacing group compared with those in the sham group. Both CD68-labeled macrophage and the expression of KCa3.1 in macrophage were elevated in the pacing group and inhibited by TRAM-34, led to higher iNOS expression, lower Arg-1 expression, elevated levels of IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α in the atria, which could be reversed by TRAM-34 treatment (all P < 0.01). KCa3.1 channels were possibly activated via the p38/AP-1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions: Inhibition of KCa3.1 suppresses vulnerability to AF by attenuating macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization and inflammatory cytokine secretion in a canine model with prolonged rapid atrial pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqing He
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Youcheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajun Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junkui Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liuliu Zi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuntao Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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24
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Checchetto V, Leanza L, De Stefani D, Rizzuto R, Gulbins E, Szabo I. Mitochondrial K + channels and their implications for disease mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107874. [PMID: 33930454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels underwent a rapid development during the last decade, thanks to the molecular identification of some of the nuclear-encoded organelle channels and to advances in strategies allowing specific pharmacological targeting of these proteins. Thereby, genetic tools and specific drugs aided definition of the relevance of several mitochondrial channels both in physiological as well as pathological conditions. Unfortunately, in the case of mitochondrial K+ channels, efforts of genetic manipulation provided only limited results, due to their dual localization to mitochondria and to plasma membrane in most cases. Although the impact of mitochondrial K+ channels on human diseases is still far from being genuinely understood, pre-clinical data strongly argue for their substantial role in the context of several pathologies, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer. Importantly, these channels are druggable targets, and their in-depth investigation could thus pave the way to the development of innovative small molecules with huge therapeutic potential. In the present review we summarize the available experimental evidence that mechanistically link mitochondrial potassium channels to the above pathologies and underline the possibility of exploiting them for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Italy.
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25
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Hansen FB, Secher N, Mattson T, Løfgren B, Simonsen U, Granfeldt A. Effect of the KCa3.1 blocker, senicapoc, on cerebral edema and cardiovascular function after cardiac arrest - A randomized experimental rat study. Resusc Plus 2021; 6:100111. [PMID: 34223371 PMCID: PMC8244250 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Senicapoc was successfully administered intravenously. Senicapoc did not reduce cerebral edema 4 h after cardiac arrest. Senicapoc did not increase mean arterial pressure within 4 h from resuscitation.
Aim Formation of cerebral edema and cardiovascular dysfunction may worsen brain injury following cardiac arrest. We hypothesized that administration of the intermediate calcium-activated potassium (KCa3.1) channel blocker, senicapoc, would reduce cerebral edema and augment mean arterial pressure in the early post-resuscitation period. Method Male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 11–15 weeks, were utilized in the study. Rats were exposed to 8 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest. Shortly after resuscitation, rats were randomized to receive either vehicle or senicapoc (10 mg/kg) intravenously. The primary outcome was cerebral wet to dry weight ratio 4 h after resuscitation. Secondary outcomes included mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, norepinephrine dose, inflammatory cytokines and neuron specific enolase levels. Additionally, a sub-study was conducted to validate intravenous administration of senicapoc. Results The sub-study revealed that senicapoc-treated rats maintained a significantly higher mean arterial pressure during administration of SKA-31 (a KCa3.1 channel opener). The plasma concentration of senicapoc was 1060 ± 303 ng/ml 4 h after administration. Senicapoc did not reduce cerebral edema or augment mean arterial pressure 4 h after resuscitation. Likewise, cardiac function and norepinephrine dose did not vary between groups. Inflammatory cytokines and neuron specific enolase levels increased in both groups after resuscitation with no difference between groups. Senicapoc enhanced the PaO2/FiO2 ratio significantly 4 h after resuscitation. Conclusion Senicapoc was successfully administered intravenously after resuscitation, but did not reduce cerebral edema or increase mean arterial pressure in the early post-resuscitation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Boe Hansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Secher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mattson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Bo Løfgren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Randers Regional Hospital, Skovlyvej 15, 8930 Randers NE, Denmark.,Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 161, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Asger Granfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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26
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Cojocaru A, Burada E, Bălșeanu AT, Deftu AF, Cătălin B, Popa-Wagner A, Osiac E. Roles of Microglial Ion Channel in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061239. [PMID: 33802786 PMCID: PMC8002406 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the average age and life expectancy increases, the incidence of both acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) pathologies will increase. Understanding mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation as the common feature of any neurodegenerative pathology, we can exploit the pharmacology of cell specific ion channels to improve the outcome of many CNS diseases. As the main cellular player of neuroinflammation, microglia play a central role in this process. Although microglia are considered non-excitable cells, they express a variety of ion channels under both physiological and pathological conditions that seem to be involved in a plethora of cellular processes. Here, we discuss the impact of modulating microglia voltage-gated, potential transient receptor, chloride and proton channels on microglial proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Cojocaru
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Emilia Burada
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
| | - Adrian-Tudor Bălșeanu
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Florian Deftu
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Cătălin
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Eugen Osiac
- Department of Biophysics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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27
