1
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Dang F, Wang Q, Huang Y, Wang Y, Xing B. Key knowledge gaps for One Health approach to mitigate nanoplastic risks. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2022; 1:11-22. [PMID: 38078201 PMCID: PMC10702905 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2023]
Abstract
There are increasing concerns over the threat of nanoplastics to environmental and human health. However, multidisciplinary barriers persist between the communities assessing the risks to environmental and human health. As a result, the hazards and risks of nanoplastics remain uncertain. Here, we identify key knowledge gaps by evaluating the exposure of nanoplastics in the environment, assessing their bio-nano interactions, and examining their potential risks to humans and the environment. We suggest considering nanoplastics a complex and dynamic mixture of polymers, additives, and contaminants, with interconnected risks to environmental and human health. We call for comprehensive integration of One Health approach to produce robust multidisciplinary evidence to nanoplastics threats at the planetary level. Although there are many challenges, this holistic approach incorporates the relevance of environmental exposure and multi-sectoral responses, which provide the opportunity to identify the risk mitigation strategies of nanoplastics to build resilient health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingnan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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2
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Smirnova M, Goracci L, Cruciani G, Federici L, Declèves X, Chapy H, Cisternino S. Pharmacophore-Based Discovery of Substrates of a Novel Drug/Proton-Antiporter in the Human Brain Endothelial hCMEC/D3 Cell Line. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020255. [PMID: 35213988 PMCID: PMC8875908 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A drug/proton-antiporter, whose the molecular structure is still unknown, was previously evidenced at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by functional experiments. The computational method could help in the identification of substrates of this solute carrier (SLC) transporter. Two pharmacophore models for substrates of this transporter using the FLAPpharm approach were developed. The trans-stimulation potency of 40 selected compounds for already known specific substrates ([3H]-clonidine) were determined and compared in the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. Results. The two pharmacophore models obtained were used as templates to screen xenobiotic and endogenous compounds from four databases (e.g., Specs), and 45 hypothetical new candidates were tested to determine their substrate capacity. Psychoactive drugs such as antidepressants (e.g., imipramine, desipramine), antipsychotics/neuroleptics such as phenothiazine derivatives (chlorpromazine), sedatives anti-histamine-H1 drugs (promazine, promethazine, triprolidine, pheniramine), opiates/opioids (e.g., hydrocodone), trihexyphenidyl and sibutramine were correctly predicted as proton-antiporter substrates. The best performing pharmacophore model for the proton-antiporter substrates appeared as a good predictor of known substrates and allowed the identification of new substrate compounds. This model marks a new step in the characterization of this drug/proton-antiporter and will be of great use in uncovering its substrates and designing chemical entities with an improved influx capability to cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Smirnova
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Laura Goracci
- Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Laetitia Federici
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
- Biologie du Médicament et Toxicologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Chapy
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR_S1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.S.); (L.F.); (X.D.); (H.C.)
- Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-44-495-191
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3
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Tajima K, Akanuma SI, Ohishi Y, Yoshida Y, Bauer B, Kubo Y, Inouye M, Hosoya KI. Freshly isolated retinal capillaries to determine efflux transporter function at the inner BRB. J Control Release 2022; 343:434-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed medications for psychiatric disorders, yet they leave the majority of patients without full symptom relief. Therefore, a major research challenge is to identify novel targets for the improved treatment of these disorders. SSRIs act by blocking the serotonin transporter (SERT), the high-affinity, low-capacity, uptake-1 transporter for serotonin. Other classes of antidepressant work by blocking the norepinephrine or dopamine transporters (NET and DAT), the high-affinity, low-capacity uptake-1 transporters for norepinephrine and dopamine, or by blocking combinations of SERT, NET, and DAT. It has been proposed that uptake-2 transporters, which include organic cation transporters (OCTs) and the plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), undermine the therapeutic utility of uptake-1 acting antidepressants. Uptake-2 transporters for monoamines have low affinity for these neurotransmitters, but a high capacity to transport them. Thus, activity of these transporters may limit the increase of extracellular monoamines thought to be essential for ultimate therapeutic benefit. Here preclinical evidence supporting a role for OCT2, OCT3, and PMAT in behaviors relevant to psychiatric disorders is presented. Importantly, preclinical evidence revealing these transporters as targets for the development of novel therapeutics for psychiatric disorders is discussed.
