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Martin-Morales N, Padial-Molina M, Tovar I, De Araujo Farias V, Hernández-Cortés P, Ramirez-Moreno E, Caba-Molina M, Davis J, Carrero Castaño A, Ruiz de Almodovar JM, Galindo-Moreno P, Oliver-Pozo J, O'Valle Ravassa FJ. IMP3 Immunohistochemical Expression Is Related with Progression and Metastases in Xenografted and Cutaneous Melanomas. Pathobiology 2023; 91:132-143. [PMID: 37797584 DOI: 10.1159/000533916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin-like growth factor-II messenger RNA-binding protein-3 (IMP3) over-expression is a predictor of tumor recurrence and metastases in some types of human melanoma. Our objective was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of IMP3 and other molecules related to tumor prognosis in melanoma-xeno-tumors undergoing treatment. We test the effect of radiotherapy (RT) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) treatment, analyzing the tumorigenic and metastatsizing capacity in a mice melanoma xenograft model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We inoculated A375 and G361 human melanoma cell lines into NOD/SCID gamma mice (n = 64). We established a control group, a group treated with MSCs, a group treated with MSCs plus RT, and a group treated with RT. We assessed the immunohistochemical expression of IMP3, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, PARP1, HIF-1α, and the proliferation marker Ki-67. Additionally, we performed a retrospective study including 114 histological samples of patients diagnosed with malignant cutaneous superficial spreading melanoma (n = 104) and nodular melanoma (n = 10) with at least 5 years of follow-up. RESULTS Most morphological and immunohistochemical features show statistically significant differences between the 2 cell lines. The A375 cell line induced the formation of metastases, while the G361 cell line provoked tumor formation but not metastases. All three treatments reduced the cell proliferation evaluated by the Ki-67 nuclear antigen (p = 0.000, one-way ANOVA test) and reduced the number of metastases (p = 0.004, one-way ANOVA test). In addition, the tumor volumes reduced in comparison with the control groups, 31.74% for RT + MSCs in the A357 tumor cell line, and 89.84% RT + MSCs in the G361 tumor cell line. We also found that IMP3 expression is associated with greater tumor aggressiveness and was significantly correlated with cell proliferation (measured by the expression of Ki-67), the number of metastases, and reduced expression of adhesion molecules. CONCLUSIONS The combined treatment of RT and MSCs on xenografted melanomas reduces tumor size, metastases frequency, and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition/PARP1 metastatic phenotype. This treatment also reduces the expression of molecules related to cellular proliferation (Ki-67), molecules that facilitate the metastatic process (E-cadherin), and molecules related with prognosis (IMP3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Martin-Morales
- Department of Pathology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,
| | - Miguel Padial-Molina
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Tovar
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginea De Araujo Farias
- Institute of Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative (IBIMER, CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Hernández-Cortés
- Biosanitary Institute (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinic San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Caba-Molina
- Department of Pathology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Intercentre Provincial Pathological Anatomy Unit of the San Cecilio Clinical University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Justin Davis
- Department of Business Administration, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, USA
| | - Alejandro Carrero Castaño
- Intercentre Provincial Pathological Anatomy Unit of the San Cecilio Clinical University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Galindo-Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Oliver-Pozo
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier O'Valle Ravassa
- Department of Pathology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative (IBIMER, CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma with a Combination of Immunotherapies and Molecularly Targeted Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153779. [PMID: 35954441 PMCID: PMC9367420 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapies and molecularly targeted therapies have drastically changed the therapeutic approach for unresectable advanced or metastatic melanoma. The majority of melanoma patients have benefitted from these therapies; however, some patients acquire resistance to them. Novel combinations of immunotherapies and molecularly targeted therapies may be more efficient in treating these patients. In this review, we discuss various combination therapies under pre-clinical and clinical development which can reduce toxicity, enhance efficacy, and prevent recurrences in patients with metastatic melanoma. Abstract Melanoma possesses invasive metastatic growth patterns and is one of the most aggressive types of skin cancer. In 2021, it is estimated that 7180 deaths were attributed to melanoma in the United States alone. Once melanoma metastasizes, traditional therapies are no longer effective. Instead, immunotherapies, such as ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab, are the treatment options for malignant melanoma. Several biomarkers involved in tumorigenesis have been identified as potential targets for molecularly targeted melanoma therapy, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Unfortunately, melanoma quickly acquires resistance to these molecularly targeted therapies. To bypass resistance, combination treatment with immunotherapies and single or multiple TKIs have been employed and have been shown to improve the prognosis of melanoma patients compared to monotherapy. This review discusses several combination therapies that target melanoma biomarkers, such as BRAF, MEK, RAS, c-KIT, VEGFR, c-MET and PI3K. Several of these regimens are already FDA-approved for treating metastatic melanoma, while others are still in clinical trials. Continued research into the causes of resistance and factors influencing the efficacy of these combination treatments, such as specific mutations in oncogenic proteins, may further improve the effectiveness of combination therapies, providing a better prognosis for melanoma patients.
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Liu C, Ding X, Wei C, Pei Y, Meng F, Zhong Y, Liu Y. LncRNA LNCOC1 is Upregulated in Melanoma and Serves as a Potential Regulatory Target of miR-124 to Suppress Cancer Cell Invasion and Migration. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:751-762. [PMID: 35502349 PMCID: PMC9056108 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s359786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background A cascade of genes and pathways have been reported in the precise regulation of malignant melanoma (MM). Previous study has demonstrated that lncRNA LNCOC1 is an oncogenic factor in the pathogenesis and development of various cancers. The present study explored the functionalities of LNCOC1 and its interactions with miR-124 in MM. Methods A total of 65 melanoma patients were enrolled in this study. The expression of LNCOC1 and miR-124 after cell transfection were detected by RT-qPCR. The migration rates of SK-MEL-3 and A375 cells after transient transfection with LNCOC1 expression vector and miR-124 mimic was detected by trans-well assay. Results LNCOC1 was accumulated to high levels in melanoma, and it was significantly correlated with the low survival rate of melanoma patients. Our bioinformatics data showed that miR-124 could target LNCOC1. Overexpression of miR-124 could downregulate LNCOC1. However, up-regulated the expression of LNCOC1 did not affect the expression of miR-124. Our correlation analysis also revealed that the expression of LNCOC1 and miR-124 were inversely correlated in both melanoma tissues and non-tumor tissues. The trans-well invasion and migration assays indicated that overexpression of miR-124 inhibited the melanoma cell invasion and migration. However, overexpression of LNCOC1 promoted melanoma cell invasion and migration. Conclusion LNCOC1 is upregulated in melanoma, which can be considered as a potential target of miR-124 in modulating melanoma cell invasion and migration. LNCOC1 may also be an interfering target of MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhai Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated of Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangsheng Ding
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated of Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuie Wei
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated of Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongdong Pei
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated of Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanjun Meng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated of Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuren Zhong
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated of Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Burn Plastic Surgery and Wound Repair, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Massimino M, Stella S, Micale G, Motta L, Pavone G, Broggi G, Piombino E, Magro G, Soto Parra HJ, Manzella L, Vigneri P. Mechanistic Translation of Melanoma Genetic Landscape in Enriched Pathways and Oncogenic Protein-Protein Interactions. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2022; 19:350-361. [PMID: 35430568 PMCID: PMC9016481 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Malignant melanoma is a skin cancer originating from the oncogenic transformation of melanocytes located in the epidermal layers. Usually, the patient's prognosis depends on timing of disease detection and molecular and genetic profiling, which may all significantly influence mortality rates. Genetic analyses often detect somatic BRAF, NRAS and cKIT mutations, germline substitutions in CDKN2A, and alterations of the PI3K-AKT-PTEN pathway. A peculiar molecular future of melanoma is its high immunogenicity, making this tumor targetable by programmed cell death protein 1-specific antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples derived from melanoma patients were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis using the FDA-approved FoundationOne CDx™ test. The molecular features of each case were then analyzed employing several in silico prediction tools. RESULTS We analyzed the mutational landscape of patients with metastatic or relapsed cutaneous melanoma to define enriched pathways and protein-protein interactions. The analysis showed that both known genetic alterations and variants of unknown significance rely on redundant signaling converging on similar gene ontology biological processes. Complex informatics analyses of NGS-based genetic results identified pivotal signaling pathways that could provide additional targets for cancer treatment. CONCLUSION Our data suggest an additional role for NGS in melanoma, as analysis of comprehensive genetic findings using innovative informatic tools may lengthen the list of druggable molecular targets that impact patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Massimino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy;
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - S. Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - S. Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Micale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Motta
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - S. Marco", Catania, Italy
- Medical Oncology, A.O.U. "G. Rodolico - S. Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Pavone
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - S. Marco", Catania, Italy
- Medical Oncology, A.O.U. "G. Rodolico - S. Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eliana Piombino
- Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Livia Manzella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - S. Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Vigneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - S. Marco", Catania, Italy
- Medical Oncology, A.O.U. "G. Rodolico - S. Marco", Catania, Italy
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Hsieh CC, Su YC, Jiang KY, Ito T, Li TW, Kaku-Ito Y, Cheng ST, Chen LT, Hwang DY, Shen CH. TRPM1 promotes tumor progression in acral melanoma by activating the Ca 2+/CaMKIIδ/AKT pathway. J Adv Res 2022; 43:45-57. [PMID: 36585114 PMCID: PMC9811324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acral melanoma is a predominant and aggressive subtype of melanoma in non-Caucasian populations. There is a lack of genotype-driven therapies for over 50% of patients. TRPM1 (transient receptor potential melastatin 1), a nonspecific cation channel, is mainly expressed in retinal bipolar neurons and skin. Nonetheless, the function of TRPM1 in melanoma progression is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between TRPM1 and acral melanoma progression and revealed the molecular mechanisms by which TRPM1 promotes tumor progression and malignancy. METHODS TRPM1 expression and CaMKII phosphorylation in tumor specimens were tested by immunohistochemistry analysis and scored by two independent investigators. The functions of TRPM1 and CaMKII were assessed using loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches and examined by western blotting, colony formation, cell migration and invasion, and xenograft tumor growth assays. The effects of a CaMKII inhibitor, KN93, were evaluated using both in vitro cell and in vivo xenograft mouse models. RESULTS We revealed that TRPM1 protein expression was positively associated with tumor progression and shorter survival in patients with acral melanoma. TRPM1 promoted AKT activation and the colony formation, cell mobility, and xenograft tumor growth of melanoma cells. TRPM1 elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels and activated CaMKIIδ (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIδ) to promote the CaMKIIδ/AKT interaction and AKT activation. The functions of TRPM1 in melanoma cells were suppressed by a CaMKII inhibitor, KN93. Significant upregulation of phospho-CaMKII levels in acral melanomas was related to increased expression of TRPM1. An acral melanoma cell line with high expression of TRPM1, CA11, was isolated from a patient to show the anti-tumor activity of KN93 in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS TRPM1 promotes tumor progression and malignancy in acral melanoma by activating the Ca2+/CaMKIIδ/AKT pathway. CaMKII inhibition may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating acral melanomas with high expression of TRPM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Che Hsieh
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Chiu Su
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Takamichi Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ting-Wei Li
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yumiko Kaku-Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shih-Tsung Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan,Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan,Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hung Shen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan,Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan,Corresponding author at: National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 367, Sheng-Li Rd., North District, Tainan 70456, Taiwan.
