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Sayed SF, Dalai HG, Sharma M, Halawani R. Ecotoxicity, Health Risks and Contact Allergy Due to p-Phenylenediamine in Hair Dyes and Tattoos: Female Students' Perspectives. Cureus 2024; 16:e60984. [PMID: 38910695 PMCID: PMC11193909 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
While the financial advantages of hair coloring and tattooing are widely acknowledged, environmental hazards and health risks linked to this trend due to their p-phenylenediamine (PPD) content have received less attention. Health education on hair-dying products is warranted to enhance the public's awareness of hair-dying ingredients and their side effects. A cross-sectional study was therefore conducted with 319 students to assess knowledge of ecotoxicity, health risks, and practices of hair dyeing and tattooing among undergraduate students. A random sample of 59 students was checked for any allergic morphology in the scalp and exposed areas of skin near the neck, ears, palms, and nails. Responses collected were used for data analyses using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 17 (Released 2008; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Use of hair dye was significantly high among study participants 58.5% (n=187; p<0.05). However, their knowledge regarding the presence of PPD in hair dyes and associated environmental toxicity (37.8%, n=121) was very limited. The majority of participants did not do any allergy tests before applying hair dye (88.9%, n=283). The study revealed that the main reason for hair coloring was as a fashion statement (93.7%, n=299). Regarding tattooing practices, 96.9% (n=309) of study participants had never practiced tattoos, and hence, the prevalence of tattooing was 3.9% (n=12). These data confirmed that the practice of hair dyeing as a style statement was high among students. However, the majority were unaware of their PPD contents and their potential ecotoxicity and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamad G Dalai
- Nursing, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | | | - Raneem Halawani
- Nursing, Farasan University College, Jazan University, Farasan Island, SAU
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2
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Srour H, Gosset A, Moussallieh FM, Elbayed K, Giménez-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP. Synthesis and In Situ Behavior of 1,4- and 2,5-( 13C) Isotopomers of p-Phenylenediamine in Reconstructed Human Epidermis Using High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1881-1892. [PMID: 35976686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) has been classified as a strong skin allergen, but when it comes to toxicological concerns, benzoquinone diamine (BQDI), the primary oxidation derivative of PPD, is frequently considered and was shown to covalently bind nucleophilic residues on model peptides. However, tests in solution are far from providing a reliable model, as the cutaneous metabolism of PPD is not covered. We now report the synthesis of two 13C substituted isotopomers of PPD, 1,4-(13C)p-phenylenediamine 1 and 2,5-(13C)p-phenylenediamine 2, and the investigation of their reactivity in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) using the high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR technique. RHE samples were first treated with 1 or 2 and incubated for 1 to 48 h. Compared to the control, spectra clearly showed only the signals of 1 or 2 gradually decreasing with time to disappear after 48 h of incubation. However, the culture media of RHE incubated with 1 for 1 and 24 h, respectively, showed the presence of both monoacetylated- and diacetylated-PPD as major products. Therefore, the acetylation reaction catalyzed by N-acetyltransferase (NAT) enzymes appeared to be the main process taking place in RHE. With the aim of increasing the reactivity by oxidation, 1 and 2 were treated with 0.5 equiv of H2O2 prior to their application to RHE and incubated for different times. Under these conditions, new peaks having close chemical shifts to those of PPD-cysteine adducts previously observed in solution were detected. Under such oxidative conditions, we were thus able to detect and quantify cysteine adducts in RHE (maximum of 0.2 nmol/mg of RHE at 8 h of incubation) while no reaction with other nucleophilic amino acid residues could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Srour
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Gosset
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | - Karim Elbayed
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube UMR 7357, F-67412 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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He L, Michailidou F, Gahlon HL, Zeng W. Hair Dye Ingredients and Potential Health Risks from Exposure to Hair Dyeing. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:901-915. [PMID: 35666914 PMCID: PMC9214764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the worldwide popularity of hair dyeing, there is an urgent need to understand the toxicities and risks associated with exposure to chemicals found in hair dye formulations. Hair dyes are categorized as oxidative and nonoxidative in terms of their chemical composition and ingredients. For several decades, the expert panel's Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) has assessed the safety of many of the chemicals used in hair dyes; however, a comprehensive review of hair dye ingredients and the risk of exposure to hair dyeing has not been documented. Herein, we review the safety of the various chemicals in oxidative and nonoxidative hair dyes, toxicities associated with hair dyeing, and the carcinogenic risks related to hair dyeing. While many compounds are considered safe for users at the concentrations in hair dyes, there are conflicting data about a large number of hair dye formulations. The CIR expert panel has ratified a number of coloring ingredients for hair dyes and banned a series of chemicals as carcinogenic to animals and unsafe for this application. The use of these chemicals as raw materials for producing hair dyes may result in the synthesis of other contaminants with potential toxicities and increased risk of carcinogenesis. It is an open question whether personal or occupational hair dyeing increases the risk of cancer; however, in specific subpopulations, a positive association between hair dye use and cancer occurrence has been reported. To address this question, a better understanding of the chemical and mechanistic basis of the reported toxicities of hair dye mixtures and individual hair dye ingredients is needed. It is anticipated that in-depth chemical and systems toxicology studies harnessing modern and emerging techniques can shed light on this public health concern in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, SAR, China
| | - Freideriki Michailidou
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.,Collegium Helveticum, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) of the University of Zurich, ETH Zurich and Zurich University of the Arts, Schmelzbergstrasse 25, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hailey L Gahlon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Weibin Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
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4
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Fe single atoms anchored on fluorine-doped ultrathin carbon nanosheets for sensitive colorimetric detection of p-phenylenediamine. Talanta 2022; 246:123487. [PMID: 35487013 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts have attracted enormous research interest in the field of catalysis owing to their remarkable catalytic activity, excellent stability and outstanding atom utilization. Herein, a new single atom based on single Fe atoms on fluorine-doped (Fe-SAs@FNC) ultrathin carbon nanosheets was successfully synthesized by a polymer-assisted heating method. Experimental evidence showed that the resultant Fe-SAs@FNC with Fe-N4 sites exhibits superior peroxidase-like activity, which oxidizes the colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to produce a blue product in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Based on this, an ultrasensitive and highly selective colorimetric detection method for p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in hair dyes and PPD in hair after dyeing was established, which had a wide linear range (0.2-50 μM) and low detection limit (0.07 μM). This method shows satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity.
