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Miyajima I, Yoshikawa A, Sahashi K, Seki C, Nagai Y, Watabe H, Shidahara M. DOCK-PET: database of CNS kinetic parameters in the healthy human brain for existing PET tracers. Ann Nucl Med 2024:10.1007/s12149-024-01947-z. [PMID: 38814564 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-024-01947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Information about developed positron emission tomography (PET) tracers and obtained clinical PET images is publicly available in a database. However, findings regarding the kinetic parameters of PET tracers are yet to be summarized. Therefore, in this study, we created an open-access database of central nervous system (CNS) kinetic parameters in the healthy human brain for existing PET tracers (DOCK-PET). METHODS Our database includes information on the kinetic parameters and compounds of existing CNS-PET tracers. The kinetic parameter dataset comprises the analysis methods, VT, BPND, K parameters, relevant literature, and study details. The list of PET tracers and kinetic parameter information was compiled through keyword-based searches of PubMed and the Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). The kinetic parameters obtained, including VT, BPND, and K parameters, were reorganized based on the defined brain anatomical regions. All data were rigorously double-checked before being summarized in Microsoft Excel and JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) formats. RESULTS Of the 247 PET tracers identified through searches using the PubMed and MICAD websites, the kinetic parameters of 120 PET tracers were available. Among the 120 PET tracers, compound structures with chemical and physical properties were obtained from the PubChem website or the ChemDraw software. Furthermore, the affinity information of the 104 PET tracers was gathered from PubChem or extensive literature surveys of the 120 PET tracers. CONCLUSIONS We developed a comprehensive open-access database, DOCK-PET, that includes both kinetic parameters of healthy humans and compound information for existing CNS-PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Miyajima
- Department of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayano Yoshikawa
- Department of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kyosei Sahashi
- Department of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watabe
- Division of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety, Research Center for Accelerator and Radioisotope Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miho Shidahara
- Department of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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2
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Schmidt ME, Kezic I, Popova V, Melkote R, Van Der Ark P, Pemberton DJ, Mareels G, Canuso CM, Fava M, Drevets WC. Efficacy and safety of aticaprant, a kappa receptor antagonist, adjunctive to oral SSRI/SNRI antidepressant in major depressive disorder: results of a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01862-x. [PMID: 38649428 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This was a double-blind, randomized, phase 2 study of adults (18-64 years) with DSM-5 diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD), with moderate-to-severe episode severity (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] ≥25) despite an adequate course with ongoing antidepressant for ≥6 weeks to ≤12 months. Following a double-blind placebo lead-in period (up to 3 weeks), participants were randomized to receive once daily aticaprant 10 mg or continue placebo, added to their ongoing treatment, for 6 weeks. Of 184 participants enrolled, 169 were included in safety analyses (aticaprant n = 85, placebo n = 84) and 166 in full intent-to-treat (fITT) efficacy analyses; 121 placebo lead-in non-responders (<30% reduction in MADRS total score) in fITT were included in enriched ITT (eITT) analyses. Improvement (least squares mean difference [upper limit 1-sided 80% CI] versus placebo) in MADRS total score at week 6 for aticaprant was significant versus placebo (eITT: -2.1 [-1.09], 1-sided p = 0.044; effect size (ES) 0.23; fITT -3.1 [2.21], 1-sided p = 0.002; ES 0.36). The between-group difference was larger among participants with Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) score greater/equal to versus less than baseline median SHAPS. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events reported for aticaprant (versus placebo) were headache (11.8% versus 7.1%), diarrhea (8.2% versus 2.4%), nasopharyngitis (5.9% versus 2.4%), and pruritus (5.9% versus 0%). One participant (1.2%) in each arm discontinued treatment due to an adverse event. In this study of participants with MDD and inadequate response to SSRI/SNRI, adjunctive treatment with aticaprant significantly reduced depressive symptoms versus placebo, without resulting in significant safety signals, supporting further investigation in larger trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iva Kezic
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Rama Melkote
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Guy Mareels
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Carla M Canuso
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Myburgh PJ, Sai KKS. Development and Optimization of 11C-Labeled Radiotracers: A Review of the Modern Quality Control Design Process. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1616-1631. [PMID: 37974626 PMCID: PMC10644505 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction - Several 11C-tracers have demonstrated high potential in early diagnostic PET imaging applications of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. These radiotracers often track critical biomarkers in disease pathogenesis such as tau fibrils ([11C]PBB3) or β-amyloid plaques ([11C]PiB) associated with such diseases. Purpose - The short review aims to serve as a guideline in the future development of radiotracers for students, postdocs and/or new radiochemists who will be synthesizing clinical grade or novel research 11C-tracers, including knowledge of regulatory requirements. We aim to bridge the gap between novel and established 11C-tracer quality control (QC) processes through exploring the design process and regulatory requirements for 11C-pharmaceuticals. Methods - A literature survey was undertaken to identify articles with a detailed description of the QC methodology and characterization for each of the sections of the review. Overview - First a general summary of 11C-tracer production was presented; this was used to establish possible places for contamination or assurances for a sterile final product. The key mandated QC analyses for clinical use were then discussed. Further, we assessed the QC methods used for established 11C-tracers and then reviewed the routine QC tests for preclinical translational and validation studies. Therefore, both mandated QC methods for clinical and preclinical animal studies were reviewed. Last, some examples of optimization and automation were reviewed, and implications of the QC practices associated with such procedures were considered. Conclusion - All of the common QC parameters associated with 11C-tracers under clinical and preclinical settings (along with a few exceptions) were discussed in detail. While it is important to establish standard, peer-reviewed QC testing protocols for a novel 11C-tracer entering the clinical umbrella, equal importance is needed on preclinical applications to address credibility and repeatability for the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Josef Myburgh
- Translational
Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest
Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Translational
Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest
Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest
Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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4
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Wang X, Wang T, Fan X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Li Z. A Molecular Toolbox of Positron Emission Tomography Tracers for General Anesthesia Mechanism Research. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6463-6497. [PMID: 37145921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With appropriate radiotracers, positron emission tomography (PET) allows direct or indirect monitoring of the spatial and temporal distribution of anesthetics, neurotransmitters, and biomarkers, making it an indispensable tool for studying the general anesthesia mechanism. In this Perspective, PET tracers that have been recruited in general anesthesia research are introduced in the following order: 1) 11C/18F-labeled anesthetics, i.e., PET tracers made from inhaled and intravenous anesthetics; 2) PET tracers targeting anesthesia-related receptors, e.g., neurotransmitters and voltage-gated ion channels; and 3) PET tracers for studying anesthesia-related neurophysiological effects and neurotoxicity. The radiosynthesis, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of the above PET tracers are mainly discussed to provide a practical molecular toolbox for radiochemists, anesthesiologists, and those who are interested in general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaowei Fan
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zijing Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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5
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Kaur T, Shao X, Horikawa M, Sharninghausen LS, Preshlock S, Brooks AF, Henderson BD, Koeppe RA, DaSilva AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Strategies for the Production of [ 11C]LY2795050 for Clinical Use. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:373-381. [PMID: 36874204 PMCID: PMC9983641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a comparison of four different routes for the clinical-scale radiosynthesis of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist [11C]LY2795050. Palladium-mediated radiocyanation and radiocarbonylation of an aryl iodide precursor as well as copper-mediated radiocyanation of an aryl iodide and an aryl boronate ester have been investigated. Full automation of all four methods is reported, each of which provides [11C]LY2795050 in sufficient radiochemical yield, molar activity, and radiochemical purity for clinical use. The advantages and disadvantages of each radiosynthesis method are compared and contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mami Horikawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Liam S. Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Bradford D. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alexandre F. DaSilva
- Headache Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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6