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Contribution of endoplasmic reticulum stress, MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways to the apoptotic death induced by a penicillin derivative in melanoma cells. Apoptosis 2021; 27:34-48. [PMID: 34773171 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously examined the in vitro and in vivo antitumor action of TAP7f, a synthetic triazolylpeptidyl penicillin, on murine melanoma cells. In this work, we explored the signal transduction pathways modulated by TAP7f in murine B16-F0 and human A375 melanoma cells, and the contribution of some intracellular signals to the apoptotic cell death. TAP7f decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increased phospho-p38, phospho-JNK and phospho-Akt levels. ERK1/2 blockage suppressed cell growth, while inhibition of p38, JNK and PI3K-I pathways reduced the antitumor effect of TAP7f. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 and JNK, or blockage of PI3K-I/Akt cascade with a dominant negative PI3K-I mutant diminished Bax expression levels and PARP-1 cleavage, indicating the involvement of these pathways in apoptosis. PI3K-I/Akt inhibition also favored an autophagic response, as evidenced by the higher expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3-II detected in transfected cells exposed to TAP7f. However, although PI3K-I/Akt blockage promoted an autophagic survival response, this mechanism appears not to be critical for TAP7f antitumor action. It was also shown that TAP7f induced ER stress by enhancing the expression of ER stress-related genes and proteins. Downregulation of CHOP protein with specific siRNA increased cell growth and decreased cleavage of PARP-1, supporting its role in apoptosis. Furthermore, it was found that activation of p38, JNK and Akt occurred downstream ER perturbation. In summary, our results showed that TAP7f triggers an apoptotic cell death in melanoma cells through induction of ER stress and activation of p38, JNK and PI3K-I/Akt pathways.
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Pecora A, Laprise J, Dahmene M, Laurin M. Skin Cancers and the Contribution of Rho GTPase Signaling Networks to Their Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4362. [PMID: 34503171 PMCID: PMC8431333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common cancers worldwide. Among them, melanoma, basal cell carcinoma of the skin and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are the three major subtypes. These cancers are characterized by different genetic perturbations even though they are similarly caused by a lifelong exposure to the sun. The main oncogenic drivers of skin cancer initiation have been known for a while, yet it remains unclear what are the molecular events that mediate their oncogenic functions and that contribute to their progression. Moreover, patients with aggressive skin cancers have been known to develop resistance to currently available treatment, which is urging us to identify new therapeutic opportunities based on a better understanding of skin cancer biology. More recently, the contribution of cytoskeletal dynamics and Rho GTPase signaling networks to the progression of skin cancers has been highlighted by several studies. In this review, we underline the various perturbations in the activity and regulation of Rho GTPase network components that contribute to skin cancer development, and we explore the emerging therapeutic opportunities that are surfacing from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pecora
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec–Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.P.); (J.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Justine Laprise
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec–Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.P.); (J.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Manel Dahmene
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec–Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.P.); (J.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Mélanie Laurin
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec–Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.P.); (J.L.); (M.D.)
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V OA6, Canada
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Resistance to Molecularly Targeted Therapies in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051115. [PMID: 33807778 PMCID: PMC7961479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer with invasive growth patterns. In 2021, 106,110 patients are projected to be diagnosed with melanoma, out of which 7180 are expected to die. Traditional methods like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are not effective in the treatment of metastatic and advanced melanoma. Recent approaches to treat melanoma have focused on biomarkers that play significant roles in cell growth, proliferation, migration, and survival. Several FDA-approved molecular targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed against genetic biomarkers whose overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis. The use of targeted therapies as an alternative or supplement to immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of metastatic melanoma. Although this treatment strategy is more efficacious and less toxic in comparison to traditional therapies, targeted therapies are less effective after prolonged treatment due to acquired resistance caused by mutations and activation of alternative mechanisms in melanoma tumors. Recent studies focus on understanding the mechanisms of acquired resistance to these current therapies. Further research is needed for the development of better approaches to improve prognosis in melanoma patients. In this article, various melanoma biomarkers including BRAF, MEK, RAS, c-KIT, VEGFR, c-MET and PI3K are described, and their potential mechanisms for drug resistance are discussed.
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A20 promotes melanoma progression via the activation of Akt pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:794. [PMID: 32968045 PMCID: PMC7511359 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most life-threatening skin cancer with increasing incidence around the world. Although recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have brought revolutionary progress of the treatment outcome, the survival of patients with advanced melanoma remains unoptimistic, and metastatic melanoma is still an incurable disease. Therefore, to further understand the mechanism underlying melanoma pathogenesis could be helpful for developing novel therapeutic strategy. A20 is a crucial ubiquitin-editing enzyme implicated immunity regulation, inflammatory responses and cancer pathogenesis. Herein, we report that A20 played an oncogenic role in melanoma. We first found that the expression of A20 was significantly up-regulated in melanoma cell lines. Then, we showed that knockdown of A20 suppressed melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and melanoma growth in vivo through the regulation of cell-cycle progression. Moreover, A20 could potentiate the invasive and migratory capacities of melanoma cell in vitro and melanoma metastasis in vivo by promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, we found that Akt activation mediated the oncogenic effect of A20 on melanoma development, with the involvement of glycolysis. What’s more, the up-regulation of A20 conferred the acquired resistance to Vemurafenib in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Taken together, we demonstrated that up-regulated A20 promoted melanoma progression via the activation of Akt pathway, and that A20 could be exploited as a potential therapeutic target for melanoma treatment.