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Tapia-Salazar M, Diaz-Sosa VR, Cardenas-Chavez DL. Toxicological effect and enzymatic disorder of non-studied emerging contaminants in Artemia salina model. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:210-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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6
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Sensitive electrocatalytic determination of p-phenylenediamine using bimetallic nanocomposite of Cu-Ag nanoalloy and ionic liquid-graphene oxide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Karri V, Lidén C, Fyhrquist N, Högberg J, Karlsson HL. Impact of mono-culture vs. Co-culture of keratinocytes and monocytes on cytokine responses induced by important skin sensitizers. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 18:74-84. [PMID: 34019775 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2021.1905754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitization to a contact allergen brings with it a lifelong risk to develop allergic contact dermatitis. Inflammation is an important part of the skin sensitizing mechanism, and understanding how different haptens stimulate the immune system, as well as the role played by different cell types present in skin, may be helpful for developing optimized in vitro models for risk assessment of new chemicals or mixtures. The aim of this study was to compare the cytokine profile following exposure of cells representing keratinocytes (HaCaT), monocytes (THP-1) and a co-culture of these cells to three clinically important skin sensitizers: cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2), methylisothiazolinone (MI) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD). Secretion of ten pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured using multiplexing. The results showed that the cytokine response differed substantially between the three cell assays. CoCl2 caused an increase of IL-8 in HaCaT cells, while the induction of also IL-13 and IL-1β was observed in THP-1 cells and co-cultures. MI induced six cytokines in HaCaT cells but only IL-1β in the THP-1 cells and four cytokines in the co-culture. Interestingly, the IL-1β response was massive in the co-culture. PPD caused release of IL-1β in all three models as well as IL-8 in the co-culture. Control experiments with two non-sensitizers and irritants (lactic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate) showed no effect on IL-8 or IL-1β in the co-culture. Taken together, results from this exploratory analysis show unique cytokine profiles dependent on the type of hapten and cell model. Importantly, all three haptens triggered secretion of IL-1β and IL-8 in a co-culture of HaCaT cells and THP-1 cells, representing the most robust test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatanaidu Karri
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nanna Fyhrquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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van Amerongen CCA, Kramer D, Pas HH, Schuttelaar MLA. The expression pattern of N-acetyltransferase 1 in healthy human skin. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:1-6. [PMID: 33609293 PMCID: PMC8252542 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background N‐acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is an enzyme expressed among others in keratinocytes in human skin. NAT1 is important in the biotransformation of aromatic amines, an important example being p‐phenylenediamine (PPD), a hair dye molecule. Unoxidized PPD penetrates the skin and is N‐acetylated by NAT1. Objectives To investigate in detail the expression pattern of NAT1 in human skin. Materials and Methods Cryosections obtained from healthy human skin were stained for NAT1 and expression patterns were observed. NAT1 double stainings were performed with antibodies against different cellular organelles to determine expression patterns. Result A speckled, granular expression of NAT1 was seen predominantly in the stratum basale. NAT1 was expressed in a cytoplasmic pattern, perinuclear, and in the nucleus. No co‐localisation was seen with the selected cellular organelles. Local differences in NAT1 expression patterns were observed between donors and between different biopsies obtained from the same donor. Conclusions NAT1 is expressed predominantly in the stratum basale and can be found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and perinuclear in human skin. Further studies should be performed to investigate expression of NAT1 in a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C A van Amerongen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Duco Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendri H Pas
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Venkatesan G, Dancik Y, Sinha A, Kyaw HM, Srinivas R, Dawson TL, Bigliardi M, Bigliardi P, Pastorin G. Development of novel alternative hair dyes to hazardous para-phenylenediamine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123712. [PMID: 33254756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most of the permanent hair dye products contain p-phenylenediamine (PPD), a well-known skin sensitizer. PPD may cause cutaneous reactions and leads to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a condition with major medical and financial repercussions. Hair dye-induced ACD represents a growing concern both for consumers and the cosmetics industry. In this study we introduced novel side chains on the PPD molecule with the goal of overcoming the hazard potential of PPD. Our strategy relies on the replacement of the colorless PPD with new, larger and intrinsically colorled PPD derivatives to reduce dermal penetration and thus the skin sensitization potential. We synthesized two oligomers with bulky side-chains, which displayed 7-8 times lower cytotoxicity than PPD, a significantly weaker sensitization potential (22.0 % and 23.8 % versus 55.5 % for PPD) in the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, minimal cumulative penetration through excised skin and an intrinsic ability to colour and preserve the nuance when applied on bleached hair. The lower skin permeation and sensitizing potential are absolutely crucial and give a clear advantage of our products over other standards. These novel PPD hair dyes show significantly less hazard potential than PPD and may, upon further risk assessment studies, replace PPD in consumer care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Venkatesan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 18 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuri Dancik
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore; Le Studium Loire Valley Institute of Advanced Studies, 1 rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans and EA 6295 NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Arup Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 18 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hpone Myint Kyaw
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Ramasamy Srinivas
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore; Department of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun St, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Mei Bigliardi
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermato-Allergy, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Paul Bigliardi
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermato-Allergy, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 18 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore.