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Zheng F, Tao Y, Liu J, Geng Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fu S, Wang W, Xie C, Zhang Y, Gong F. KCa3.1 Inhibition of Macrophages Suppresses Inflammatory Response Leading to Endothelial Damage in a Cell Model of Kawasaki Disease. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:719-735. [PMID: 33727847 PMCID: PMC7954440 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s297131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Macrophages-mediated inflammation is linked with endothelial damage of Kawasaki disease (KD). KCa3.1, a calcium-activated potassium channel, modulates inflammation of macrophages. However, little is known about the role of KCa3.1 in inflammation by macrophages involved in KD. Hence, this study is aimed to explore the potential role of KCa3.1 in regulating inflammatory response by macrophages and subsequent vascular injury in an in vitro model of KD. Methods RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE) with or without TRAM-34 or PDTC or AG490. Subsequently, mouse coronary artery endothelial cells (MCAECs) were incubated with RAW264.7 cells-conditioned medium to mimic local inflammatory lesions in KD. CCKi8 assay was used to evaluate cell viability. The mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators were detected by qRT-PCR. Expressions of KCa3.1, MCAECs injury-associated molecules, proteins involved in signal pathways of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 3 and p38 were evaluated by Western blot. Results Our study showed that LCWE increased KCa3.1 protein level in RAW264.7 macrophages and KCa3.1 inhibition by TRAM-34 notably suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in LCWE-treated macrophages via blocking the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 pathways. Besides, the inflammation and damage of MCAECs were attenuated in the TRAM-34-treated group compared with the KD model group. This vascular protective role was dependent on the down-regulation of NF-κB and STAT3 signal pathways, which was confirmed by using inhibitors of NF-κB and STAT3. Conclusion This study demonstrates that KCa3.1 blockade of macrophages suppresses inflammatory reaction leading to mouse coronary artery endothelial cell injury in a cell model of KD by hampering the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathway. These findings imply that KCa3.1 may be a potential therapeutic target for KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijing Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Geng
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Songling Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqi Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
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28
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Huang C, Yi H, Shi Y, Cao Q, Shi Y, Cheng D, Braet F, Chen XM, Pollock CA. KCa3.1 Mediates Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:573814. [PMID: 33681190 PMCID: PMC7933228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.573814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Mitochondrial quality control is primarily mediated by mitochondrial turnover and repair through mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitophagy. We have previously shown that blockade of the calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 ameliorates diabetic renal fibrosis. However, the mechanistic link between KCa3.1 and mitochondrial quality control in diabetic kidney disease is not yet known. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) plays a central role in diabetic kidney disease. Recent studies indicate an emerging role of TGF-β1 in the regulation of mitochondrial function. However, the molecular mechanism mediating mitochondrial quality control in response to TGF-β1 remains limited. In this study, mitochondrial function was assessed in TGF-β1-exposed renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK2 cells) transfected with scrambled siRNA or KCa3.1 siRNA. In vivo, diabetes was induced in KCa3.1+/+ and KCa3.1−/− mice by low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Mitochondrial fission/fusion-related proteins and mitophagy markers, as well as BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) (a mitophagy regulator) were examined in HK2 cells and diabetic mice kidneys. The in vitro results showed that TGF-β1 significantly inhibited mitochondrial ATP production rate and increased mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production when compared to control, which was normalized by KCa3.1 gene silencing. Increased fission and suppressed fusion were found in both TGF-β1-treated HK2 cells and diabetic mice, which were reversed by KCa3.1 deficiency. Furthermore, our results showed that mitophagy was inhibited in both in vitro and in vivo models of diabetic kidney disease. KCa3.1 deficiency restored abnormal mitophagy by inhibiting BNIP3 expression in TGF-β1-induced HK2 cells as well as in the diabetic mice. Collectively, these results indicate that KCa3.1 mediates the dysregulation of mitochondrial quality control in diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Huang
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hao Yi
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ying Shi
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Qinghua Cao
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yin Shi
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Delfine Cheng
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Filip Braet
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School Northern, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Quelhas P, Baltazar G, Cairrao E. The Neurovascular Unit: Focus on the Regulation of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Curr Neurovasc Res 2020; 16:502-515. [PMID: 31738142 DOI: 10.2174/1567202616666191026122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit is a physiological unit present in the brain, which is constituted by elements of the nervous system (neurons and astrocytes) and the vascular system (endothelial and mural cells). This unit is responsible for the homeostasis and regulation of cerebral blood flow. There are two major types of mural cells in the brain, pericytes and smooth muscle cells. At the arterial level, smooth muscle cells are the main components that wrap around the outside of cerebral blood vessels and the major contributors to basal tone maintenance, blood pressure and blood flow distribution. They present several mechanisms by which they regulate both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of cerebral blood vessels and their regulation becomes even more important in situations of injury or pathology. In this review, we discuss the main regulatory mechanisms of brain smooth muscle cells and their contributions to the correct brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Quelhas
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigacao em Ciencias da Saude, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Graça Baltazar
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigacao em Ciencias da Saude, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigacao em Ciencias da Saude, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