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Su T, Wang YP, Wang XN, Li CY, Zhu PL, Huang YM, Yang ZY, Chen SB, Yu ZL. The JAK2/STAT3 pathway is involved in the anti-melanoma effects of brevilin A. Life Sci 2019; 241:117169. [PMID: 31843524 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Melanoma is lethal. Constitutively active signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been proposed as a pathogenic factor and a therapeutic target of melanoma. Brevilin A, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. et Aschers., has been shown to exert antineoplastic effects and inhibit the STAT3 pathway in nasopharyngeal, lung, prostate and breast cancer cells. This study aimed to determine whether brevilin A has anti-melanoma effects, and whether STAT3 signaling is involved in the effects. MAIN METHODS A mouse A375 xenograft model, as well as A375 and A2058 cell models were employed to assess the in vivo and in vitro anti-melanoma effects of brevilin A. A375 cells stably expressing STAT3C, a constitutively active STAT3 mutant, were used to determine the role of STAT3 signaling in brevilin A's anti-melanoma effects. KEY FINDINGS Intraperitoneal injection of brevilin A dose-dependently inhibited melanoma growth in mice and suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation in the tumors. In cultured cells, brevilin A reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis, suppressed migration and invasion, decreased protein levels of phospho-JAK2 (Y1007/1008) and phospho-STAT3 (Tyr705), and restrained STAT3 nuclear localization. STAT3 over-activation diminished brevilin A's effects on cell viability and migration. Collectively, brevilin A exerts anti-melanoma effects and these effects are at least in part attributed to the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provide a pharmacological basis for developing brevilin A as a new phytotherapeutic agent against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ya-Ping Wang
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin-Ning Wang
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Yu Li
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei-Li Zhu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Mei Huang
- Guangzhou Caizhilin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Ye Yang
- Guangdong Institute For Drug Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Si-Bao Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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11
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Translational pathology, genomics and the development of systemic therapies for acral melanoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:149-157. [PMID: 31689494 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acral melanomas arise on the non-hair bearing skin of the palms, soles and in the nail beds. These rare tumors comprise 2-3 % of all melanomas, are not linked to UV-exposure, and represent the most frequent subtype of melanomas in patients of Asian, African and Hispanic origin. Although recent work has revealed candidate molecular events that underlie acral melanoma development, this knowledge is not yet been translated into efficacious local, regional, or systemic therapies. In the current review, we describe the clinical characteristics of acral melanoma and outline the genetic basis of acral melanoma development. Further discussion is given to the current status of systemic therapy for acral melanoma with a focus on ongoing developments in both immunotherapy and targeted therapy for the treatment of advanced disease.
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12
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Śniegocka M, Podgórska E, Płonka PM, Elas M, Romanowska-Dixon B, Szczygieł M, Żmijewski MA, Cichorek M, Markiewicz A, Brożyna AA, Słominski AT, Urbańska K. Transplantable Melanomas in Hamsters and Gerbils as Models for Human Melanoma. Sensitization in Melanoma Radiotherapy-From Animal Models to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1048. [PMID: 29614755 PMCID: PMC5979283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of the present review is to investigate the role of melanin in the radioprotection of melanoma and attempts to sensitize tumors to radiation by inhibiting melanogenesis. Early studies showed radical scavenging, oxygen consumption and adsorption as mechanisms of melanin radioprotection. Experimental models of melanoma in hamsters and in gerbils are described as well as their use in biochemical and radiobiological studies, including a spontaneously metastasizing ocular model. Some results from in vitro studies on the inhibition of melanogenesis are presented as well as radio-chelation therapy in experimental and clinical settings. In contrast to cutaneous melanoma, uveal melanoma is very successfully treated with radiation, both using photon and proton beams. We point out that the presence or lack of melanin pigmentation should be considered, when choosing therapeutic options, and that both the experimental and clinical data suggest that melanin could be a target for radiosensitizing melanoma cells to increase efficacy of radiotherapy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Śniegocka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Podgórska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Przemysław M Płonka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Martyna Elas
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Bożena Romanowska-Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Medical College of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał A Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Mirosława Cichorek
- Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Anna Markiewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Medical College of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Andrzej T Słominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Krystyna Urbańska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
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13
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Rouaud F, Boucher JL, Slama-Schwok A, Rocchi S. Mechanism of melanoma cells selective apoptosis induced by a photoactive NADPH analogue. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82804-82819. [PMID: 27756874 PMCID: PMC5347734 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most lethal cancers when it reaches a metastatic stage. Despite the spectacular achievements of targeted therapies (BRAF inhibitors) or immuno-therapies (anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD1), most patients with melanoma will need additional treatments. Here we used a photoactive NADPH analogue called NS1 to induce cell death by inhibition of NADPH oxidases NOX in melanoma cells, including melanoma cells isolated from patients. In contrast, healthy melanocytes growth was unaffected by NS1 treatment. NS1 established an early Endoplasmic Reticulum stress by the early release of calcium mediated by (a) calcium-dependent redox-sensitive ion channel(s). These events initiated autophagy and apoptosis in all tested melanoma cells independently of their mutational status. The autophagy promoted by NS1 was incomplete. The autophagic flux was blocked at late stage events, consistent with the accumulation of p62, and a close localization of LC3 with NS1 associated with NS1 inhibition of NOX1 in autophagosomes. This hypothesis of a specific incomplete autophagy and apoptosis driven by NS1 was comforted by the use of siRNAs and pharmacological inhibitors blocking different processes. This study highlights the potential therapeutic interest of NS1 inducing cell death by triggering a selective ER stress and incomplete autophagy in melanoma cells harbouring wt and BRAF mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rouaud
- INSERM U1065 Team 1, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis et Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Rocchi
- INSERM U1065 Team 1, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis et Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
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14
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Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Molares-Vila A, Carnero-Gregorio M, Corbalán-Rivas A. Recent advances in melanoma research via "omics" platforms. J Proteomics 2017; 188:152-166. [PMID: 29138111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma has a high mortality rate and metastatic melanoma is highly resistant to conventional therapies. "Omics" fields such as proteomics and microRNA and exosome studies have provided new knowledge to complement the information generated by genomic studies. This work aimed to review the current status of biomarker discovery for melanoma through multi-"omics" platforms. A few sets of novel microRNAs and proteins are described, some of them with important implications in suppressing melanoma at different stages. Upregulation of genes involved in angiogenesis, immunosuppressive factors, modification of stroma, capture of melanoma cells in lymph nodes and factors responsible for tumour cell recruitment have been identified in exosomes, among molecules with other functions. A remarkable series of proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal/mesenchymal-epithelial transitions, inflammation, motility, proliferation and progression processes, centrosome amplification, aneuploidy, inhibition of CD8+ effector T-cells, and metastasis in general were identified. Genomic and protein-protein interactions or metabolome levels were not analysed. Proteomics tools such as Orbitrap shotgun mass spectrometry or deep mining proteomic analysis utilizing high-resolution reversed phase nanoseparation in combination with mass spectrometry are also discussed. The application of these tools together with bioinformatics approaches applied to the clinical setting will enable the implementation of personalized medicine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira
- Efficiency, Quality and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Spain; Dermatology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Alberto Molares-Vila
- Efficiency, Quality and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Spain; Department of Analytical & Food Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo (UVIGO), Spain
| | - Miguel Carnero-Gregorio
- Efficiency, Quality and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Immunology, Universidade de Vigo (UVIGO), Spain
| | - Alberte Corbalán-Rivas
- Nursery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, A Coruña, Spain
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15
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Fernandez M, Sutterlüty-Fall H, Schwärzler C, Lemeille S, Boehncke WH, Merat R. Overexpression of the human antigen R suppresses the immediate paradoxical proliferation of melanoma cell subpopulations in response to suboptimal BRAF inhibition. Cancer Med 2017; 6:1652-1664. [PMID: 28573821 PMCID: PMC5504324 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor plasticity and the heterogeneous response of melanoma cells to targeted therapies are major limits for the long‐term efficacy of this line of therapy. Targeting tumor plasticity is theoretically possible through the modulation of the expression of RNA‐binding proteins which can affect many different compensatory mechanisms of the adaptive response of malignant cells to targeted therapies. Human antigen R (HuR) is a modulator of gene expression and a transacting factor in the mRNA‐processing machinery used in the cell stress response, and is a potential target for reducing tumor plasticity. In this experiment, we exploit the inherent heterogeneous response of the A375 melanoma line to suboptimal BRAF inhibition as a model of immediate adaptive response. We first observe that HuR overexpression can prevent the heterogeneous response and thus the immediate paradoxical proliferation induced by low‐doses vemurafenib treatment. We then use single‐cell mass cytometry to characterize subpopulations, including those that paradoxically proliferate, based on their proliferation rate and the expression patterns of markers involved in the reversible adaptive resistance to BRAF inhibition and/or recognized as HuR targets involved in cell cycle regulation. Under suboptimal BRAF inhibition, HuR overexpression affects these subpopulations and their expression pattern with contrasting responses depending on their proliferation rate: faster‐proliferating vemurafenib‐sensitive or ‐resistant subpopulations showed higher death tendency and reduced size, and slower‐proliferating subpopulations showed an attenuated resistant expression response and their paradoxical proliferation was inhibited. These observations pave the way to new therapeutic strategies for preventing the heterogeneous response of tumors to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylise Fernandez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Schwärzler
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Dermatology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rastine Merat
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Dermatology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Massaro RR, Faião-Flores F, Rebecca VW, Sandri S, Alves-Fernandes DK, Pennacchi PC, Smalley KSM, Maria-Engler SS. Inhibition of proliferation and invasion in 2D and 3D models by 2-methoxyestradiol in human melanoma cells. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:242-250. [PMID: 28212889 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in the clinical management of melanoma, there remains a need for new pharmacological approaches to treat this cancer. 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) is a metabolite of estrogen that has shown anti-tumor effects in many cancer types. In this study we show that 2ME treatment leads to growth inhibition in melanoma cells, an effect associated with entry into senescence, decreased pRb and Cyclin B1 expression, increased p21/Cip1 expression and G2/M cell cycle arrest. 2ME treatment also inhibits melanoma cell growth in colony formation assay, including cell lines with acquired resistance to BRAF and BRAF+MEK inhibitors. We further show that 2ME is effective against melanoma with different BRAF and NRAS mutational status. Moreover, 2ME induced the retraction of cytoplasmic projections in a 3D spheroid model and significantly decreased cell proliferation in a 3D skin reconstruct model. Together our studies bring new insights into the mechanism of action of 2ME allowing melanoma targeted therapy to be further refined. Continued progress in this area is expected to lead to improved anti-cancer treatments and the development of new and more effective clinical analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Massaro
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Faião-Flores
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V W Rebecca
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - S Sandri
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D K Alves-Fernandes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P C Pennacchi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - S S Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Pathway Activations and New Routes to Targeted Therapies in Cutaneous Metastatic Melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 39:1-13. [PMID: 28045747 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive genomic profiling of clinical samples by next-generation sequencing (NGS) can identify one or more therapy targets for the treatment of metastatic melanoma (MM) with a single diagnostic test. METHODS NGS was performed on hybridization-captured, adaptor ligation-based libraries using DNA extracted from 4 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections cut at 10 microns from 30 MM cases. The exons of 182 cancer-related genes were fully sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 at an average sequencing depth of 1098X and evaluated for genomic alterations (GAs) including point mutations, insertions, deletions, copy number alterations, and select gene fusions/rearrangements. Clinically relevant GAs (CRGAs) were defined as those identifying commercially available targeted therapeutics or therapies in registered clinical trials. RESULTS The 30 American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage IV MM included 17 (57%) male and 13 (43%) female patients with a mean age of 59.5 years (range 41-83 years). All MM samples had at least 1 GA, and an average of 2.7 GA/sample (range 1-7) was identified. The mean number of GA did not differ based on age or sex; however, on average, significantly more GAs were identified in amelanotic and poorly differentiated MM. GAs were most commonly identified in BRAF (12 cases, 40%), CDKN2A (6 cases, 20%), NF1 (8 cases, 26.7%), and NRAS (6 cases, 20%). CRGAs were identified in all patients, and represented 77% of the GA (64/83) detected. The median and mean CRGAs per tumor were 2 and 2.1, respectively (range 1-7). CONCLUSION Comprehensive genomic profiling of MM, using a single diagnostic test, uncovers an unexpectedly high number of CRGA that would not be identified by standard of care testing. Moreover, NGS has the potential to influence therapy selection and can direct patients to enter relevant clinical trials evaluating promising targeted therapies.