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10
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Genetics and Individual Predispositions in Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Towle KM, Hwang RY, Fung ES, Hollins DM, Monnot AD. Hair dye and risk of skin sensitization induction: a product survey and quantitative risk assessment for para-phenylenediamine (PPD). Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2020; 39:311-316. [PMID: 32722942 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2020.1802740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a commonly used dye intermediate in permanent hair dye formulations, and exposure to PPD has been associated with allergic contact dermatitis at certain doses. PURPOSE Determine the concentration of PPD in a survey of self-application permanent hair dye products, and perform a quantitative risk assessment to determine the risk of skin sensitization induction following application of these products. METHODS Consumer exposure levels (CELs) to PPD following application of hair dye products were estimated using the maximum amount of hair dye that can adhere to the surface area of the scalp, the measured concentration of PPD in the hair dye product, a retention factor, the dermal absorption of PPD, and the surface area of the scalp. CELs were calculated for various exposure scenarios, and were stratified by hair dye shade. RESULTS All estimated CELs did not exceed the acceptable exposure level. Specifically, margins of safety ranged from 2.3 to 1534 for black dyes, 2.9 to 5031 for brown dyes, and 26 to 5031 for blonde dyes. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that use of the evaluated permanent hair dyes, under the evaluated exposure scenarios, would not be expected to induce skin sensitization due to PPD exposure at concentrations ≤0.67%.
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12
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Mishra V, Sharma U, Rawat D, Benson D, Singh M, Sharma RS. Fast-changing life-styles and ecotoxicity of hair dyes drive the emergence of hidden toxicants threatening environmental sustainability in Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109253. [PMID: 32145548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The practice of hair dyeing is a rapidly expanding industry on a global scale; however, it has become a major concern for Asian countries because they have been undergoing rapid transformations of their environment and lifestyles. While the socio-economic benefits and impacts of this globalization trend are widely understood, the environmental effects are largely unknown. In particular, commonly available oxidative dyes potentially pose specific environmental risks due to their use of a toxic aromatic amine p-Phenylenediamine (PPD). In investigating the environmental impacts of PPD chemicals, we first provide context to the study by setting out the socio-psychological drivers to industrial expansion in Asian countries along with an overview of research into its effects, to show that its environmental impacts are under-researched. We then investigate the environmental toxicity of PPD by focusing on the role of microbes in metabolizing waste products. Results show that Acinetobacter baumannii EB1 isolated from dye effluent prevents autoxidation of PPD under oxygen-enriched (shaking) or oxygen-deficient (static) conditions representing different environmental settings. Microbes transformed PPD into more toxic metabolites, which then significantly reduced plant growth, thereby having a direct bearing on ecosystem services. Based on the findings, we argue that stricter regulatory controls on hair dye wastewater are necessary, particularly in newly industrialising Asian countries where the expansion of commercial practice is most prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Mishra
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Udita Sharma
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Deepak Rawat
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - David Benson
- Environment and Sustainability Institute and Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Mrinalini Singh
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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13
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Genetics and Individual Predispositions in Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Goebel C, Kock M, Merk H. [Toxicological risk assessment using the example of potential contact sensitization to resorcinol]. Hautarzt 2019; 70:948-952. [PMID: 31754739 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-019-04510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resorcinol is a frequently used hair dye, whose quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for hair color products is presented in this review as an example to assess its skin sensitization risk after topical application. Its purpose is to determine the maximum concentration that can be used without expecting skin sensitization to occur. The focus is to prevent the de novo development of a contact allergy. Epidemiological data which are provided via dermatological surveillance, e.g., by the IVDK (Information Network of Departments of Dermatology) in Germany, are an important source of information that help to assess the quality and the effectivity of the QRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goebel
- COTY Wella Toxicology, Berliner Allee 65, 64295, Darmstadt, Deutschland.
| | - M Kock
- COTY Wella Toxicology, Berliner Allee 65, 64295, Darmstadt, Deutschland
| | - H Merk
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie - Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Deutschland
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15
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Souza JCD, Silva BFD, Morales DA, Umbuzeiro GDA, Zanoni MVB. Assessment of the autoxidation mechanism of p-toluenediamine by air and hydrogen peroxide and determination of mutagenic environmental contaminant in beauty salon effluent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:911-922. [PMID: 31247438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigated the autoxidation reaction of p-toluenediamine (PTD) - a precursor - widely used in permanent hair dyeing formulation, under experimental conditions close to the hair dyeing process (oxygen and/or peroxide in ammoniacal medium), by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. In additional, evaluated the mutagenicity of the PTD oxidation products and the presence of PTD and this products in wastewater from beauty salon, as well as in surface water and drinking water using HPLC coupled to a diode array detector and linear scan voltammetry. Through this study, it was possible the identification of semi-quinonediimine, quinonediimine, dimers (derived from toluenediamine), and trimer radical identified as Bandrowski's Base derivative (BBD) formed during autoxidation of PTD. Salmonella Typhimurium YG1041 assay with and without metabolic activation induced rat-liver (S9) indicated mutagenic activity for BBD. Levels of PTD were determined by the standard addition method in samples collected from the wastewater of a beauty salon, as well as from the water before and after treatment in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) reached concentrations of 2.08 ± 0.21, 2.36 ± 0.10 × 10-3, and 1.77 ± 0.13 × 10-3 mg L-1, respectively. In addition, linear sweep voltammetry was used to monitor the BBD found at the concentration of 1.59 ± 0.35 mg L-1 in wastewater collected from the beauty salon.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos de Souza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Assessment and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive (INCT-DATREM), Brazil.