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Singh P, Singh D, Srivastava P, Mishra G, Tiwari AK. Evaluation of advanced, pathophysiologic new targets for imaging of CNS. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:484-513. [PMID: 36779375 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The inadequate information about the in vivo pathological, physiological, and neurological impairments, as well as the absence of in vivo tools for assessing brain penetrance and the efficiency of newly designed drugs, has hampered the development of new techniques for the treatment for variety of new central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The searching sites such as Science Direct and PubMed were used to find out the numerous distinct tracers across 16 CNS targets including tau, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein, the adenosine 2A receptor, the phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and the purinoceptor, among others. Among the most encouraging are [18 F]FIMX for mGluR imaging, [11 C]Martinostat for Histone deacetylase, [18 F]MNI-444 for adenosine 2A imaging, [11 C]ER176 for translocator protein, and [18 F]MK-6240 for tau imaging. We also reviewed the findings for each tracer's features and potential for application in CNS pathophysiology and therapeutic evaluation investigations, including target specificity, binding efficacy, and pharmacokinetic factors. This review aims to present a current evaluation of modern positron emission tomography tracers for CNS targets, with a focus on recent advances for targets that have newly emerged for imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Srivastava
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Gauri Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhananad College, University of Delhi, Alipur, Delhi, India
| | - Anjani K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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7
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Trøstheim M, Eikemo M, Haaker J, Frost JJ, Leknes S. Opioid antagonism in humans: a primer on optimal dose and timing for central mu-opioid receptor blockade. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:299-307. [PMID: 35978096 PMCID: PMC7613944 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-human animal studies outline precise mechanisms of central mu-opioid regulation of pain, stress, affiliation and reward processing. In humans, pharmacological blockade with non-selective opioid antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone is typically used to assess involvement of the mu-opioid system in such processing. However, robust estimates of the opioid receptor blockade achieved by opioid antagonists are missing. Dose and timing schedules are highly variable and often based on single studies. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of central opioid receptor blockade after opioid antagonism based on existing positron emission tomography data. We also create models for estimating opioid receptor blockade with intravenous naloxone and oral naltrexone. We find that common doses of intravenous naloxone (0.10-0.15 mg/kg) and oral naltrexone (50 mg) are more than sufficient to produce full blockade of central MOR (>90% receptor occupancy) for the duration of a typical experimental session (~60 min), presumably due to initial super saturation of receptors. Simulations indicate that these doses also produce high KOR blockade (78-100%) and some DOR blockade (10% with naltrexone and 48-74% with naloxone). Lower doses (e.g., 0.01 mg/kg intravenous naloxone) are estimated to produce less DOR and KOR blockade while still achieving a high level of MOR blockade for ~30 min. The models and simulations form the basis of two novel web applications for detailed planning and evaluation of experiments with opioid antagonists. These tools and recommendations enable selection of appropriate antagonists, doses and assessment time points, and determination of the achieved receptor blockade in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trøstheim
- Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marie Eikemo
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Haaker
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Siri Leknes
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Shokri-Kojori E, Naganawa M, Ramchandani VA, Wong DF, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Brain opioid segments and striatal patterns of dopamine release induced by naloxone and morphine. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 43:1419-1430. [PMID: 34873784 PMCID: PMC8837588 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors are expressed throughout the brain and play a major role in regulating striatal dopamine (DA) release. Clinical studies have shown that naloxone (NAL, a nonspecific opioid antagonist) in individuals with opioid use disorder and morphine (MRP, a nonspecific opioid agonist) in healthy controls, resulted in DA release in the dorsal and ventral striatum, respectively. It is not known whether the underlying patterns of striatal DA release are associated with the striatal distribution of opioid receptors. We leveraged previously published PET datasets (collected in independent cohorts) to study the brain‐wide distribution of opioid receptors and to compare striatal opioid receptor availability with striatal DA release patterns. We identified three major gray matter segments based on availability maps of DA and opioid receptors: striatum, and primary and secondary opioid segments with high and intermediate opioid receptor availability, respectively. Patterns of DA release induced by NAL and MRP were inversely associated and correlated with kappa (NAL: r(68) = −0.81, MRP: r(68) = 0.54), and mu (NAL: r(68) = −0.62, MRP: r(68) = 0.46) opioid receptor availability. Kappa opioid receptor availability accounted for a unique part of variance in NAL‐ and MRP‐DA release patterns (ΔR2 >0.14, p <.0001). In sum, distributions of opioid receptors distinguished major cortical and subcortical regions. Patterns of NAL‐ and MRP‐induced DA release had inverse associations with striatal opioid receptor availability. Our approach provides a pattern‐based characterization of drug‐induced DA targets and is relevant for modeling the role of opioid receptors in modulating striatal DA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dean F Wong
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Fillesoye F, Ibazizène M, Marie N, Noble F, Perrio C. Evaluation of Specific Binding of [ 11C]RTI-97 to Kappa Opioid Receptor by Autoradiography and PET Imaging in Rat. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1739-1744. [PMID: 34795862 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) PET imaging remains attractive to understand the role of KOR in health and diseases and to help the development of drugs especially for psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. The potent and selective KOR antagonist RTI-97 labeled with carbon-11 was previously demonstrated to display specific KOR binding in mouse brain by ex vivo autoradiography studies. Herein, we evaluated [11C]RTI-97 in rat by in vitro autoradiography and by in vivo PET imaging. The radiosynthesis of [11C]RTI-97 was optimized to obtain high molar activities. Despite a low cerebral uptake, the overall results showed a heterogeneous repartition and specific KOR binding of [11C]RTI-97 in brain and a high and specific accumulation of [11C]RTI-97 in pituitary in accordance with KOR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Fillesoye
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri, Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Méziane Ibazizène
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri, Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Université de Paris, CNRS, ERL 3649, Inserm, UMR-S 1124, Pharmacologie et thérapies des addictions, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Université de Paris, CNRS, ERL 3649, Inserm, UMR-S 1124, Pharmacologie et thérapies des addictions, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Perrio
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR 6030, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri, Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France
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10
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Lee HH, Blumberger DM, Lenze EJ, Anderson SJ, Barch DM, Black KJ, Cristancho P, Daskalakis ZJ, Eisenstein SA, Huang Y, Li S, Lissemore J, McConathy J, Mulsant BH, Rajji TK, Reynolds CF, Su Y, Tu Z, Voineskos D, Karp JF. Low-Dose Augmentation With Buprenorphine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial With Multimodal Assessment of Target Engagement. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 2:127-135. [PMID: 36325158 PMCID: PMC9616305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The experimental therapeutics approach that combines a placebo-controlled clinical trial with translational neuroscience methods can provide a better understanding of both the clinical and physiological effects of pharmacotherapy. We aimed to test the efficacy and tolerability of low-dose augmentation with buprenorphine (BPN) for treatment-resistant depression, combined with multimodal assessment of target engagement. Methods In this multisite randomized clinical trial, 85 participants ≥50 years of age with a major depressive episode that had not responded to venlafaxine extended release were randomized to augmentation with BPN or placebo for 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. In addition, three linked experiments were conducted to test target engagement: 1) functional magnetic resonance imaging using the monetary incentive delay task, 2) brain positron emission tomography of healthy participants using a novel kappa opioid receptor antagonist tracer [11C]LY2795050, and 3) transcranial magnetic stimulation measure of cortical transmission after daily BPN administration. Results The mean ± SD dosage of BPN was 0.59 ± 0.33 mg/day. There were no significant differences between the BPN and placebo groups in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale changes over time or adverse effects. BPN administration had minimal effects on functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level-dependent responses in regions involved in reward anticipation and response, no significant displacement of kappa opioid receptor radioligand in positron emission tomography imaging, and no significant changes in transcranial magnetic stimulation measures of inhibitory and excitatory cortical transmission. Conclusions Our findings suggest a lack of clinical effect of low-dose BPN augmentation and lack of target engagement with this dosage and physiological probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon H. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Address correspondence to Hyewon H. Lee, M.D.
| | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention and Campbell Family Research Institute at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J. Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stewart J. Anderson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Departments of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kevin J. Black
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Pilar Cristancho
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention and Campbell Family Research Institute at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Eisenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Songye Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer Lissemore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention and Campbell Family Research Institute at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan McConathy
- Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention and Campbell Family Research Institute at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarek K. Rajji
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention and Campbell Family Research Institute at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles F. Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Su
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute and Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daphne Voineskos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention and Campbell Family Research Institute at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan F. Karp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Xu
- Independent Consultant/Contractor 3900 Ford Road, Unit 18O Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Wenchao Qu
- Departments of Psychiatry and Chemistry Stony Brook University New York NY USA
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12
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Placzek MS. Imaging Kappa Opioid Receptors in the Living Brain with Positron Emission Tomography. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 271:547-577. [PMID: 34363128 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) neuroimaging using positron emission tomography (PET) has been immensely successful in all phases of discovery and validation in relation to radiotracer development from preclinical imaging to human imaging. There are now several KOR-specific PET radiotracers that can be utilized for neuroimaging, including agonist and antagonist ligands, as well as C-11 and F-18 variants. These technologies will increase KOR PET utilization by imaging centers around the world and have provided a foundation for future studies. In this chapter, I review the advances in KOR radiotracer discovery, focusing on ligands that have been translated into human imaging, and highlight key attributes unique to each KOR PET radiotracer. The utilization of these radiotracers in KOR PET neuroimaging can be subdivided into three major investigational classes: the first, measurement of KOR density; the second, measurement of KOR drug occupancy; the third, detecting changes in endogenous dynorphin following activation or deactivation. Given the involvement of the KOR/dynorphin system in a number of brain disorders including, but not limited to, pain, itch, mood disorders and addiction, measuring KOR density in the living brain will offer insight into the chronic effects of these disorders on KOR tone in humans. Notably, KOR PET has been successful at measuring drug occupancy in the human brain to guide dose selection for maximal therapeutic efficacy while avoiding harmful side effects. Lastly, we discuss the potential of KOR PET to detect changes in endogenous dynorphin in the human brain, to elucidate neural mechanisms and offer critical insight into disease-modifying therapeutics. We conclude with comments on other translational neuroimaging modalities such as MRI that could be used to study KOR-dynorphin tone in the living human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Placzek
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Butelman ER, Baynard C, McElroy BD, Prisinzano TE, Kreek MJ. Profile of a short-acting κ-antagonist, LY2795050, on self-grooming behaviors, forced swim test and locomotor activity: sex comparison in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:579-590. [PMID: 33769112 DOI: 10.1177/0269881121996883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel short-acting κ(kappa)-opioid receptor selective antagonists are translational tools to examine the impact of the κ-receptor/dynorphin system in assays related to central nervous system dysfunction (e.g., substance use disorders, anhedonia and depression). The effects of such compounds have been compared in males and females under very limited conditions. AIMS The goal of this study was to examine potential sex differences in the effects of a κ-agonist and a short-acting κ-antagonist in an ethologically relevant test of anhedonia, the "splash test" of self-grooming, and also in the forced swim test and in locomotor activity. METHODS We examined the dose-dependence of grooming deficits caused by the κ-agonist U50,488 (0.1-3.2 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.)) in gonadally intact adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. We then compared the effects of the short-acting κ-antagonist LY2795050 ((3-chloro-4-(4-(((2S)-2-pyridin-3-ylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl) phenoxy)benzamide)); 0.032-0.1 mg/kg i.p.) in blocking grooming deficits caused by U50,488 (3.2 mg/kg). The effects of LY2795050 were also studied in the forced swim test (FST). The effects of LY2795050 in blocking the locomotor depressant effects of U50,488 (10 mg/kg) were also studied. RESULTS U50,488 produced dose-dependent grooming deficits in male and female mice, and LY2795050 prevented these effects. In contrast, LY2795050 decreased immobility in the FST in males at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, but not in females, up to a dose of 0.32 mg/kg. Also, LY2795050 (0.32 mg/kg) prevented and also reversed the locomotor-depressant effects of U50,488 (10 mg/kg), in males and females. CONCLUSIONS This study further implicates the κ-receptor system in ethologically relevant aspects of anhedonia, and confirms sexual dimorphism in some behavioral effects of novel κ-antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Caroline Baynard
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Bryan D McElroy
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | | | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
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14
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Kaur T, Brooks AF, Hockley BG, Torres J, Henderson BD, Scott PJH, Shao X. An updated synthesis of N 1 '-([ 11 C]methyl)naltrindole for positron emission tomography imaging of the delta opioid receptor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 64:187-193. [PMID: 33274468 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of the highly selective delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist radiotracer N1 '-([11 C]methyl)naltrindole ([11 C]MeNTI) is described. The original synthesis required hydrogenation of a benzyl protecting group after 11 C-labeling, which is challenging in modern radiochemistry laboratories that tend to be heavily automated and operate according to current good manufacturing practice. To address this challenge, we describe development of a novel MeNTI precursor bearing a methoxymethyl acetal (MOM) protecting group, which is easily removed with HCl, and employ it in an updated synthesis of [11 C]MeNTI. The new synthesis is fully automated and validated for clinical use. The total synthesis time is 45 min and provides [11 C]MeNTI in good activity yield (49 ± 8 mCi), molar activity (3,926 ± 326 Ci/mmol) and radiochemical purity (97% ± 2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian G Hockley
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jovany Torres
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bradford D Henderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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15
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Kaur T, Wiesner N, Kilbourn MR, Scott PJH. Classics in Neuroimaging: Shedding Light on Opioid Receptors with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2906-2914. [PMID: 32970401 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging of the opioid system was one of the earliest applications of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in neuroscience that remains in widespread use today and in the age of the opioid crisis the technique is as important as ever. In this viewpoint the rich history of opioid imaging using PET is highlighted, including discussion of the preferred radiotracers for imaging of μ, δ, κ and ORL-1 receptors in clinical applications. We also draw attention to key innovations that were essential to development of radiotracers for imaging opioid receptors including production of high molar activity PET radionuclides and new approaches to radiochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicholas Wiesner
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael R. Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Abstract
Neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is the most powerful tool for understanding pharmacology, neurochemistry, and pathology in the living human brain. This technology combines high-resolution scanners to measure radioactivity throughout the human body with specific, targeted radioactive molecules, which allow measurements of a myriad of biological processes in vivo. While PET brain imaging has been active for almost 40 years, the pace of development for neuroimaging tools, known as radiotracers, and for quantitative analytical techniques has increased dramatically over the past decade. Accordingly, the fundamental questions that can be addressed with PET have expanded in basic neurobiology, psychiatry, neurology, and related therapeutic development. In this review, we introduce the field of human PET neuroimaging, some of its conceptual underpinnings, and motivating questions. We highlight some of the more recent advances in radiotracer development, quantitative modeling, and applications of PET to the study of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA;
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
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Naganawa M, Li S, Nabulsi N, Lin SF, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Gao H, Mei M, Henry S, Matuskey D, Carson RE, Huang Y. Kinetic Modeling and Test-Retest Reproducibility of 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP, Novel Agonist Radiotracers for PET Imaging of the κ-Opioid Receptor in Humans. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1636-1642. [PMID: 32169917 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.227694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) is implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders. We previously evaluated an agonist tracer, 11C-GR103545, for PET imaging of KOR in humans. Although 11C-GR103545 showed high brain uptake, good binding specificity, and selectivity for KOR, it displayed slow kinetics and relatively large test-retest variability of total distribution volume (V T) estimates (15%). Therefore, we set out to develop 2 novel KOR agonist radiotracers, 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP. In nonhuman primates, both tracers exhibited faster kinetics than 11C-GR103545 and comparable binding parameters to 11C-GR103545. The aim of this study was to assess their kinetic and binding properties in humans. Methods: Six healthy subjects underwent 120-min test-retest PET scans with both 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP. Metabolite-corrected arterial input functions were measured. Regional time-activity curves were generated for 14 regions of interest. One-tissue-compartment and 2-tissue-compartment (2TC) models and the multilinear analysis-1 (MA1) method were applied to the regional time-activity curves to calculate V T The time stability of V T and test-retest reproducibility were evaluated. Levels of specific binding, as measured by the nondisplaceable binding potential (BP ND) for the 3 tracers (11C-EKAP, 11C-FEKAP, and 11C-GR103545), were compared using a graphical method. Results: For both tracers, regional time-activity curves were fitted well with the 2TC model and MA1 method (t* = 20 min) but not with the 1-tissue-compartment model. Given the unreliably estimated parameters in several fits with the 2TC model and a good V T match between MA1 and 2TC, MA1 was chosen as the appropriate model for both tracers. Mean MA1 V T was highest for 11C-GR103545, followed by 11C-EKAP and then 11C-FEKAP. The minimum scan time for stable V T measurement was 90 and 110 min for 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP, respectively, compared with 140 min for 11C-GR103545. The mean absolute test-retest variability in MA1 V T estimates was 7% and 18% for 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP, respectively. BP ND levels were similar for 11C-FEKAP and 11C-GR103545 but were about 25% lower for 11C-EKAP. Conclusion: The 2 novel KOR agonist tracers showed faster tissue kinetics than 11C-GR103545. Even with a slightly lower BP ND, 11C-EKAP is judged to be a better tracer for imaging and quantification of KOR in humans, on the basis of the shorter minimum scan time and the excellent test-retest reproducibility of regional V T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Songye Li
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Labaree
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hong Gao
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Mei
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shannan Henry
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Matuskey
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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18
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McCluskey SP, Plisson C, Rabiner EA, Howes O. Advances in CNS PET: the state-of-the-art for new imaging targets for pathophysiology and drug development. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:451-489. [PMID: 31541283 PMCID: PMC6974496 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A limit on developing new treatments for a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders has been the inadequate understanding of the in vivo pathophysiology underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders and the lack of in vivo tools to determine brain penetrance, target engagement, and relevant molecular activity of novel drugs. Molecular neuroimaging provides the tools to address this. This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art review of new PET tracers for CNS targets, focusing on developments in the last 5 years for targets recently available for in-human imaging. METHODS We provide an overview of the criteria used to evaluate PET tracers. We then used the National Institute of Mental Health Research Priorities list to identify the key CNS targets. We conducted a PubMed search (search period 1st of January 2013 to 31st of December 2018), which yielded 40 new PET tracers across 16 CNS targets which met our selectivity criteria. For each tracer, we summarised the evidence of its properties and potential for use in studies of CNS pathophysiology and drug evaluation, including its target selectivity and affinity, inter and intra-subject variability, and pharmacokinetic parameters. We also consider its potential limitations and missing characterisation data, but not specific applications in drug development. Where multiple tracers were present for a target, we provide a comparison of their properties. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our review shows that multiple new tracers have been developed for proteinopathy targets, particularly tau, as well as the purinoceptor P2X7, phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), amongst others. Some of the most promising of these include 18F-MK-6240 for tau imaging, 11C-UCB-J for imaging SV2A, 11C-CURB and 11C-MK-3168 for characterisation of fatty acid amide hydrolase, 18F-FIMX for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, and 18F-MNI-444 for imaging adenosine 2A. Our review also identifies recurrent issues within the field. Many of the tracers discussed lack in vivo blocking data, reducing confidence in selectivity. Additionally, late-stage identification of substantial off-target sites for multiple tracers highlights incomplete pre-clinical characterisation prior to translation, as well as human disease state studies carried out without confirmation of test-retest reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P McCluskey
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Christophe Plisson
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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19
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A Survey of Molecular Imaging of Opioid Receptors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224190. [PMID: 31752279 PMCID: PMC6891617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of endogenous peptide ligands for morphine binding sites occurred in parallel with the identification of three subclasses of opioid receptor (OR), traditionally designated as μ, δ, and κ, along with the more recently defined opioid-receptor-like (ORL1) receptor. Early efforts in opioid receptor radiochemistry focused on the structure of the prototype agonist ligand, morphine, although N-[methyl-11C]morphine, -codeine and -heroin did not show significant binding in vivo. [11C]Diprenorphine ([11C]DPN), an orvinol type, non-selective OR antagonist ligand, was among the first successful PET tracers for molecular brain imaging, but has been largely supplanted in research studies by the μ-preferring agonist [11C]carfentanil ([11C]Caf). These two tracers have the property of being displaceable by endogenous opioid peptides in living brain, thus potentially serving in a competition-binding model. Indeed, many clinical PET studies with [11C]DPN or [11C]Caf affirm the release of endogenous opioids in response to painful stimuli. Numerous other PET studies implicate μ-OR signaling in aspects of human personality and vulnerability to drug dependence, but there have been very few clinical PET studies of μORs in neurological disorders. Tracers based on naltrindole, a non-peptide antagonist of the δ-preferring endogenous opioid enkephalin, have been used in PET studies of δORs, and [11C]GR103545 is validated for studies of κORs. Structures such as [11C]NOP-1A show selective binding at ORL-1 receptors in living brain. However, there is scant documentation of δ-, κ-, or ORL1 receptors in healthy human brain or in neurological and psychiatric disorders; here, clinical PET research must catch up with recent progress in radiopharmaceutical chemistry.