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18
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Cardile V, Graziano ACE, Avola R, Piovano M, Russo A. Potential anticancer activity of lichen secondary metabolite physodic acid. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 263:36-45. [PMID: 28012710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites present in lichens, which comprise aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic and terpenic compounds, are unique with respect to those of higher plants and show interesting biological and pharmacological activities. However, only a few of these compounds, have been assessed for their effectiveness against various in vitro cancer models. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of three lichen secondary metabolites (atranorin, gyrophoric acid and physodic acid) on A375 melanoma cancer cell line. The tested compounds arise from different lichen species collected in different areas of Continental and Antarctic Chile. The obtained results confirm the major efficiency of depsidones. In fact, depsides atranorin and gyrophoric acid, showed a lower activity inhibiting the melanoma cancer cells only at more high concentrations. Whereas the depsidone physodic acid, showed a dose-response relationship in the range of 6.25-50 μM concentrations in A375 cells, activating an apoptotic process, that probably involves the reduction of Hsp70 expression. Although the molecular mechanism, by which apoptosis is induced by physodic acid remains unclear, and of course further studies are needed, the results here reported confirm the promising biological properties of depsidone compounds, and may offer a further impulse to the development of analogues with more powerful efficiency against melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - A C E Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - R Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - M Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, University Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Casilla 110-V, Valparaìso, Chile
| | - A Russo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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19
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Kircher DA, Silvis MR, Cho JH, Holmen SL. Melanoma Brain Metastasis: Mechanisms, Models, and Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1468. [PMID: 27598148 PMCID: PMC5037746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of brain metastases in patients with advanced stage melanoma is common, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for their development are poorly understood. Melanoma brain metastases cause significant morbidity and mortality and confer a poor prognosis; traditional therapies including whole brain radiation, stereotactic radiotherapy, or chemotherapy yield only modest increases in overall survival (OS) for these patients. While recently approved therapies have significantly improved OS in melanoma patients, only a small number of studies have investigated their efficacy in patients with brain metastases. Preliminary data suggest that some responses have been observed in intracranial lesions, which has sparked new clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy in melanoma patients with brain metastases. Simultaneously, recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of melanoma cell dissemination to the brain have revealed novel and potentially therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide an overview of newly discovered mechanisms of melanoma spread to the brain, discuss preclinical models that are being used to further our understanding of this deadly disease and provide an update of the current clinical trials for melanoma patients with brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kircher
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Mark R Silvis
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Joseph H Cho
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Sheri L Holmen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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20
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Cerezo M, Lehraiki A, Millet A, Rouaud F, Plaisant M, Jaune E, Botton T, Ronco C, Abbe P, Amdouni H, Passeron T, Hofman V, Mograbi B, Dabert-Gay AS, Debayle D, Alcor D, Rabhi N, Annicotte JS, Héliot L, Gonzalez-Pisfil M, Robert C, Moréra S, Vigouroux A, Gual P, Ali MMU, Bertolotto C, Hofman P, Ballotti R, Benhida R, Rocchi S. Compounds Triggering ER Stress Exert Anti-Melanoma Effects and Overcome BRAF Inhibitor Resistance. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:805-819. [PMID: 27238082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered and developed a series of molecules (thiazole benzenesulfonamides). HA15, the lead compound of this series, displayed anti-cancerous activity on all melanoma cells tested, including cells isolated from patients and cells that developed resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Our molecule displayed activity against other liquid and solid tumors. HA15 also exhibited strong efficacy in xenograft mouse models with melanoma cells either sensitive or resistant to BRAF inhibitors. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical studies identified the chaperone BiP/GRP78/HSPA5 as the specific target of HA15 and demonstrated that the interaction increases ER stress, leading to melanoma cell death by concomitant induction of autophagic and apoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Cerezo
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Abdelali Lehraiki
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Antoine Millet
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR UNS-CNRS 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Florian Rouaud
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Magali Plaisant
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Emilie Jaune
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Thomas Botton
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Cyril Ronco
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR UNS-CNRS 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Patricia Abbe
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Hella Amdouni
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR UNS-CNRS 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Thierry Passeron
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France; Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Archet II, CHU, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Veronique Hofman
- UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France; Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Nice 06107, France; Laboratoire de pathologie clinique et expérimentale et Hospital-related biobank (BB-0033-00025), Hôpital Pasteur, 06002 Nice, France
| | - Baharia Mograbi
- UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France; Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Nice 06107, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Dabert-Gay
- UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France; CNRS UMR 7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), 06560 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Delphine Debayle
- UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France; CNRS UMR 7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), 06560 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Damien Alcor
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Nabil Rabhi
- University Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Laurent Héliot
- Equipe Biophotonique Cellulaire Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM) GDR 2588, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mariano Gonzalez-Pisfil
- Equipe Biophotonique Cellulaire Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM) GDR 2588, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Caroline Robert
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Campus, Gustave Roussy Institute, 114, rue Edouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Solange Moréra
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Philippe Gual
- INSERM, U1065, Team 8, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France
| | - Maruf M U Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France; Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Archet II, CHU, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France; Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Nice 06107, France; Laboratoire de pathologie clinique et expérimentale et Hospital-related biobank (BB-0033-00025), Hôpital Pasteur, 06002 Nice, France
| | - Robert Ballotti
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France; Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Archet II, CHU, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR UNS-CNRS 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France.
| | - Stéphane Rocchi
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe Biologie et Pathologie des cellules mélanocytaire: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice cedex 3, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France; Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Archet II, CHU, 06204 Nice, France.