| | - Bianca Ferreira da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Assessment and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive (INCT-DATREM), Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Assessment and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive (INCT-DATREM), Brazil
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17
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He J, Sunarso J, Miao J, Sun H, Dai J, Zhang C, Zhou W, Shao Z. A highly sensitive perovskite oxide sensor for detection of p-phenylenediamine in hair dyes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:699-706. [PMID: 30831522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective regulation of p-phenylenediamine (PPD), a widely used precursor of hair dye that is harmful to human health in large concentration, relies upon an accurate yet simple detection of PPD. In this context, amperometric electrode sensor based on perovskite oxide becomes attractive given its portability, low cost, high sensitivity, and rapid processing time. This work reports the systematic characterization of a series of Sr-doped PrCoO3-δ perovskite oxides with composition of Pr1-xSrxCoO3-δ(x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) for PPD detection in an alkaline solution. PSC82 deposited onto glassy carbon electrode (PSC82/GCE) generates the highest redox currents which correlates with the highest hydrogen peroxide intermediates (HO2-) yield and the σ*-orbital (eg) filling of Co that is closest to unity for PSC82. PSC82/GCE provides the highest sensitivities of 655 and 308 μA mM-1 cm-2 in PPD concentration range of 0.5-2,900 and 2,900-10,400 μM, respectively, with a limit of detection of 0.17 μM. PSC82/GCE additionally demonstrates high selectivity to PPD and long term stability during 50 consecutive cyclic voltammetry scans and over 1-month storage period. The potential applicability of PSC82/GCE was also demonstrated by confirming the presence of very low concentration of PPD of below 0.5% in real hair dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, college of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jaka Sunarso
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jie Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, college of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hainan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, college of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jie Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, college of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, college of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, college of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Zongping Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, college of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
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Bishnoi A, Vinay K, Arshdeep, Parsad D, Handa S, Saikia U, Sendhil Kumaran M. Contact sensitization to hair colours in acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation: results from a patch and photo‐patch test study of 108 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:1349-1357. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bishnoi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - K. Vinay
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Arshdeep
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - D. Parsad
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - S. Handa
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - U.N. Saikia
- Department of Histopathology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - M. Sendhil Kumaran
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
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19
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Ferguson FJ, Pongpairoj K, Basketter DA, White IR, McFadden JP. Addressing the conundrums of
p
‐phenylenediamine hair dye allergy by applying Friedmann's principles of contact sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:234-237. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian R. White
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital London UK
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20
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Wilkinson M, Solman L, Coenraads P, Goebel C. Immediate hypersensitivity to
p
‐phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:177-178. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds UK
| | - Lea Solman
- Department of Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds UK
| | - Pieter‐Jan Coenraads
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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21
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Petersen TH, Jee MH, Gadsbøll AØ, Schmidt JD, Sloth JJ, Sonnenberg GF, Geisler C, Thyssen JP, Bonefeld CM. Mice with epidermal filaggrin deficiency show increased immune reactivity to nickel. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:139-148. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trine H. Petersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mia H. Jee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyNational Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Anne‐Sofie Ø. Gadsbøll
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jonas D. Schmidt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jens J. Sloth
- National Food InstituteTechnical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyNational Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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22
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Encabo Durán B, Romero-Pérez D, Silvestre Salvador J. Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Paraphenylenediamine: An Update. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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Encabo Durán B, Romero-Pérez D, Silvestre Salvador JF. Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Paraphenylenediamine: An Update. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018; 109:602-609. [PMID: 29496197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is an amine that is mainly used as an ingredient in hair dyes and henna tattoos. The incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to PPD is increasing, particularly in younger patients. In this article, we review the main sources of PPD and the substances with which it can interact and present a practical algorithm for diagnosing and treating suspected cases of PPD allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Encabo Durán
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, España.
| | - D Romero-Pérez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - J F Silvestre Salvador
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, España
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24
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Jou PC, Siegel PD, Warshaw EM. Vapor Pressure and Predicted Stability of American Contact Dermatitis Society Core Allergens. Dermatitis 2018; 27:193-201. [PMID: 27427821 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate patch testing is reliant on proper preparation of patch test allergens. The stability of patch test allergens is dependent on several factors including vapor pressure (VP). OBJECTIVE This investigation reviews the VP of American Contact Dermatitis Society Core Allergens and compares stability predictions based on VP with those established through clinical testing. METHODS Standard references were accessed for determining VP in millimeters of mercury and associated temperature in degrees celsius. If multiple values were listed, VP at temperatures that most approximate indoor storage conditions (20°C and 25°C) were chosen. For mixes, the individual component with the highest VP was chosen as the overall VP, assuming that the most volatile substance would evaporate first. Antigens were grouped into low (≤0.001 mm Hg), moderate (<1 to >0.001 mm Hg), and high (≥1 mm Hg) volatility using arbitrary cutoff values. CONCLUSIONS This review is consistent with previously reported data on formaldehyde, acrylates, and fragrance material instability. Given lack of testing data, VP can be useful in predicting patch test compound stability. Measures such as air-tight multidose reagent containers, sealed single-application dispensers, preparation of patches immediately before application, and storage at lower temperatures may remedy some of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Jou
- From the *Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota; †Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN; and ‡Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
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Abstract
The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group proposes a classification for the clinical presentation of contact allergy. The classification is based primarily on the mode of clinical presentation. The categories are direct exposure/contact dermatitis, mimicking or exacerbation of preexisting eczema, multifactorial dermatitis including allergic contact dermatitis, by proxy, mimicking angioedema, airborne contact dermatitis, photo-induced contact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, noneczematous contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, protein contact dermatitis, respiratory/mucosal symptoms, oral contact dermatitis, erythroderma/exfoliative dermatitis, minor forms of presentation, and extracutaneous manifestations.