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Nguyen HM, di Lucente J, Chen YJ, Cui Y, Ibrahim RH, Pennington MW, Jin LW, Maezawa I, Wulff H. Biophysical basis for Kv1.3 regulation of membrane potential changes induced by P2X4-mediated calcium entry in microglia. Glia 2020; 68:2377-2394. [PMID: 32525239 PMCID: PMC7540709 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Microglia‐mediated inflammation exerts adverse effects in ischemic stroke and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expression of the voltage‐gated potassium channel Kv1.3 is required for microglia activation. Both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of Kv1.3 are effective in reducing microglia activation and the associated inflammatory responses, as well as in improving neurological outcomes in animal models of AD and ischemic stroke. Here we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Kv1.3 inhibition, which remain incompletely understood. Using a combination of whole‐cell voltage‐clamp electrophysiology and quantitative PCR (qPCR), we first characterized a stimulus‐dependent differential expression pattern for Kv1.3 and P2X4, a major ATP‐gated cationic channel, both in vitro and in vivo. We then demonstrated by whole‐cell current‐clamp experiments that Kv1.3 channels contribute not only to setting the resting membrane potential but also play an important role in counteracting excessive membrane potential changes evoked by depolarizing current injections. Similarly, the presence of Kv1.3 channels renders microglia more resistant to depolarization produced by ATP‐mediated P2X4 receptor activation. Inhibiting Kv1.3 channels with ShK‐223 completely nullified the ability of Kv1.3 to normalize membrane potential changes, resulting in excessive depolarization and reduced calcium transients through P2X4 receptors. Our report thus links Kv1.3 function to P2X4 receptor‐mediated signaling as one of the underlying mechanisms by which Kv1.3 blockade reduces microglia‐mediated inflammation. While we could confirm previously reported differences between males and females in microglial P2X4 expression, microglial Kv1.3 expression exhibited no gender differences in vitro or in vivo. Main Points The voltage‐gated K+ channel Kv1.3 regulates microglial membrane potential. Inhibition of Kv1.3 depolarizes microglia and reduces calcium entry mediated by P2X4 receptors by dissipating the electrochemical driving force for calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jacopo di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yi-Je Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yanjun Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rania H Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Yang M, Wang Y, Xiong X, Xie B, Liu J, Yin J, Zi L, Wang X, Tang Y, Huang C, Zhao Q. SK4 calcium-activated potassium channels activated by sympathetic nerves enhances atrial fibrillation vulnerability in a canine model of acute stroke. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03928. [PMID: 32420493 PMCID: PMC7215192 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in patients with acute stroke (AS). Studies have shown that intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel channels (SK4) play an important role in cardiomyocyte automaticity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of SK4 on AF vulnerability in dogs with AS. Experimental Eighteen dogs were randomly divided into a control group, AS group and left stellate ganglion ablation (LSGA) group. In the control group, dogs received craniotomy without right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). AS dogs were established using a cerebral ischemic model with right MCAO. LSGA dogs underwent MCAO, and LSGA was performed. Results Three days later, the dispersion of the effective refractory period (dERP) and AF vulnerability in the AS group were significantly increased compared with those in the control group and LSGA group. However, no significant difference in dERP and AF vulnerability was found between the control group and the LSGA group. The SK4 inhibitor (TRAM-34) completely inhibited the inducibility of AF in AS dogs. SK4 expression and levels of noradrenaline (NE), β1-AR, p38 and c-Fos in the atrium were higher in the AS dogs than in the control group or LSGA group. However, no significant difference in SK4 expression or levels of NE, β1-AR, p38 and c-Fos in the left atrium was observed between the control group and LSGA group. Conclusion SK4 plays a key role in AF vulnerability in a canine model with AS. The effects of LSGA on AF vulnerability were associated with the p38 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Youcheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Baojun Xie
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Junkui Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Liuliu Zi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan City, 430060, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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Lu J, Dou F, Yu Z. The potassium channel KCa3.1 represents a valid pharmacological target for microgliosis-induced neuronal impairment in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:273. [PMID: 31878950 PMCID: PMC6931251 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies described a critical role for microglia in Parkinson’s disease (PD), where these central nerve system resident immune cells participate in the neuroinflammatory microenvironment that contributes to dopaminergic neurons loss in the substantia nigra. Understanding the phenotype switch of microgliosis in PD could help to identify the molecular mechanism which could attenuate or delay the progressive decline in motor function. KCa3.1 has been reported to regulate the “pro-inflammatory” phenotype switch of microglia in neurodegenerative pathological conditions. Methods We here investigated the effects of gene deletion or pharmacological blockade of KCa3.1 activity in wild-type or KCa3.1−/− mice after treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a mouse model of PD. MPTP-induced PD mouse model was subjected to the rotarod test to evaluate the locomotor ability. Glia activation and neuron loss were measured by immunostaining. Fluo-4 AM was used to measure cytosolic Ca2+ level in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced microgliosis in vitro. Results We report that treatment of MPTP-induced PD mouse model with gene deletion or pharmacological blockade of KCa3.1 with senicapoc improves the locomotor ability and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neuron number and attenuates the microgliosis and neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). KCa3.1 involves in store-operated Ca2+ entry-induced Ca2+ overload and endoplasmic reticulum stress via the protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway during microgliosis. Gene deletion or blockade of KCa3.1 restored AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Taken together, these results demonstrate a key role for KCa3.1 in driving a pro-inflammatory microglia phenotype in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fangfang Dou
- Basic Research Department, Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhihua Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Assessing the Effects of Cytoprotectants on Selective Neuronal Loss, Sensorimotor Deficit and Microglial Activation after Temporary Middle Cerebral Occlusion. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100287. [PMID: 31652564 PMCID: PMC6827002 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although early reperfusion after stroke salvages the still-viable ischemic tissue, peri-infarct selective neuronal loss (SNL) can cause sensorimotor deficits (SMD). We designed a longitudinal protocol to assess the effects of cytoprotectants on SMD, microglial activation (MA) and SNL, and specifically tested whether the KCa3.1-blocker TRAM-34 would prevent SNL. Spontaneously hypertensive rats underwent 15 min middle-cerebral artery occlusion and were randomized into control or treatment group, which received TRAM-34 intraperitoneally for 4 weeks starting 12 h after reperfusion. SMD was assessed longitudinally using the sticky-label test. MA was quantified at day 14 using in vivo [11C]-PK111195 positron emission tomography (PET), and again across the same regions-of-interest template by immunofluorescence together with SNL at day 28. SMD recovered significantly faster in the treated group (p = 0.004). On PET, MA was present in 5/6 rats in each group, with no significant between-group difference. On immunofluorescence, both SNL and MA were present in 5/6 control rats and 4/6 TRAM-34 rats, with a non-significantly lower degree of MA but a significantly (p = 0.009) lower degree of SNL in the treated group. These findings document the utility of our longitudinal protocol and suggest that TRAM-34 reduces SNL and hastens behavioural recovery without marked MA blocking at the assessed time-points.