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21
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Imrédi E, Tóth B, Doma V, Barbai T, Rásó E, Kenessey I, Tímár J. Aquaporin 1 protein expression is associated with BRAF V600 mutation and adverse prognosis in cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:254-60. [PMID: 26848795 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite experimental findings suggesting the prognostic significance of Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) in human melanoma, no published clinical data are available. We studied the expression of AQP1 protein in cutaneous melanoma, correlated our findings with standard histological and genetic markers, and long-term clinical follow-up. Our study evaluated the AQP1 protein expression in 78 melanoma patients, representing two predefined risk cohorts using the immune labeling technique with commercially available anti-AQP1 antibodies on routinely formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples. BRAF V600E mutation analyses were carried out successfully in 70 patients using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, followed by confirmatory analysis with the Sanger sequencing technique. AQP1-expressing melanoma cells were found in 52 cases (66.7%, median H-score=124.24). Significantly higher AQP1 H-scores (P=0.047) were found in the 'high-risk' patients. No correlations were found with the established histological markers, such as mitotic index (P=0.42), Clark level (P=0.95), and Breslow thickness (P=0.51). BRAF V600 mutation analyses were successful in 89%, and showed a two times higher mutation frequency in the 'high-risk' group. The BRAF V600 mutations were significantly associated with AQP1 expression (P=0.014). Long-term follow-up indicated a reduced progression-free survival (P=0.036) and overall survival (P=0.017) for the AQP1-positive cutaneous melanoma patients. AQP1 expression is likely to be associated with an adverse prognosis in cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Imrédi
- aSecond Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University bDepartment of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology of Semmelweis University cMolecular Oncology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Jiang Y, Shi X, Zhao Q, Krauthammer M, Rothberg BEG, Ma S. Integrated analysis of multidimensional omics data on cutaneous melanoma prognosis. Genomics 2016; 107:223-30. [PMID: 27141884 PMCID: PMC4893887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple types of genetic, epigenetic, and genomic changes have been implicated in cutaneous melanoma prognosis. Many of the existing studies are limited in analyzing a single type of omics measurement and cannot comprehensively describe the biological processes underlying prognosis. As a result, the obtained prognostic models may be less satisfactory, and the identified prognostic markers may be less informative. The recently collected TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data have a high quality and comprehensive omics measurements, making it possible to more comprehensively and more accurately model prognosis. In this study, we first describe the statistical approaches that can integrate multiple types of omics measurements with the assistance of variable selection and dimension reduction techniques. Data analysis suggests that, for cutaneous melanoma, integrating multiple types of measurements leads to prognostic models with an improved prediction performance. Informative individual markers and pathways are identified, which can provide valuable insights into melanoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Xingjie Shi
- Department of Statistics, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, RY34, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Bonnie E Gould Rothberg
- Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Pathology, Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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23
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Schneider P, Schön M, Pletz N, Seitz CS, Liu N, Ziegelbauer K, Zachmann K, Emmert S, Schön MP. The novel PI3 kinase inhibitor, BAY 80-6946, impairs melanoma growth in vivo and in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2016; 23:579-84. [PMID: 24942196 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to its almost universal resistance to chemotherapy, metastasized melanoma remains a major challenge in clinical oncology. Given that phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) activation in melanoma cells is associated with poor prognosis, disease progression and resistance to chemotherapy, the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway is a promising therapeutic target for melanoma treatment. We analysed six human melanoma cell lines for their constitutive activation of Akt and then tested two representative lines, A375 and LOX, for their susceptibility to PI3K-inhibition by the highly specific small molecule inhibitor, BAY 80-6946. In addition, the effect of BAY 80-6946 on A375 and LOX melanoma cells was assessed in vivo in a xenotransplantation mouse model. We provide experimental evidence that specifically inhibiting the PI3K pathway and phosphorylation of Akt by this novel compound results in antitumoral activities including inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo. However, the susceptibility did not show a clear-cut pattern and differed between the melanoma cell lines tested, resulting in in vivo growth inhibition of A375 but not LOX melanoma cells. Thus, in some cases BAY 80-6946 or related compounds may be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philine Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Russo A, Cardile V, Graziano AC, Rigano D, Aktumsek A, Zengin G, Senatore F. Effect of Three Centaurea Species Collected from Central Anatolia Region of Turkey on Human Melanoma Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Centaurea is the largest genus within the Asteraceae family. Many members of this genus are used in traditional folk medicine, such as Centaurea pulchella used to treat skin problems such as to resolve the abscess. Although biological activities of many Centaurea species have been investigated in different countries and Turkey, cytotoxic effect of C. patula, C. pulchella and C. tchihatcheffii has not been studied yet. Melanoma is one of the most invasive and deadly forms of skin cancer. Therefore, in an ongoing effort to identify new natural anticancer products for the treatment and/or prevention of melanoma cancer, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of these Centaurea species, collected from Central Anatolia region of Turkey on cell growth and death in human melanoma cell line, A375. The results revealed that all extracts were able to inhibit, after 48 h of treatment, the growth of cancer cells, that could be related to an overall action of the phenolic compounds present. In fact, C. pulchella, with the highest level of phenolics, showed a major activity followed by C. patula and C. tchihatcheffii. Our data also demonstrate that these natural products induce apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, the study of plant extracts for their cytotoxic and apoptotic properties has shown that medicinal herbs from Centaurea species might have also importance in the prevention and treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Russo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana C.E. Graziano
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Rigano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I–80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gokhan Zengin
- Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Felice Senatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I–80131 Naples, Italy
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25
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Foth M, Wouters J, de Chaumont C, Dynoodt P, Gallagher WM. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in melanoma: an update. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 16:223-37. [PMID: 26620320 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1126511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers. Several new therapeutic strategies that focus on immuno- and/or targeted therapy have been developed, which have entered clinical trials or already been approved. This review provides an update on prognostic and predictive biomarkers in melanoma that may be used to improve the clinical management of patients. Prognostic markers include conventional histopathological characteristics, chromosomal aberrations, gene expression patterns and miRNA profiles. There is a trend towards multi-marker assays and whole-genome molecular screening methods to determine the prognosis of individual patients. Predictive biomarkers, including targeted components of signal transduction, developmental or transcriptional pathways, can be used to determine patient response towards a particular treatment or combination thereof. The rapid evolution of sequencing technologies and multi-marker screening will change the spectrum of patients who become candidates for therapeutic agents, and in addition create new ethical and regulatory challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Foth
- a OncoMark Ltd., NovaUCD, Bellfield , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.,b Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Jasper Wouters
- a OncoMark Ltd., NovaUCD, Bellfield , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.,c Translational Cell & Tissue Research , Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ciaran de Chaumont
- a OncoMark Ltd., NovaUCD, Bellfield , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.,d Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Peter Dynoodt
- a OncoMark Ltd., NovaUCD, Bellfield , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- a OncoMark Ltd., NovaUCD, Bellfield , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.,e UCD Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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26
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Shimizu A, Kaira K, Mori K, Kato M, Shimizu K, Yasuda M, Takahashi A, Oyama T, Asao T, Ishikawa O. Prognostic significance of β2-adrenergic receptor expression in malignant melanoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:5971-8. [PMID: 26596834 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies cite β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) antagonists as novel therapeutic agents for melanoma, as they may reduce the disease progression. The β2AR has shown to be expressed in malignant melanoma. However, it remains unclear whether the β2AR expression has a clinical and pathological significance in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. We herein conducted a clinicopathological study to investigate the protein expression of β2AR in malignant melanoma of the skin and its prognostic significance. One hundred thirty-three patients with surgically resected cutaneous malignant melanoma were evaluated. Tumor sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for β2AR, Ki-67, the microvessel density (MVD) determined by CD34, and p53. β2AR was highly expressed in 44.4 % (59 out of 133) of the patients. The expression of β2AR was significantly associated with the tumor thickness, ulceration, T factor, N factor, disease stage, tumor size, cell proliferation (Ki-67), and MVD (CD34). Using Spearman's rank test, the β2AR expression was correlated with Ki-67 (r = 0.278; 95 % CI, 0.108 to 0.432; P = 0.001), CD34 (r = 0.445; 95 %CI, 0.293 to 0.575; P < 0.001), and the tumor size (r = 0.226; 95 % CI, 0.053 to 0.386; P = 0.008). Using a univariate analysis, the tumor thickness, ulceration, disease stage, β2AR, Ki-67, and CD34 had a significant relationship with the overall and progression-free survivals. A multivariable analysis confirmed that β2AR was an independent prognostic factor for predicting a poor overall survival (HR 1.730; 95 % CI 1.221-2.515) and progression-free survival (HR 1.576; 95 % CI 1.176-2.143) of malignant melanoma of the skin. β2AR can serve as a promising prognostic factor for predicting a worse outcome after surgical treatment and may play an important role in the development and aggressiveness of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Keita Mori
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
| | - Madoka Kato
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Shimizu
- Department of Thoracic and Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahito Yasuda
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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27
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Michielin O, Hoeller C. Gaining momentum: New options and opportunities for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:660-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Palmieri G, Ombra M, Colombino M, Casula M, Sini M, Manca A, Paliogiannis P, Ascierto PA, Cossu A. Multiple Molecular Pathways in Melanomagenesis: Characterization of Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2015; 5:183. [PMID: 26322273 PMCID: PMC4530319 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of malignant melanoma have been widely studied and novel therapeutic treatments developed in recent past years. Molecular targets for therapy have mostly been recognized in the RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK and PI3K–AKT signaling pathways; small-molecule inhibitors were drawn to specifically target key kinases. Unfortunately, these targeted drugs may display intrinsic or acquired resistance and various evidences suggest that inhibition of a single effector of the signal transduction cascades involved in melanoma pathogenesis may be ineffective in blocking the tumor growth. In this sense, a wider comprehension of the multiple molecular alterations accounting for either response or resistance to treatments with targeted inhibitors may be helpful in assessing, which is the most effective combination of such therapies. In the present review, we summarize the known molecular mechanisms underlying either intrinsic and acquired drug resistance either alternative roads to melanoma pathogenesis, which may become targets for innovative anticancer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - MariaNeve Ombra
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Avellino , Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - MariaCristina Sini
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Microchirurgiche e Mediche, Università di Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | | | - Antonio Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Microchirurgiche e Mediche, Università di Sassari , Sassari , Italy
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29
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A Potent Inhibitor of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) and Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signalling, Quercetin (3, 3', 4', 5, 7-Pentahydroxyflavone) Promotes Cell Death in Ultraviolet (UV)-B-Irradiated B16F10 Melanoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131253. [PMID: 26148186 PMCID: PMC4493061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation–induced skin damage contributes strongly to the formation of melanoma, a highly lethal form of skin cancer. Quercetin (Qu), the most widely consumed dietary bioflavonoid and well known inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling, has been reported to be chemopreventive in several forms of non-melanoma skin cancers. Here, we report that the treatment of ultraviolet (UV)-B-irradiated B16F10 melanoma cells with quercetin resulted in a dose dependent reduction in cell viability and increased apoptosis. The present study has brought out that the pro-apoptotic effects of quercetin in UVB-irradiated B16F10 cells are mediated through the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, calcium homeostasis imbalance, modulation of anti-oxidant defence response and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). Promotion of UVB-induced cell death by quercetin was further revealed by cleavage of chromosomal DNA, caspase activation, poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and an increase in sub-G1 cells. Quercetin markedly attenuated MEK-ERK signalling, influenced PI3K/Akt pathway, and potentially enhanced the UVB-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation. Furthermore, combined UVB and quercetin treatment decreased the ratio of Bcl-2 to that of Bax, and upregulated the expression of Bim and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). Overall, these results suggest the possibility of using quercetin in combination with UVB as a possible treatment option for melanoma in future.