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20
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Butelman ER, McElroy BD, Prisinzano TE, Kreek MJ. Impact of Pharmacological Manipulation of the κ-Opioid Receptor System on Self-grooming and Anhedonic-like Behaviors in Male Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:1-8. [PMID: 30975792 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.256354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kappa (κ) opioid receptor/dynorphin system modulates depression-like states and anhedonia, as well adaptations to stress and exposure to drugs of abuse. Several relatively short-acting small molecule κ-receptor antagonists have been synthesized, and their behavioral profile has been examined under some conditions. The hypothesis of this study is that pharmacological manipulations of the κ-receptor system will result in changes in ethologically relevant anhedonic-like behaviors in mice. Adult male C57BL/6j mice (n = 6-8) were examined for self-grooming behavior in the splash test (in which robust self-grooming is elicited by spraying the dorsum of the mouse with a sucrose solution). The κ-agonist salvinorin A (0.56-1.8 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in self-grooming, a marker of anhedonia. The selectivity, potency, and duration of action of two relatively short-acting κ-antagonists, LY2444296 [(S)-3-fluoro-4-(4-((2-(3-fluorophenyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)benzamide] and LY2795050 [3-chloro-4-(4-(((2S)-2-pyridin-3-ylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl) phenoxy)benzamide], were studied for their effectiveness in preventing grooming deficits caused by salvinorin A (1.8 mg/kg). κ-selective doses of both LY2444296 (0.032-1 mg/kg) and LY2795050 (0.032-0.32 mg/kg) dose- and time-dependently prevented the grooming deficits caused by salvinorin A (1.8 m/kg). We also found that a κ-selective dose of each of these antagonists decreased immobility in the forced swim test, a common test of anti-anhedonia effects. This study shows that the κ-receptor system is involved in an ethologically relevant measure of anhedonia, and that κ-selective doses of these antagonists can produce effects consistent with rapid anti-anhedonia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Activation of the κ-opioid receptor system results in grooming deficits in mice, an ethologically relevant marker of anhedonia. Shorter acting κ-antagonists are able to cause effects consistent with rapid antianhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York (E.R.B., B.D.M., M.J.K.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.)
| | - Bryan D McElroy
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York (E.R.B., B.D.M., M.J.K.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.)
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York (E.R.B., B.D.M., M.J.K.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.)
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York (E.R.B., B.D.M., M.J.K.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.)
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21
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Li S, Zheng MQ, Naganawa M, Gao H, Pracitto R, Shirali A, Lin SF, Teng JK, Ropchan J, Huang Y. Novel Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist as Improved PET Radiotracer: Development and in Vivo Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1523-1531. [PMID: 30726092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is involved in depression, alcoholism, and drug abuse. The current agonist radiotracer 11C-GR103545 is not ideal for imaging KOR due to its slow tissue kinetics in human. The aim of our project was to develop novel KOR agonist radiotracers with improved imaging properties. A novel compound FEKAP ((( R))-4-(2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl)-3-((ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)methyl) piperazine-1-carboxylate) was designed, synthesized, and assayed for in vitro binding affinities. It was then radiolabeled and evaluated in rhesus monkeys. Baseline and blocking scans were conducted on a Focus-220 scanner to assess binding specificity and selectivity. Metabolite-corrected arterial activities over time were measured and used as input functions to analyze the brain regional time-activity curves and derive kinetic and binding parameters with kinetic modeling. FEKAP displayed high KOR binding affinity ( Ki = 0.43 nM) and selectivity (17-fold over mu opioid receptor and 323-fold over delta opioid receptor) in vitro. 11C-FEKAP was prepared in high molar activity (mean of 718 GBq/μmol, n = 19) and >99% radiochemical purity. In monkeys, 11C-FEKAP metabolized fairly fast, with ∼31% of intact parent fraction at 30 min post-injection. In the brain, it exhibited fast and reversible kinetics with good uptake. Pretreatment with the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg) decreased uptake in high binding regions to the level in the cerebellum, and the selective KOR antagonist LY2456302 (0.02 and 0.1 mg/kg) reduced 11C-FEKAP specific binding in a dose-dependent manner. As a measure of specific binding signals, the mean binding potential ( BPND) values of 11C-FEKAP derived from the multilinear analysis-1 (MA1) method were greater than 0.5 for all regions, except for the thalamus. The novel KOR agonist tracer 11C-FEKAP demonstrated binding specificity and selectivity in vivo and exhibited attractive properties of fast tissue kinetics and high specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songye Li
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Hong Gao
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Richard Pracitto
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Anupama Shirali
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Jo-Ku Teng
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
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22
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Placzek MS, Schroeder FA, Che T, Wey HY, Neelamegam R, Wang C, Roth BL, Hooker JM. Discrepancies in Kappa Opioid Agonist Binding Revealed through PET Imaging. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:384-395. [PMID: 30212182 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) modulation has been pursued in many conceptual frameworks for the treatment of human pain, depression, and anxiety. As such, several imaging tools have been developed to characterize the density of KORs in the human brain and its occupancy by exogenous drug-like compounds. While exploring the pharmacology of KOR tool compounds using positron emission tomography (PET), we observed discrepancies in the apparent competition binding as measured by changes in binding potential (BPND, binding potential with respect to non-displaceable uptake). This prompted us to systematically look at the relationships between baseline BPND maps for three common KOR PET radioligands, the antagonists [11C]LY2795050 and [11C]LY2459989, and the agonist [11C]GR103545. We then measured changes in BPND using kappa antagonists (naloxone, naltrexone, LY2795050, JDTic, nor-BNI), and found BPND was affected similarly between [11C]GR103545 and [11C]LY2459989. Longitudinal PET studies with nor-BNI and JDTic were also examined, and we observed a persistent decrease in [11C]GR103545 BPND up to 25 days after drug administration for both nor-BNI and JDTic. Kappa agonists were also administered, and butorphan and GR89696 (racemic GR103545) impacted binding to comparable levels between the two radiotracers. Of greatest significance, kappa agonists salvinorin A and U-50488 caused dramatic reductions in [11C]GR103545 BPND but did not change [11C]LY2459989 binding. This discrepancy was further examined in dose-response studies with each radiotracer as well as in vitro binding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Placzek
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Frederick A. Schroeder
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Tao Che
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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Burns JA, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, Kure Liu C, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Molecular Imaging of Opioid and Dopamine Systems: Insights Into the Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 31620026 PMCID: PMC6759955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid abuse, it is paramount to understand the genetic risk factors and neuropsychological effects of opioid use disorder (OUD). Polymorphisms disrupting the opioid and dopamine systems have been associated with increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Molecular imaging studies have revealed how these polymorphisms impact the brain and contribute to cognitive and behavioral differences across individuals. Here, we review the current molecular imaging literature to assess how genetic variations in the opioid and dopamine systems affect function in the brain's reward, cognition, and stress pathways, potentially resulting in vulnerabilities to OUD. Continued research of the functional consequences of genetic variants and corresponding alterations in neural mechanisms will inform prevention and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Burns
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Yang L, Brooks AF, Makaravage KJ, Zhang H, Sanford MS, Scott PJH, Shao X. Radiosynthesis of [ 11C]LY2795050 for Preclinical and Clinical PET Imaging Using Cu(II)-Mediated Cyanation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1274-1279. [PMID: 30613339 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-mediated 11C-cyanation reactions have enabled the synthesis of PET radiotracers from a range of readily available precursors and avoid the need to use more toxic Pd catalysts. In this work we adapt our recently developed 11C-cyanation of arylpinacolboronate (BPin) esters for the cGMP synthesis of [11C]LY2795050, a selective antagonist radiotracer for the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). [11C]LY2795050 was synthesized in 6 ± 1% noncorrected radiochemical yield (based on [11C]HCN, n = 3) using an automated synthesis module. Quality control testing confirmed the suitability of doses for preclinical and clinical PET imaging (radiochemical purity >99%; specific activity >900 mCi/μmol; residual Cu < 0.1 μg/mL). PET imaging was conducted in rodent and nonhuman primates, showing good brain uptake of [11C]LY2795050 and the expected distribution of KOR. Analogous imaging with [11C]carfentanil (a selective mu opioid receptor (MOR) radiotracer) revealed the anticipated regional differences in MOR and KOR distribution in the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katarina J. Makaravage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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25