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5
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Li Y, Faiz A, Moshage H, Schubert R, Schilling L, Kamps JA. Comparative transcriptome analysis of inner blood-retinal barrier and blood-brain barrier in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12151. [PMID: 34108511 PMCID: PMC8190099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although retinal microvessels (RMVs) and brain microvessels (BMVs) are closely related in their developmental and share similar blood-neural barriers, studies have reported markedly different responses to stressors such as diabetes. Therefore, we hypothesized that RMVs and BMVs will display substantial differences in gene expression levels even though they are of the same embryological origin. In this study, both RMVs and BMVs were mechanically isolated from rats. Full retinal and brain tissue samples (RT, BT) were collected for comparisons. Total RNA extracted from these four groups were processed on Affymetrix rat 2.0 microarray Chips. The transcriptional profiles of these tissues were then analyzed. In the present paper we looked at differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RMVs (against RT) and BMVs (against BT) using a rather conservative threshold value of ≥ ± twofold change and a false discovery rate corrected for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). In RMVs a total of 1559 DEGs were found, of which 1004 genes were higher expressed in RMVs than in RT. Moreover, 4244 DEGs between BMVs and BT were identified, of which 1956 genes were ≥ twofold enriched in BMVs. Using these DEGs, we comprehensively analyzed the actual expression levels and highlighted their involvement in critical functional structures in RMVs and BMVs, such as junctional complex, transporters and signaling pathways. Our work provides for the first time the transcriptional profiles of rat RMVs and BMVs. These results may help to understand why retina and brain microvasculature show different susceptibilities to stressors, and they might even provide new insight for pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Faiz
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Schubert
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Physiology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany
| | - L Schilling
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. .,European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - J A Kamps
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Sweet DH. Organic Cation Transporter Expression and Function in the CNS. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 266:41-80. [PMID: 33963461 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) represent major control checkpoints protecting the CNS, by exerting selective control over the movement of organic cations and anions into and out of the CNS compartment. In addition, multiple CNS cell types, e.g., astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, contribute to processes that maintain the status quo of the CNS milieu. To fulfill their roles, these barriers and cell types express a multitude of transporter proteins from dozens of different transporter families. Fundamental advances over the past few decades in our knowledge of transporter substrates, expression profiles, and consequences of loss of function are beginning to change basic theories regarding the contribution of various cell types and clearance networks to coordinated neuronal signaling, complex organismal behaviors, and overall CNS homeostasis. In particular, transporters belonging to the Solute Carrier (SLC) superfamily are emerging as major contributors, including the SLC22 organic cation/anion/zwitterion family of transporters (includes OCT1-3 and OCTN1-3), the SLC29 facilitative nucleoside family of transporters (includes PMAT), and the SLC47 multidrug and toxin extrusion family of transporters (includes MATE1-2). These transporters are known to interact with neurotransmitters, antidepressant and anxiolytic agents, and drugs of abuse. Clarifying their contributions to the underlying mechanisms regulating CNS permeation and clearance, as well as the health status of astrocyte, microglial and neuronal cell populations, will drive new levels of understanding as to maintenance of the CNS milieu and approaches to new therapeutics and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of CNS disorders. This chapter highlights organic cation transporters belonging to the SLC superfamily known to be expressed in the CNS, providing an overview of their identification, mechanism of action, CNS expression profile, interaction with neurotransmitters and antidepressant/antipsychotic drugs, and results from behavioral studies conducted in loss of function models (knockout/knockdown).
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Sweet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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7
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Liu B, Hu Y, Ma G, Xiao Y, Zhang B, Liang Y, Zhong P, Zeng X, Lin Z, Kong H, Wu G, Du Z, Fang Y, Huang M, Wang L, Yang X, Yu H. Reduced Retinal Microvascular Perfusion in Patients With Stroke Detected by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:628336. [PMID: 33927607 PMCID: PMC8078175 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.628336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is a shortage of biomarkers for stroke, one of the leading causes of death and disability in aging populations. Retinal vessels offer a unique and accessible “window” to study the microvasculature in vivo. However, the relationship between the retinal microvasculature and stroke is not entirely clear. To investigate the retinal microvascular characteristics in stroke, we recruited patients with stroke and age-matched control subjects from a tertiary hospital in China. The macular vessel density (VD) in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) measured optic disc VD were recorded for analysis. A total of 189 patients with stroke and 195 control subjects were included. After adjusting for sex, visual acuity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, a history of smoking, levels of hemoglobulin (HbA1c), cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the macular VD of SCP and DCP in all sectors was decreased in patients with stroke. In the stroke group, the VD around the FAZ and the VD of the optic disk were lower. Logistic regression found the parafovea-superior-hemi VD of DCP > 54.53% [odds ratio (OR): 0.169] as a protective factor of stroke. Using the integration of all OCTA parameters and traditional risk factors, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve of distinguishing patients with stroke was 0.962, with a sensitivity of 0.944 and a specificity of 0.871. Our study demonstrates that the retinal VD is decreased in patients with stroke independently of the traditional risk factors of stroke, which may shed light on the monitoring of stroke using the retinal microvascular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Refractive Surgery Center, Aier Institute of Refractive Surgery, Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guixian Ma