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30
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Wang C, Herrler T, Li Q. An updated review of mechanotransduction in skin disorders: transcriptional regulators, ion channels, and microRNAs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2091-106. [PMID: 25681865 PMCID: PMC11113187 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin is constantly exposed and responds to a wide range of biomechanical cues. The mechanobiology of skin has already been known and applied by clinicians long before the fundamental molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction are elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Despite increasing knowledge on the mediators of biomechanical signaling such as mitogen-associated protein kinases, Rho GTPases or FAK-ERK pathways, the key elements of mechano-responses transcription factors, and mechano-sensors remain unclear. Recently, canonical biochemical components of Hippo and Wnt signaling pathway YAP and β-catenin were found to exhibit undefined mechanical sensitivity. Mechanical forces were identified to be the dominant regulators of YAP/TAZ activity in a multicellular context. Furthermore, different voltage or ligand sensitive ion channels in the cell membrane exhibited their mechanical sensitivity as mechano-sensors. Additionally, a large number of microRNAs have been confirmed to regulate cellular behavior and contribute to various skin disorders under mechanical stimuli. Mechanosensitive (MS) microRNAs could not only be activated by distinct mechanical force pattern, but also responsively target MS sensors such as e-cadherin and cytoskeleton constituent RhoA. CONCLUSION Thus, a comprehensive understanding of this regulatory network of cutaneous mechanotransduction will facilitate the development of novel approaches to wound healing, hypertrophic scar formation, skin regeneration, and the progression or initiation of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,
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31
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Eliades P, Flaherty KT, Tsao H. Oncogene-directed small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:133-147. [PMID: 30190843 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Achievements in cancer genetics and molecular biology have revolutionized the treatment options available for advanced melanoma. Patients with certain molecularly defined melanomas have been the most fortunate beneficiaries of recently US FDA-approved therapies that target aberrant MAPK pathway signaling, yet response rates and duration of response remain suboptimal. Furthermore, many patients harbor melanomas for which no approved targeted therapies currently exist. Since the approval of vemurafenib, a selective BRAF V600E inhibitor, in 2011, there has been a surge of preclinical and clinical studies aimed at developing novel targeted therapies for a wide range of molecularly defined melanomas. In this review, we will examine the present status and future potential of molecularly targeted therapies directed at the most significant oncogenic signaling pathways in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Eliades
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Madrid A, Cardile V, González C, Montenegro I, Villena J, Caggia S, Graziano A, Russo A. Psoralea glandulosa as a potential source of anticancer agents for melanoma treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7944-59. [PMID: 25860949 PMCID: PMC4425060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of identifying novel agents with antigrowth and pro-apoptotic activity on melanoma cancer, the present study was undertaken to investigate the biological activity of the resinous exudate of aerial parts from Psoralea glandulosa, and its active components (bakuchiol (1), 3-hydroxy-bakuchiol (2) and 12-hydroxy-iso-bakuchiol (3)) against melanoma cells (A2058). In addition, the effect in cancer cells of bakuchiol acetate (4), a semi-synthetic derivative of bakuchiol, was examined. The results obtained show that the resinous exudate inhibited the growth of cancer cells with IC50 value of 10.5 μg/mL after 48 h of treatment, while, for pure compounds, the most active was the semi-synthetic compound 4. Our data also demonstrate that resin is able to induce apoptotic cell death, which could be related to an overall action of the meroterpenes present. In addition, our data seem to indicate that the apoptosis correlated to the tested products appears, at least in part, to be associated with an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In summary, our study provides the first evidence that P. glandulosa may be considered a source of useful molecules in the development of analogues with more potent efficacy against melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Madrid
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Avda. Leopoldo Carvallo 270, Playa Ancha, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - César González
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España N° 1680, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Ivan Montenegro
- Escuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Blanco N° 1911, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Joan Villena
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Hontaneda N° 2664, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Silvia Caggia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Adriana Graziano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Russo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Lai SL, Wong PF, Lim TK, Lin Q, Mustafa MR. Cytotoxic mechanisms of panduratin A on A375 melanoma cells: A quantitative and temporal proteomics analysis. Proteomics 2015; 15:1608-21. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Li Lai
- Centre of Natural Products & Drug Discovery (CENAR); Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Malaya; Malaysia
| | - Pooi-Fong Wong
- Centre of Natural Products & Drug Discovery (CENAR); Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Malaya; Malaysia
| | - Teck-Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Centre of Natural Products & Drug Discovery (CENAR); Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Malaya; Malaysia
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Gerlee P, Kim E, Anderson ARA. Bridging scales in cancer progression: mapping genotype to phenotype using neural networks. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 30:30-41. [PMID: 24830623 PMCID: PMC4533881 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review we summarise our recent efforts in trying to understand the role of heterogeneity in cancer progression by using neural networks to characterise different aspects of the mapping from a cancer cells genotype and environment to its phenotype. Our central premise is that cancer is an evolving system subject to mutation and selection, and the primary conduit for these processes to occur is the cancer cell whose behaviour is regulated on multiple biological scales. The selection pressure is mainly driven by the microenvironment that the tumour is growing in and this acts directly upon the cell phenotype. In turn, the phenotype is driven by the intracellular pathways that are regulated by the genotype. Integrating all of these processes is a massive undertaking and requires bridging many biological scales (i.e. genotype, pathway, phenotype and environment) that we will only scratch the surface of in this review. We will focus on models that use neural networks as a means of connecting these different biological scales, since they allow us to easily create heterogeneity for selection to act upon and importantly this heterogeneity can be implemented at different biological scales. More specifically, we consider three different neural networks that bridge different aspects of these scales and the dialogue with the micro-environment, (i) the impact of the micro-environment on evolutionary dynamics, (ii) the mapping from genotype to phenotype under drug-induced perturbations and (iii) pathway activity in both normal and cancer cells under different micro-environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gerlee
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Alexander R A Anderson
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Russo A, Cardile V, Graziano ACE, Formisano C, Rigano D, Canzoneri M, Bruno M, Senatore F. Comparison of essential oil components and in vitro anticancer activity in wild and cultivated Salvia verbenaca. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:1630-40. [PMID: 25537231 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.994212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of our research were to study the chemical composition and the in vitro anticancer effect of the essential oil of Salvia verbenaca growing in natural sites in comparison with those of cultivated (Sc) plants. The oil from wild (Sw) S. verbenaca presented hexadecanoic acid (23.1%) as the main constituent, while the oil from Sc plants contained high quantities of hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (9.7%), scarce in the natural oil (0.7%). The growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of the essential oils from Sw and Sc S. verbenaca were evaluated in the human melanoma cell line M14, testing cell vitality, cell membrane integrity, genomic DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity. Both the essential oils were able to inhibit the growth of the cancer cells examined inducing also apoptotic cell death, but the essential oil from cultivated samples exhibited the major effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Russo
- a Biochemistry Section, Department of Drug Sciences , University of Catania , V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania , Italy
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Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex. Nature 2014; 517:583-8. [PMID: 25494202 DOI: 10.1038/nature14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1899] [Impact Index Per Article: 189.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systematic interrogation of gene function requires the ability to perturb gene expression in a robust and generalizable manner. Here we describe structure-guided engineering of a CRISPR-Cas9 complex to mediate efficient transcriptional activation at endogenous genomic loci. We used these engineered Cas9 activation complexes to investigate single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting rules for effective transcriptional activation, to demonstrate multiplexed activation of ten genes simultaneously, and to upregulate long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) transcripts. We also synthesized a library consisting of 70,290 guides targeting all human RefSeq coding isoforms to screen for genes that, upon activation, confer resistance to a BRAF inhibitor. The top hits included genes previously shown to be able to confer resistance, and novel candidates were validated using individual sgRNA and complementary DNA overexpression. A gene expression signature based on the top screening hits correlated with markers of BRAF inhibitor resistance in cell lines and patient-derived samples. These results collectively demonstrate the potential of Cas9-based activators as a powerful genetic perturbation technology.