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Vijay A, Cavallo D, Goldberg A, de Laat B, Nabulsi N, Huang Y, Krishnan-Sarin S, Morris ED. PET imaging reveals lower kappa opioid receptor availability in alcoholics but no effect of age. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2539-2547. [PMID: 30188515 PMCID: PMC6224533 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are implicated in alcoholism, other addictions, withdrawal, and depression, and are considered potential pharmacological targets for treatment. Our goal in the present study was to compare the availability of kappa opioid receptors (KOR) between an alcohol-dependent cohort (AD) and a healthy control cohort (HC). Sixty-four participants-36 AD and 28 HC-underwent PET scans with [11C]LY2795050, a selective kappa antagonist tracer. Partial-volume correction was applied to all PET data to correct for atrophy. Volume of distribution (VT) of the tracer was estimated regionally as a measure of KOR availability. VT values of AD versus HC were compared for 15 defined ROIs. Multivariate analysis showed a main effect of group on VT across these 15 ROIs. Post hoc tests showed that AD had significantly lower VT and thus a lower KOR availability than HC in amygdala and pallidum (corrected for multiple comparisons). Exploratory analysis of change in VT with age was conducted; VT was not found to vary significantly with age in any region. Our findings of lower VT in AD versus HC in multiple regions are in contrast to findings in the mu and delta opioid receptor systems of higher VT in AD versus HC. Although age-related decline in receptors has previously been observed in the mu opioid receptor system, we found that KOR availability does not change with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Vijay
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Dana Cavallo
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Alissa Goldberg
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Bart de Laat
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | | | - Evan D. Morris
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
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26
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Greenwald MK. Anti-stress neuropharmacological mechanisms and targets for addiction treatment: A translational framework. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:84-104. [PMID: 30238023 PMCID: PMC6138948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related substance use is a major challenge for treating substance use disorders. This selective review focuses on emerging pharmacotherapies with potential for reducing stress-potentiated seeking and consumption of nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and opioids (i.e., key phenotypes for the most commonly abused substances). I evaluate neuropharmacological mechanisms in experimental models of drug-maintenance and relapse, which translate more readily to individuals presenting for treatment (who have initiated and progressed). An affective/motivational systems model (three dimensions: valence, arousal, control) is mapped onto a systems biology of addiction approach for addressing this problem. Based on quality of evidence to date, promising first-tier neurochemical receptor targets include: noradrenergic (α1 and β antagonist, α2 agonist), kappa-opioid antagonist, nociceptin antagonist, orexin-1 antagonist, and endocannabinoid modulation (e.g., cannabidiol, FAAH inhibition); second-tier candidates may include corticotropin releasing factor-1 antagonists, serotonergic agents (e.g., 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, 5-HT3 antagonists), glutamatergic agents (e.g., mGluR2/3 agonist/positive allosteric modulator, mGluR5 antagonist/negative allosteric modulator), GABA-promoters (e.g., pregabalin, tiagabine), vasopressin 1b antagonist, NK-1 antagonist, and PPAR-γ agonist (e.g., pioglitazone). To address affective/motivational mechanisms of stress-related substance use, it may be advisable to combine agents with actions at complementary targets for greater efficacy but systematic studies are lacking except for interactions with the noradrenergic system. I note clinically-relevant factors that could mediate/moderate the efficacy of anti-stress therapeutics and identify research gaps that should be pursued. Finally, progress in developing anti-stress medications will depend on use of reliable CNS biomarkers to validate exposure-response relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Thobois S, Brefel-Courbon C, Le Bars D, Sgambato-Faure V. Molecular Imaging of Opioid System in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:275-303. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Li S, Cai Z, Zheng MQ, Holden D, Naganawa M, Lin SF, Ropchan J, Labaree D, Kapinos M, Lara-Jaime T, Navarro A, Huang Y. Novel 18F-Labeled κ-Opioid Receptor Antagonist as PET Radiotracer: Synthesis and In Vivo Evaluation of 18F-LY2459989 in Nonhuman Primates. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:140-146. [PMID: 28747521 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.195586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) has been implicated in depression, addictions, and other central nervous system disorders and, thus, is an important target for drug development. We previously developed several 11C-labeled PET radiotracers for KOR imaging in humans. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of 18F-LY2459989 as the first 18F-labeled KOR antagonist radiotracer in nonhuman primates and its comparison with 11C-LY2459989. Methods: The novel radioligand 18F-LY2459989 was synthesized by 18F displacement of a nitro group or an iodonium ylide. PET scans in rhesus monkeys were obtained on a small-animal scanner to assess the pharmacokinetic and in vivo binding properties of the ligand. Metabolite-corrected arterial activity curves were measured and used as input functions in the analysis of brain time-activity curves and the calculation of binding parameters. Results: With the iodonium ylide precursor, 18F-LY2459989 was prepared at high radiochemical yield (36% ± 7% [mean ± SD]), radiochemical purity (>99%), and mean molar activity (1,175 GBq/μmol; n = 6). In monkeys, 18F-LY2459989 was metabolized at a moderate rate, with a parent fraction of approximately 35% at 30 min after injection. Fast and reversible kinetics were observed, with a regional peak uptake time of less than 20 min. Pretreatment with the selective KOR antagonist LY2456302 (0.1 mg/kg) decreased the activity level in regions with high levels of binding to that in the cerebellum, thus demonstrating the binding specificity and selectivity of 18F-LY2459989 in vivo. Regional time-activity curves were well fitted by the multilinear analysis 1 kinetic model to derive reliable estimates of regional distribution volumes. With the cerebellum as the reference region, regional binding potentials were calculated and ranked as follows: cingulate cortex > insula > caudate/putamen > frontal cortex > temporal cortex > thalamus, consistent with the reported KOR distribution in the monkey brain. Conclusion: The evaluation of 18F-LY2459989 in nonhuman primates demonstrated many attractive imaging properties: fast tissue kinetics, specific and selective binding to the KOR, and high specific binding signals. A side-by-side comparison of 18F-LY2459989 and 11C-LY2459989 indicated similar kinetic and binding profiles for the 2 radiotracers. Taken together, the results indicated that 18F-LY2459989 appears to be an excellent PET radiotracer for the imaging and quantification of the KOR in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songye Li
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Daniel Holden
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - David Labaree
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Michael Kapinos
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Teresa Lara-Jaime
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | | | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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29
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Pirisedigh A, Blais V, Ait-Mohand S, Abdallah K, Holleran BJ, Leduc R, Dory YL, Gendron L, Guérin B. Synthesis and Evaluation of a 64Cu-Conjugate, a Selective δ-Opioid Receptor Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agent. Org Lett 2017; 19:2018-2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Pirisedigh
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Véronique Blais
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Khaled Abdallah
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brian J. Holleran
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Yves L. Dory
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Cai Z, Li S, Pracitto R, Navarro A, Shirali A, Ropchan J, Huang Y. Fluorine-18-Labeled Antagonist for PET Imaging of Kappa Opioid Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:12-16. [PMID: 27741398 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists are potential drug candidates for diseases such as treatment-refractory depression, anxiety, and addictive disorders. PET imaging radiotracers for KOR can be used in occupancy study to facilitate drug development, and to investigate the roles of KOR in health and diseases. We have previously developed two 11C-labeled antagonist radiotracers with high affinity and selectivity toward KOR. What is limiting their wide applications is the short half-life of 11C. Herein, we report the synthesis of a first 18F-labeled KOR antagonist radiotracer and the initial PET imaging study in a nonhuman primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Cai
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Songye Li
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Richard Pracitto
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Antonio Navarro
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Anupama Shirali
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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31
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Schmitt S, Delamare J, Tirel O, Fillesoye F, Dhilly M, Perrio C. N-[ 18F]-FluoropropylJDTic for κ-opioid receptor PET imaging: Radiosynthesis, pre-clinical evaluation, and metabolic investigation in comparison with parent JDTic. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 44:50-61. [PMID: 27821345 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To image kappa opioid receptor (KOR) for preclinical studies, N-fluoropropylJDTic 9 derived from the best-established KOR antagonist JDTic, was labeled with fluorine-18. METHODS Radiosynthesis of [18F]9 was achieved according to an automated two-step procedure from [18F]-fluoride. Peripheral and cerebral distributions were determined by ex vivo experiments and by PET imaging in mouse. Radiometabolism studies were performed both in vivo in mice and in vitro in mouse and human liver microsomes. Identification of the major metabolic fragmentations was carried out by UPLC-MS analysis of enzymatic cleavage of non-radioactive ligand 9. Microsomal metabolic degradation of parent JDTic was also achieved for comparison. RESULTS The radiotracer [18F]9 was produced after 140±5min total synthesis time (2.2±0.4% not decay corrected radiochemical yield) with a specific activity of 41-89GBq/μmol (1.1-2.4Ci/μmol). Peripheral and regional brain distributions of [18F]9 were consistent with known KOR locations but no significant specific binding in brain was shown. [18F]9 presented a typical hepatobiliary and renal elimination, and was rapidly metabolized. The in vivo and in vitro radiometabolic profiles of [18F]9 were similar. Piperidine 12 was identified as the major metabolic fragment of the non-radioactive ligand 9. JDTic 7 was found to be much more stable than 9. CONCLUSION Although the newly proposed radioligand [18F]9 was concluded to be not suitable for KOR PET imaging due to the formation of brain penetrating radiometabolites, our findings highlight the metabolic stability of JDTic and may help in the design of novel JDTic derivatives for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Schmitt
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Delamare
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Olivier Tirel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Fabien Fillesoye
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Martine Dhilly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Cécile Perrio
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France.