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingting Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanjie Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiqian Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanrong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijing Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manqing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghua Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Li ZH, Ma PK, Huang YF, Zhang Z, Zheng W, Chen JH, Guo CE, Chen N, Bi XN, Zhang YJ. Jiaotai Pill () Alleviates Insomnia through Regulating Monoamine and Organic Cation Transporters in Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:183-191. [PMID: 33420587 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reveal the effect and mechanism of Jiaotai Pill (, JTP) on insomniac rats. METHODS The insomniac model was established by intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). In behavioral experiments, rats were divided into control, insomniac model, JTP [3.3 g/(kg•d)], and diazepam [4 mg/(kg•d)] groups. The treatment effect of JTP was evaluated by weight measurement (increasement of body weight), open field test (number of crossings) and forced swimming test (immobility time). A high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) method was built to determine the concentration of monoamine transmitters in hypothalamus and peripheral organs from normal, model, JTP, citalopram [30 mg/(kg•d)], maprotiline [40 mg/(kg•d)] and bupropion [40 mg/(kg•d)] groups. Expressions of serotonin transporter (SERT), dopamine transporter (DAT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot in normal, model and JTP groups. A high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was established to determine the pharmacokinetics, urine cumulative excretion of metformin in vivo, and tissue slice uptake in vitro, which were applied to assess the activity of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in hypothalamus and peripheral organs. RESULTS Compared with the insomniac model group, the body weight and spontaneous locomotor were increased, and the immobility time was decreased after treatment with JTP (P<0.01). Both serotonin and dopamine contents in hypothalamus and peripheral organs were increased (P<0.01). The norepinephrine content was increased in peripheral organs and decreased in hypothalamus (P<0.05 or P<0.01). At the same time, SERT, DAT, OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 were down-regulated in hypothalamus and peripheral organs (P<0.05). NET was down-regulated in peripheral organs and up-regulated in hypothalamus (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, the activity of OCTs in hypothalamus and peripheral organs was inhibited (P<0.05). CONCLUSION JTP alleviates insomnia through regulation of monoaminergic system and OCTs in hypothalamus and peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Peng-Kai Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | | | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chang-E Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ning Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xin-Ning Bi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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9
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Kureli G, Yilmaz-Ozcan S, Erdener SE, Donmez-Demir B, Yemisci M, Karatas H, Dalkara T. F-actin polymerization contributes to pericyte contractility in retinal capillaries. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Andjelkovic AV, Stamatovic SM, Phillips CM, Martinez-Revollar G, Keep RF. Modeling blood-brain barrier pathology in cerebrovascular disease in vitro: current and future paradigms. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:44. [PMID: 32677965 PMCID: PMC7367394 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit (NVU) was and still is a challenge to bridge. A highly selective, restrictive and dynamic barrier, formed at the interface of blood and brain, the BBB is a “gatekeeper” and guardian of brain homeostasis and it also acts as a “sensor” of pathological events in blood and brain. The majority of brain and cerebrovascular pathologies are associated with BBB dysfunction, where changes at the BBB can lead to or support disease development. Thus, an ultimate goal of BBB research is to develop competent and highly translational models to understand mechanisms of BBB/NVU pathology and enable discovery and development of therapeutic strategies to improve vascular health and for the efficient delivery of drugs. This review article focuses on the progress being made to model BBB injury in cerebrovascular diseases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuska V Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7520 MSRB I, 1150 West Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA.
| | - Svetlana M Stamatovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7520 MSRB I, 1150 West Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
| | - Chelsea M Phillips
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriela Martinez-Revollar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7520 MSRB I, 1150 West Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Retinal functioning and reward processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 219:25-33. [PMID: 31280976 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinal responses to light, as measured by electroretinography (ERG), have been shown to be reduced in schizophrenia. Data from a prior ERG study in healthy humans indicated that activity of a retinal cell type affected in schizophrenia can be modified by the presence of a food reward. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether ERG amplitudes would be sensitive to the well-documented reward processing impairment in schizophrenia. Flash ERG data from 15 clinically stable people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 15 healthy controls were collected under three conditions: baseline, anticipation of a food reward, and immediately after consuming the food reward. At the group level, data indicated that controls' ERG responses varied as a function of salience of the food reward (baseline vs. anticipation vs. consumption) whereas patients' ERG responses did not vary significantly across conditions. Correlations between ERG amplitudes and scores on measures of hedonic capacity (including motivation and pleasure negative symptom ratings for patients) indicated consistent relationships. These data suggest that flash ERG amplitudes may be a sensitive indicator of the integrity of reward processing mechanisms. However, several differences in the direction of findings between this and a prior study in controls point to the need for further investigation of the contributions of a number of key variables to the observed effects.
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12
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Chaves C, Campanelli F, Chapy H, Gomez-Zepeda D, Glacial F, Smirnova M, Taghi M, Pallud J, Perrière N, Declèves X, Menet MC, Cisternino S. An Interspecies Molecular and Functional Study of Organic Cation Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier: From Rodents to Humans. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040308. [PMID: 32231079 PMCID: PMC7238036 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporters (OCTs) participate in the handling of compounds in kidneys and at the synaptic cleft. Their role at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in brain drug delivery is still unclear. The presence of OCT1,2,3 (SLC22A1-3) in mouse, rat and human isolated brain microvessels was investigated by either qRT-PCR, quantitative proteomics and/or functional studies. BBB transport of the prototypical substrate [3H]-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([3H]-MPP+) was measured by in situ brain perfusion in six mouse strains and in Sprague Dawley rats, in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells seeded on inserts, in the presence or absence of OCTs and a MATE1 (SLC49A1) inhibitor. The results show negligible OCT1 (SLC22A1) and OCT2 (SLC22A2) expression in either mice, rat or human brain microvessels, while OCT3 expression was identified in rat microvessels by qRT-PCR. The in vitro human cellular uptake of [3H]-MPP+ was not modified by OCTs/MATE-inhibitor. Brain transport of [3H]-MPP+ remains unchanged between 2- and 6-month old mice, and no alteration was observed in mice and rats with inhibitors. In conclusion, the evidenced lack of expression and/or functional OCTs and MATE at the BBB allows the maintenance of the brain homeostasis and function as it prevents an easy access of their neurotoxicant substrates to the brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Chaves
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Federica Campanelli