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Tay KH, Liu X, Chi M, Jin L, Jiang CC, Guo ST, Verrills NM, Tseng HY, Zhang XD. Involvement of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in killing of human melanoma cells by the sphingosine kinase analogue FTY720. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 28:171-83. [PMID: 25358761 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor (S1PR) signalling axis is emerging as a promising strategy in the treatment of cancer. However, the effect of such an approach on survival of human melanoma cells remains less understood. Here, we show that the sphingosine analogue FTY720 that functionally antagonises S1PRs kills human melanoma cells through a mechanism involving the vacuolar H(+) -ATPase activity. Moreover, we demonstrate that FTY720-triggered cell death is characterized by features of necrosis and is not dependent on receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 or lysosome cathepsins, nor was it associated with the activation of protein phosphatase 2A. Instead, it is mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species and is antagonized by activation of autophagy. Collectively, these results suggest that FTY720 and its analogues are promising candidates for further development as new therapeutic agents in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Hong Tay
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Ding L, Kim M, Kanchi KL, Dees ND, Lu C, Griffith M, Fenstermacher D, Sung H, Miller CA, Goetz B, Wendl MC, Griffith O, Cornelius LA, Linette GP, McMichael JF, Sondak VK, Fields RC, Ley TJ, Mulé JJ, Wilson RK, Weber JS. Clonal architectures and driver mutations in metastatic melanomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111153. [PMID: 25393105 PMCID: PMC4230926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the clonal architecture of melanoma and associated driver mutations, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and targeted extension sequencing were used to characterize 124 melanoma cases. Significantly mutated gene analysis using 13 WGS cases and 15 additional paired extension cases identified known melanoma genes such as BRAF, NRAS, and CDKN2A, as well as a novel gene EPHA3, previously implicated in other cancer types. Extension studies using tumors from another 96 patients discovered a large number of truncation mutations in tumor suppressors (TP53 and RB1), protein phosphatases (e.g., PTEN, PTPRB, PTPRD, and PTPRT), as well as chromatin remodeling genes (e.g., ASXL3, MLL2, and ARID2). Deep sequencing of mutations revealed subclones in the majority of metastatic tumors from 13 WGS cases. Validated mutations from 12 out of 13 WGS patients exhibited a predominant UV signature characterized by a high frequency of C->T transitions occurring at the 3′ base of dipyrimidine sequences while one patient (MEL9) with a hypermutator phenotype lacked this signature. Strikingly, a subclonal mutation signature analysis revealed that the founding clone in MEL9 exhibited UV signature but the secondary clone did not, suggesting different mutational mechanisms for two clonal populations from the same tumor. Further analysis of four metastases from different geographic locations in 2 melanoma cases revealed phylogenetic relationships and highlighted the genetic alterations responsible for differential drug resistance among metastatic tumors. Our study suggests that clonal evaluation is crucial for understanding tumor etiology and drug resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Minjung Kim
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Krishna L. Kanchi
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Dees
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Charles Lu
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Malachi Griffith
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Fenstermacher
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hyeran Sung
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Miller
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brian Goetz
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Wendl
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Obi Griffith
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lynn A. Cornelius
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gerald P. Linette
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joshua F. McMichael
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vernon K. Sondak
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Fields
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Ley
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James J. Mulé
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Weber
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Recent efforts in genomic research have enabled the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying many types of cancers, ushering novel approaches for diagnosis and therapeutics. Melanoma is a molecularly heterogeneous disease, as many genetic alterations have been identified and the clinical features can vary. Although discoveries of frequent mutations including BRAF have already made clinically significant impact on patient care, there is a growing body of literature suggesting a role for additional mutations, driver and passenger types, in disease pathophysiology. Although some mutations have been strongly associated with clinical phenotypes of melanomas (such as physical distribution or morphologic subtype), the function or implications of many of the recently identified mutations remains less clear. The phenotypic and clinical impact of genomic mutations in melanoma remains a promising opportunity for progress in the care of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B Hawryluk
- Dermatology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Oliveira CS, de Bock CE, Molloy TJ, Sadeqzadeh E, Geng XY, Hersey P, Zhang XD, Thorne RF. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor engages PI3K/Akt signalling and is a prognostic factor in metastatic melanoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:630. [PMID: 25168062 PMCID: PMC4155090 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a widely expressed cytokine involved in a variety of cellular processes including cell cycle regulation and the control of proliferation. Overexpression of MIF has been reported in a number of cancer types and it has previously been shown that MIF is upregulated in melanocytic tumours with the highest expression levels occurring in malignant melanoma. However, the clinical significance of high MIF expression in melanoma has not been reported. Methods MIF expression was depleted in human melanoma cell lines using siRNA-mediated gene knockdown and effects monitored using in vitro assays of proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, clonogenicity and Akt signalling. In silico analyses of expression microarray data were used to correlate MIF expression levels in melanoma tumours with overall patient survival using a univariate Cox regression model. Results Knockdown of MIF significantly decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis and decreased anchorage-independent growth. Effects were associated with reduced numbers of cells entering S phase concomitant with decreased cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression, increased p27 expression and decreased Akt phosphorylation. Analysis of clinical outcome data showed that MIF expression levels in primary melanoma were not associated with outcome (HR = 1.091, p = 0.892) whereas higher levels of MIF in metastatic lesions were significantly associated with faster disease progression (HR = 2.946, p = 0.003 and HR = 4.600, p = 0.004, respectively in two independent studies). Conclusions Our in vitro analyses show that MIF functions upstream of the PI3K/Akt pathway in human melanoma cell lines. Moreover, depletion of MIF inhibited melanoma proliferation, viability and clonogenic capacity. Clinically, high MIF levels in metastatic melanoma were found to be associated with faster disease recurrence. These findings support the clinical significance of MIF signalling in melanoma and provide a strong rationale for both targeting and monitoring MIF expression in clinical melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-630) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rick F Thorne
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
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van Engen-van Grunsven AC, Küsters-Vandevelde HV, De Hullu J, van Duijn LM, Rijntjes J, Bovée JV, Groenen PJ, Blokx WA. NRAS mutations are more prevalent than KIT mutations in melanoma of the female urogenital tract—A study of 24 cases from the Netherlands. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134:10-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Grazia G, Penna I, Perotti V, Anichini A, Tassi E. Towards combinatorial targeted therapy in melanoma: from pre-clinical evidence to clinical application (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:929-49. [PMID: 24920406 PMCID: PMC4121406 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, clinical trials with BRAF and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors have shown significant clinical activity in melanoma, but only a fraction of patients respond to these therapies, and development of resistance is frequent. This has prompted a large set of preclinical studies looking at several new combinatorial approaches of pathway- or target-specific inhibitors. At least five main drug association strategies have been verified in vitro and in preclinical models. The most promising include: i) vertical targeting of either MEK or phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, or their combined blockade; ii) association of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) inhibitors with other pro-apoptotic strategies; iii) engagement of death receptors in combination with MEK-, mTOR/PI3K-, histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitors, or with anti-apoptotic molecules modulators; iv) strategies aimed at blocking anti-apoptotic proteins belonging to B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) or inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) families associated with MEK/BRAF/p38 inhibition; v) co-inhibition of other molecules important for survival [proteasome, HDAC and Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat)3] and the major pathways activated in melanoma; vi) simultaneous targeting of multiple anti-apoptotic molecules. Here we review the anti-melanoma efficacy and mechanism of action of the above-mentioned combinatorial strategies, together with the potential clinical application of the most promising studies that may eventually lead to therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grazia
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Penna
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Perotti
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Anichini
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tassi
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Chi M, Ye Y, Zhang XD, Chen J. Insulin induces drug resistance in melanoma through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:255-62. [PMID: 24600206 PMCID: PMC3933667 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s53568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction There is currently no curative treatment for melanoma once the disease spreads beyond the original site. Although activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway resulting from genetic mutations and epigenetic deregulation of its major regulators is known to cause resistance of melanoma to therapeutic agents, including the conventional chemotherapeutic drug dacarbazine and the Food and Drug Administration-approved mutant BRAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib, the role of extracellular stimuli of the pathway, such as insulin, in drug resistance of melanoma remains less understood. Objective To investigate the effect of insulin on the response of melanoma cells to dacarbazine, and in particular, the effect of insulin on the response of melanoma cells carrying the BRAFV600E mutation to mutant BRAF inhibitors. An additional aim was to define the role of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the insulin-triggered drug resistance. Methods The effect of insulin on cytotoxicity induced by dacarbazine or the mutant BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 was tested by pre-incubation of melanoma cells with insulin. Cytotoxicity was determined by the MTS assay. The role of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the insulin-triggered drug resistance was examined using the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the PI3K and mammalian target of rapamycin dual inhibitor BEZ-235. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was monitored by Western blot analysis of phosphorylated levels of Akt. Results Recombinant insulin attenuated dacarbazine-induced cytotoxicity in both wild-type BRAF and BRAFV600E melanoma cells, whereas it also reduced killing of BRAFV600E melanoma cells by PLX4720. Nevertheless, the protective effect of insulin was abolished by the PI3K and mTOR dual inhibitor BEZ-235 or the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Conclusion Insulin attenuates the therapeutic efficacy of dacarbazine and PLX4720 in melanoma cells, which is mediated by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and can be overcome by PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Chi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan Ye
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiezhong Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Steck MB. The role of melanocortin 1 receptor in cutaneous malignant melanoma: along the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Biol Res Nurs 2014; 16:421-8. [PMID: 24443365 DOI: 10.1177/1099800413519164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is an epidemic cancer in the United States. Survival rates for invasive CMM have not increased in past decades despite numerous clinical trials and the effective use of various combinations of chemotherapy agents to treat other cancers. Recent research has investigated the role of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a gene associated with red-hair phenotype in White individuals and with increased risk for developing CMM, in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This limited narrative review discusses the incidence, history, and risk factors for CMM. It explores familial CMM and provides a brief review of melanocyte development and melanogenesis. Histology of CMM and cytogenetic techniques used to identify CMM mutations is also discussed. The structure and function of MC1R is described, with particular attention to MC1R's role in the MAPK pathway. Finally, the review touches on individualized therapy for CMM using genetic biomarkers and explores the promise of genomic research for finding effective treatments.