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Biber K, Bhattacharya A, Campbell BM, Piro JR, Rohe M, Staal RGW, Talanian RV, Möller T. Microglial Drug Targets in AD: Opportunities and Challenges in Drug Discovery and Development. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31507408 PMCID: PMC6716448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a large and increasing unmet medical need with no disease-modifying treatment currently available. Genetic evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and gene network analysis has clearly revealed a key role of the innate immune system in the brain, of which microglia are the most important element. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes predominantly expressed in microglia have been associated with altered risk of developing AD. Furthermore, microglia-specific pathways are affected on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level in post-mortem AD tissue and in mouse models of AD. Together these findings have increased the interest in microglia biology, and numerous scientific reports have proposed microglial molecules and pathways as drug targets for AD. Target identification and validation are generally the first steps in drug discovery. Both target validation and drug lead identification for central nervous system (CNS) targets and diseases entail additional significant obstacles compared to peripheral targets and diseases. This makes CNS drug discovery, even with well-validated targets, challenging. In this article, we will illustrate the special challenges of AD drug discovery by discussing the viability/practicality of possible microglia drug targets including cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33), KCa3.1, kynurenines, ionotropic P2 receptor 7 (P2X7), programmed death-1 (PD-1), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Biber
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Justin R Piro
- AbbVie Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael Rohe
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Robert V Talanian
- AbbVie Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Möller
- AbbVie Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Yang X, Wang G, Cao T, Zhang L, Ma Y, Jiang S, Teng X, Sun X. Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of murine microglia. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12921-12932. [PMID: 31296663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are ubiquitously expressed in most cell types where they regulate many cellular, organ, and organismal functions. Although BK currents have been recorded specifically in activated murine and human microglia, it is not yet clear whether and how the function of this channel is related to microglia activation. Here, using patch-clamping, Griess reaction, ELISA, immunocytochemistry, and immunoblotting approaches, we show that specific inhibition of the BK channel with paxilline (10 μm) or siRNA-mediated knockdown of its expression significantly suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced (100 ng/ml) BV-2 and primary mouse microglial cell activation. We found that membrane BK current is activated by LPS at a very early stage through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), leading to nuclear translocation of NF-κB and to production of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we noted that BK channels are also expressed intracellularly, and their nuclear expression significantly increases in late stages of LPS-mediated microglia activation, possibly contributing to production of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. Of note, a specific TLR4 inhibitor suppressed BK channel expression, whereas an NF-κB inhibitor did not. Taken together, our findings indicate that BK channels participate in both the early and the late stages of LPS-stimulated murine microglia activation involving both membrane-associated and nuclear BK channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yunzhi Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shuhui Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xinchen Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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Jin LW, Lucente JD, Nguyen HM, Singh V, Singh L, Chavez M, Bushong T, Wulff H, Maezawa I. Repurposing the KCa3.1 inhibitor senicapoc for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:723-738. [PMID: 31019997 PMCID: PMC6469250 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Microglia play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We here tested the therapeutic hypothesis that the Ca2+‐activated potassium channel KCa3.1 constitutes a potential target for treating AD by reducing neuroinflammation. Methods To determine if KCa3.1 is relevant to AD, we tested if treating cultured microglia or hippocampal slices with Aβ oligomer (AβO) activated KCa3.1 in microglia, and if microglial KCa3.1 was upregulated in 5xFAD mice and in human AD brains. The expression/activity of KCa3.1 was examined by qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and whole‐cell patch‐clamp. To investigate the role of KCa3.1 in AD pathology, we resynthesized senicapoc, a clinically tested KCa3.1 blocker, and determined its pharmacokinetic properties and its effect on microglial activation, Aβ deposition and hippocampal long‐term potentiation (hLTP) in 5xFAD mice. Results We found markedly enhanced microglial KCa3.1 expression/activity in brains of both 5xFAD mice and AD patients. In hippocampal slices, microglial KCa3.1 expression/activity was increased by AβO treatment, and its inhibition diminished the proinflammatory and hLTP‐impairing activities of AβO. Senicapoc exhibited excellent brain penetrance and oral availability, and in 5xFAD mice, reduced neuroinflammation, decreased cerebral amyloid load, and enhanced hippocampal neuronal plasticity. Interpretation Our results prompt us to propose repurposing senicapoc for AD clinical trials, as senicapoc has excellent pharmacological properties and was safe and well‐tolerated in a prior phase‐3 clinical trial for sickle cell anemia. Such repurposing has the potential to expedite the urgently needed new drug discovery for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
| | - Jacopo Di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Latika Singh
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Monique Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
| | - Trevor Bushong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
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Cancer-Associated Intermediate Conductance Ca 2+-Activated K⁺ Channel K Ca3.1. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010109. [PMID: 30658505 PMCID: PMC6357066 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several tumor entities have been reported to overexpress KCa3.1 potassium channels due to epigenetic, transcriptional, or post-translational modifications. By modulating membrane potential, cell volume, or Ca2+ signaling, KCa3.1 has been proposed to exert pivotal oncogenic functions in tumorigenesis, malignant progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Moreover, KCa3.1 is expressed by tumor-promoting stroma cells such as fibroblasts and the tumor vasculature suggesting a role of KCa3.1 in the adaptation of the tumor microenvironment. Combined, this features KCa3.1 as a candidate target for innovative anti-cancer therapy. However, immune cells also express KCa3.1 thereby contributing to T cell activation. Thus, any strategy targeting KCa3.1 in anti-cancer therapy may also modulate anti-tumor immune activity and/or immunosuppression. The present review article highlights the potential of KCa3.1 as an anti-tumor target providing an overview of the current knowledge on its function in tumor pathogenesis with emphasis on vasculo- and angiogenesis as well as anti-cancer immune responses.