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Chapy
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - David Gomez-Zepeda
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Glacial
- BrainPlotting SAS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, 75013 Paris, France; (F.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Maria Smirnova
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Meryam Taghi
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Johan Pallud
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France;
- Inserm, U894, IMA-Brain, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Perrière
- BrainPlotting SAS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, 75013 Paris, France; (F.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Cochin, Biologie du médicament et toxicologie, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Cochin, Hormonologie adulte, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de pharmacie, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-444-951-91
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13
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Sekhar GN, Fleckney AL, Boyanova ST, Rupawala H, Lo R, Wang H, Farag DB, Rahman KM, Broadstock M, Reeves S, Thomas SA. Region-specific blood-brain barrier transporter changes leads to increased sensitivity to amisulpride in Alzheimer's disease. Fluids Barriers CNS 2019; 16:38. [PMID: 31842924 PMCID: PMC6915870 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-019-0158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into amisulpride use in Alzheimer's disease (AD) implicates blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in antipsychotic sensitivity. Research into BBB transporters has been mainly directed towards the ABC superfamily, however, solute carrier (SLC) function in AD has not been widely studied. This study tests the hypothesis that transporters for organic cations contribute to the BBB delivery of the antipsychotics (amisulpride and haloperidol) and is disrupted in AD. METHODS The accumulation of [3H]amisulpride (3.7-7.7 nM) and [3H]haloperidol (10 nM) in human (hCMEC/D3) and mouse (bEnd.3) brain endothelial cell lines was explored. Computational approaches examined molecular level interactions of both drugs with the SLC transporters [organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) and multi-drug and toxic compound extrusion proteins (MATE1)] and amisulpride with the ABC transporter (P-glycoprotein). The distribution of [3H]amisulpride in wildtype and 3×transgenic AD mice was examined using in situ brain perfusion experiments. Western blots determined transporter expression in mouse and human brain capillaries . RESULTS In vitro BBB and in silico transporter studies indicated that [3H]amisulpride and [3H]haloperidol were transported by the influx transporter, OCT1, and efflux transporters MATE1 and PMAT. Amisulpride did not have a strong interaction with OCTN1, OCTN2, P-gp, BCRP or MRP and could not be described as a substrate for these transporters. Amisulpride brain uptake was increased in AD mice compared to wildtype mice, but vascular space was unaffected. There were no measurable changes in the expression of MATE1, MATE2, PMAT OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, OCTN1, OCTN2 and P-gp in capillaries isolated from whole brain homogenates from the AD mice compared to wildtype mice. Although, PMAT and MATE1 expression was reduced in capillaries obtained from specific human brain regions (i.e. putamen and caudate) from AD cases (Braak stage V-VI) compared to age matched controls (Braak stage 0-II). CONCLUSIONS Together our research indicates that the increased sensitivity of individuals with Alzheimer's to amisulpride is related to previously unreported changes in function and expression of SLC transporters at the BBB (in particular PMAT and MATE1). Dose adjustments may be required for drugs that are substrates of these transporters when prescribing for individuals with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Nair Sekhar
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Alice L Fleckney
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sevda Tomova Boyanova
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Huzefa Rupawala
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Rachel Lo
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Hao Wang
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Doaa B Farag
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, 11431, Egypt
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Martin Broadstock
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9N, UK
| | - Suzanne Reeves
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Sarah Ann Thomas
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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14
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Musolf AM, Simpson CL, Alexander TA, Portas L, Murgia F, Ciner EB, Stambolian D, Bailey-Wilson JE. Genome-wide scans of myopia in Pennsylvania Amish families reveal significant linkage to 12q15, 8q21.3 and 5p15.33. Hum Genet 2019; 138:339-354. [PMID: 30826882 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is one of the most common ocular disorders in the world, yet the genetic etiology of the disease remains poorly understood. Specialized founder populations, such as the Pennsylvania Amish, provide the opportunity to utilize exclusive genomic architecture, like unique haplotypes, to better understand the genetic causes of myopia. We perform genetic linkage analysis on Pennsylvania Amish families that have a strong familial history of myopia to map any potential causal variants and genes for the disease. 293 individuals from 25 extended families were genotyped on the Illumina ExomePlus array and merged with previous microsatellite data. We coded myopia affection as a binary phenotype; myopia was defined as having a mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of less than or equal to - 1 D (diopters). Two-point and multipoint parametric linkage analyses were performed under an autosomal dominant model. When allowing for locus heterogeneity, we identified two novel genome-wide significantly linked variants at 12q15 (heterogeneity LOD, HLOD = 3.77) in PTPRB and at 8q21.3 (HLOD = 3.35) in CNGB3. We identified further three genome-wide significant variants within a single family. These three variants were located in exons of SLC6A18 at 5p15.33 (LODs ranged from 3.51 to 3.37). Multipoint analysis confirmed the significant signal at 5p15.33 with six genome-wide significant variants (LODs ranged from 3.6 to 3.3). Further suggestive evidence of linkage was observed in several other regions of the genome. All three novel linked regions contain strong candidate genes, especially CNGB3 on 8q21.3, which has been shown to affect photoreceptors and cause complete color blindness. Whole genome sequencing on these regions is planned to conclusively elucidate the causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Claire L Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theresa A Alexander
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Elise B Ciner
- The Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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15