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Romano G. The role of the dysfunctional akt-related pathway in cancer: establishment and maintenance of a malignant cell phenotype, resistance to therapy, and future strategies for drug development. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:317186. [PMID: 24381788 PMCID: PMC3870877 DOI: 10.1155/2013/317186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Akt serine/threonine kinases, or PKB, are key players in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular activities, such as growth, proliferation, protection from apoptotic injuries, control of DNA damage responses and genome stability, metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis. The Akt-related pathway responds to the stimulation mediated by growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and several nutrients. Akt is present in three isoforms: Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3, which may be alternatively named PKB α , PKB β , and PKB γ , respectively. The Akt isoforms are encoded on three diverse chromosomes and their biological functions are predominantly distinct. Deregulations in the Akt-related pathway were observed in many human maladies, including cancer, cardiopathies, neurological diseases, and type-2 diabetes. This review discusses the significance of the abnormal activities of the Akt axis in promoting and sustaining malignancies, along with the development of tumor cell populations that exhibit enhanced resistance to chemo- and/or radiotherapy. This occurrence may be responsible for the relapse of the disease, which is unfortunately very often related to fatal consequences in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Romano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Bio Life Science Building, Suite 456, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Gadiot J, Hooijkaas AI, Deken MA, Blank CU. Synchronous BRAF(V600E) and MEK inhibition leads to superior control of murine melanoma by limiting MEK inhibitor induced skin toxicity. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1649-58. [PMID: 24348046 PMCID: PMC3849083 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s52552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) treatment has led to impressive responses in BRAFV600E mutation-positive melanomas, but responses are not durable in many patients. As most of the BRAFi escape mechanisms involve ERK reactivation, combinations with MEK inhibitors (MEKi) are currently tested to improve BRAFi-mediated response durations. Additionally, such a combination is expected to reduce MEKi-induced skin toxicities, as these drugs are thought to have antagonistic effects on ERK activation in keratinocytes. However, preclinical in vivo data exploring the combination of BRAFi and MEKi to achieve improved tumor control in the absence of skin toxicities are limited. Using a murine Tyr::CreERT2;PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ melanoma model, we have determined the effect of BRAFi and MEKi treatment and their combination on melanoma control and occurrence of adverse events. We found that the MEKi dosed beyond the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) led to stronger control of tumor growth than did the BRAFi, but mice had to be removed from treatment because of skin toxicity. The combination of BRAFi and MEKi reduced MEKi-associated skin toxicity. This allowed high and long-term dosing of the MEKi, resulting in long-term tumor control. In contrast to previous hypotheses, the addition of a BRAFi did not restore the MEKi-mediated downregulation of pERK1/2 in skin cells. Our data describe, for the first time, the alleviation of MEKi-mediated dose-limiting toxicity by addition of a BRAFi in a mouse melanoma model. Additional clinical Phase I studies should be implemented to explore MEKi dosing beyond the single drug MTD in combination with BRAFi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Gadiot
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna I Hooijkaas
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A Deken
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian U Blank
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chen J, Chi M, Chen C, Zhang XD. Obesity and melanoma: exploring molecular links. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1955-61. [PMID: 23554059 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is now a major health problem due to its rapidly increasing incidence worldwide and severe consequences. Among many conditions associated with obesity are some cancers including melanoma. Both genetic defects and environmental risk factors are involved in the carcinogenesis of melanoma. Activation of multiple signal pathways such as the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways are necessary for the initiation of melanoma. Activation of the MAPK pathway as a result of activating mutations in BRAF is commonly seen in melanoma though it alone is not sufficient to cause malignant transformation of melanocytes. Obesity can result in the activation of many signal pathways including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and STAT3. The activation of these pathways may have a synergistic effect with the genetic defects thereby increasing the incidence of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Sir William MacGregor Building 64, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Dong L, Jin L, Tseng HY, Wang CY, Wilmott JS, Yosufi B, Yan XG, Jiang CC, Scolyer RA, Zhang XD, Guo ST. Oncogenic suppression of PHLPP1 in human melanoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:4756-66. [PMID: 24121273 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Akt is constitutively activated in up to 70% of human melanomas and has an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, little is known about protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate and thereby inactivate it in melanoma cells. Here we report that suppression of pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) by DNA methylation promotes Akt activation and has an oncogenic role in melanoma. While it is commonly downregulated, overexpression of PHLPP1 reduces Akt activation and inhibits melanoma cell proliferation in vitro, and retards melanoma growth in a xenograft model. In contrast, knockdown of PHLPP1 increases Akt activation, enhances melanoma cell and melanocyte proliferation, and results in anchorage-independent growth of melanocytes. Suppression of PHLPP1 involves blockade of binding of the transcription factor Sp1 to the PHLPP1 promoter. Collectively, these results suggest that suppression of PHLPP1 by DNA methylation contributes to melanoma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dong
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - L Jin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - H-Y Tseng
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C Y Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - J S Wilmott
- 1] Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia [2] Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B Yosufi
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - X G Yan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C C Jiang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - R A Scolyer
- 1] Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia [2] Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia [3] Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - X D Zhang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - S T Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Loss of PI(4,5)P2 5-Phosphatase A Contributes to Resistance of Human Melanoma Cells to RAF/MEK Inhibitors. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:470-81. [PMID: 23908690 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Past studies have shown that the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase (PIB5PA), is commonly downregulated or lost in melanomas, which contributes to elevated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in melanoma cells. In this report, we provide evidence that PIB5PA deficiency plays a role in resistance of melanoma cells to RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors. Ectopic expression of PIB5PA enhanced apoptosis induced by the RAF inhibitor PLX4720 in BRAF(V600E) and by the MEK inhibitor U0126 in both BRAF(V600E) and wild-type BRAF melanoma cells. This was due to inhibition of PI3K/Akt, as co-introduction of an active form of Akt (myr-Akt) abolished the effect of overexpression of PIB5PA on apoptosis induced by PLX4720 or U0126. While overexpression of PIB5PA triggered activation of Bad and down-regulation of Mcl-1, knockdown of Bad or overexpression of Mcl-1 recapitulated, at least in part, the effect of myr-Akt, suggesting that regulation of Bad and Mcl-1 is involved in PIB5PA-mediated sensitization of melanoma cells to the inhibitors. The role of PIB5PA deficiency in BRAF inhibitor resistance was confirmed by knockdown of PIB5PA, which led to increased growth of BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells selected for resistance to PLX4720. Consistent with its role in vitro, overexpression of PIB5PA and the MEK inhibitor selumetinib cooperatively inhibited melanoma tumor growth in a xenograft model. Taken together, these results identify loss of PIB5PA as a novel resistance mechanism of melanoma to RAF/MEK inhibitors and suggest that restoration of PIB5PA may be a useful strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the inhibitors in the treatment of melanoma.
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