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Olchanheski LR, Sordi R, Oliveira JG, Alves GF, Mendes RT, Santos FA, Fernandes D. The role of potassium channels in the endothelial dysfunction induced by periodontitis. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20180048. [PMID: 30304126 PMCID: PMC6172022 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is associated with endothelial dysfunction, which is clinically characterized by a reduction in endothelium-dependent relaxation. However, we have previously shown that impairment in endothelium-dependent relaxation is transient. Therefore, we evaluated which mediators are involved in endothelium-dependent relaxation recovery. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were subjected to ligature-induced experimental periodontitis. Twenty-one days after the procedure, the animals were prepared for blood pressure recording, and the responses to acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside were obtained before and 30 minutes after injection of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME), cyclooxygenase inhibitor (Indomethacin, SC-550 and NS- 398), or calcium-dependent potassium channel blockers (apamin plus TRAM- 34). The maxilla and mandible were removed for bone loss analysis. Blood and gingivae were obtained for C-reactive protein (CRP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) measurement, respectively. RESULTS Experimental periodontitis induces bone loss and an increase in the gingival MPO and plasmatic CRP. Periodontitis also reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation, a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction, 14 days after the procedure. However, the response was restored at day 21. We found that endothelium-dependent vasodilation at day 21 in ligature animals was mediated, at least in part, by the activation of endothelial calcium-activated potassium channels. CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis induces impairment in endothelial-dependent relaxation; this impairment recovers, even in the presence of periodontitis. The recovery is mediated by the activation of endothelial calcium-activated potassium channels in ligature animals. Although important for maintenance of vascular homeostasis, this effect could mask the lack of NO, which has other beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Renato Olchanheski
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Regina Sordi
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Genética, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Junior Garcia Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Alves
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Farmacologia, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Reila Taina Mendes
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Fábio André Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Farmacologia, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Cocozza G, di Castro MA, Carbonari L, Grimaldi A, Antonangeli F, Garofalo S, Porzia A, Madonna M, Mainiero F, Santoni A, Grassi F, Wulff H, D'Alessandro G, Limatola C. Ca 2+-activated K + channels modulate microglia affecting motor neuron survival in hSOD1 G93A mice. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:584-595. [PMID: 29981425 PMCID: PMC6129409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies described a critical role for microglia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), where these CNS-resident immune cells participate in the establishment of an inflammatory microenvironment that contributes to motor neuron degeneration. Understanding the mechanisms leading to microglia activation in ALS could help to identify specific molecular pathways which could be targeted to reduce or delay motor neuron degeneration and muscle paralysis in patients. The intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 has been reported to modulate the "pro-inflammatory" phenotype of microglia in different pathological conditions. We here investigated the effects of blocking KCa3.1 activity in the hSOD1G93AALS mouse model, which recapitulates many features of the human disease. We report that treatment of hSOD1G93A mice with a selective KCa3.1 inhibitor, 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole (TRAM-34), attenuates the "pro-inflammatory" phenotype of microglia in the spinal cord, reduces motor neuron death, delays onset of muscle weakness, and increases survival. Specifically, inhibition of KCa3.1 channels slowed muscle denervation, decreased the expression of the fetal acetylcholine receptor γ subunit and reduced neuromuscular junction damage. Taken together, these results demonstrate a key role for KCa3.1 in driving a pro-inflammatory microglia phenotype in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Cocozza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Center for Life Nanoscience - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia@Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Carbonari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Center for Life Nanoscience - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia@Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Mainiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Francesca Grassi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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40
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Brown BM, Pressley B, Wulff H. KCa3.1 Channel Modulators as Potential Therapeutic Compounds for Glioblastoma. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:618-626. [PMID: 28676010 PMCID: PMC5997873 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170630164226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 is widely expressed in cells of the immune system such as T- and B-lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages and microglia, but also found in dedifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and many cancer cells including pancreatic, prostate, leukemia and glioblastoma. In all these cell types KCa3.1 plays an important role in cellular activation, migration and proliferation by regulating membrane potential and Ca2+ signaling. Methods and Results KCa3.1 therefore constitutes an attractive therapeutic target for diseases involving excessive proliferation or activation of one more of these cell types and researchers both in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry have developed several potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of KCa3.1. This article will briefly review the available compounds (TRAM-34, senicapoc, NS6180), their binding sites and mechanisms of action, and then discuss the potential usefulness of these compounds for the treatment of brain tumors based on their brain penetration and their efficacy in reducing microglia activation in animal models of ischemic stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusion Senicapoc, which has previously been in Phase III clinical trials, would be available for repurposing, and could be used to quickly translate findings made with other KCa3.1 blocking tool compounds into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Brandon Pressley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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41