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Wagner DJ, Shireman LM, Ahn S, Shen DD, Wang J. Disposition of Methamphetamine and Major Metabolites in Mice: Role of Organic Cation Transporter 3 in Tissue-Selective Accumulation of Para-Hydroxymethamphetamine. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1277-1284. [PMID: 29915156 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is one of the most widely abused illicit drugs. Although human intoxication and multiple tissue toxicities frequently occur in abusers, little is known about the distribution of methamphetamine or its primary metabolites, amphetamine and para-hydroxymethamphetamine (p-OHMA), to their sites of toxicity. This study determined the pharmacokinetics, tissue exposure, and partition ratios of methamphetamine and major metabolites in various mouse tissues and investigated the impact of organic cation transporter 3 (Oct3) following i.v. injection of methamphetamine to male Oct3+/+ and Oct3-/- mice. Methamphetamine, amphetamine, and p-OHMA were readily detectable in plasma with Oct3+/+ and Oct3-/- mice displaying similar plasma pharmacokinetic profiles for all three analytes. In addition to kidney and liver, salivary glands highly accumulated methamphetamine, amphetamine, and p-OHMA with total exposure 3.3- to 9.4-fold higher than plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). Consistent with being an Oct3 substrate, p-OHMA AUC in salivary glands is reduced by 50% in Oct3-/- mice. p-OHMA AUC in skeletal muscle is also significantly reduced in Oct3-/- mice. Our data identified salivary glands as a novel site of high accumulation of methamphetamine and metabolites, which may underlie methamphetamine toxicity in this tissue. Furthermore, our study identified Oct3 as an important determinant of tissue uptake and exposure to p-OHMA in salivary glands and skeletal muscle. Our findings suggest that local tissue accumulation of methamphetamine and/or its metabolites may play a role in several of the reported peripheral toxicities of methamphetamine, and Oct3 can significantly impact tissue exposure to its substrates without affecting systemic elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wagner
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laura M Shireman
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sojung Ahn
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Danny D Shen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Wang
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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16
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Kubo Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Recent advances in drug and nutrient transport across the blood-retinal barrier. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:513-531. [PMID: 29719158 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1472764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is the barrier separating the blood and neural retina, and transport systems for low-weight molecules at the BRB are expected to be useful for developing drugs for the treatment of ocular neural disorders and maintaining a healthy retina. Areas covered: This review discusses blood-to-retina and retina-to-blood transport of drugs and nutrients at the BRB. In particular, P-gp (ABCB1/MDR1) has low impact on the transport of cationic drugs at the BRB, suggesting a significant role of novel organic cation transporters in influx and efflux transport of lipophilic cationic drugs between blood and the retina. The transport of pravastatin at the BRB involves transporters including organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4). Recent studies have shown the involvement of solute carrier transporters in the blood-to-retina transport of nutrients including riboflavin, L-ornithine, β-alanine, and L-histidine, implying that dipeptide transport at the BRB is minimal. Expert opinion: Novel organic cation transport systems and the elimination-dominant transport of pravastatin at the BRB are expected to be useful in systemic drug delivery to the neural retina without CNS side effects. The mechanism of nutrient transport at the BRB is expected to provide a new strategy for delivery of nutrient-mimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kubo
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
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Kubo Y, Yamamoto M, Matsunaga K, Usui T, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Retina-to-Blood Transport of 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium Involves Carrier-Mediated Process at the Blood-Retinal Barrier. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2583-2591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Agmatine: multifunctional arginine metabolite and magic bullet in clinical neuroscience? Biochem J 2017; 474:2619-2640. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine, the decarboxylation product of arginine, was largely neglected as an important player in mammalian metabolism until the mid-1990s, when it was re-discovered as an endogenous ligand of imidazoline and α2-adrenergic receptors. Since then, a wide variety of agmatine-mediated effects have been observed, and consequently agmatine has moved from a wallflower existence into the limelight of clinical neuroscience research. Despite this quantum jump in scientific interest, the understanding of the anabolism and catabolism of this amine is still vague. The purification and biochemical characterization of natural mammalian arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase still are open issues. Nevertheless, the agmatinergic system is currently one of the most promising candidates in order to pharmacologically interfere with some major diseases of the central nervous system, which are summarized in the present review. Particularly with respect to major depression, agmatine, its derivatives, and metabolizing enzymes show great promise for the development of an improved treatment of this common disease.
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19
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Sekhar GN, Georgian AR, Sanderson L, Vizcay-Barrena G, Brown RC, Muresan P, Fleck RA, Thomas SA. Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is involved in pentamidine transport at the human and mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173474. [PMID: 28362799 PMCID: PMC5376088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentamidine is an effective trypanocidal drug used against stage 1 Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it accumulates inside the endothelial cells but has limited entry into the brain. This study examined transporters involved in pentamidine transport at the human and mouse BBB using hCMEC/D3 and bEnd.3 cell lines, respectively. Results revealed that both cell lines expressed the organic cation transporters (OCT1, OCT2 and OCT3), however, P-gp was only expressed in hCMEC/D3 cells. Polarised expression of OCT1 was also observed. Functional assays found that ATP depletion significantly increased [3H]pentamidine accumulation in hCMEC/D3 cells (***p<0.001) but not in bEnd.3 cells. Incubation with unlabelled pentamidine significantly decreased accumulation in hCMEC/D3 and bEnd.3 cells after 120 minutes (***p<0.001). Treating both cell lines with haloperidol and amantadine also decreased [3H]pentamidine accumulation significantly (***p<0.001 and **p<0.01 respectively). However, prazosin treatment decreased [3H]pentamidine accumulation only in hCMEC/D3 cells (*p<0.05), and not bEnd.3 cells. Furthermore, the presence of OCTN, MATE, PMAT, ENT or CNT inhibitors/substrates had no significant effect on the accumulation of [3H]pentamidine in both cell lines. From the data, we conclude that pentamidine interacts with multiple transporters, is taken into brain endothelial cells by OCT1 transporter and is extruded into the blood by ATP-dependent mechanisms. These interactions along with the predominant presence of OCT1 in the luminal membrane of the BBB contribute to the limited entry of pentamidine into the brain. This information is of key importance to the development of pentamidine based combination therapies which could be used to treat CNS stage HAT by improving CNS delivery, efficacy against trypanosomes and safety profile of pentamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri N. Sekhar
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Waterloo, London United Kingdom
| | - Ana R. Georgian
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Waterloo, London United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Sanderson
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Waterloo, London United Kingdom