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Naganawa M, Lin SF, Lim K, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Harris P, Huang Y, Ichise M, Carson RE, Cline GW. Evaluation of pancreatic VMAT2 binding with active and inactive enantiomers of 18F-FP-DTBZ in baboons. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:743-751. [PMID: 27673755 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 18F-Fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ) is a vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to quantify human β-cell mass. Renal cortex and spleen have been suggested as reference regions, however, little is known about 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ binding in these regions including the fraction of radiometabolite. We compared the kinetics of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ and its inactive enantiomer 18F-FP-(-)-DTBZ in baboons, estimated the non-displaceable binding (VND) of the tracers, and used ex vivo studies to measure radiometabolite fractions. METHODS PET scans were conducted for up to 4h with (+) and (-) enantiomers. Displacement experiments using unlabeled (+) and (-) enantiomers of FP-DTBZ and fluvoxamine (to evaluate sigma-1 receptor binding) were performed. SUV curves were used to calculate displacement values in the pancreas, renal cortex, and spleen. Distribution volumes (VT) were computed, and three approaches for calculation of VND were compared: (1) 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ reference VT, (2) 18F-FP-(-)-DTBZ pancreatic VT, and (3) a scaled 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ reference VT values. Ex vivo study was conducted to measure radiometabolite fraction in homogenized tissue samples from baboons at 90min post-injection. RESULTS Spleen uptake was lowest for both tracers. Highest uptake was in the pancreas with 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ and renal cortex with 18F-FP-(-)-DTBZ. Substantial displacement effect was observed only with unlabeled FP-(+)-DTBZ in the 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ studies. Radiometabolite fraction was higher in the renal cortex than the spleen. Approaches (1) and (3) with spleen to estimate VND provided lowest inter-subject variability of BPND. CONCLUSIONS VT differences among organs and between enantiomers indicated that scaling of reference region values is needed for quantification of VMAT2 binding in the pancreas with 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ. Since the kidney PET signal has greater partial volume averaging and more radiometabolites, the spleen was considered a more practical candidate for use as a scaled-reference region in the quantification of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - David Labaree
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Paul Harris
- Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Gary W Cline
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
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Rotstein BH, Liang SH, Placzek MS, Hooker JM, Gee AD, Dollé F, Wilson AA, Vasdev N. (11)C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds made easily for positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4708-26. [PMID: 27276357 PMCID: PMC5000859 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The positron-emitting radionuclide carbon-11 ((11)C, t1/2 = 20.3 min) possesses the unique potential for radiolabeling of any biological, naturally occurring, or synthetic organic molecule for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Carbon-11 is most often incorporated into small molecules by methylation of alcohol, thiol, amine or carboxylic acid precursors using [(11)C]methyl iodide or [(11)C]methyl triflate (generated from [(11)C]carbon dioxide or [(11)C]methane). Consequently, small molecules that lack an easily substituted (11)C-methyl group are often considered to have non-obvious strategies for radiolabeling and require a more customized approach. [(11)C]Carbon dioxide itself, [(11)C]carbon monoxide, [(11)C]cyanide, and [(11)C]phosgene represent alternative reactants to enable (11)C-carbonylation. Methodologies developed for preparation of (11)C-carbonyl groups have had a tremendous impact on the development of novel PET tracers and provided key tools for clinical research. (11)C-Carbonyl radiopharmaceuticals based on labeled carboxylic acids, amides, carbamates and ureas now account for a substantial number of important imaging agents that have seen translation to higher species and clinical research of previously inaccessible targets, which is a testament to the creativity, utility and practicality of the underlying radiochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven H Liang
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Michael S Placzek
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH, HMS, Charlestown, USA and McLean Hospital, Belmont, USA
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH, HMS, Charlestown, USA
| | | | - Frédéric Dollé
- CEA - Institut d'imagerie biomédicale, Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Alan A Wilson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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Vijay A, Wang S, Worhunsky P, Zheng MQ, Nabulsi N, Ropchan J, Krishnan-Sarin S, Huang Y, Morris ED. PET imaging reveals sex differences in kappa opioid receptor availability in humans, in vivo. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 6:205-214. [PMID: 27648372 PMCID: PMC5004062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors may play critical roles in alcoholism and other addictions, addiction withdrawal, and depression and are considered pharmacological targets for treatment of these conditions. Sex differences have been demonstrated in mu (MOR) and delta (DOR) opioid receptors in humans, in vivo. In addition, sex differences have been observed in efficacy of treatment targeting kappa opioid receptors (KOR). Our goal in the present study was to compare the availability of KOR (1) between healthy control (HC) men and women. Twenty-seven subjects-18 males (M) and 9 females (F)-underwent PET scans with [(11)C] LY2795050, a selective kappa antagonist tracer. Partial volume correction was applied to all PET data. Volume of distribution (V T) of the tracer was estimated regionally as well as at the voxel level. V T values of males versus females were compared for 19 defined ROIs. Results at the regional and voxel levels were consistent. Males had significantly higher V T and thus a higher KOR availability than women in multiple brain regions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of sex differences in the KOR system in humans, in vivo. These findings could have implications for the treatment of pain with kappa opioid analgesics. The results may also have an impact on the diagnosis and treatment of addictive and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Vijay
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Universit New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale UniversitNew Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick Worhunsky
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Universit New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Universit New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Universit New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Universit New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Universit New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Evan D Morris
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale UniversitNew Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