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26
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Zanoni TB, Pedrosa TN, Catarino CM, Spiekstra SW, de Oliveira DP, Den Hartog G, Bast A, Hagemann G, Gibbs S, de Moraes Barros SB, Maria-Engler SS. Allergens of permanent hair dyes induces epidermal damage, skin barrier loss and IL-1 α increase in epidermal in vitro model. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 112:265-272. [PMID: 29273420 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Allergic and irritant skin reactions caused by topical exposure to permanent hair dyes are a common problem. For regulatory and ethnical purposes, it is required to perform chemical safety assessment following the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal testing (3Rs). Permanent hair dyes are formed by a mixture of ingredients that vary from low to extreme skin sensitizing potency and that inter-react to form unknown by-products. Because of the complex reaction, this cytotoxic mechanism has not yet been elucidated and is the subject of this study. Here, we topically exposed p-phenylenediamine (PPD), Resorcinol (RES), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) alone or as a mixture to RhE and evaluated parameters related to skin irritation such as epidermal viability, keratinocytes damage, barrier loss and IL-1 α. Our data indicates that ingredients tested alone did not lead to an increase of cytotoxic parameters related to skin irritation. However, when the mixture of PPD/H2O2/RES and PPD/H2O2 was applied to the RhE, some of the parameters such as morphological changes including the presence of apoptotic cells, barrier loss and increased IL- 1 α release were observed. The results indicate that the mixture of ingredients used in permanent hair dyes have an irritant effect in RhE while the ingredients alone not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Boldrin Zanoni
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Nascimento Pedrosa
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Motter Catarino
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sander W Spiekstra
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, O/2 Building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gertjan Den Hartog
- Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Geja Hagemann
- Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, O/2 Building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrij Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Berlanga de Moraes Barros
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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27
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Hennen J, Blömeke B. Assessment of skin sensitization potency of hair dye molecules in vitro. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:179-180. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hennen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; University Trier; 54296 Trier Germany
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; University Trier; 54296 Trier Germany
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28
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Non-animal skin sensitization safety assessments for cosmetic ingredients – What is possible today? CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Gimenéz-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP, Uter W, Johansen JD. Immunological, chemical and clinical aspects of exposure to mixtures of contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:133-142. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Elena Gimenéz-Arnau
- Laboratory of Dermatochemistry, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177; University of Strasbourg; 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Laboratory of Dermatochemistry, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177; University of Strasbourg; 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermatology-Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
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30
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Lichter J, Bock U, Lotz C, Groeber F, Blömeke B. Functional expression of N-acetyltransferase 1 in differentiated human skin keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:870-872. [PMID: 27681044 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Lichter
- University Trier, Environmental Toxicology, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - U Bock
- University Trier, Environmental Toxicology, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - C Lotz
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - F Groeber
- Translational Center Wuerzburg, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - B Blömeke
- University Trier, Environmental Toxicology, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
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Biotransformation of 2,4-toluenediamine in human skin and reconstructed tissues. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3307-3316. [PMID: 28337504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) is used for risk assessment of chemicals and cosmetics and RHE as well as reconstructed human full-thickness skin (RHS) become important for e.g., the pre-clinical development of drugs. Yet, the knowledge regarding their biotransformation capacity is still limited, although the metabolic activity is highly relevant for skin sensitization, genotoxicity, and the efficacy of topical dermatics. The biotransformation of the aromatic amine 2,4-toluenediamine (2,4-TDA) has been compared in two commercially available RHS to normal human skin ex vivo, and in primary epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts as well as in vitro generated epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells. The mono N-acetylated derivative N-(3-amino-4-methyl-phenyl)acetamide (M1) was the only metabolite detectable in substantial amounts indicating the predominance of N-acetylation. RHS exceeded human skin ex vivo in N-acetyltransferase activity and in cell cultures metabolite formation ranked as follows: keratinocytes > fibroblasts ~ Langerhans cells ~ dendritic cells. In conclusion, our results underline the principal suitability of RHS as an adequate test matrix for the investigation of N-acetylation of xenobiotics which is most relevant for risk assessment associated with cutaneous exposure to aromatic amines.
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Basketter DA, White IR, Kullavanijaya P, Tresukosol P, Wichaidit M, McFadden JP. Influence of vitamin C on the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis to p-phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:368-72. [PMID: 27027508 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair dyes represent one of the most important causes of allergic contact dermatitis resulting from the use of cosmetic products. The principal causative chemistry is associated with oxidation products of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and closely related substances. OBJECTIVES To examine whether prior application of the antioxidant vitamin C to the skin was able to reduce the cutaneous allergic response to PPD. METHODS Twenty eight volunteers with a proven history of contact allergy to PPD were recruited. Each was tested with a range of PPD doses and PPD-containing hair dye on untreated skin and skin pretreated for 10 min with a vitamin C formulation. RESULTS Pretreatment of skin sites with vitamin C led to a reduction in the intensity, or even ablation, of the cutaneous allergic reaction to PPD in ∼75% of cases as compared with untreated skin. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that treatment of the skin adjacent to the hair-bearing area with antioxidant could form part of a strategy to reduce the burden of cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis caused by hair dyeing.