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D'Alessandro G, Limatola C, Catalano M. Functional Roles of the Ca2+-activated K+ Channel, KCa3.1, in Brain Tumors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:636-643. [PMID: 28707595 PMCID: PMC5997864 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170713103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and deadly brain tumor, with low disease-free period even after surgery and combined radio and chemotherapies. Among the factors contributing to the devastating effect of this tumor in the brain are the elevated proliferation and invasion rate, and the ability to induce a local immunosuppressive environment. The intermediateconductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 is expressed in glioblastoma cells and in tumorinfiltrating cells. METHODS We first describe the researches related to the role of KCa3.1 channels in the invasion of brain tumor cells and the regulation of cell cycle. In the second part we review the involvement of KCa3.1 channel in tumor-associated microglia cell behaviour. RESULTS In tumor cells, the functional expression of KCa3.1 channels is important to substain cell invasion and proliferation. In tumor infiltrating cells, KCa3.1 channel activity is required to regulate their activation state. Interfering with KCa3.1 activity can be an adjuvant therapeutic approach in addition to classic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, to counteract tumor growth and prolong patient's survival. CONCLUSION In this mini-review we discuss the evidence of the functional roles of KCa3.1 channels in glioblastoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina D'Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Fumagalli M, Lombardi M, Gressens P, Verderio C. How to reprogram microglia toward beneficial functions. Glia 2018; 66:2531-2549. [PMID: 30195261 PMCID: PMC6585737 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, brain cells of nonneural origin, orchestrate the inflammatory response to diverse insults, including hypoxia/ischemia or maternal/fetal infection in the perinatal brain. Experimental studies have demonstrated the capacity of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells activating a cytotoxic response that can exacerbate brain damage. However, microglia display an enormous plasticity in their responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Despite the critical role of microglia in brain pathologies, the cellular mechanisms that govern the diverse phenotypes of microglia are just beginning to be defined. Here we review emerging strategies to drive microglia toward beneficial functions, selectively reporting the studies which provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic switch. A variety of approaches have been proposed which rely on microglia treatment with pharmacological agents, cytokines, lipid messengers, or microRNAs, as well on nutritional approaches or therapies with immunomodulatory cells. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms relevant for microglia reprogramming toward pro‐regenerative functions points to a central role of energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Manipulation of metabolic pathways may thus provide new therapeutic opportunities to prevent the deleterious effects of inflammatory microglia and to control excessive inflammation in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti, 9 -20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Health and Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Verderio
- IRCCS Humanitas, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
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Kshatri AS, Gonzalez-Hernandez A, Giraldez T. Physiological Roles and Therapeutic Potential of Ca 2+ Activated Potassium Channels in the Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:258. [PMID: 30104956 PMCID: PMC6077210 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the potassium ion channel family, calcium activated potassium (KCa) channels are unique in their ability to couple intracellular Ca2+ signals to membrane potential variations. KCa channels are diversely distributed throughout the central nervous system and play fundamental roles ranging from regulating neuronal excitability to controlling neurotransmitter release. The physiological versatility of KCa channels is enhanced by alternative splicing and co-assembly with auxiliary subunits, leading to fundamental differences in distribution, subunit composition and pharmacological profiles. Thus, understanding specific KCa channels’ mechanisms in neuronal function is challenging. Based on their single channel conductance, KCa channels are divided into three subtypes: small (SK, 4–14 pS), intermediate (IK, 32–39 pS) and big potassium (BK, 200–300 pS) channels. This review describes the biophysical characteristics of these KCa channels, as well as their physiological roles and pathological implications. In addition, we also discuss the current pharmacological strategies and challenges to target KCa channels for the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind S Kshatri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alberto Gonzalez-Hernandez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Teresa Giraldez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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D'Alessandro G, Grimaldi A, Chece G, Porzia A, Esposito V, Santoro A, Salvati M, Mainiero F, Ragozzino D, Di Angelantonio S, Wulff H, Catalano M, Limatola C. KCa3.1 channel inhibition sensitizes malignant gliomas to temozolomide treatment. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30781-96. [PMID: 27096953 PMCID: PMC5058717 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are among the most frequent and aggressive cerebral tumors, characterized by high proliferative and invasive indexes. Standard therapy for patients, after surgery and radiotherapy, consists of temozolomide (TMZ), a methylating agent that blocks tumor cell proliferation. Currently, there are no therapies aimed at reducing tumor cell invasion. Ion channels are candidate molecular targets involved in glioma cell migration and infiltration into the brain parenchyma. In this paper we demonstrate that: i) blockade of the calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 with TRAM-34 has co-adjuvant effects with TMZ, reducing GL261 glioma cell migration, invasion and colony forming activity, increasing apoptosis, and forcing cells to pass the G2/M cell cycle phase, likely through cdc2 de-phosphorylation; ii) KCa3.1 silencing potentiates the inhibitory effect of TMZ on glioma cell viability; iii) the combination of TMZ/TRAM-34 attenuates the toxic effects of glioma conditioned medium on neuronal cultures, through a microglia dependent mechanism since the effect is abolished by clodronate-induced microglia killing; iv) TMZ/TRAM-34 co-treatment increases the number of apoptotic tumor cells, and the mean survival time in a syngeneic mouse glioma model (C57BL6 mice implanted with GL261 cells); v) TMZ/TRAM-34 co-treatment reduces cell viability of GBM cells and cancer stem cells (CSC) freshly isolated from patients.Taken together, these data suggest a new therapeutic approach for malignant glioma, targeting both glioma cell proliferating and migration, and demonstrate that TMZ/TRAM-34 co-treatment affects both glioma cells and infiltrating microglia, resulting in an overall reduction of tumor cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina D'Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Porzia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Esposito