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- King’s College London, Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s College London, London Bridge United Kingdom
| | - Rachel C. Brown
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Waterloo, London United Kingdom
| | - Paula Muresan
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Waterloo, London United Kingdom
| | - Roland A. Fleck
- King’s College London, Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s College London, London Bridge United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A. Thomas
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Waterloo, London United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wang J. The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT): Structure, function, and role in organic cation disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:489-499. [PMID: 27506881 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a new polyspecific organic cation transporter that transports a variety of biogenic amines and xenobiotic cations. Highly expressed in the brain, PMAT represents a major uptake2 transporter for monoamine neurotransmitters. At the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, PMAT is the principal organic cation transporter for removing neurotoxins and drugs from the CSF. Here I summarize our latest understanding of PMAT and its roles in monoamine uptake and xenobiotic disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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21
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Trost A, Lange S, Schroedl F, Bruckner D, Motloch KA, Bogner B, Kaser-Eichberger A, Strohmaier C, Runge C, Aigner L, Rivera FJ, Reitsamer HA. Brain and Retinal Pericytes: Origin, Function and Role. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:20. [PMID: 26869887 PMCID: PMC4740376 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are specialized mural cells located at the abluminal surface of capillary blood vessels, embedded within the basement membrane. In the vascular network these multifunctional cells fulfil diverse functions, which are indispensable for proper homoeostasis. They serve as microvascular stabilizers, are potential regulators of microvascular blood flow and have a central role in angiogenesis, as they for example regulate endothelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, pericytes, as part of the neurovascular unit, are a major component of the blood-retina/brain barrier. CNS pericytes are a heterogenic cell population derived from mesodermal and neuro-ectodermal germ layers acting as modulators of stromal and niche environmental properties. In addition, they display multipotent differentiation potential making them an intriguing target for regenerative therapies. Pericyte-deficiencies can be cause or consequence of many kinds of diseases. In diabetes, for instance, pericyte-loss is a severe pathological process in diabetic retinopathy (DR) with detrimental consequences for eye sight in millions of patients. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of CNS pericyte origin and function, with a special focus on the retina in the healthy and diseased. Finally, we highlight the role of pericytes in de- and regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trost
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and OptometrySalzburg, Austria; Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Simona Lange
- Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and OptometrySalzburg, Austria; Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina A Motloch
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria; Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria; Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and OptometrySalzburg, Austria; Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
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Chapy H, Saubaméa B, Tournier N, Bourasset F, Behar-Cohen F, Declèves X, Scherrmann JM, Cisternino S. Blood-brain and retinal barriers show dissimilar ABC transporter impacts and concealed effect of P-glycoprotein on a novel verapamil influx carrier. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:497-510. [PMID: 26507673 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The respective impact and interplay between ABC (P-glycoprotein/P-gp/Abcb1a, BCRP/ABCG2, MRP/ABCC) and SLC transporter functions at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-retinal barriers (BRB) are incompletely understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We measured the initial cerebral and retinal distribution of selected ABC substrates by in situ carotid perfusion using P-gp/Bcrp knockout mice and chemical ABC/SLC modulation strategies. P-gp, Bcrp, Mrp1 and Mrp4 were studied by confocal retina imaging. KEY RESULTS Chemical or physical disruption of P-gp increased [(3) H]-verapamil transport by ~10-fold at the BBB and ~1.5-fold at the BRB. [(3) H]-Verapamil transport involved influx-mediated by an organic cation clonidine-sensitive/diphenhydramine-sensitive proton antiporter at both barriers; this effect was unmasked when P-gp was partially or fully inhibited/disrupted at the BBB. Studies of [(3) H]-mitoxantrone and [(3) H]-zidovudine transport suggested, respectively, that Bcrp efflux was less involved at the BRB than BBB, whereas Mrps were significantly and similarly involved at both barriers. Confocal imaging showed that P-gp and Bcrp were expressed in intra-retinal vessels (inner BRB/iBRB) but absent from the blood/basal membrane of cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (outer BRB/oBRB/RPE) where, in contrast, Mrp1 and Mrp4 were localized. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS P-gp, Bcrp, Mrp1 and Mrp4 are differentially expressed at the outer and inner BRB, resulting in an altered ability to limit substrate distribution at the retina as compared with the BBB. [(3) H]-Verapamil distribution is not P-gp-specific and involves a proton antiporter at both the BBB and BRB. However, this transport is concealed by P-gp at the BBB, but not at the BRB, where P-gp activity is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Chapy
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- INSERM, CEA, Université Paris Sud, UMR 1023 - ERL 9218 CNRS, IMIV, Orsay, France
| | - Fanchon Bourasset
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, Paris, France.,Physiopathologies des Maladies Oculaires, INSERM U1138, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris - AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris - AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris - AP-HP, Paris, France
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Wu KC, Lu YH, Peng YH, Hsu LC, Lin CJ. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) at the blood-brain barrier and its implications to the transport of neurotoxins. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1178-88. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chen Wu
- School of Pharmacy; College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsuan Lu
- School of Pharmacy; College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Peng
- School of Pharmacy; College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ching Hsu