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Korkina L. Metabolic and redox barriers in the skin exposed to drugs and xenobiotics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:377-88. [PMID: 26854731 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1149569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing exposure of human skin to environmental and occupational hazards, to numerous skin care/beauty products, and to topical drugs led to a biomedical concern regarding sustainability of cutaneous chemical defence that is essential for protection against intoxication. Since skin is the largest extra-hepatic drug/xenobiotic metabolising organ where redox-dependent metabolic pathways prevail, in this review, publications on metabolic processes leading to redox imbalance (oxidative stress) and its autocrine/endocrine impact to cutaneous drug/xenobiotic metabolism were scrutinised. AREAS COVERED Chemical and photo-chemical skin barriers contain metabolic and redox compartments: their protective and homeostatic functions. The review will examine the striking similarity of adaptive responses to exogenous chemical/photo-chemical stressors and endogenous toxins in cutaneous metabolic and redox system; the role(s) of xenobiotics/drugs and phase II enzymes in the endogenous antioxidant defence and maintenance of redox balance; redox regulation of interactions between metabolic and inflammatory responses in skin cells; skin diseases sharing metabolic and redox problems (contact dermatitis, lupus erythematosus, and vitiligo) EXPERT OPINION Due to exceptional the redox dependence of cutaneous metabolic pathways and interaction of redox active metabolites/exogenous antioxidants with drug/xenobiotic metabolism, metabolic tests of topical xenobiotics/drugs should be combined with appropriate redox analyses and performed on 3D human skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Korkina
- a Scientific Direction, Centre for Innovative Biotechnological Investigations 'NANOLAB' , Moscow , Russia
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35
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Coenraads PJ, Vogel TA, Blömeke B, Goebel C, Roggeband R, Schuttelaar MLA. The role of the antioxidant ascorbic acid in the elicitation of contact allergic reactions to p-phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:267-72. [PMID: 26875881 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An allergic contact reaction is accompanied by high oxidative stress in the skin. Pretreatment of the skin with antioxidative substances could reduce the elicitation reaction. OBJECTIVES To investigate, in a proof-of-principle study, whether pretreatment of the skin with the antioxidant ascorbic acid reduces the elicitation reaction to a p-phenylenediamine (PPD)-containing hair dye in sensitized subjects. METHODS Twelve subjects with contact allergy to PPD, a documented skin reaction to a hair dye simulation exposure model and a history of hair dye-related skin complaints were included in this study. Skin areas on the forearms were, in a left versus right design, exposed to an emulsion with ascorbic acid and an emulsion without ascorbic acid, and then to a 2% PPD-containing hair dye testing formulation. In addition, control areas were exposed to the emulsions and to the PPD-containing hair dye formulation without pretreatment. Skin reactions were graded on day (D)2 and D3. RESULTS Pretreatment with ascorbic acid emulsion resulted in a reduction in the elicitation reaction in 7 of 12 subjects at D3 (p = 0.046). No statistically significant difference was observed at D2. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment of the skin with the antioxidant ascorbic acid had an attenuating effect on the elicitation reaction to PPD in sensitized individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Coenraads
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana A Vogel
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Carsten Goebel
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Central Product Safety, 65823 Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany.,The Procter & Gamble Company, Central Product Safety, 1853, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Robert Roggeband
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Central Product Safety, 65823 Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany.,The Procter & Gamble Company, Central Product Safety, 1853, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Pot LM, Coenraads PJ, Blömeke B, Puppels GJ, Caspers PJ. Real-time detection of p-phenylenediamine penetration into human skin by in vivo Raman spectroscopy. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:152-8. [PMID: 26778536 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penetration, autoxidation and N-acetylation of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) have been studied in vitro and ex vivo. However, a clear understanding of in vivo PPD penetration and the formation of PPD derivatives is lacking. OBJECTIVES To obtain insights into the in vivo penetration, clearance and formation of PPD derivatives in human skin. METHODS Patch test chambers containing PPD 1% pet. were applied to the forearms of two human volunteers, with increasing application times. Non-invasive Raman microspectroscopy was used for detection of PPD (derivatives) in skin at several follow-up times. RESULTS Application of a PPD 1% pet. patch for 30 min resulted in substantial amounts of PPD in the stratum corneum of 90 mg PPD/g keratin. PPD contents were highest after three applications for 1 h each (330 mg PPD/g keratin), followed by single applications for 2 h 40 min, 2 h, and 23 h. The PPD half-time in the skin was 3 h. No spectral contributions of Bandrowski's base, monoacetyl-PPD and diacetyl-PPD were detected. CONCLUSIONS We have gained insights into the in vivo penetration of PPD in human skin by using non-invasive Raman spectroscopy. Penetration into the skin was fast, and the PPD concentrations detected in the stratum corneum were high. PPD was detected in both the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis. Oxidized or acetylated PPD derivatives could not be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marjolijn Pot
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan Coenraads
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of Trier, D-54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Gerwin J Puppels
- Department of Dermatology, Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,RiverD International B.V., 3029, AK, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Caspers
- Department of Dermatology, Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,RiverD International B.V., 3029, AK, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Young E, Zimerson E, Bruze M, Svedman C. Two sensitizing oxidation products of p-phenylenediamine patch tested in patients allergic to p-phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:76-82. [PMID: 26579994 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results from a previous study indicated the presence of several possible sensitizers formed during oxidation of the potent sensitizer p-phenylenediamine (PPD) to which PPD-sensitized patients might react, in various patterns. OBJECTIVES To extract and analyse a yellow spot from a thin-layer chromatogram with oxidized PPD, to which 6 of 14 (43%) PPD-positive patients had reacted in a previous study, in order to identify potential sensitizer(s) and to patch test this/these substance(s) in the 14 PPD-positive patients. METHODS The yellow spot was extracted from a thin-layer chromatogram of oxidized PPD, and two substances, suspected to be allergens, were identified by analysis with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). The 14 PPD-positive patients, who had been previously tested with the thin-layer chromatogram of oxidized PPD, participated in the investigation, and were tested with dilutions of the two substances. RESULTS GCMS analysis identified 4-nitroaniline and 4,4'-azodianiline in the yellow spot. Of the 14 PPD-positive test patients, 5 (36%) reacted to 4-nitroaniline and 9 (64%) reacted to 4,4'-azodianiline. CONCLUSION The results show that 4-nitroaniline and 4,4'-azodianiline, formed during oxidation of PPD, are potent sensitizers. PPD-sensitized patients react to a high extent to concentrations equimolar to PPD of 4-nitroaniline and 4,4'-azodianiline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Young