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Salvati
- Department of Science and Medical Surgical Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mainiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nanoscience Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia@Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Pasteur Institute Rome-Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Chen YJ, Nguyen HM, Maezawa I, Jin LW, Wulff H. Inhibition of the potassium channel Kv1.3 reduces infarction and inflammation in ischemic stroke. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 5:147-161. [PMID: 29468176 PMCID: PMC5817832 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Inhibitors of the voltage‐gated K+ channel Kv1.3 are currently in development as immunomodulators for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. As Kv1.3 is also expressed on microglia and has been shown to be specifically up‐regulated on “M1‐like” microglia, we here tested the therapeutic hypothesis that the brain‐penetrant small‐molecule Kv1.3‐inhibitor PAP‐1 reduces secondary inflammatory damage after ischemia/reperfusion. Methods We studied microglial Kv1.3 expression using electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry, and evaluated PAP‐1 in hypoxia‐exposed organotypic hippocampal slices and in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with 8 days of reperfusion in both adult male C57BL/6J mice (60 min MCAO) and adult male Wistar rats (90 min MCAO). In both models, PAP‐1 administration was started 12 h after reperfusion. Results We observed Kv1.3 staining on activated microglia in ischemic infarcts in mice, rats, and humans and found higher Kv1.3 current densities in acutely isolated microglia from the infarcted hemisphere than in microglia isolated from the contralateral hemisphere of MCAO mice. PAP‐1 reduced microglia activation and increased neuronal survival in hypoxia‐exposed hippocampal slices as effectively as minocycline. In mouse MCAO, PAP‐1 dose‐dependently reduced infarct area, improved neurological deficit score, and reduced brain levels of IL‐1β and IFN‐γ without affecting IL‐10 and brain‐derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) levels or inhibiting ongoing phagocytosis. The beneficial effects on infarct area and neurological deficit score were reproduced in rats providing confirmation in a second species. Interpretation Our findings suggest that Kv1.3 constitutes a promising therapeutic target for preferentially inhibiting “M1‐like” inflammatory microglia/macrophage functions in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Je Chen
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis 95616 California
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis 95616 California
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis, Sacramento 95817 California.,M.I.N.D. Institute University of California Davis 95817 California
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis, Sacramento 95817 California.,M.I.N.D. Institute University of California Davis 95817 California
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis 95616 California
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Lu R, Flauaus C, Kennel L, Petersen J, Drees O, Kallenborn-Gerhardt W, Ruth P, Lukowski R, Schmidtko A. K Ca3.1 channels modulate the processing of noxious chemical stimuli in mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:386-395. [PMID: 28823609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa3.1) have been recently implicated in pain processing. However, the functional role and localization of KCa3.1 in the nociceptive system are largely unknown. We here characterized the behavior of mice lacking KCa3.1 (KCa3.1-/-) in various pain models and analyzed the expression pattern of KCa3.1 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the spinal cord. KCa3.1-/- mice demonstrated normal behavioral responses in models of acute nociceptive, persistent inflammatory, and persistent neuropathic pain. However, their behavioral responses to noxious chemical stimuli such as formalin and capsaicin were increased. Accordingly, formalin-induced nociceptive behavior was increased in wild-type mice after administration of the KCa3.1 inhibitor TRAM-34. In situ hybridization experiments detected KCa3.1 in most DRG satellite glial cells, in a minority of DRG neurons, and in ependymal cells lining the central canal of the spinal cord. Together, our data point to a specific inhibitory role of KCa3.1 for the processing of noxious chemical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Lu
- Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, ZBAF, 58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Cathrin Flauaus
- Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lea Kennel
- Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonas Petersen
- Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, ZBAF, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Oliver Drees
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, ZBAF, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Wiebke Kallenborn-Gerhardt
- Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Ruth
- Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Lukowski
- Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Achim Schmidtko
- Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, ZBAF, 58453 Witten, Germany
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Glaser N, Little C, Lo W, Cohen M, Tancredi D, Wulff H, O'Donnell M. Treatment with the KCa3.1 inhibitor TRAM-34 during diabetic ketoacidosis reduces inflammatory changes in the brain. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:356-366. [PMID: 27174668 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) causes brain injuries in children ranging from subtle to life-threatening. Previous studies suggest that DKA-related brain injury may involve both stimulation of Na-K-Cl cotransport and microglial activation. Other studies implicate the Na-K-Cl cotransporter and the Ca-activated K channel KCa3.1 in activation of microglia and ischemia-induced brain edema. In this study, we determined whether inhibiting cerebral Na-K-Cl cotransport or KCa3.1 could reduce microglial activation and decrease DKA-related inflammatory changes in the brain. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated cellular alterations in brain specimens from juvenile rats with DKA before, during and after insulin and saline treatment. We compared findings in rats treated with and without bumetanide (an inhibitor of Na-K-Cl cotransport) or the KCa3.1 inhibitor TRAM-34. RESULTS Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining intensity was increased in the hippocampus during DKA, suggesting reactive astrogliosis. OX42 staining intensity was increased during DKA in the hippocampus, cortex and striatum, indicating microglial activation. Treatment with TRAM-34 decreased both OX42 and GFAP intensity suggesting a decreased inflammatory response to DKA. Treatment with bumetanide did not significantly alter OX42 or GFAP intensity. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting KCa3.1 activity with TRAM-34 during DKA treatment decreases microglial activation and reduces reactive astrogliosis, suggesting a decreased inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Glaser