- School of Pharmacy; College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy; College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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Chapy H, Goracci L, Vayer P, Parmentier Y, Carrupt PA, Declèves X, Scherrmann JM, Cisternino S, Cruciani G. Pharmacophore-based discovery of inhibitors of a novel drug/proton antiporter in human brain endothelial hCMEC/D3 cell line. Br J Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26220580 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An influx drug/proton antiporter of unknown structure has been functionally demonstrated at the blood-brain barrier. This transporter, which handles some psychoactive drugs like diphenhydramine, clonidine, oxycodone, nicotine and cocaine, could represent a new pharmacological target in drug addiction therapy. However, at present there are no known drugs/inhibitors that effectively inhibit/modulate this transporter in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The FLAPpharm approach was used to establish a pharmacophore model for inhibitors of this transporter. The inhibitory potency of 44 selected compounds was determined against the specific substrate, [(3)H]-clonidine, in the human cerebral endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 and ranked as good, medium, weak or non-inhibitor. KEY RESULTS The pharmacophore model obtained was used as a template to screen xenobiotic and endogenous compounds from databases [Specs, Recon2, Human Metabolome Database (HMDB), human intestinal transporter database], and hypothetical candidates were tested in vitro to determine their inhibitory capacity with [(3)H]-clonidine. According to the transporter database, 80% of the proton antiporter inhibitor candidates could inhibit P-glycoprotein/MDR1/ABCB1 and specificity is improved by reducing inhibitor size/shape and increasing water solubility. Virtual screening results using HMDB and Recon2 for endogenous compounds appropriately scored tryptamine as an inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The pharmacophore model for the proton-antiporter inhibitors was a good predictor of known inhibitors and allowed us to identify new good inhibitors. This model marks a new step towards the discovery of this drug/proton antiporter and will be of great use for the discovery and design of potent inhibitors that could potentially help to assess and validate its pharmacological role in drug addiction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Chapy
- INSERM U1144, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Paris, 75006, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Laura Goracci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - Philippe Vayer
- Département de recherche biopharmaceutique, Technologie Servier, Orléans, 45000, France
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Département de recherche biopharmaceutique, Technologie Servier, Orléans, 45000, France
| | - Pierre-Alain Carrupt
- Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie, Université de Genève, Genève, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Declèves
- INSERM U1144, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Paris, 75006, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 75013, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- INSERM U1144, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Paris, 75006, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 75013, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- INSERM U1144, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Paris, 75006, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 75013, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06123, Italy
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Chapy H, André P, Declèves X, Scherrmann JM, Cisternino S. A polyspecific drug/proton antiporter mediates diphenhydramine and clonidine transport at the mouse blood-retinal barrier. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4714-25. [PMID: 26177775 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transporters at the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), as at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), regulate the distribution of compounds into the neural parenchyma. However, the expression of BRB transporters and their quantitative impact in vivo are still poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Clonidine and diphenhydramine are substrates of a novel BBB drug/proton-antiporter. We evaluated their transport at the BRB by in situ carotid perfusion in wild-type or knocked-out mice for Oct1-3 (Slc22a1-3). KEY RESULTS At pharmacological exposure levels, carrier-mediated BRB influx was 2 and 12 times greater than the passive diffusion rate for clonidine and diphenhydramine, respectively. Functional identification demonstrated the involvement of a high-capacity potassium- and sodium-independent proton-antiporter that shared the features of the previously characterized clonidine, diphenhydramine and cocaine BBB transporter. The functional characterization suggests that SLC transporters Oct1-3, Mate1 (Slc47a1) and Octn1-2 (Slc22a4-5) are not involved. Melanin/retinal toxic drugs like antimalarials (amodiaquine, quinine), quinidine and tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine) acted as inhibitors of this proton-antiporter. The endogenous indole derivative tryptamine inhibited the transporter, unlike 5-HT (serotonin), dopamine or L-DOPA. Trans-stimulation experiments with [(3) H]-clonidine at the BRB indicated that diphenhydramine, nicotine, oxycodone, naloxone, tramadol, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), heroin, methadone and verapamil are common substrates. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A proton-antiporter is physiologically involved in the transport of clonidine and diphenhydramine and is quantitatively more important than their passive diffusion flux at the mouse BRB. The features of this molecularly unidentified transporter highlight its importance in regulating drug delivery at the retina and suggest that it has the capacity to handle several drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Chapy
- Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM U1144, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Pascal André
- Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM U1144, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM U1144, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Pharmacokinetics, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris - AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM U1144, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Pharmacokinetics, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris - AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM U1144, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Pharmacokinetics, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris - AP-HP, Paris, France
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26
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Decreased expression of organic cation transporters, Oct1 and Oct2, in brain microvessels and its implication to MPTP-induced dopaminergic toxicity in aged mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:37-47. [PMID: 25248837 PMCID: PMC4294392 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the influence of age on the expression of organic cation transporters (OCTs) that belong to the SLC22 family in brain microvessels (BMVs) and its implications for 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic toxicity in mice. Here, we showed that Oct1 and Oct2, but not Oct3, mRNAs were detected and enriched (compared with cerebral cortex) in BMVs of C57BL/6 (B6) mice using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and immunofluorescence analysis further revealed that Oct1 and Oct2 proteins were colocalized with endothelial markers. Both the mRNA and protein levels of Oct1 and Oct2 were reduced in aged mice. After an intraperitoneal administration of MPTP, brain extracellular levels of MPTP and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP(+)) were much lower in aged mice and in Oct1/2(-/-) mice compared with younger mice and wild-type control mice, respectively. Knockout of Oct1/Oct2 protected Oct1/2(-/-) mice from MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, whereas the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons was slightly greater in aged than in younger mice. However, intrastriatal infusion of low-dose MPTP caused more severe dopaminergic toxicity in the substantia nigra of both aged mice and Oct1/2(-/-) mice. These findings show that age-dependent downregulation or knockout of Oct1/Oct2 in BMVs may reduce the transport of MPTP, which, in part, affects its dopaminergic toxicity.