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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Quantin P, Thélu A, Catoire S, Ficheux H. Perspectives and strategies of alternative methods used in the risk assessment of personal care products. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:422-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gibson A, Kim SH, Faulkner L, Evely J, Pirmohamed M, Park KB, Naisbitt DJ. In Vitro Priming of Naı̈ve T-cells with p-Phenylenediamine and Bandrowski's Base. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2069-77. [PMID: 26355666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a component of hair dye formulations that is associated with T-cell mediated allergic contact dermatitis. Antigen-specific T-cells from allergic contact dermatitis patients are activated with either PPD or the oxidation product, Bandrowski's base. In nonallergic individuals, T-cells that are activated by Bandrowski's base, but not by PPD, are readily detectable. The aim of the current study was to use an in vitro T-cell priming assay to assess the activation of memory and naı̈ve T-cells from healthy donors with PPD and Bandrowski's base, and to compare these responses to those observed from allergic patients. Both PPD and Bandrowski's base-responsive clones were generated from allergic patients. The majority of Bandrowski's base-responsive clones were CD4+ and displayed a lack of PPD reactivity. In contrast, CD4+ and CD8+ clones displaying PPD reactivity were detected. Approximately 25% of these displayed low levels of reactivity to Bandrowski's base. Clones from the allergic patients secreted a range of cytokines including IFN-γ, Il-13, and Il-22. In healthy donors, Bandrowski's base-specific T-cell proliferative responses and cytokine secretion were detected with both naı̈ve and memory T-cells. T-cell clones generated from the Bandrowski's base-responsive cultures responded to Bandrowski's base but not PPD. PPD-specific naı̈ve and memory T-cell responses were not detected from healthy donors. These data show that Bandrowski's base stimulates pre-existing memory T-cells isolated from healthy donors and primes naı̈ve T-cells when the chemical is bound to autologous dendritic cells. Priming naı̈ve T-cells against PPD failed, suggesting an important individual susceptibility factor is missing from the in vitro T-cell priming assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gibson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, South Korea
| | - Lee Faulkner
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Jane Evely
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Kevin B Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
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Zanoni TB, Hudari F, Munnia A, Peluso M, Godschalk RW, Zanoni MVB, den Hartog GJM, Bast A, Barros SBM, Maria-Engler SS, Hageman GJ, de Oliveira DP. The oxidation of p-phenylenediamine, an ingredient used for permanent hair dyeing purposes, leads to the formation of hydroxyl radicals: Oxidative stress and DNA damage in human immortalized keratinocytes. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:194-204. [PMID: 26456176 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The hair-dyeing ingredient, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), was previously reported to be mutagenic, possibly by inducing oxidative stress. However, the exact mechanism of PPD in inducing oxidative stress upon skin exposure during hair-dyeing in human keratinocytes remains unknown. The aim of our studies was therefore to investigate the toxicity of PPD and its by-products in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) after auto-oxidation and after reaction with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We found that the PPD half maximal effective cytotoxic concentration (EC50) to HaCaT is 39.37 and 35.63 μg/mL after 24 and 48 h, respectively, without addition of H2O2 to induce oxidation. When PPD (10 or 100 μg/mL) is combined with 10.5 μg/mL of H2O2, intracellular ROS production by HaCaT after 1 h was significantly increased and enhanced levels of DNA damage were observed after 4 h of exposure. After 24 h incubations, 20 μg/mL of PPD increased the level of DNA oxidation in HaCaT. Also, we found that the in vitro reaction between PPD and H2O2, even below the maximum allowance by cosmetic industries, released hydroxyl radicals which can damage DNA. Taken together, we conclude that PPD alone and when combined with H2O2 increases the formation of reactive oxygen species in human keratinocytes, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent DNA damage. These alterations suggest that the mechanism by which PPD exposure, alone or combined with H2O2, damages keratinocytes by the formation of the high reactive HO∙ radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita B Zanoni
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Hudari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), R. Prof. Francisco Degni, s/n, CEP 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Armelle Munnia
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Via Cosimo il Vecchi 2, 500139 Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Peluso
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Via Cosimo il Vecchi 2, 500139 Florence, Italy
| | - Roger W Godschalk
- Department of Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Valnice B Zanoni
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), R. Prof. Francisco Degni, s/n, CEP 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Gertjan J M den Hartog
- Department of Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia B M Barros
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvya S Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geja J Hageman
- Department of Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Nohynek GJ, Skare JA, Meuling WJ, Wehmeyer KR, de Bie ATH, Vaes WH, Dufour EK, Fautz R, Steiling W, Bramante M, Toutain H. Human systemic exposure to [ 14 C]-paraphenylenediamine-containing oxidative hair dyes: Absorption, kinetics, metabolism, excretion and safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 81:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hudari FF, de Almeida LC, da Silva BF, Zanoni MVB. Voltammetric sensor for simultaneous determination of p-phenylenediamine and resorcinol in permanent hair dyeing and tap water by composite carbon nanotubes/chitosan modified electrode. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gundert-Remy U, Bernauer U, Blömeke B, Döring B, Fabian E, Goebel C, Hessel S, Jäckh C, Lampen A, Oesch F, Petzinger E, Völkel W, Roos PH. Extrahepatic metabolism at the body's internal–external interfaces. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:291-324. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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44
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Goebel C, Troutman J, Hennen J, Rothe H, Schlatter H, Gerberick GF, Blömeke B. Introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain into p-phenylenediamine attenuates its sensitizing potency and reduces the risk of allergy induction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:480-7. [PMID: 24333256 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The strong sensitizing potencies of the most important primary intermediates of oxidative hair dyes, p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and p-toluylenediamine (PTD, i.e. 2-methyl-PPD) are well established. They are considered as the key sensitizers in hair dye allergic contact dermatitis. While modification of their molecular structure is expected to alter their sensitizing properties, it may also impair their color performance. With introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain we found the primary intermediate 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine (ME-PPD) with excellent hair coloring performance but significantly reduced sensitizing properties compared to PPD and PTD: In vitro, ME-PPD showed an attenuated innate immune response when analyzed for its protein reactivity and dendritic cell activation potential. In vivo, the effective concentration of ME-PPD necessary to induce an immune response 3-fold above vehicle control (EC3 value) in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) was 4.3%, indicating a moderate skin sensitizing potency compared to values of 0.1 and 0.17% for PPD and PTD, respectively. Finally, assessing the skin sensitizing potency of ME-PPD under consumer hair dye usage conditions through a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) indicated an allergy induction risk negligible compared to PPD or PTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Goebel
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - John Troutman
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jenny Hennen
- Dept. of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Helga Rothe
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Schlatter