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Christopher Little
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Weei Lo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michael Cohen
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Daniel Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Martha O'Donnell
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Staal RGW, Weinstein JR, Nattini M, Cajina M, Chandresana G, Möller T. Senicapoc: Repurposing a Drug to Target Microglia K Ca3.1 in Stroke. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2639-2645. [PMID: 28364331 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of serious long-term disability and the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Treatment options for stroke are few in number and limited in efficacy. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and infiltrating peripheral immune cells is a major component of stroke pathophysiology. Interfering with the inflammation cascade after stroke holds the promise to modulate stroke outcome. The calcium activated potassium channel KCa3.1 is expressed selectively in the injured CNS by microglia. KCa3.1 function has been implicated in pro-inflammatory activation of microglia and there is recent literature suggesting that this channel is important in the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion (stroke) related brain injury. Here we describe the potential of repurposing Senicapoc, a KCa3.1 inhibitor, to intervene in the inflammation cascade that follows ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland G W Staal
- Alentis Pharma LLC, 72 Hillside Avenue, Metuchen, NJ, 08840, USA
| | - Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Megan Nattini
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Inc., 215 College Rd, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Manuel Cajina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Inc., 215 College Rd, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Gamini Chandresana
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Inc., 215 College Rd, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- Abbvie, Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Nguyen HM, Blomster LV, Christophersen P, Wulff H. Potassium channel expression and function in microglia: Plasticity and possible species variations. Channels (Austin) 2017; 11:305-315. [PMID: 28277939 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1300738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium channels play important roles in microglia functions and thus constitute potential targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer, Parkinson and stroke. However, uncertainty still prevails as to which potassium channels are expressed and at what levels in different species, how the expression pattern changes upon activation with M1 or M2 polarizing stimuli compared with more complex exposure paradigms, and - most importantly - how these findings relate to the in vivo situation. In this mini-review we discuss the functional potassium channel expression pattern in cultured neonatal mouse microglia in the light of data obtained previously from animal disease models and immunohistochemical studies and compare it with a recent study of adult human microglia isolated from epilepsy patients. Overall, microglial potassium channel expression is very plastic and possibly shows species differences and therefore should be studied carefully in each disease setting and respective animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai M Nguyen
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California , Davis, Davis , CA , USA
| | | | | | - Heike Wulff
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California , Davis, Davis , CA , USA
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50
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Xu R, Li C, Wu Y, Shen L, Ma J, Qian J, Ge J. Role of KCa3.1 Channels in Macrophage Polarization and Its Relevance in Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:226-236. [PMID: 28062499 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Emerging evidence indicates that proinflammatory macrophage polarization imbalance plays a key role in atherosclerotic plaque progression and instability. The calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 is critically involved in macrophage activation and function. However, the role of KCa3.1 in macrophage polarization is unknown. This study investigates the potential role of KCa3.1 in transcriptional regulation in macrophage polarization and its relationship to plaque instability.
Approach and Results—
Human monocytes were differentiated into macrophages using macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Macrophages were then polarized into proinflammatory M1 cells by interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide and into alternative M2 macrophages by interleukin-4. A model for plaque instability was induced by combined partial ligation of the left renal artery and left common carotid artery in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Significant upregulation of KCa3.1 expression was observed during the differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages. Blocking KCa3.1 significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory genes during macrophages polarization. Further mechanistic studies indicated that blocking KCa3.1 inhibited macrophage differentiation toward the M1 phenotype by downregulating signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 phosphorylation. In animal models, KCa3.1 blockade therapy strikingly reduced the incidence of plaque rupture and luminal thrombus in carotid arteries, decreased the expression of markers associated with M1 macrophage polarization, and enhanced the expression of M2 markers within atherosclerotic lesions.
Conclusions—
These results suggest that blocking KCa3.1 suppresses plaque instability in advanced stages of atherosclerosis by inhibiting macrophage polarization toward an M1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rende Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhe Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Ma
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juying Qian
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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