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Veronese M, Zanotti-Fregonara P, Rizzo G, Bertoldo A, Innis RB, Turkheimer FE. Measuring specific receptor binding of a PET radioligand in human brain without pharmacological blockade: The genomic plot. Neuroimage 2016; 130:1-12. [PMID: 26850512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PET studies allow in vivo imaging of the density of brain receptor species. The PET signal, however, is the sum of the fraction of radioligand that is specifically bound to the target receptor and the non-displaceable fraction (i.e. the non-specifically bound radioligand plus the free ligand in tissue). Therefore, measuring the non-displaceable fraction, which is generally assumed to be constant across the brain, is a necessary step to obtain regional estimates of the specific fractions. The nondisplaceable binding can be directly measured if a reference region, i.e. a region devoid of any specific binding, is available. Many receptors are however widely expressed across the brain, and a true reference region is rarely available. In these cases, the nonspecific binding can be obtained after competitive pharmacological blockade, which is often contraindicated in humans. In this work we introduce the genomic plot for estimating the nondisplaceable fraction using baseline scans only. The genomic plot is a transformation of the Lassen graphical method in which the brain maps of mRNA transcripts of the target receptor obtained from the Allen brain atlas are used as a surrogate measure of the specific binding. Thus, the genomic plot allows the calculation of the specific and nondisplaceable components of radioligand uptake without the need of pharmacological blockade. We first assessed the statistical properties of the method with computer simulations. Then we sought ground-truth validation using human PET datasets of seven different neuroreceptor radioligands, where nonspecific fractions were either obtained separately using drug displacement or available from a true reference region. The population nondisplaceable fractions estimated by the genomic plot were very close to those measured by actual human blocking studies (mean relative difference between 2% and 7%). However, these estimates were valid only when mRNA expressions were predictive of protein levels (i.e. there were no significant post-transcriptional changes). This condition can be readily established a priori by assessing the correlation between PET and mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Zanotti-Fregonara
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; INCIA UMR-CNRS 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gaia Rizzo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Immediate and Persistent Effects of Salvinorin A on the Kappa Opioid Receptor in Rodents, Monitored In Vivo with PET. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2865-72. [PMID: 26058662 PMCID: PMC4864638 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring changes in opioid receptor binding with positron emission tomography (PET) could lead to a better understanding of tolerance and addiction because altered opioid receptor dynamics following agonist exposure has been linked to tolerance mechanisms. We have studied changes in kappa opioid receptor (KOR) binding availability in vivo with PET following kappa opioid agonist administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=31) were anesthetized and treated with the (KOR) agonist salvinorin A (0.01-1.8 mg/kg, i.v.) before administration of the KOR selective radiotracer [(11)C]GR103545. When salvinorin A was administered 1 min prior to injection of the radiotracer, [(11)C]GR103545 binding potential (BPND) was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating receptor binding competition. In addition, the unique pharmacokinetics of salvinorin A (half-life ~8 min in non-human primates) allowed us to study the residual impact on KOR after the drug had eliminated from the brain. Salvinorin A was administered up to 5 h prior to [(11)C]GR103545, and the changes in BPND were compared with baseline, 2.5 h, 1 h, and 1 min pretreatment times. At lower doses (0.18 mg/kg and 0.32 mg/kg) we observed no prolonged effect on KOR binding but at 0.60 mg/kg salvinorin A induced a sustained decrease in KOR binding (BPND decreased by 40-49%) which persisted up to 2.5 h post administration, long after salvinorin A had been eliminated from the brain. These data point towards an agonist-induced adaptive response by KOR, the dynamics of which have not been previously studied in vivo with PET.
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38
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Naganawa M, Dickinson GL, Zheng MQ, Henry S, Vandenhende F, Witcher J, Bell R, Nabulsi N, Lin SF, Ropchan J, Neumeister A, Ranganathan M, Tauscher J, Huang Y, Carson RE. Receptor Occupancy of the κ-Opioid Antagonist LY2456302 Measured with Positron Emission Tomography and the Novel Radiotracer 11C-LY2795050. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:260-6. [PMID: 26628406 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) is thought to play an important therapeutic role in a wide range of neuropsychiatric and substance abuse disorders, including alcohol dependence. LY2456302 is a recently developed KOR antagonist with high affinity and selectivity and showed efficacy in the suppression of ethanol consumption in rats. This study investigated brain penetration and KOR target engagement after single oral doses (0.5-25 mg) of LY2456302 in 13 healthy human subjects. Three positron emission tomography scans with the KOR antagonist radiotracer (11)C-LY2795050 were conducted at baseline, 2.5 hours postdose, and 24 hours postdose. LY2456302 was well tolerated in all subjects without serious adverse events. Distribution volume was estimated using the multilinear analysis 1 method for each scan. Receptor occupancy (RO) was derived from a graphical occupancy plot and related to LY2456302 plasma concentration to determine maximum occupancy (rmax) and IC50. LY2456302 dose dependently blocked the binding of (11)C-LY2795050 and nearly saturated the receptors at 10 mg, 2.5 hours postdose. Thus, a dose of 10 mg of LY2456302 appears well suited for further clinical testing. Based on the pharmacokinetic (PK)-RO model, the rmax and IC50 of LY2456302 were estimated as 93% and 0.58 ng/ml to 0.65 ng/ml, respectively. Assuming that rmax is 100%, IC50 was estimated as 0.83 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Gemma L Dickinson
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Shannan Henry
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Francois Vandenhende
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Jennifer Witcher
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Robert Bell
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Alexander Neumeister
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Johannes Tauscher
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.N., M.Z., S.H., N.N., S.L., J.R., Y.H., R.C.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.D., J.W., R.B., J.T.); ClinBAY, Belgium (F.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.N., M.R.)
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Naganawa M, Zheng MQ, Henry S, Nabulsi N, Lin SF, Ropchan J, Labaree D, Najafzadeh S, Kapinos M, Tauscher J, Neumeister A, Carson RE, Huang Y. Test-retest reproducibility of binding parameters in humans with 11C-LY2795050, an antagonist PET radiotracer for the κ opioid receptor. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:243-8. [PMID: 25593119 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.147975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (11)C-LY2795050 is a new antagonist PET radioligand for the κ opioid receptor (KOR). In this study, we assessed the reproducibility of the binding parameters of (11)C-LY2795050 in healthy human subjects. METHODS Sixteen healthy subjects (11 men and 5 women) underwent 2 separate 90-min PET scans with arterial input function and plasma free fraction (fP) measurements. The 2-tissue-compartment model and multilinear analysis-1 were applied to calculate 5 outcome measures in 14 brain regions: distribution volume (VT), VT normalized by fP (VT/fP), and 3 binding potentials (nondisplaceable binding potential, binding potential relative to total plasma concentration, and binding potential relative to free plasma concentration: BPND, BPP, BPF, respectively). Since KOR is distributed ubiquitously throughout the brain, there are no suitable reference regions. We used a fixed fraction of individual cerebellar VT value (VT,CER) as the nondisplaceable VT (VND) (VND = VT,CER/1.17). The relative and absolute test-retest variability and intraclass correlation coefficient were evaluated for the outcome measures of (11)C-LY2795050. RESULTS The test-retest variability of (11)C-LY2795050 for VT was no more than 10% in any region and was 12% in the amygdala. For binding potential (BPND and BPP), the test-retest variability was good in regions of moderate and high KOR density (BPND > 0.4) and poor in regions of low density. Correction by fP (VT/fP or BPF) did not improve the test-retest performance. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that quantification of (11)C-LY2795050 imaging is reproducible and reliable in regions with moderate and high KOR density. Therefore, we conclude that this first antagonist radiotracer is highly useful for PET studies of KOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shannan Henry
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Labaree
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Soheila Najafzadeh
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Kapinos
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Alexander Neumeister
- Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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