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Frank Gerberick
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Zeller A, Pfuhler S. N-acetylation of three aromatic amine hair dye precursor molecules eliminates their genotoxic potential. Mutagenesis 2013; 29:37-48. [PMID: 24275315 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylation has been described as a detoxification reaction for aromatic amines; however, there is only limited data available showing that this metabolic conversion step changes their genotoxicity potential. To extend this database, three aromatic amines, all widely used as precursors in oxidative hair dye formulations, were chosen for this study: p-phenylenediamine (PPD), 2,5-diaminotoluene (DAT) and 4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene (AHT). Aiming at a deeper mechanistic understanding of the interplay between activation and detoxification for this chemical class, we compared the genotoxicity profiles of the parent compounds with those of their N-acetylated metabolites. While PPD, DAT and AHT all show genotoxic potential in vitro, their N-acetylated metabolites completely lack genotoxic potential as shown in the Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay, micronucleus test with cultured human lymphocytes (AHT), chromosome aberration assay with V79 cells (DAT) and Comet assay performed with V79 cells. For the bifunctional aromatic amines studied (PPD and DAT), monoacetylation was sufficient to completely abolish their genotoxic potential. Detoxification through N-acetylation was further confirmed by comparing PPD, DAT and AHT in the Comet assay using standard V79 cells (N-acetyltransferase (NAT) deficient) and two NAT-proficient cell lines,V79NAT1*4 and HaCaT (human keratinocytes). Here we observed a clear shift of dose-response curves towards decreased genotoxicity of the parent aromatic amines in the NAT-proficient cells. These findings suggest that genotoxic effects will only be found at concentrations where the N-acetylation (detoxifying) capacity of the cells is overwhelmed, indicating that a 'first-pass' effect in skin could be taken into account for risk assessment of these topically applied aromatic amines. The findings also indicate that the use of liver S-9 preparations, which generally underestimate Phase II reactions, contributes to the generation of irrelevant positive results in standard genotoxicity tests for this chemical class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zeller
- The Procter and Gamble Co., Cosmital SA, Route de Chésalles 21, 1723 Marly, Switzerland
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Fischer K, Höffler S, Wacht M, Meyer A. HPLC Separation of Aryldiamine Transformation Products using a Polar-Modified RP-C18Column. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.811681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pot LM, Scheitza SM, Coenraads PJ, Blömeke B. Penetration and haptenation of p-phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 68:193-207. [PMID: 23510340 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although p-phenylenediamine (PPD) has been recognized as an extreme sensitizer for many years, the exact mechanism of sensitization has not been elucidated yet. Penetration and the ability to bind to proteins are the first two hurdles that an allergen has to overcome to be able to sensitize. This review is an overview of studies regarding PPD penetration through skin (analogues) and studies on the amino acids that are targeted by PPD. To complete this review, the auto-oxidation and N-acetylation steps involved in PPD metabolism are described. In summary, under normal hair dyeing exposure conditions, <1% of the applied PPD dose penetrates the skin. The majority (>80%) of PPD that penetrates will be converted into the detoxification products monoacetyl-PPD and diacetyl-PPD by the N-acetyltransferase enzymes. The small amount of PPD that does not become N-acetylated is susceptible to auto-oxidation reactions, yielding protein-reactive PPD derivatives. These derivatives may bind to specific amino acids, and some of the formed adducts might be the complexes responsible for sensitization. However, true in vivo evidence is lacking, and further research to unravel the definite mechanism of sensitization is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Pot
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jaworska J, Dancik Y, Kern P, Gerberick F, Natsch A. Bayesian integrated testing strategy to assess skin sensitization potency: from theory to practice. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:1353-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jaworska
- Procter & Gamble NV; 100 Temselaan,; 1853; Strombeek - Bever; Belgium
| | - Yuri Dancik
- Procter & Gamble NV; 100 Temselaan,; 1853; Strombeek - Bever; Belgium
| | - Petra Kern
- Procter & Gamble NV; 100 Temselaan,; 1853; Strombeek - Bever; Belgium
| | | | - Andreas Natsch
- Givaudan Schweiz AG; Ueberlandstrasse 138,; CH-8600,; Dübendorf; Switzerland
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Metabolic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles, a common component of sunscreens and cosmetics, on human keratinocytes. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e549. [PMID: 23519118 PMCID: PMC3615742 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The long-term health risks of nanoparticles remain poorly understood, which is a serious concern given their prevalence in the environment from increased industrial and domestic use. The extent to which such compounds contribute to cellular toxicity is unclear, and although it is known that induction of oxidative stress pathways is associated with this process, the proteins and the metabolic pathways involved with nanoparticle-mediated oxidative stress and toxicity are largely unknown. To investigate this problem further, the effect of TiO2 on the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line was examined. The data show that although TiO2 does not affect cell cycle phase distribution, nor cell death, these nanoparticles have a considerable and rapid effect on mitochondrial function. Metabolic analysis was performed to identify 268 metabolites of the specific pathways involved and 85 biochemical metabolites were found to be significantly altered, many of which are known to be associated with the cellular stress response. Importantly, the uptake of nanoparticles into the cultured cells was restricted to phagosomes, TiO2 nanoparticles did not enter into the nucleus or any other cytoplasmic organelle. No other morphological changes were detected after 24-h exposure consistent with a specific role of mitochondria in this response.
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Uetrecht J, Naisbitt DJ. Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions: current concepts. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:779-808. [PMID: 23476052 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for patients; they also markedly increase the uncertainty of drug development. The major targets are skin, liver, and bone marrow. Clinical characteristics suggest that IDRs are immune mediated, and there is substantive evidence that most, but not all, IDRs are caused by chemically reactive species. However, rigorous mechanistic studies are very difficult to perform, especially in the absence of valid animal models. Models to explain how drugs or reactive metabolites interact with the MHC/T-cell receptor complex include the hapten and P-I models, and most recently it was found that abacavir can interact reversibly with MHC to alter the endogenous peptides that are presented to T cells. The discovery of HLA molecules as important risk factors for some IDRs has also significantly contributed to our understanding of these adverse reactions, but it is not yet clear what fraction of IDRs have a strong HLA dependence. In addition, with the exception of abacavir, most patients who have the HLA that confers a higher IDR risk with a specific drug will not have an IDR when treated with that drug. Interindividual differences in T-cell receptors and other factors also presumably play a role in determining which patients will have an IDR. The immune response represents a delicate balance, and immune tolerance may be the dominant response to a drug that can cause IDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Uetrecht
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S3M2.
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