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27
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Chapy H, Smirnova M, André P, Schlatter J, Chiadmi F, Couraud PO, Scherrmann JM, Declèves X, Cisternino S. Carrier-mediated cocaine transport at the blood-brain barrier as a putative mechanism in addiction liability. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 18:pyu001. [PMID: 25539501 PMCID: PMC4368859 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of entry of cocaine into the brain is a critical factor that influences neuronal plasticity and the development of cocaine addiction. Until now, passive diffusion has been considered the unique mechanism known by which cocaine crosses the blood-brain barrier. METHODS We reassessed mechanisms of transport of cocaine at the blood-brain barrier using a human cerebral capillary endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) and in situ mouse carotid perfusion. RESULTS Both in vivo and in vitro cocaine transport studies demonstrated the coexistence of a carrier-mediated process with passive diffusion. At pharmacological exposure level, passive diffusion of cocaine accounted for only 22.5% of the total cocaine influx in mice and 5.9% in hCMEC/D3 cells, whereas the carrier-mediated influx rate was 3.4 times greater than its passive diffusion rate in vivo. The functional identification of this carrier-mediated transport demonstrated the involvement of a proton antiporter that shared the properties of the previously characterized clonidine and nicotine transporter. The functionnal characterization suggests that the solute carrier (SLC) transporters Oct (Slc22a1-3), Mate (Slc47a1) and Octn (Slc22a4-5) are not involved in the cocaine transport in vivo and in vitro. Diphenhydramine, heroin, tramadol, cocaethylene, and norcocaine all strongly inhibited cocaine transport, unlike benzoylecgonine. Trans-stimulation studies indicated that diphenhydramine, nicotine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (ecstasy) and the cathinone compound 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) were also substrates of the cocaine transporter. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine transport at the BBB involves a proton-antiporter flux that is quantitatively much more important than its passive diffusion. The molecular identification and characterization of this transporter will provide new tools to understand its role in addictive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France (Drs. Chapy, Smirnova, André, Scherrmann, Declèves, Cisternino); Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France (Drs. Chapy, Smirnova, André, Scherrmann, Declèves, Cisternino); Université Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France (Drs. Chapy, Smirnova, André, Scherrmann, Declèves, Cisternino); Assistance publique hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Jean Verdier, Bondy, F-93140, France (Drs. Schlatter, Chiadmi, Cisternino); INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France (Dr. Couraud); CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France (Dr. Couraud); Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (Dr. Couraud).
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28
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Transendothelial Transport and Its Role in Therapeutics. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:309404. [PMID: 27355037 PMCID: PMC4897564 DOI: 10.1155/2014/309404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Present review paper highlights role of BBB in endothelial transport of various substances into the brain. More specifically, permeability functions of BBB in transendothelial transport of various substances such as metabolic fuels, ethanol, amino acids, proteins, peptides, lipids, vitamins, neurotransmitters, monocarbxylic acids, gases, water, and minerals in the peripheral circulation and into the brain have been widely explained. In addition, roles of various receptors, ATP powered pumps, channels, and transporters in transport of vital molecules in maintenance of homeostasis and normal body functions have been described in detail. Major role of integral membrane proteins, carriers, or transporters in drug transport is highlighted. Both diffusion and carrier mediated transport mechanisms which facilitate molecular trafficking through transcellular route to maintain influx and outflux of important nutrients and metabolic substances are elucidated. Present review paper aims to emphasize role of important transport systems with their recent advancements in CNS protection mainly for providing a rapid clinical aid to patients. This review also suggests requirement of new well-designed therapeutic strategies mainly potential techniques, appropriate drug formulations, and new transport systems for quick, easy, and safe delivery of drugs across blood brain barrier to save the life of tumor and virus infected patients.
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Mehta DC, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Memantine Transport across the Mouse Blood–Brain Barrier Is Mediated by a Cationic Influx H+ Antiporter. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4491-8. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400316e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmini C. Mehta
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and
Dynamics, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Short
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and
Dynamics, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and
Dynamics, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Cisternino S, Chapy H, André P, Smirnova M, Debray M, Scherrmann JM. Coexistence of passive and proton antiporter-mediated processes in nicotine transport at the mouse blood-brain barrier. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 15:299-307. [PMID: 23212563 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, the main tobacco alkaloid leading to smoking dependence, rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to become concentrated in the brain. Recently, it has been shown that nicotine interacts with some organic cation transporters (OCT), but their influence at the BBB has not yet been assessed in vivo. In this study, we characterized the transport of nicotine at the mouse luminal BBB by in situ brain perfusion. Its influx was saturable and followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics (K(m)=2.60 mM, V(max)=37.60 nmol/s/g at pH 7.40). At its usual micromolar concentrations in the plasma, most (79%) of the net transport of nicotine at the BBB was carrier-mediated, while passive diffusion accounted for 21%. Studies on knockout mice showed that the OCT Oct1-3, P-gp, and Bcrp did not alter [(3)H]-nicotine transport at the BBB. Neither did inhibiting the transporters Mate1, Octn, or Pmat. The in vivo manipulation of intracellular and/or extracellular pH, the chemical inhibition profile, and the trans-stimulation experiments demonstrated that the nicotine transporter at the BBB shared the properties of the clonidine/proton antiporter. The molecular features of this proton-coupled antiporter have not yet been identified, but it also transports diphenhydramine and tramadol and helps nicotine cross the BBB at a faster rate and to a greater extent. The pharmacological inhibition of this nicotine/proton antiporter could represent a new strategy to reduce nicotine uptake by the brain and thus help curb addiction to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cisternino
- INSERM U705, CNRS UMR 8206, Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Descartes, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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